Bulletin of Yerevan University B: Philology
The "Bulletin of Yerevan University. Philology" publishes scientific articles and studies related to the problems of armenian studies, philology, linguistics and journalism. The journal accepts original articles and comprehensive studies not previously published. Specialists from YSU and other institutions of RA, as well as Diaspora and abroad, are published in “Banber”.
The Mythological Basis of the Character of Ismil in the Epic "Sasna Tsrer"
"Sasna Tsrer" is the only female heroine of the epic, who acts in different functions in both the second and third branches of the novel: in one case as the wife of the Great Melik, in the other as the mother of the Little Melik, which is due to the dual nature of the character. Ismil's character is not rich in terms of motives, but she has a fateful role in the lives of the Sasna heroes. She not only becomes a wife and mother for the Sasna heroes, but also becomes an important counterweight, thanks to which the plot develops with amazing anti-drama harmony. Ismil, like Deghdzun and Khandut, makes a choice for herself as to whom to surrender to, who should give her a son. In the second branch of the novel, Ismil Khatun retains the power characteristic of the queen, the Great Mother. In this regard, in the novel outline of the second branch, Ismil becomes an equal and counterbalancing figure to the image of the wife of the Great Mher or Armaghan. In the third branch of the epic, the image of Ismil in its nature approaches the characteristics of the mother of the twin brothers, which is the second important characteristic of her in the novel.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alina Gharibyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Classification Of Old Armenian Verb Structures In The Works Of Manuk Abeghyan
Manuk Abeghyan's linguistic research has always been based on the principle of diachronic description. Therefore, he began his study of the grammatical system of the Armenian language with Old Armenian, identifying the common features and systemic differences between Old Armenian and Modern Armenian, including grabar and ashkharabar. Of particular value is his study of the verb systems of Old Armenian and Modern Armenian, characterized by approaches that were innovative for their time. Manuk Abeghyan examined the characteristics of Old Armenian verbs, drawing on the rich linguistic material of classical manuscript sources from the 5th century, particularly the Bible, considered the "queen of translations" of Old Armenian. The renowned linguist provides a detailed description of the impersonal and personal forms of Old Armenian verbs. He reveals that the infinitive and past participle of Grabar often perform the role and function of conjugated verbs. They express predication, are distinguished by rich semantic diversity, become predicates, and their subjects are expressed in oblique cases; genitive, dative, or accusative. This is an important characteristic of the Old Armenian language. Abeghian made fundamental, still relevant, observations on the manifestations of verb aspect in Old Armenian and on the construction of intransitive passive structures. The famous linguist always supported his theoretical grammatical conclusions and classifications with numerous practical examples from ancient literary sources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Narine Dilbaryan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Perception of the Pronoun by M. Abeghyan
The article examines M. Abeghyan’s classification of parts of speech, his use of the term խոսք (“word/speech”), and issues related to the part-of-speech status of pronouns, as well as their semantic characteristics. In traditional grammar, it is generally accepted that Manouk Abeghyan’s classification of parts of speech is based primarily on syntactic principles. However, an analysis of pronouns reveals that, alongside syntactic criteria, Abeghyan also takes into account a distinctive semantic-functional feature of these words—namely, that they do not name objects or qualities directly but substitute for entities or features that have already been named. Rather than adhering to the established part-of-speech classifications of his time, Manuk Abeghyan follows European and Russian linguistic traditions, placing at the core of his system principles that reflect the specific characteristics of the Armenian language and aiming to construct an independent classification. As a result, the pronoun is not recognized by Manouk Abeghyan as an independent part of speech (or type of word). Nevertheless, he acknowledges and describes the existence of personal, demonstrative, interrogative, reciprocal, relative, indefinite, and possessive pronouns in Armenian, treating them as distinct subtypes of nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anna Abajyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Scholarly Study of Abeghyan’s linguistic Heritage
Manuk Abeghyan is one of the most prominent figures in Armenian linguistic scholarship, whose multifaceted work played a decisive role in shaping the theoretical and practical foundations of the modern Eastern Armenian literary language. His studies in phonetics, morphology, semantics, and syntax laid the groundwork for a new stage in the scientific examination of Armenian. Abeghyan’s major works—The Theory of the Armenian Language, Grammar of Ashkharhabar, and Syntax of Ashkharhabar—became classics of Armenology, freeing the linguistic description of Eastern Armenian from Classical Armenian models and affirming its structural independence. His contributions to lexicography, including the creation of military and medical dictionaries, opened a new chapter in Armenian dictionary-making. Abeghyan’s principles of orthographic reform, despite the controversies of the time, remained scientifically justified. His linguistic legacy continues to serve as an inexhaustible source for future scholars and stands as one of the foundational pillars of Armenian linguistic studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Henrietta Sukiasyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dialectological Value of the Version of the Armenian Epic “David and Mher”, Written by M. Abeghyan
This article presents the linguistic features of the version of "David and Mher" recorded by M. Abeghyan. This version of the Armenian epic was narrated to the renowned Armenologist by Nahapet of Moksa. Linguistic material from the last quarter of the 19th century has survived naturally, without scholarly processing. This version, which summarizes the rather complex phonetic and grammatical system and rich vocabulary of the Moksa dialect, has been comprehensively studied. The study revealed that the dialect possesses unique idioms, lexical units, and verb-adjective formations not found in other dialects of the region. Based on the accumulated data, it is proposed that the 21st century of Armenology will become a period of scientific analysis of the collected epic tales, evaluation of the work of scribes, the creation of a scientific center for the study of variants of tales, perpetuation of the memory and honoring of storytellers, as well as the publication of unpublished and rewritten versions with dialectal scientific transcription. M. Abeghyan's recorded version of "David and Mher" offers extensive material for study not only by philologists but also by specialists in the history of language, dialectology, national psychophilosophy, and other disciplines. The Vatiant contains reliable and substantiated linguistic facts, particularly in its detailed examination of the phonetic, grammatical, and lexical features of the Moks dialect. Figurative expressions, phraseological units, adverbial structures, verb formations, atypical for the grammatical rules of the modern Armenian language, as well as numerous linguistic testimonies transmitted by Nahapet of Moks, testify to the skill of the scribe, to the scientifically based establishment of a connection between the specialist philologist and the narrator, to the desire to obtain from the speaker as much information as possible and to enrich the treasury of the Armenian language.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haykanush Mesropyan, Dr. Sasun Hambartsumyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research on Theoretical Isuues of Word Formation in the Works of Manuk Abeghyan and Hrachya Acharyan
Due to the need to carry out work aimed at systematizing the theory of synchronic word formation in Modern Armenian language, it becomes particularly important to refer to the views of various linguists who have worked in this field. This study attempts to fill research gaps in this field: based on descriptive-analytical approach the views of two prominent Armenian linguists, Manuk Abeghyan and Hrachya Acharyan, on issues of word formation are examined in general terms and the main similarities and differences are identified. Overall, it can be summarized that Abeghyan’s objective is not only studying the historical development of the Armenian vocabulary and identifying its patterns (in some cases also through comparison with similar phenomena in other languages, primarily Russian and German), but also their scientifically grounded analysis and systematization. In his works, it is difficult to differentiate between Abeghyan, the scholar and Abeghyan, the educator, since his theoretical analysis is organically combined with a purposeful teaching-methodological task and is accompanied by considerable efforts aimed at the systematic and coherent presentation of scientific material. In the case of Acharyan, the approach is different. He does not undertake the development of theoretical issues in word formation, a task that had already been comprehensively addressed by Abeghyan. His primary goal is identifying the patterns and structural features of word formation, as well as uncovering the relationships between them in various languages, particularly in the Armenian language.
Copyright (c) 2026 Varsik Nersisyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Manuk Abeghian’s Linguistic Conception as a Guarantee of the Renewal of Modern Armenian Studies
Manuk Abeghyan was the first to formulate a scientific theory of Eastern Armenian, basing it on the actual structure of our language. Due to the turmoil of the time, individuals educated in the West were pushed into the background, and as a consequence, the valuable scholarly work they had produced was likewise marginalized. Undoubtedly, in the post-Abeghyan period there were valuable and noteworthy studies devoted to Modern Armenian; however, it must be noted that this period is largely characterized as a Russified school of Armenian linguistics. This is because subsequent linguists abandoned M. Abeghyan’s syntax—so closely aligned with the nature of our language and still competitive today, in its logic and fundamentality, with Western schools—and instead modeled the grammar of Eastern Armenian largely on Russian grammar. There is a need to reconsider numerous phonetical and morphological issues that, for various reasons, received distorted assessments in the post-Abeghyan period. This does not mean that questioning or critiquing the views of the scholar M. Abeghyan is impermissible. By no means. Rather, the value that Abeghyan introduced into Armenian linguistics must be duly acknowledged by restoring those principles derived from the essence of our language that the scholar himself revealed. Abeghyan’s theory is interesting and important in terms of its potential. It is a conceptual framework that enables creative work, and the present study represents such an attempt—to reaffirm several essential principles of the Abeghyan doctrine using the most recent methodologies of modern linguistics, including a semiotic approach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Davit Gyulzatyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Rapprochement of Literary Armenian Varieties:Manuk Abeghian’s Approach and Contemporary Manifestations
The following article examines both earlier and more recent proposals concerning the rapprochement of the two branches of Modern Armenian, tracing these ideas from the nineteenth century to the present. Particular attention is devoted to the approaches of Nahapet Rusinian and Step‘an Palasanian, while special emphasis is placed on the analysis of Manuk Abeghian’s influential article and the positions articulated therein. The process of standardization and the expansion of general usage of the two branches of Modern Armenian have consistently been accompanied by debates over their regulation and the clarification of their boundaries in relation to Classical Armenian. Publications addressing this issue have repeatedly advanced ideas of rapprochement and, in some cases, even unification of the two branches, both within Western and Eastern Armenian contexts. Manuk Abeghian’s programmatic article is especially significant in this respect, as it proposes a set of clearly formulated measures aimed at bringing the two branches of the language as close as possible to one another, emphasizing not only their linguistic and national importance, but also their broader social and economic implications. Various approaches to the selection of grammatical forms, lexical usage, and syntactic structures are proposed and critically discussed. Abeghian’s contribution to this linguistic and literary movement is further evidenced in his article “The Problem of the Unity of Our Two Literary Languages.” The second part of the article presents concrete examples drawn from the Armenian-American milieu, demonstrating that proposals advanced since the mid-nineteenth century have, to a certain extent, found practical realization in contemporary usage. In the American context, the two branches of Armenian, developing with a degree of autonomy, acquire lexical, syntactic, and phonological features that differ from both Eastern and Western Armenian. These features emerge as a result of mutual interaction between the two branches as well as their relatively equal exposure to the influence of English.
Copyright (c) 2026 Norayr Poghosyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Typological and Contrastive Study of Models Describing the Noun Declension System of Armenian Language
This article typologically evaluates and compares the five-case and seven-case models of scientific description of the noun declension system of the modern Eastern Armenian literary language. Using facts, arguments, and logical analysis, it demonstrates the obvious advantages of the former and the numerous shortcomings of the latter. These models are also compared with the seven-case model of Grabar (Old Armenian literary language), demonstrating that the seven-case model of Ashkharhabar (New Armenian literary language) is an artificial, forced adaptation of Grabar, as well as Latin and, to some extent, Russian models, whereas the five-case model is independent of other models and adequately reflects the noun declension system of the modern Eastern Armenian literary language. The conclusion is the need to completely abandon the seven-case model in the education system and restore the five-case model. The problem is pressing because the seven-case model is not only unscientific but also violates a number of pedagogical principles and requirements. This problem is not new in Armenian studies. However, this analysis is conducted in a new way, using the modeling method and typological method of scientific analysis, drawing on a number of new arguments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hovhannes Zakaryan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Participles in Manuk Abeghyan's «Grammar of Grabar»
The present study is devoted exclusively to Manuk Abeghyan’s interpretation of Classical Armenian (Grabar) participles. The research examines the morphological characteristics of participles and, where necessary, addresses their syntactic functions, since Abeghyan occasionally considered these issues as well. Over a century has passed since the publication of Abeghyan’s Grammar of Grabar, and numerous extensive studies proposing new approaches have appeared in the meantime. For this reason, the present work also takes into account more recent scholarly opinions, offering a comprehensive review of the current academic discourse. In particular, the Grabar future participle with the suffix -ots is dependent in nature and functions exclusively within compound tense forms of the indicative and subjunctive moods, lacking independent usage. This contrasts with the past participle, which is semi-independent. However, Abeghyan’s grammar provides examples in which the -ots future participle appears to function independently; we believe that in such cases it has been confused with the oblique case form of the past participle, requiring further clarification. In Abeghyan’s treatment of the future participle, no mention is made of the -i variant, which is instead discussed under the present-subjunctive participle. Although Grabar texts indeed contain instances where this form is used with a present-subjunctive meaning, it is predominantly a future participle with independent usage. The four Grabar participles—the indefinite, the present (or subjunctive), the future, and the past—have largely preserved their core participial meanings and word-formation characteristics, albeit with certain morphological and semantic modifications across historical periods. Taken as a whole, Manuk Abeghyan’s Grammar of Grabar has not lost its relevance to this day and remains one of the most important foundational sources for the scientific description of Classical Armenian grammar. Its enduring value lies in its detailed analysis and systematic presentation, which continue to inform contemporary linguistic research.
simple root and compound (affixal) verb formations,
Copyright (c) 2026 Tereza Shahverdyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Folk Genres in the Collection "A Thousand and One Songs," Compiled by Manuk Abeghyan and Komitas
Manuk Abeghyan continued the important work begun by the great educator Khachatur Abovyan during his collaboration with the brilliant Komitas at the Gevorkian Seminary, which greatly contributed to the transmission of folk songs to future generations. Abeghyan was an outstanding folklorist: he was perfectly familiar with significant works of world folklore and skillfully selected the materials that should be recorded and the precise lexical variant in which they should be transmitted to succeeding generations. Thus, Abeghyan promoted the continuity of folk artistic thought, a cause to which were devoted not only the immensely valuable publications of the originals but also the theoretical and scientific justifications. The songbook "A Thousand and One Songs," compiled by M. Abeghyan and Komitas, is one of the monuments of Armenian culture, possessing enduring value.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aelita Dolukhanyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Manuk Abeghyan - the Prototype in Memoirs
Memoir (French: mémoires) is the recollection of past events and personalities of interest. Many memorial pages have been written about Manuk Abeghyan, through the lines of which emerges the portrait of the great scientist, which is a collection of constantly changing states. In this genre, the portrait is completed by several principles, the most essential of which is perhaps the memoirist’s first impression. The authors portray the prototype’s portrait by accounting for external features, sometimes highlighting his eyes, face, cheeks, smile, gaze, voice, and so on. The prototype’s portrait is completed in several ways: by character traits, posture, mannerisms, inner qualities, and manifestations of mental processes, which are woven together with different stylistic-linguistic foundations. The author of the memoir, however, may ultimately have a subjective viewpoint. Often, the narrative of memory is constructed with difficulty due to a lack of clear recollection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashot Galstyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Notion of Absurdity in Albert Camus's "The Myth of Sisyphus"
The present research is an attempt to analyze "The Myth of Sisyphus" by Albert Camus on the stylistic and literary levels, giving a general notion about Camus' approach to absurdity. The original book is in French but the translation is too close both in style and vocabulary, consequently making it possible to be a subject of analysis. First Camus explains what absurd means, how a person obtains it, and then represents some ways out of absurdity, which are suicide and leap of faith. The author rejects both of the attempts of making life meaningful, thus, giving his own solution to the problem, which is recognition. For Camus, the meaningful life lies in recognizing the following: life itself is meaningless and you are the one who can make it meaningful. At the end of the work Camus puts his theory into practice by representing Sisyphus, an absurd hero, who is the main character of the book.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naira Avagyan, Ita Zakalashvili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Author and Text Interpretation: F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Great Gatsby
To fully understand a literary work, we must explore its origins – who wrote it, when and why it was created, and the meanings the author intended to convey. In The Great Gatsby (1925), F. Scott Fitzgerald's personal views, emotions, and thoughts are deeply embedded in the novel's structure and themes. Therefore, to interpret the novel more effectively, we need to consider these influences and how they shape Fitzgerald's stylistic and linguistic choices. This analysis will examine Fitzgerald's narrative techniques, including first-person and retrospective narration, as well as his use of language to establish tone and meaning. Through the linguo-stylistic method of analysis, we will explore his figurative language such as metaphors, similes and other literary tools to uncover deeper layers of expression. Additionally, a cognitive-stylistic approach will help us understand how Fitzgerald's language choices evoke emotions in characters and influence the reader's perception of the novel's themes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gaiane Muradian, Zaruhi Antonyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Naira Hambardzumyan, Elpis Kesaratsyan. Essays, Poems, Letters
In 2025, the "Edit Print" publishing house published the collection "Elpis Kesaratsyan. Essays, Poems, Letters", compiled and edited by writer, literary critic, candidate of philological sciences, associate professor Naira Hambardzumyan, which was published under the patronage of literary critic, bibliographer Yovsep Nalbandian, within the framework of the "Research in the Fields of Social Sciences, Armenology and Humanities-2024" competition (24SSAH-6B006) of the RA State Committee for the Promotion of Armenian Literature. The book is an important contribution to the restoration, illumination and popularization of the literary heritage of Armenian intellectual women.
Copyright (c) 2025 Albert Makaryan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Language template. The joint functioning of transmitting and influencing language elements in mass media language
The formation of language templates is characteristic of mass communication means. Their usage in mass media language is conditioned by the need to optimize communication and intensify influence. They participate in the simultaneous activation of transmitting and influencing elements. The combination of these elements not only ensures the transfer of information but also aims to shape clear attitudes and exert influence. The linguistic template is primarily a communicative component, while the influencing element is one of persuasion. The analysis shows that the combination of transmitting and influencing elements is a systemic feature of mass media language, most noticeable in genres where information is accompanied by commentary, evaluation, or exhortation. The template, as a linguistic unit, in this context becomes not only a formal component but also a carrier of influence, ensuring the structural and semantic integrity of media communication.
transmitting and influencing language elements
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuri Avetisyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Concept of “Dance” and Its Word-forming Features in the Literary Armenian Language
This paper is an in-depth and detailed study covering the etymological and semantic features of the root “dance” in different periods of the Armenian language development, as well as the expression of its word-formation possibilities in the literary language. The study is conducted in two directions: diachronic analysis, which examines the semantic evolution of the notion of “dance”; and synchronic analysis of the parsing of compound words with this root. Special attention is paid to the nuances of the meaning of the root “dance”, its polysemy and semantic changes. Also neologisms containing the root “dance” are highlighted, which is important from the point of view of studying the lexical composition of the Armenian language. As research shows, the root of "dance" has not only preserved its ancient meanings, but has also been enriched with new ones, due to cultural and social changes. From the perspective of the genre, it exhibits great diversity, being the basis of many familiar, complex and expressive genres. Some of them have retained their function, while others have become rare or obsolete.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lusine Ghamoyan-Ph.D, Senior Researcher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The article presents Isahakyan's profound interest in Oriental culture. Already in his native Ghazarapat, Isahakyan had heard the conversations, tales, and songs of the ashughs (folk minstrels), which left a great impact on the young man and contributed to the development of his imagination. On one hand, the romantic impressions received from childhood, and on the other hand, the enthusiasm for the literature of Oriental peoples during his years in Europe, influenced by European philosophers (Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Kant, and others) and writers (Goethe, Béranger, Dumas...), drive Isahakyan toward the cultivation of Oriental folklore. However, the Orient is a universal concept that encompasses within itself the national amalgamation of different nations and peoples (Indian, Chinese, Persian, Japanese, Egyptian, Hebrew...), their language, religion, and philosophy. In the legends, traditions, and tales belonging to these peoples, Isahakyan emphasizes each people's worldview, customs, and traditions. Isahakyan succeeds in highlighting the mentality and behavior of individual peoples and making visible the enduring significance of wise ideas coming from the ancient world.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zhenya Kalantaryan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Figurative expressive means as a subject of comparative study (based on L. Durrell’s “Balthazar” and its French translation)
In this article, the study is carried out within the framework of hermeneutics understood as a comprehensive method of philological analysis of a work of verbal creativity. As the art of interpretation, philological hermeneutics aims to uncover both the content and the expressive layers of a literary work. The goal of the article is to explore the aesthetic impact of figurative expressive means present in a work of literature by conducting a comparative analysis of the original and its translation. In this framework, the translation is treated as a parallel text, whose comparison with the original enables to identify expressive and aesthetic elements that might otherwise go unnoticed if examined within the framework of a single linguistic context. The study focuses on the English original of Lawrence Durrell’s “Balthazar” and its French translation. Through detailed analysis of examples, the article demonstrates that the full potential of figurative expressive means is most effectively revealed through comparative analysis. Moreover, comparing the translation with the original not only highlights the figurative richness of expressive means in the source text but also enhances their aesthetic impact upon the reader. It stands to reason to believe that the effective realization of the goal set in the present article will contribute to the solution of the all important linguistic problem of understanding and interpreting a work of Verbal art.
interpretation of a work of verbal creativity
Copyright (c) 2025 Anoush Ayunts https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Writer’s Intention and Reader’s Interpretation from an Integrative-Methodological Standpoint
The present article targets the methodologies of literary text analysis with an emphasis on the exploration of writer’s intention and the way it is interpreted by readers. The main approaches covered in the present study are cognitive-stylistic analysis of texts with the objective of evaluating the aesthetics and disclosing the authorial intention of the text, hermeneutic interpretation with the purpose of studying the reader’s understanding of the text under discussion. The study of metaphors coined in J. London’s novel “White Fang” and the comparative analysis of their Armenian equivalents distinguished in the respective translation revealed that the integration of cognitive-stylistic, semantic and hermeneutic methods into the examination of literary texts contributes to the revelation of the author’s intention and determination of its interpretation. It can also be a possible solution for defining the criteria to assess and determine the aesthetic value of texts in the domain of verbal art.
author, reader, cognition, aesthetics, hermeneutics, stylistics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Seda Gasparyan, Nelli Sargsyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Neomyth and Deconstruction: the Courtly Narrative and its Transformation in John Updike’s «Brazil»
This article examines John Updike’s «Brazil» (1994) as a postmodern transformation of the Tristan and Isolde myth within the framework of magical realism and postcolonial discourse. The study hypothesizes that Updike does not reproduce the canonical narrative, but deconstructs it, presenting courtly love as resistance to societal norms, racial hierarchy, and gender constraints. The aim is to analyze how the novel reconfigures key mythopoetic elements–archetypes, sacred objects, ritual, and liminal space–through narrative inversion and symbolic reinterpretation. Particular attention is given to onomastic symbolism, the theme of embodiment and initiation, and the replacement of medieval ethics with contemporary identity politics. The methodological approach combines hermeneutics, structuralism, and postcolonial theory, alongside tools from comparative mythology and literary semiotics. The article argues that «Brazil» functions as a neomyth – a syncretic philosophical parable where the miraculous emerges not from divine intervention but from the human capacity to transgress. In reimagining the legend through a poetic of hybridity and transformation, Updike’s novel challenges traditional conceptions of love, fate, and the heroic, revealing how myth adapts to modern cultural and historical contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Natalie Gonchar-Khanjyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ecolinguistic Spirits in the Language Environment of the Republic of Armenia
In the article, we have used the international achievements of ecolinguistics (also linguistic futurology) and have tried to comprehensively and in accordance with international standards present the language environments of the Republic of Armenia and the Diaspora as a component of the human - nature - language ecosystem․ We aimed to present the peculiarities and “concerns” of the Armenian language to the civilized world in the context of “problems of the Armenian language or Armenianness?”․ During the writing of the article, as a starting point, we chose problematic linguistic realities with functional difficulties, analyzed the external and internal factors negatively affecting the national environment, the process of culturalization of speech, political and social dangerous layers, and recorded eco-end results. As a result of our study, we came to the conclusion that the functional scope of Armenian in the language environment of the Republic of Armenia has expanded, and today the degree of purity and preservation of Armenian is determined by the “eco” complex. The final motto is that one of the main tools for regulating the relations of the Republic of Armenia with the outside world and numerous countries with Armenian communities is the linguistic-cultural component.
Copyright (c) 2025 Candidate of Philology, Associate Proffessor at YSU Chair of Armenian Languager, Zarik Aghajanyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
While re-analysing the pronouns of Modern Armenian in a new way, S. Abrahamyan classified and categorized them. According to the scholar, the classification of pronouns should be based on how the object or quality is expressed within them and what kind of relationship they indicate. Based on this principle, the Armenologist introduced modifications to the system of Modern Armenian pronouns by merging certain types and renaming others. As a result, he differentiated six types of pronouns: personal (subject), demonstrative, reciprocal, definite (general), indefinite (partial), and interrogative-relative (absolutely indefinite). He revised the definitions of personal and demonstrative pronouns and unified the definite and negative categories. He identified the morphological and syntactic features of pronouns and, as an entirely new contribution to the Armenian grammar, examined their structure, word-formation significance, and stylistic usages.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anna Abajyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Demotivational meaning of words in the Armenian language
During the historical development of a language, the semantic structure of a compound word can change, which can lead to a blurring of the word's complex structure, even to its loss. This phenomenon is called demotivation. The formation of the meaning of a compound word is based on its internal form and its motivation. The internal form of a compound word can be very clear and easily understood by native speakers of a given language. This is true for the vast majority of compound words. However, under certain conditions, language tends to obscure and lose both the word-formation and semantic connections within a compound word. Sometimes, the internal form is virtually lost, resulting in a loss of understanding of the compound nature of the word. This article examines the main reasons and stages of demotivation of the meaning of words in the Armenian language.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manuk Felekyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Articulations of the Karabakh Issue in Vano Siradeghyan’s Publicist Writings
This article is dedicated to a systematic analysis of the reflection of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in Vano Siradeghyan's journalistic writings. For Siradeghyan, the Karabakh issue was not merely a topic but served as a starting point for his publicist work and a central axis of his political biography. The article demonstrates how Siradeghyan approached the issue, simultaneously examining its historical, political, geopolitical, and domestic dimensions. The analysis focuses on Siradeghyan's journalistic articles and speeches, in which he criticizes both the strategic shortcomings of the Armenian authorities and the manipulations of international powers. Special emphasis is placed on Siradeghyan's view of the conflict not only as a military or political matter but also as a decisive issue of national psychology and statehood. As a result of the study, it is concluded that Siradeghyan’s journalistic work on the Karabakh conflict stands out for its historical realism, in-depth analysis, and strategic thinking—maintaining its relevance to this day.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hovhannes Hovakimyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Synchronic Descriptions of Old Armenian Sonorants ռ (ṙ) and ր (r).
Old Armenian sonorants ռ (ṙ) and ր (r) served the function of a phoneme (= a meaningful unit) not only in middle, but also at the end of words. This view was supported by previous investigators, as well (E. Aghayan; E. Toumanyan; H. Muradyan). They excluded the possibility that the beginning of a word could be a phonological position for the sonorants ռ (ṙ) and ր (r) on the grounds that native Armenian words and old borrowings could not have started with ռ (ṙ) and ր (r). They, as a rule, acquired an augment. Native IE word ռունգ (< *srungh-) and certain Iranian borrowings (comp. ռազմ, ռահվիրայ, ռամիկ, ռոճիկ, ռոտաստակ) were exceptions to the rule. To begin with, in the synchronic approach the classification of the phonemes does not attach any significance to the fact of whether the given phoneme appears in native or borrowed words. Moreover, the presence of a certain phoneme with a distinctive function in even several words is sufficient to recognize its status as a phoneme. In this regard, there are all grounds to say that the sonorants ռ (ṙ) and ր (r) fully served the function of a phoneme at the beginning of a word, too. As a matter of fact, no allophonic relations could exist between them in any position. The order of the ռ (ṙ) and ր (r) sonorants in the positional forms (= morphs) of certain word roots (= main morphemes) is an indication of morphonological relations between them, hence of the existence of the <Ռ/Ր> (<Ṙ/R>) morphoneme. There are also cases of free variation relation between ռ (ṙ) and ր (r).
Copyright (c) 2025 Vardan Petrosyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ways to Adapt Foreign Fitness Terms in Armenian Language
This article explores various methods of full Armenianization and positioning of the terms related to the modern fitness industry within the Armenian language. In this context, we aim to create Armenian equivalents for certain terms based on the general development trends of the language. We hope that through consistent and long-term usage, the most effective variants of these terms will become more recognizable. When developing Armenian equivalents for foreign fitness terms, we relied on the Armenian translation of terms related to the muscular system and parts of the human body, as these serve as the foundation of modern fitness vocabulary. In other words, the Armenian equivalents of contemporary fitness terms are primarily based on the precise translation of English terms related to the human muscular system. Many modern fitness terms originate from English descriptions of various movements, postures, and body positions. Therefore, we paid special attention to accurately translating these words into Armenian. In adapting these terms, we employed both calques and semi-calques. We considered another approach to Armenianization of fitness vocabulary – semantic expansion, as hundreds of colloquial expressions commonly used in fitness have evolved into the specialized terms over time. We also studied the experience of the Russian language, where, unlike in Armenian, fitness terminology is already well-established.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rita Saghatelyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enan­tio­semy is a linguistic phenomenon when one meaning of the same word contradicts another. This phenomenon is present in almost all languages to varying degrees, although there is no clear record of its emergence and development. Studies on enantiosemy have been conducted using the material of the same language family, one language, or comparative analyses have been carried out on the material of different languages. In linguistics, there is no unified approach to understanding, describing, and classifying enantiosemy. The manifestations of enantiosemy have not yet been studied based on the material of the Armenian language, and this article is a unique attempt to fill this gap. The article begins by defining the phenomenon of “enantiosemy” in linguistic literature and then uses the descriptive method to classify words with enantiosemy from Ed. Aghayan’s “Explanatory Dictionary of Modern Armenian” into different groups. The article is significant not only in the sense that, for the first time, words with internal antonyms are identified using Armenian material but also because the material in the article can be used in the future in the teaching of Armenian, lexicography, and comparative studies of Armenian and other languages
Copyright (c) 2025 Mkrtich Mkrtchyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Autobiographical Genre and Autobiography as a Form of Revealing the Theme of Childhood and Adolescence
This article explores the principle of autobiographical writing in Russian literature during the transition from Romanticism to Realism, focusing on key works by Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov, as well as later examples from Charles Dickens, Leo Tolstoy, Mark Twain, and J.D. Salinger. It argues that the construction of autobiographical narratives not only reflects the authors' personal experiences but also serves as a lens through which broader societal attitudes—particularly regarding childhood—are examined and critiqued. The novelty of this study lies in its comparative analysis of how different literary traditions grapple with the theme of childhood as both a source of innocence and a site of conflict. By investigating the evolution of autobiographical elements, the article highlights the complexities of character construction and narrative form across cultures. Key problems addressed include the persistent societal attitudes towards children and the moral implications of these views as reflected in literature. The study aims to elucidate how the autobiographical genre serves as a vehicle for exploring identity, innocence, and the tensions between individual experience and societal norms. Ultimately, this research seeks to contribute to the understanding of the interplay between autobiographical writing and thematic development in literature, revealing how the personal is intricately linked to the collective consciousness of a given era.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruzan Ghazaryan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Linguocultural and Linguocognitive-pragmatic Approaches to Studying Proverbs and Sayings
The article explores academic approaches to linguoculture, focusing on the interrelations among thought, cognition, and discourse. Specifically, proverbs and sayings are unique expressions of linguoculture, grounded in social cognition. They encompass the distinctive features of linguoculture and function as a means of preserving linguocultural memory. From the perspective of the pragmatic properties of proverbs, the importance of cognitive processes is emphasized. In this context, the significant role of the communicative function of proverbs in discourse should be noted, along with the manifestations of the general and the individual. In light of these considerations, the study of proverbs and sayings at the intersection of linguocultural and linguocognitive-pragmatic perspectives is highly relevant within the framework of contemporary linguistics. Proverbs and sayings are thus studied at the crossroads of categories such as language, culture, cognition and discourse.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nare Shalunts https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0