Bulletin of Yerevan University E: Philosophy, Psychology
The thematic fields of the journal are the current issues of logic, anthropology, ethics, aesthetics, theory and history of Armenian and world philosophy. Among the thematic fields are also the current issues of history and theory of psychology, personality and clinical psychology, as well as methodology and methodics of philosophical and psychological research. The editorial board tries to expand the circle of authors inviting researchers from different universities of the world.
Yerevan State University Publishing House
Metho­dological Principles for the Need for an Interdisciplinary Assessment of Cumulative Stress in Forcibly Displaced Persons
This article is aimed at analyzing the characteristics of cumulative stress among forcibly displaced persons and the need to measure it within the framework of a biopsychosocial approach. Cumulative stress is the result of a combination of multiple, interconnected and time-accumulating stressors. It simultaneously affects the biological, psychological and social systems of an individual. The problem of displacement is becoming more relevant in the current period. Displacement, due to its specificities, is an important factor contributing to the emergence of cumulative stress. In conditions of forced displacement, stressful experiences are not only multi-layered, but also continuous, stress-causing factors are present both during displacement, before and after it, as a result of which the depletion of adaptive resources is gradually formed, the risk of functional changes occurs. Cumulative stress is characterized by multi-sectoral impact, temporal dynamics, and the interaction of external and internal factors. Therefore, the assessment of cumulative stress, especially in the case of forcibly displaced persons, cannot be limited to a single measurement tool, take into account only one environment of an individual's life activity, or have a purely cumulative nature. The need for a specific, systematic, and combined measurement approach is proposed, which will include an integrated assessment of psychological, physiological, and social factors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Հրանտ Ավանեսյան, Դիանա Ավթանդիլյան, Անահիտ Ամիրջանյան https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of a Methodology for Assessing Political Dispositions and Measuring Reliability
The article presents various approaches to the study of political attitudes, emphasizing their multidimensional nature. Considering the limited availability of validated methodologies for studying political attitudes, particularly the absence of Armenian-language instruments, as well as the importance of systematic and comprehensive research in this field, the study introduces an original methodology for measuring political attitudes. The primary aim of this methodology is to assess the tendencies underlying the formation of political attitudes and to reveal their manifestation patterns. The methodology was developed through the integration of S. Asch’s theory of conformity and D. Kahneman and A. Tversky’s Prospect Theory principles. The development of the questionnaire involved three main stages: theoretical analysis, expert evaluation, and a pilot study. The pilot phase included 52 participants, and the results indicate a high level of internal consistency and reliability of the scales. Cronbach’s alpha was α = 0.871 for the conformity scale and α = 0.814 for the rationality scale. Based on the obtained data, quartile analysis was conducted to establish interpretative thresholds for the levels of conformity and rationality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Էլինա Ասրիյան, Hasmik Sargsyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Disruption of Self–Other Dialogue as a Cause of Identity Crisis
The human being exists in a constant state of searching for the Other and discovering the latter within oneself—a process that enables us, as an "I" or a "We," to expand the horizons of our self-knowledge. The ontological unity of the Self (the "I") and the Other implies that the latter is a crucial participant in the construction of the Self's identity. This unity manifests itself in the substantive duality of the Self. Furthermore, the declaration of the latter's existence is carried out by the Other in a "temporal format," since only the Other is capable of situating the Self in the present and defining its "lifespan," shouldering the emotional weight of such pivotal events as birth and death. Since the registration of the Self's finitude is given to the Other, it follows that the value of its existence is also recorded by the Other, which underscores the necessity of two-sided moral legitimacy. Accordingly, the failure of communication with the Other—resulting in the collapse of the moral bridge that exists between the participants in dialogue—can become a source of identity crisis. Overcoming such a crisis is, first and foremost, a moral–philosophical task that involves the acceptance of the Other and the acknowledgment of one’s responsibility before the Other. Dialogue with the Other reveals points of intersection, thereby ensuring the adequacy of the parties’ self-perception and the integrity of the Self.
Copyright (c) 2026 Կարինե Յարալյան https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Real and Digital Socialization Factors on Personality’s Current Psychological Well-Being
Over the past decade, the concept of psychological well-being has emerged as a central focus in psychological, sociological, and broader interdisciplinary research. This growing attention reflects a conceptual shift: psychological well-being is no longer understood as exclusively intrapsychic or individual, but rather as a multidimensional, dynamically constructed phenomenon shaped by social, cultural, and contextual determinants. Within this framework, socio-psychological factors are particularly significant, as the foundational conditions for psychological well-being are predominantly established during adolescence through processes of interpersonal communication, social interaction, identity formation, and self-realization. In contemporary society, these developmental processes occur across both offline and digital environments, substantially transforming traditional models of socialization. Digital contexts provide expanded opportunities for social engagement and self-expression, offering new modalities for interaction and identity construction. Simultaneously, these environments introduce qualitatively novel psychological risks, including heightened susceptibility to social comparison, cyber-aggression, and pressures to seek online validation. As a result, there is a clear need for a comprehensive investigation into the complex and interactive effects of real-life and digitally mediated social experiences on adolescents’ psychological well-being and emotional resilience. The relevance of this study is further underscored by the developmental specificity of adolescence, a critical and sensitive period characterized by rapid physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes. This stage of development can heighten vulnerability to mental health difficulties while also serving as a formative phase for the acquisition and consolidation of adaptive coping strategies and psychosocial resources. Accordingly, the primary objective of this research is to analyze the influence of socio-psychological determinants on adolescents’ psychological well-being across both real and digital social contexts. The study also aims to establish a rigorous methodological framework and strategic design for an empirical investigation that addresses these interactions, thereby contributing to a nuanced understanding of how contemporary social environments shape adolescent psychological health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Էմմա Սարգսյան https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Content Validity Assessment of the "Personal Self-Transfor­mation Potential" Questionnaire Using the CVI Method
The purpose of this article is to present the results of the adaptation and content validation of the Armenian version of the "Potential for Personal Self-Transformation" questionnaire, with the aim of creating an instrument to study its impact on career change in Armenia. The questionnaire is designed to assess key components such as the need for change, conscious self-transformation ability, personal resources, and belief in the possibility of self-change. The linguistic adaptation of the questionnaire was carried out using the back-translation procedure, ensuring conceptual and semantic equivalence with the original. The study involved 9 experts from the field of psychology (university lecturers and researchers), based on whose ratings a mixed-methods analysis was conducted, combining quantitative (Content Validity Index - CVI) calculation and qualitative analysis of the experts' comments. As a result of the analysis, based on the I-CVI scores (acceptable threshold ≥ 0.78) and qualitative feedback, a final 23-item version of the questionnaire was formed from the initial 24 items. The overall content validity index of the scale (S-CVI/Ave) was 0.90, which is considered an excellent score. The findings suggest that the instrument can be effectively utilized both for research purposes and in career counseling and Human Resource Management (HRM) to assess personal resources. The adapted version possesses high content validity and serves as a reliable basis for future psychometric studies, including reliability testing and construct validation.
potential for personal self-transformation
Copyright (c) 2026 Մարիամ Մանուկյան https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Awareness of Disease Stage Among Individuals with Cancer in the Context of Attachment to Close Others, Meaning in Life, and the Manifestation of Hopelessness
Cancer is considered one of the most serious health challenges of the 21st century. The diagnosis of cancer often turns into an existential crisis, accompanied by feelings of despair, uncertainty about the future, and the need to reconsider the meaning and values of life. Especially for patients in the palliative care stage, the illness becomes not only a medical condition but also a profound psychological experience that requires the development of new adaptive approaches. The present study examines the characteristics of meaning-making in life, attachment to significant others, and manifestations of despair among individuals with cancer undergoing palliative care, from the perspective of patients’ awareness of the stage of their illness. The findings highlight that patients’ awareness of their disease stage has a significant impact on life meaning-making, attachment to close others, and the intensity of despair, functioning as an important psychological factor in the palliative phase. In particular, individuals who are informed about the stage of their illness tend to demonstrate a more pronounced search for meaning in life and strive to re-evaluate the value of their existence, personal experiences, relationships, and social connections. At the same time, such awareness may facilitate acceptance of the illness, emotional regulation, and the formation of more open and deeper relationships with close others, which in some cases leads to a reduction in levels of despair.
Copyright (c) 2026 Եվա Ղուկասյան, Եվա Ասրիբաբայան https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Human Trait in Proverbs and Sayings: A Cognitive-Philosophical Insight into the Characterization of Language
The article focuses on the linguocognitive and philosophical analysis of the definition and characterization of human traits in proverbs and sayings through the conceptualization of language. Using a comparative method within an anthropocentric framework, the study analyzes French and Armenian proverbs and sayings, emphasizing the role of speech as a practical manifestation of language in revealing human traits. It situates truthfulness and deceitfulness within the interplay between the philosophy of language and reality, considering the construction of reality and the generation of meaning as functions of speech. Furthermore, the cognitive-pragmatic dimension highlights the influential potential of speech in relation to cautiousness. Cognition serves as the vehicle for the ontological, epistemological and ethical mapping of reality within proverbs, defining human nature in the context of the relationship between linguistic unit and concept. Speech, at the metalinguistic level, structures human nature via the concept of language. Consequently, linguocognitive analysis provides a means of defining the semantic framework of the philosophy of proverbial discourse. Within the conceptual field, proverbs and sayings use metaphorical structures to compress ways of characterizing human traits by language and its application: speech. Linguocognitive study of proverbial discourse provides a path for interpreting the philosophy of language, and metaphorical representations, from an intercultural perspective, reveal the domains where these pathways parallel and intersect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Նարե Շալունց https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Extra-Structural and Intra-Structural Criteria for the Truth of Scientific Knowledge
Scientific theory has been considered as a true, reliable, convincing, acceptable form of knowledge in this article. Having revealed the foundations of the substantiation of a scientific theory, the following non-structural criteria for the truth of scientific knowledge have been highlighted: verification, falsification, historical justification, compliance with the theories existing in a considered area and period, the alignment and adjustability of the paradigm of theories of a considered period, the scientific picture of the world, the worldview from the socio-cultural and historical systems, etc. Intra-structural criteria for the truth of scientific knowledge include requirements for the structure of a scientific theory: independence of hypotheses, axioms, basic laws, premises, as well as consistency, completeness, together with simplicity of conclusions, coming from their provisions. In this context, it has been emphasized that extra-structural and intra-structural criteria for the truth, reliability and persuasiveness of historical knowledge differ. The criteria for the non-structural truth of historical knowledge are historical validity, compliance with the knowledge of a considered period, inclusion of the scientific picture of the world and worldview in the sociocultural, historical system. Intra-structural criteria include accuracy, consistency, consistency, completeness, generalization, imagery, and a beautiful style of presentation of historical knowledge. Scientific truth has been defined as the correspondence of scientific knowledge to reality, that is, it is knowledge that has sufficient basis, validity and persuasiveness in a particular sociocultural, historical context.
extra-structural and intra-structural criteria
Copyright (c) 2026 Ալբերտ Ղազարյան https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Views օf Aesthetic Value in Shahan Perperyan’s Theory օf Value
The Armenian philosopher of the last century, Shahan Perperyan (1861–1956), was one of the Western Armenian intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century who made tremendous efforts and undeniable contributions in the Diaspora and in Armenian spiritual centers toward the preservation of Armenian identity, Armenian thought, and the promotion and development of Armenian education. Perperyan devoted his entire conscious life to scholarly and pedagogical activity, occupying a unique place in the fields of Armenian philosophical thought, aesthetics, musicology, dance studies, and pedagogy. This article presents and summarizes Shahan Perperyan’s aesthetic views in the context of axiology (the theory of value). By distinguishing between works of craft and works of art, the article discusses issues related to human creative nature, art, the three main stages, forms, and motivations of artistic activity. It analyzes Perperyan’s axiological and aesthetic perceptions, in which an attempt is made to reveal the relationship between the human being and values, the process of evaluating a work of art, and the criteria for that evaluation. The article also addresses Perperyan’s philosophy of art and the different types of art. Based on the capacity of an artwork to carry aesthetic value, Perperyan distinguishes between primary or senior arts and secondary or junior arts, identifying six senior arts: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Dance, Folklore, Music. All other arts, such as carpentry, jewelry making, tailoring, and so on are considered junior arts. Perperyan’s views on the genres of art, the stimuli behind the emergence of art, and the entire process of art criticism and artistic creation are also presented
Copyright (c) 2026 Վարդան Կարապետյան https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Experience and Challenges of Applying Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)
In crisis and post-crisis settings, needs for mental health and psychosocial support are complex and interlinked: they encompass the individual and collective psychological, social, and mental health experiences of crisis-affected persons and communities, the state of community relationships, environmental resources, and the models of support. To respond holistically to this complexity, international practice applies the combined approach of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (hereinafter, MHPSS), which prioritizes and concentrates on resilience and recovery instead of vulnerability, and offers a layered, stage by stage, cross-sectoral, and interprofessional framework of support. Although widely used internationally, in Armenia MHPSS entered the agenda during the forced displacement from Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh). Drawing on an analysis of international experience and documents, as well as expert surveys and key-informant interviews, this article both provides a detailed description of MHPSS—addressing gaps in information—and maps the experience of applying MHPSS in Armenia, identifying obstacles and opportunities. The main results include, on the one hand, presentation of the MHPSS pyramid, the scope of professional activity and proposing service design types; and, on the other hand, documentation of the expanding national debate on MHPSS as a positive shift, while underscoring the need for intersectoral cooperation and for policies and services co-designed with the meaningful participation of affected communities. The article also highlights new research questions that require in-depth follow-up studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gohar Khachatryan, Narine Khachatryan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Concept of Answerability in Mikhail Bakhtin’s Moral Philosophy
In Mikhail Bakhtin's moral philosophy, answerability (responsibility) is an integral characteristic of the act, along with eventness, participation, emotional-volitional tone, self-awareness, and the personality's orientation toward the Other. Answerability synthesizes all these characteristics of the act and can be justifiably perceived as a holistic representation of the act, and of morality in general, since Bakhtin constructed his moral philosophy as a philosophy of the act, and the act was viewed as the holistic embodiment of morality. The article examines two images of answerability that emerge in Bakhtin's early works. On the one hand, answerability in his understanding is concrete and unrepeatable, carried out from “unique place in being’ in relation to this being, and in this sense it is Self-centred. On the other hand, Bakhtin's recognition of the complex architectonic of the act, determined by the value attitudes “I-for-myself, the other-for-me, and I-for-the-other,” opens up a perspective on answerability in which it appears as a response not to being, even in the concreteness of the Being-as-event, but to the Other as a participant in it, as the Other in general. In the concept of answerability as presented in the treatise, Toward a Philosophy of the Act, there is a semantic dynamic characteristic of Bakhtin's early philosophical work (unreflected upon by him in the texts themselves) – from monologism to dialogism, from a philosophy of the act to a philosophy of dialogue, the actual consequences of which are revealed in the thinker's mature works.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruben Apressyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Traditional Bioethical Mechanisms for the Humanization of Scientific Knowledge and their Transformation in the Era of Open Science
The article examines traditional bioethical mechanisms implemented to oversee scientific knowledge for its humanization. These fundamental mechanisms include the incorporation of bioethical principles and guidelines into recommendations for researchers, voluntary informed consent, and ethical review conducted by (bio)ethics committees. The methodological foundation of traditional bioethical oversight of scientific knowledge is based on bioethics' emphasis on transdisciplinarity, practical orientation, pluralistic universalism, personal focus, and collegial decision-making. In the context of the emergence of open science, the aforementioned mechanisms inevitably undergo changes. The new scientific paradigm that formed in the 21st century is characterized primarily by the pervasive use of artificial intelligence tools, as well as the development of transparency and openness of knowledge to society, which further emphasizes issues of protecting humans and nature, and the humanistic orientation of research. Alongside the formation of new bioethical means of knowledge oversight in open science, traditional mechanisms continue to be used. They are significantly modernized in the contemporary world, their scope of application expands beyond biomedicine (as was established in classical bioethics), and national specifics of their legitimization and application gain greater importance. Based on the study of international experience and the experience of the Republic of Belarus, the research proposes modern pathways for transforming the activities of (bio)ethics committees, practices of voluntary informed consent, and the development and improvement of international and national advisory documents on bioethical issues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Valerya Sokolchik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Profanation of the Existential Context of Perception: Man in the “Virtual Steppes.”
The culture of life organization is a context of perception that enables a person to see and comprehend the world in its entirety and to construct his own “shelter” of ontological security. Yet life itself remains an unfinished drama of searching for possibilities, during which, at certain stages, radical transformations in the cultural context of coexistence may deprive a person of those factors constitutive of his empirical nature—factors that once, more or less accurately, outlined both the present and the prospects of his life, as well as the measure and limits of his autonomy. The problem lies in the fact that each context of perception carries its own set of cultural elements, capable not only of internally undermining the social and anthropological foundations of the ontological “shelter” of a given era, but also of depriving man of his metaphysical and transcendental essence. From this perspective, the ontological order of modern individualistic (self-oriented) society appears as a form of coexistence that lacks a shared cultural context for “growing old together.” In such a society, the tendencies toward the loss of autonomous existence have emerged as challenges of anthropological magnitude, which directly erode the foundational principles of living life within a visible horizon.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edvard Harutyunyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Professional Characteristics of Internet Addiction Formation
In this article, we examined the influence of professional activity on the development of Internet addiction based on psychological theories and a comparative analysis of surveys and testing of specialists. In the article, we examined the influence of the features of professional activity on the formation of Internet addiction based on comparative analysis and psychological theories. In the digital age, the use of the Internet has become an integral part of life, significantly changing our work, educational and social environment. At the same time, excessive Internet use leads to Internet addiction, which is currently considered an urgent problem of psychological and social health. This problem is especially relevant in the professional environment, where the work efficiency and mental health of employees are closely linked to digital technologies. The study of Internet addiction has been gaining momentum in recent years, but the specifics of addiction formation in the professional environment and its impact have not yet been studied deeply enough. The article is devoted to Internet addiction in various professions․
Copyright (c) 2025 Lusine Ghazaryan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The problem of artificial intelligence in the context of existential ontology
In today’s virtual and increasingly digitalized world, the questions surrounding the relationship between the development of artificial intelligence and the existential ontology of the human being have acquired new theoretical and practical significance. These issues require focused philosophical and socio-cultural reflection.Taking this reality into account and addressing the challenges facing contemporary society, the article places special emphasis on the fundamental questions concerning the nature, development, and functions of artificial intelligence, as well as the problems and potential risks it poses. Attention is also given to the prospects for effective human–AI interaction and the potential of human–machine systems to contribute to solving real societal issues.The core issue lies in the fact that the increasing penetration of artificial intelligence into nearly all spheres of life—its growing role in the digital economy, business, and other domains—as well as the emergence of virtual reality and the post-human era, demand a rethinking of the place and role of cutting-edge technologies in human life.Furthermore, the interest in artificial intelligence is driven not only by the modern human’s attraction to technological innovations that aim to improve socio-economic life, but also by the fact that AI exhibits playful dimensions and is tied to questions concerning the organization of leisure and entertainment in consumer society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nelli Alaverdyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Consumer Mentality: Existential Considerations
Civilization is gradually approaching a dangerous boundary, full of temptations, beyond which the influence of uncontrolled forces may prove fatal for humanity. The absence of cultural-anthropological rootedness in existence gives rise to a paradoxical socio-psychological sensation of a vanishing reality. In place of reality, a hyperreality or virtual reality takes shape, where it no longer matters what is real and what is not. Life unfolds as a transcendental movement of creating simulacrums and illusions that mask the absence of the original reality. Spiritual values gradually undergo transformation and become symbolic images of commodities. A new stratum of people with narrow and limited views and aspirations is being formed, for whom brand identity becomes the primary criterion of self-identification. Man relinquishes long-term goals, which, by simplifying existence, leads to an existential devaluation of life. The "deal" becomes more important than the existential price to be paid for it. In the context of current civilizational transformations, preserving existential integrity requires abandoning the obsession with absolute evolutionism and, by limiting being, making conscious efforts toward the co-development (coevolution) of the natural (the spiritual-bodily wholeness of the human being) and the artificial (virtual reality, artificial intelligence) - for the sake of preserving the wholeness of existential being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gagik Soghomonyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Moral Status of an Entity in the Context of Bioethics
The issue of determining the moral status of an entity is a central topic in contemporary bioethical debates. It plays a particularly significant role in assessing the moral permissibility of practices such as euthanasia, abortion, the attribution of rights to animals, and various other bioethical concerns. This article examines four major approaches to defining moral status: speciesism, sentience, self-awareness and cognition, and finally, the gradual approach. As a result of the analysis, the application of the principle of speciesism is deemed morally unacceptable, while the principles based on sentience and on self-awareness/cognition, when considered independently, lead to theoretical ambiguities, internal contradictions, and fail to provide intuitively compelling justifications. Compared to the three key approaches mentioned above, the gradual approach has relative advantages. The gradual approach is the model of defining an entity’s moral status according to which moral status does not have a binary nature, but is expressed gradually. The gradual approach offers several comparative advantages: it is more flexible, intuitively persuasive, inclusive, and theoretically coherent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Levon Babajanyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The article comes to prove the thesis that considering Gr. Narekatsi a mystic with no restraint would contradict the essence and logic of “The Book of Tragedy” as the book’s interpretation of Man-God relation does not harmonize withthe mystic conception of re-living the presence of God only conceptually. Narekatsi’s ultimate aim is to reach earthly soul-saving now and here via Man’s and Humanity’s spiritual and moral self-perfection. Thus, by his “The Book of Tragedy” Narekatsi comes into contact with mysticism as much as it is present in the everyday conception of religious belief and life whatsoever. In this regard, the tragedy portrayed in «The Book of Tragedy» is multi-layered; on the one hand, it reflects human alienation from Cod and overcoming these controversies on the basis of unhindered reasonable faithas the true way of human perfection and redemption, on the other hand, the reflection of mental dualism: the conflict between good and evil, human and divine. The authors shed light on the proper philosophical-religious aspects of this many-sided work for the first time stressing its novelty, namely the attempts of improving the doctrine of the church, the reform-minded approach to the interpretation of the problem of interrelation between faith and reason, a human and Cod.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hayk Haroyan, Nelli Haroyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The role of organizational communication in the trust-building process in the organization (on the example of the RA labor market)
In today's fast-changing labor market, creating an atmosphere of trust within an organization is crucial for its stability and success. Trust serves as a foundation in the relationship between employees and the organization, gaining even more importance during times of crisis. Examining the role of organizational communication and other influential factors in building trust will enable HR professionals and leadership teams to direct resources to ensure a high level of trust within the organization. This is especially important in the rapidly changing environment, where ensuring high organizational performance and employee engagement are among organizations' key challenges. This research aims to study the role of organizational communication in the process of building trust in the organization, as well as to identify the key factors that influence trust formation. It is assumed that in organizations where employees rate the quality of communication high, trust in the organization is also at a higher level. The survey method was used to conduct the research. According to the research results, there is a positive correlation between trust in the organization and the level of communication within the organization (r=0.72). In the process of employees' trust in the organization, the most important factors are leadership honesty, a healthy and positive work environment, transparency, and leadership support.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anahit Gevorgyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The dynamics of personality adaptation mechanisms under conditions of prolonged armed conflict.
This paper examines the theoretical and methodological foundations for studying the dynamics of personality adaptation mechanisms under conditions of prolonged armed conflict. The relevance of the topic stems from the need to comprehend the processes of psychological adaptation under sustained exposure to extreme stressors that go beyond the classical understanding of traumatic situations. The study draws on the systemic and subject-activity approaches, as well as contemporary conceptual frameworks that expand the understanding of adaptation, including the theories of resilience, continuous traumatic stress (CTS), and basic assumptions. In this work, adaptation mechanisms are viewed as an interconnected system influenced by internal (mental state, basic assumptions) and external (characteristics of stress exposure, social support, and context) factors. The empirical section presents data from a pilot study involving three groups differing in their experience of living in a conflict zone. Based on these data, the paper provides a step-by-step rationale for the selection of diagnostic instruments. The following validated methods were used: Psychological Defense Measurement Scale (E.R. Pilyugina, R.F. Suleymanov), Method for the Determination of Individual Coping Strategies (MDICS) by E. Heim, «Dominant States» by L.V. Kulikov, World Assumptions Scale (WAS) by R. Janoff-Bulman, an original biographical questionnaire. The results revealed intergroup differences in defense profiles, coping strategies, psychoemotional states, and cognitive attitudes. Correlational analysis identified stable links between adaptation components, including associations between emotional regulation, a positive self-image, and subjective control, as well as the maladaptive role of avoidance and rationalization under conditions of prolonged stress. These findings are interpreted as reflections of the specific nature of adaptation to continuous stress exposure. The study emphasizes the need for an integrative approach that considers both individual and contextual variables. The findings support the hypothesis of the dynamic nature of adaptation mechanisms and provide a foundation for future research directions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hrant Avanesyn, Anastasiia Shumarova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The impact of maternal-infant attachment style on infant sleep regulation
This article explores the fundamental manifestations of maternal-infant emotional attachment in the postpartum period and their correlation with the characteristics of infant sleep. Drawing upon established attachment theories, the study highlights the depth and quality of the mother-infant bond, emphasizing its role in shaping the child’s ability to regulate sleep. The analysis underscores that behavioral sleep disturbances are not contingent upon birth order, age, gender, or the family’s socio-economic status. Rather, they are inherent to the child’s natural developmental trajectory. The author posits that sleep disturbances should not be viewed solely as physiological phenomena but as reflections of the child’s emotional and psychological well-being. Furthermore, sleep constitutes an essential component of the vital instinct that safeguards the infant from the overwhelming stimuli of the external world, which may otherwise inundate the immature and unprepared psyche of the newborn. Achieving optimal and high-quality sleep necessitates the integration of psychological physiological, and environmental factors, with maternal emotional responsiveness playing a pivotal role in this equilibrium. In high of this, the article presents a pilot study investigating the relationship between maternal-infant attachment style and the methods employed for sleep regulation, providing empirical insights into this intricate dynamic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emma Arzieva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A comparative analysis of family roles and values
This study aims to identify the values in family relationships within the context of traditional and egalitarian family structures. It examines the differences between urban and rural families, focusing on role distribution, child-rearing practices, and the maintenance of family relationships․ Special attention is given to terminal and instrumental values, which shape family interactions, contribute to harmony, and influence parenting strategies. Empirical research highlights key differences in the value orientations of traditional and modern families, reflecting their adaptation to the changing social conditions. The findings reveal that traditional families emphasize preserving personal life, ensuring family well-being, and strengthening emotional bonds across generations. At the same time, egalitarian families focus on the equal distribution of responsibilities, professional self-realization, and social engagement. In contrast, rural families place greater importance on traditions, familial warmth, and values that promote family stability and strengthen intergenerational bonds. The family remains a fundamental element of the social structure, shaping individual identity, preserving cultural heritage, and contributing to societal stability. The article underscores the importance of studying family values and roles in the context of modern globalization and social transformation
Copyright (c) 2025 Varduhi Papoyan, Alina Galstyan, Narine Harutyunyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A new attempt to solve a mistery of David the Invincible
It is known, as a result of modern scientific reconstruction, the Armenian written tradition about David the Invincible has been questioned, and he has been moved from the fifth century to the second half of the sixth century. The article examines the issue of the reconstruction of the time of David the Invincible and, based on the references in medieval texts, an attempt is made to substantiate the fact that the Armenian medieval written tradition about David has not yet been refuted. It is shown that if there are no so-called “evidentiary” grounds for seeing David in the fifth century, then they are also absent in the new reconstructions that remove David from the fifth century. In particular, some arguments put forward in Misak Khostikyan’s work “David the Philosopher” are examined and their refutations are given, or, at the very least, their lack of sufficient grounds is shown. The article suggests that the priest David mentioned by Yeghishe could very likely be the same David the philosopher, who has been called “Invincible” in Armenian written tradition for some time. It is also shown that in some texts that have come down to us from the fifth century, there are mentions of people named David, and it should not be excluded that they or some of them may refer to David the Invincible. The method of analogy is used to gain a clearer understanding of the spiritual and intellectual culture of late antiquity or the early Middle Ages. Parallels are drawn with other thinkers of the time, Prohaeresius and Boethius, to show the close connection of early Christian culture with the ancient Greco-Roman philosophical tradition. This makes it possible to refute the approach of researchers who in a scientific manner suggest to exclude that David could have been a Christian, and at the same time could teach the Hellenistic material to first-year philosophy students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Silva Petrosyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The christian humanism of Gregor Narekatsi
The article discusses an issue related to the evaluation of the worldview and philosophical views of Grigor Narekatsi (951-1003), the greatest poet and philosopher of the Middle Ages, and to clarify it, the concepts of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Armenian Renaissance, Christian God-centered humanism and Renaissance human-centered humanism are analyzed. Some researchers, referring to Narekatsi's book “The Book of Tragedy”, his innovative thoughts and approaches, the doctrine of the "inner" man and the salvation of man, consider him a representative of the Armenian Renaissance, a forerunner, that is, not a thinker of the Middle Ages, but of the Renaissance era. If in the Soviet period, when the Marxist methodology was in control, the circulation of such narrative was understandable (the theory of the Oriental and Armenian Renaissance was meant to justify the proposition of the Marxist philosophy of history that universal patterns operate with iron necessity in history, for example, all peoples must go through the same stages of development), then it is unclear why researchers today defend this highly ideological and ineffective methodological narrative. According to the author, such narrative is due to the fact that these researchers: a/ essentially ignore the differences between Medieval and Renaissance cultures, as a result of which the phenomena characteristic of medieval culture are presented as renaissance, b/ ignore the peculiarities of Christian God-centered humanism and Renaissance human-centered humanism, c/ Considering Narekatsu as a representative of the Armenian Renaissance, they allegedly give him an assessment corresponding to his genius (in this case it is assumed that the Renaissance era is progressive compared to the Middle Ages). Meanwhile, Narekatsi- the greatest representative of Christian humanism, truly a "Archimandrite of the Universal Church" is a medieval thinker with his vision of human salvation, with his way of thinking, ways of discussing and solving worldview-philosophical issues.
God-centered humanism and human-centered humanism
Copyright (c) 2025 Seyran Zakaryan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Psychological characteristics of participants' behavior management in modeling experiments
Modeling experiments have increasingly become vital tools for studying human behavior and psychological dimensions. In such research, it is crucial to consider not only the objective data but also the psychological state, behavioral expressions, and motivations of the participants. It is hypothesized that the effective management of participants’ behavior and motivation in modeling experiments enables the acquisition of more accurate and reliable results while reducing the likelihood of obtaining disconnected, false data caused by participants' lack of interest or stress. This article examines the psychological characteristics of individuals involved in modeling experiments and approaches to managing their behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bulletin of Yerevan University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Challenges for the public use of reason in the post-truth times
The post-truth era presents significant obstacles to individuals' ability to reason freely and independently and make informed decisions in the public sphere. In the article, the author draws on the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant’s concept of the public use of reason, highlighting that retreating from the values of Enlightenment threatens the future of public rational discourse and democracy. In today's world, the Kantian idea of public use of reason faces several challenges related to moving away from or at least deviating from Enlightenment ideals. This article will address the most pressing issues of the current post-truth world: misinformation and disinformation, social media algorithms and echo chambers, emotional manipulation, and populism. Each of these factors in turn undermines the necessary conditions for individuals to reason freely and independently in the public sphere. However, by revising the goals of education, rebuilding trust in traditional institutions, implementing more thoughtful strategies around digital technologies, and prioritizing the "big" politics of public truths, it is still possible to create public spaces for free deliberation and democratic engagement.
Psychological Well-Being as a Socio-Psychological Factor in Choosing a Leader
This article presents the findings of a study examining the correlation between psychological well-being and the factors influencing the selection of a political leader. In contemporary society, where social, political, and economic conditions are in constant flux, psychological science—alongside other disciplines—has increasingly focused on the concept of well-being. This emphasis stems from the recognition that well-being constitutes a fundamental indicator of both individual and societal quality of life. The study was conducted in two stages. The first stage involved a sample of 100 participants, while the second stage included 15 experts, comprising 8 psychologists and 7 political scientists. Statistical analysis of the data revealed a significant relationship between gender and psychological well-being indicators (χ² = 5.657; p < 0.05), as well as between age and psychological well-being indicators (χ² = 35.907; p < 0.05). Furthermore, Spearman’s correlation coefficient analysis indicated a statistically significant association between psychological well-being and the factors influencing the selection of a political leader (p < 0.05). The results of the expert survey suggest that individuals, guided by their specific needs, tend to prioritize and value leadership attributes that they perceive as instrumental in ensuring long-term satisfaction and well-being.
The Supremacy of Authority: Its Impact and Barriers on Content Development
The article explores the phenomenon of the cult of authority and its impact on the objective evaluation of content, the dissemination of innovation, and societal progress. This issue is examined within various historical and cultural contexts, highlighting how positions of authority often become tools for the dominance of ideas, overshadowing the true value of the content itself. Authority serves not only as a source of influence but also as a mechanism for shaping social norms and value systems, potentially hindering free and critical thinking. The analysis draws on the perspectives of Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Karl Popper, and Edward Said, who emphasize the promotion of free thought and critical approaches. Foucault examines mechanisms of control and how they restrict intellectual freedom. Barthes, through his concept of the &quot;death of the author,&quot; advocates for focusing on the content itself, irrespective of its creator. Karl Popper underscores the importance of openness in scientific thought and the necessity of critical discussion, while Said, through his analysis of East-West binary oppositions, reveals cultural hierarchies shaped by authority. These issues, in turn, point to the challenges of intellectual freedom, the open exchange of ideas, and hierarchies within cultural institutions. It concludes that the liberalization of educational and cultural systems could lead to the recognition and appreciation of the intrinsic value of content. Ultimately, creating environments free from the influence of authority is essential for fostering innovation, promoting inclusivity, and advancing societal progress by ensuring the development of free and critical thinking.
The Sunset of Anthropocentric Ontology: Post-Biological Man
As a result of the disproportionate development of human creative abilities and the spiritual and moral progress of humanity, the moral context of modern human life has begun to wear out and shrink like “shag leather”. The problem is that the science and the latest technological achievements of the era of postmodernity have not only fundamentally changed ( and are changing) the objective foundations of the once ontological order of human life, but also the essence and nature of the human being, both in his body and moral perceptions, and spiritual inner world in general. This new type of man is no longer a bodily singularity, since this mixture of biological and technical organs (cyborg), modified at the genetic level and representing the superman of our time, no longer expresses the essence of the natural man (the self) and is transformed into a technically replaceable formation. Moreover, in our consumer world that is aimed at satisfying insatiable material needs, men, henceforth, are valued from the perspective of “efficiency” in contributing to economic prosperity. This is an undeniably worrying reality, which requires a new understanding of the process and consequences of the transformations of the constants (sociality, morality, the meaning of life, perfection, humanity) that embody the structure of the spiritual context of human social ontology.
The World “Vuca” in the Light of the Classification of Mental Illness
Many things in various areas of modern life undermine undermines trust in the world`s order and common sense. History is a consistent alternation of this trust and mistrust, but in the last few decades mistrust has definitely prevailed. It is not accidentally that the modern world began to be called «VUCA» (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity). The article shows how these four qualities affected the problem of classification of mental disorders, as well as how the semantic context of these classifications can change the view of the problem of mental health and illness. In a rigorous sense, the existing psychiatric classification has not been scientifically implemented, since its main condition – the principle of recognizing the etiology and phenomenology of the disease - not complied. Consequently, there is no a holistic consideration of the nature of the disease, that's why the author comes to the conclusion that should be considered threefold approach of the diagnostic problem, including somatic, psychological and spiritual aspects, despite the objective difficulties of integrating these approaches. For this, it is necessary to fulfill at least two conditions. First of all, to make our notions, concepts and terms more certain, distinct and “strong”, and secondly, to have trust in our own thinking, despite the fact, that the world of “VUCA” forces not to believe in the world`s order and common sense.