Foreign Languages in Higher Education
type: channel
description: “Foreign Languages in Higher Education” is an open-access, blind peer-reviewed journal for research in the broad areas of linguistics and foreign literature, as well as methods of teaching foreign languages published by Yerevan State University (Armenia). It welcomes contributions from all subdisciplines of linguistics (theoretical and applied) and literary studies (literary theory and literary criticism). It also provides a forum for cross-linguistic/cross-cultural and interdisciplinary research in the areas of linguistics, literature, cultural studies, and multimodal communication, as well as foreign language teaching methodology. For information about the manuscript format and the review process, please go to section For Authors.
publisher: YSU Publishing House
language: en
publication name: Foreign Languages in Higher Education
issn: 1829-2453
items: ARMENIAN AND AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEMS
items: ON TYPES OF LANGUAGE NOMINATION
items: THE SYNTAX, SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS OF IF-PARENTHETICALS IN FICTIONAL DIALOGUE
items: THE IMPACT OF AI TOOLS ON EFL LEARNERS' LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
items: GAMIFICATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: ENHANCING LEARNING THROUGH GAME-BASED STRATEGIES
items: GENDERED SIGNS OF AGGRESSION: A SOCIAL SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF POWER DYNAMICS IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE
items: LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF CALL-TO-ACTION PHRASES IN DIGITAL DISCOURSE
items: LEXICO-SEMANTIC MEANS OF MANIPULATION IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE
items: FACEBOOK’S ROLE IN CONSTRUCTING ONLINE IDENTITY
items: THE STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC PECULIARITIES OF AI-GENERATED BUSINESS LETTERS
items: INTEGRATING AGENTIC AI IN HIGHER EDUCATION: BALANCING OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND ETHICAL IMPERATIVES
items: ISSUES OF TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH PROVERBS AND SAYINGS INTO ARMENIAN AND RUSSIAN
items: CRITICAL REFLECTIONS ON PEER OBSERVATION IN TEACHING
items: LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE: THE RELEVANCE OF SHAKESPEAREAN CANNON FOR THE NEW GENERATION: SHAKESPEARE AND AI
items: THE POETICS OF FAIRY-TALE TRANSFORMATIONS IN HOVHANNES TOUMANIAN’S TRANSLATIONS
items: NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH AND ARMENIAN CULTURES
items: THE PRINCIPLES OF TYRANNY AND KINGSHIP IN SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDIES
items: EXPLORING THE EMOTIONAL LANDSCAPE: A GENDER-BASED ANALYSIS OF INTERJECTIONS IN OSCAR ACCEPTANCE SPEECHES
items: MOMENTS OF BEAUTY AMIDST SUFFERING IN TONI MORRISON’S BELOVED: A REFLECTION OF EDMUND BURKE’S SUBLIME
items: LINGUISTIC ATTRIBUTES AS A VALID TOOL FOR IDENTIFYING FAKE NEWS IN SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS
items: BRIDGING COGNITIVE PROCESSES AND LANGUAGE DEVIATIONS: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY OF ACADEMIC WRITING
items: THE PREREQUISITES FOR THE EMERGENCE OF AMERICAN NEO-ROMANTICISM
items: INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS AS A PRAGMALINGUISTIC MODEL OF NEGOTIATION DISCOURSE
items: THE PROBLEM OF DEFINING PROVERBS AND SAYINGS IN THE CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTIC PARADIGM
items: NARRATIVE SUBVERSION AND DECONSTRUCTION OF MYTH IN MADELINE MILLER'S NOVEL THE SONG OF ACHILLES
items: THE ROLE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY IN RECRUITMENT IN THE ARMENIAN JOB MARKET
items: ALBERT CAMUS’S PANTHEISM IN THE LINGUISTIC AND STYLISTIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THE ESSAY SERIES "NUPTIALS".
items: FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONAL CONNOTATION IN ENGLISH WOMEN'S MAGAZINES THROUGH LITERARY DEVICES
items: TIME ORIENTATION IN THE PROCESS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY FORMATION
items: LEXICON LEAP: UNVEILING THE NEOLOGISMS OF MODERN WORLD

ARMENIAN AND AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEMS
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description: This study investigates and compares the core cultural values of Armenians and Americans, aiming to enhance cross-cultural understanding within the Armenian EFL educational context. Using a mixed-method approach – including Likert-scale surveys and semi-structured interviews – data was collected from Peace Corps Armenia volunteers and FLEX Armenia alumni. The results confirm the research hypothesis: Armenian values, traditions, and interpersonal relationships are deeply rooted in community, while American values emphasize individual rights and social diversity. Specifically, Armenians place strong importance on hospitality (83%), family (67%), and unity (50%), whereas Americans prioritize diversity (80%), individualism (58%), and liberty (50%). Notably, kindness and hospitality are more significant to Armenians (83% vs. 40%), and strong family values also differ greatly (67% for Armenians vs. 8% for Americans). Despite these contrasts, both cultures value hard work and perseverance. In Armenia, these traits support community cohesion and tradition, while in the United States, they reflect the pursuit of personal success and innovation. By filling a gap in Armenian EFL scholarship, this research foregrounds the pedagogical relevance of intercultural exploration.
subject: Methodology
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creator: Mariam Karapetyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mariam Karapetyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 126
ending page: 140
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.2.126

ON TYPES OF LANGUAGE NOMINATION
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description: The paper defines the concept of language nomination, considers its various types and means. It examines the peculiarities of the nominative aspect of language, which is closely related to its communicative and cognitive functions. The paper identifies the key features of the deictic type of nomination, which differs radically from naming as another type of nomination, as well as highlights various approaches to its study, in particular from semasiological and onomasiological perspectives. The literature review on this issue allows for a better understanding of the theoretical basis of nomination.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Yelena Yerznkyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Professor Yerznkyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 92
ending page: 107
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.2.092

THE SYNTAX, SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS OF IF-PARENTHETICALS IN FICTIONAL DIALOGUE
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description: This paper investigates the pragmatic functions of if-parentheticals in fictional dialogue, focusing on Charles Dickens's David Copperfield. If-parentheticals, often overlooked in traditional syntactic and semantic studies, are examined at the syntax-semantics-pragmatics interface to reveal their discourse-regulating roles. Two primary types are identified: if-metatextual parentheticals, which serve as anchored devices offering commentary and evaluation, and if-speech-act parentheticals, which function as floating elements to regulate politeness and mitigate face-threatening acts. By analyzing their syntactic positioning, semantic contribution, and illocutionary functions, the study highlights their critical role in shaping discourse coherence, interpersonal dynamics, and pragmatic interpretation. The findings underscore how these parentheticals contribute to the depth and subtlety of fictional interactions, emphasizing their value in both linguistic analysis and literary studies.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Astghik Chubaryan
creator: Marine Evoyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Astghik Chubaryan, Marine Evoyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 21
ending page: 31
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.2.021

THE IMPACT OF AI TOOLS ON EFL LEARNERS' LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
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description: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in language education has the potential to revolutionize how EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners develop language skills. This study examines the effect of AI-driven tools on the language achievements of EFL learners, specifically within content-based classrooms. Tools like ChatGPT, Google Translate, Canva and others offer instant, tailored feedback across different language subskills such as vocabulary, grammar, and writing. The research employs a mixed methods approach, comprising qualitative insights to assess how these tools influence language proficiency, self-regulated learning behaviors, and learner motivation. The results are anticipated to show how AI tools can lead to significant improvements in language proficiency, strengthen specific language skills, and promote self-regulation by providing actionable feedback that encourages independent learning. The study also aims to add empirical evidence to the expanding research on AI’s role in education, particularly in content-based language learning, and highlight the potential of AI tools to offer personalized learning experiences, boost learner engagement, and address gaps in language acquisition.
subject: Methodology
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creator: Armenuhi Martirosyan
creator: Marine Mkrtchyan
creator: Ruzanna Arustamyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Armenuhi Martirosyan, Marine Mkrtchyan, Ruzanna Arustamyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 141
ending page: 151
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.2.141

GAMIFICATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: ENHANCING LEARNING THROUGH GAME-BASED STRATEGIES
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description: In recent years, gamification has gained significant attention as a strategy for enhancing teaching and learning across all educational stages. While some scholars express concerns regarding its ethical implications and potential drawbacks, most researchers highlight its capacity to create engaging, motivating, and enjoyable learning experiences. This paper explores the concept of gamification, its origins, and various definitions proposed by scholars, emphasizing its distinction from games and serious games. By integrating game mechanics, such as points, badges, leaderboards, and rewards, into non-game contexts, gamification aims to boost user engagement and learning outcomes. The study also examines critical factors influencing the effectiveness of gamification in higher education, including learner motivation, collaboration, and attitudes toward gamified experiences. Additionally, it addresses challenges such as cognitive manipulation, ethical concerns, and the potential for diminished learning outcomes. Almeida et al. (2023), for instance, conducted a systematic mapping study revealing that certain game design elements, like badges and leaderboards, can lead to negative effects such as decreased motivation and performance in educational software. They also noted ethical dilemmas, including the potential for cheating and manipulating the system. A comparative analysis of theoretical frameworks, including those by Deterding et al. (2011), Werbach and Hunter (2012), as well as Huotari and Hamari (2012), provides insights into the diverse perspectives on gamification. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of careful design and implementation to ensure gamification serves as an effective tool for learning rather than a superficial or manipulative strategy.
subject: Methodology
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creator: Anahit Galstyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anahit Galstyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 108
ending page: 125
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.2.108

GENDERED SIGNS OF AGGRESSION: A SOCIAL SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF POWER DYNAMICS IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE
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description: The interrelation of gender aggression with politics is a sensitive topic, which brings to light the power disparities in society. A social semiotic perspective is taken in this article to scrutinize the signs, symbols and the multimodal communication employed to produce or maintain gendered aggression in politics. The article is based on the investigation of the encoding and decoding of gender stereotypes and biases in political discourse by means of verbal, nonverbal and paralinguistic practices such as tone, interruptions, imagery and body language. Moreover, the study takes into consideration both the cultural and ideological backgrounds which influence the perception of gendered behavior and therefore, the exportation of examples in political discussions, speeches and media manifestations is done to demonstrate that. Specific focus is given to the female politicians who tend to be viewed by the double standards and are considered to be either aggressive or oversensitive in the cases when their male counterparts are shown as strong or forceful.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Anna Knyazyan
creator: Luiza Marabyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anna Knyazyan, Luiza Marabyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 45
ending page: 57
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.2.045

LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF CALL-TO-ACTION PHRASES IN DIGITAL DISCOURSE
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description: This study investigates Call-to-Action (CTA) phrases in digital discourse, focusing on their linguistic characteristics that aim to elicit specific responses from audiences. In the context of online marketing, where digital communication has a significant influence on consumer behavior, CTAs serve as crucial tools for engagement and conversion. The investigation, employing methods of discourse analysis and linguistic analysis, demonstrates that CTA phrases utilize direct action verbs, concise structures, and elements of urgency, such as buy now or limited time offer, to capture attention and prompt immediate action. Furthermore, effective CTAs are tailored to the target audience, taking into account their interests and motivations. By elucidating the linguistic mechanisms underlying CTA phrases, this research offers insights into optimizing digital marketing strategies for greater impact and responsiveness.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Hamlet Arakelyan
creator: Anahit Aleksanyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hamlet Arakelyan, Anahit Aleksanyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 5
ending page: 20
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.2.005

LEXICO-SEMANTIC MEANS OF MANIPULATION IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE
type: item
description: This work presents a study of how manipulation is expressed in politics through language, as observed in English and French political discourse. Language units carefully selected by politicians in public speaking, in combination with social factors, can be a powerful instrument for manipulation, i.e. for managing public opinion. Manipulation is an integral part of political communication, all speech strategies of which are aimed at one purpose: to influence recipients, persuade them to make a decision beneficial for the speaker. The work considers the main strategies, tactics and types of manipulation used in modern political sphere. The analysis of politicians’ public speeches highlights the pivotal role of manipulative speech techniques in achieving political objectives.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Nelly Ayvazyan
creator: Seda Gasparyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nelly A. Ayvazyan, Doctor of Philology, Professor Seda K. Gasparyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 32
ending page: 44
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.2.032

FACEBOOK’S ROLE IN CONSTRUCTING ONLINE IDENTITY
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description: This article looks at how Facebook helps shape the way we think about and present our identities online. It explores how the platform encourages users to be “real” by using their actual names and lives as part of their digital presence. By looking at Facebook’s features – like profiles, posts, and the news feed – the research shows people carefully managing how they appear to others, often influenced by likes, comments, and what the algorithm decides to show. The article explores digital identity construction through case study and platform feature analyses, focusing on authenticity, performance, engagement dynamics, and how people balance being themselves with presenting a version of themselves that fits social expectations. Drawing from research in media and social sciences, the article argues that while Facebook helps normalize online identity tied to real life, it also creates new pressures to manage that identity carefully. It ends by raising questions about what this means for how we see ourselves in the digital world today.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Gaiane Muradian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Gaiane Muradian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 58
ending page: 69
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.2.058

THE STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC PECULIARITIES OF AI-GENERATED BUSINESS LETTERS
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description: The paper is devoted to the study of structural-semantic peculiarities and the main trends in the use of linguistic structures in the AI-generated business letters of the following categories – direct-request letters, good-news letters, bad-news letters and persuasive letters. The study of these categories of business letters is conditioned by the fact that business correspondence plays a key role for the establishment of business relations and efficient cooperation between parties. Ten types of commercial business letters are created by Gemini, a personal AI (Artificial Intelligence) Google assistant. The letters are created in formal style in response to the given prompts. The linguostylistic analysis of AI-generated business letters has revealed lexical units expressing request, receipt, acknowledgement, regret, apology, expectation and cooperation. The discussed rules observed in human-generated correspondence are used in business letters created by Gemini.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Zarouhi Vartapetian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zarouhi Vartapetian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 70
ending page: 91
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.2.070

INTEGRATING AGENTIC AI IN HIGHER EDUCATION: BALANCING OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND ETHICAL IMPERATIVES
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description: The integration of Agentic artificial intelligence (AI) into Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) presents transformative potential for reconfiguring pedagogical paradigms through personalized learning architectures and adaptive skill development. However, disparities in institutional readiness and unexamined ethical governance threaten to exacerbate systemic inequities and erode human agency. Synthesizing insights from Zhu and Wang’s (2025) language education case studies, Katsarou et al.’s (2023) systematic review, and Atoyan et al.’s (2025) analysis of developing economies, this study proposes a tripartite framework—AI literacy development, ethically grounded infrastructure, and Competence-based educator training—to reconcile scalability with equity imperatives. Findings reveal Agentic AI enhances metacognitive engagement but risks cognitive dependency and cultural homogenization when implemented passively. Complementary evidence from Yan et al.’s (2025) research on generative AI underscores the urgency of strategic interventions that balance automated efficiency with pedagogical intentionality, positioning HEIs as adaptive forces in AI-driven ecosystems.
subject: Methodology
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creator: Lilit Sargsyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lilit Sargsyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 87
ending page: 100
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.1.087

ISSUES OF TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH PROVERBS AND SAYINGS INTO ARMENIAN AND RUSSIAN
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description: Language embodies the culture and individuality of its speakers, influencing their worldview. In the context of translation between languages, the cultural aspects of both the source and target languages are paramount. It is crucial to assess the degree to which culture is present in the text and how language is interwoven with cultural elements. The objective of translation is to enhance mutual understanding among various countries and peoples. Therefore, the role of the translator or interpreter extends beyond linguistic skills to include a comprehensive understanding of the associated cultures. In this regard, translation involves more than simply converting words, phrases, or documents from one language to another; it also facilitates cultural interchange. The importance of cultural distinctions is especially pronounced in the translation of proverbs and sayings. Thus, the aim of the article is to analyze how cultural elements are reflected in language and how they influence the translation process. In particular, the study focuses on identifying effective translation strategies that preserve both the meaning and cultural specificity of proverbs and sayings when translating them from one language to another.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Anna Papoyan
creator: Nune Tovmasyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anna Papoyan, Nune Tovmasyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 34
ending page: 45
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.1.034

CRITICAL REFLECTIONS ON PEER OBSERVATION IN TEACHING
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description: In contemporary education, the need for teachers to enhance their practices and core knowledge in pedagogy is significant. Various professional development programs have been devised to address the teacher’s needs, nonetheless, since many of them are generic they often fail to consider individual circumstances, situational aspects and in some cases factors related to national mentality. Here, Peer Observation of Teachers (POT) can be instrumental and a promising method in identifying and refining a teacher’s overall approach to the teaching methods. This aligns with teachers' motivations for growth and provides relevant, actionable feedback. The current study evaluates POT's effectiveness as a professional development tool using qualitative methods, including Focus Group Discussions and surveys across various disciplines, such as English, Business Management, and Linguistics. The paper reveals that POT helps identify areas for improvement, promoting reflective practice which can enhance and facilitate the practice of knowledge sharing and contribute to a supportive working community. The study also touches upon significant challenges, such as time constraints, stress and subjective feedback. In addition, the lack of formalised peer observation programs may lead to inconsistent practices. The study recommends increasing the frequency of peer observation sessions and developing programs with clear guidelines to provide targeted training for teachers and boost effectiveness. Overall, POT is valued for its potential to improve teaching quality and professional development provided there is structured institutional support.
subject: Methodology
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creator: Yelena Yerznkyan
creator: Irina Burnazyan
creator: Lusine Bostanjyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Irina Burnazyan, Yelena Yerznkyan, Lusine Bostanjyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 101
ending page: 114
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.1.101

LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE: THE RELEVANCE OF SHAKESPEAREAN CANNON FOR THE NEW GENERATION: SHAKESPEARE AND AI
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description: “By indirection find direction out!” (Hamlet) Shakespeare does write about foreseeing the future and the ability to create coded language by a few highly skilled “experts” – witches, wizards and fairies – to influence people’s future behaviour (Macbeth, The Tempest, Midsummer Night’s Dream). It would be intriguing to examine Shakespeare's works to discern any insights or relevance to the contemporary phenomena of digitisation and the AI revolution. Business transformation of the 21st century is mostly about people, not tech. While everyone is talking about tech and AI, it’s straightforward to forget, and perhaps tempting, to forget that. The road of digital transformations is littered with tech projects that fail to consider people’s behaviour and incentives to use them. Tech and AI work best when they augment and support people and their roles, not replace them. But the age of AI offers a “brave new world” (The Tempest) of robots and it’s tempting for investors to see them as replacements for people. Undoubtedly, for some people, the role of the human workforce is to support the machines, not the other way around. So far, many tech-led businesses have resisted processes like the unionisation of the workforce, or the recognition of some workers’ rights. The reluctance of many tech-driven companies to adopt workforce protections, such as unionisation and workers' rights, underscores the conflict between advancing technology and prioritising human welfare. Shakespeare’s famous line from Hamlet—"By indirection find direction out!"—captures the essence of this ongoing dilemma. It serves as a reminder to navigate the complexities of digital transformation not through simplistic solutions, but by critically engaging with the intricate relationships between technology, power, and human agency.
subject: Literary Criticism
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creator: Lucille Janinyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lucille Janinyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 115
ending page: 126
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.1.115

THE POETICS OF FAIRY-TALE TRANSFORMATIONS IN HOVHANNES TOUMANIAN’S TRANSLATIONS
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description: Hovhannes Toumanian is widely known not only as Armenia’s national poet and a remarkable fairy tale writer but also as a brilliant translator of German, Russian, Japanese, Irish, and Italian fairy tales. Most of Toumanian’s translations, except those of the Russian tales, are mediated interpretations. However, indirect translations are not uncommon in the history of fairy tales. We have attempted to identify several patterns underlying the linguistic transformations in the texts translated by the poet. The distribution of the main transformations depends on the fact that individual elements of the fairy tale are more susceptible to change when moving from one linguaculture to another. These are the initial and final formulas, titles of fairy tales, names of protagonists, names of supernatural beings, etc.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Alvard Jivanyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alvard Jivanyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 73
ending page: 86
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.1.073

NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH AND ARMENIAN CULTURES
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description: A variety of techniques, including language use, are required to convey social relationships between individuals in a polite manner. Being courteous can demonstrate respect, solve issues, and maintain social distance. There is a concept of politeness in every language and culture in the world. Cross-cultural communication often results in misunderstandings due to differing politeness norms and expectations. The fundamental mechanism of human relationships is revealed by positive and negative politeness, which is based on the opposing behaviors of communicants during the communication process: rapprochement and distance. The proportion of positive to negative politeness varies among people. Furthermore, we express politeness in language and behavior in different ways. The purpose of this study is to examine impoliteness strategies in Armenian and English cultures and determine how they relate to one another. Being polite involves both verbal and nonverbal cues. The social structure of the society in which the languages are used and the role models in their socially motivated behavior have a significant impact on an individual's ability to be versatile in multiple languages. The true maxims are predicated on basic pragmatic communications, which form the foundation for the intricacy of relationships. The study shows that both languages exhibit comparable patterns of strategic use. Linguistic differences, rather than cultural, account for some significant differences between languages.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Marine Yaghubyan
creator: Gayane Savoyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Marine Yaghubyan, Gayane Savoyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 61
ending page: 72
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.1.061

THE PRINCIPLES OF TYRANNY AND KINGSHIP IN SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDIES
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description: This study covers the diversification of the hierarchy of Pagan and Christian values in Shakespeare’s tragedies. Heroes’ deeds and actions pivot around their system of values and fall into basic categories that pinpoint different aspects of the soul and personal character. Philosophical theories and psychological analysis are interlaced into Shakespearean literary art, granting the opportunity to apply various methods of analysis (comparative, historical, psychological) in several examples that illustrate the wholeness of human nature. The research also explores the boundary between tyranny and a "reasonable kingship", examining the trials and tribulations of marginalized attitudes towards power.
subject: Literary Criticism
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creator: Anush Sedrakyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anush Sedrakyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 127
ending page: 137
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.1.127

EXPLORING THE EMOTIONAL LANDSCAPE: A GENDER-BASED ANALYSIS OF INTERJECTIONS IN OSCAR ACCEPTANCE SPEECHES
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description: Interjections, often considered linguistic outliers, are a fascinating aspect of language that transcends emotion expression to encompass pragmatic functions. The present research delves into the nuanced world of interjections, exploring their gender-specific usage patterns and pragmatic functions. By analyzing the speeches of Oscar Academy Award winners, both male and female, this study investigates how interjections are utilized as tools of emotional expression and attention capture. With a focus on the Oscars as a stage where emotions run high, the research reveals how gender differences in emotional expression manifest in the usage of interjections. The analysis demonstrates that women tend to employ interjections more frequently, particularly those of attention, approval, and joy, shedding light on the intricate interplay between linguistic expression, emotion, and societal expectations. This paper combines theoretical analysis with empirical insights to explore the role of interjections as pragmatic markers, focusing on gender differences and their diverse functions in discourse. Drawing on examples from Oscar-winning acceptance speeches, we investigate how interjections contribute to conversation management, interactional dynamics, and the construction of meaning.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Astghik Chubaryan
creator: Nane Davtyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Astghik Chubaryan, Nane Davtyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 6
ending page: 20
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.1.006

MOMENTS OF BEAUTY AMIDST SUFFERING IN TONI MORRISON’S BELOVED: A REFLECTION OF EDMUND BURKE’S SUBLIME
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description: Through the story of the ghost called Beloved, Tony Morrison presents the story of the black mother who committed infanticide with the hope of preventing the enslavement of her daughter. Though Beloved is the harrowing story of one single black African family, yet, it represents all the black Africans who suffered and died on their way in the Pacific to America to find food and shelter there. The date of the story in the beginning of the novel goes back to 1873, which marks the aftermath of slavery and the Civil War. It encompasses different phases of past from the slave ship called “Middle Passage” on the Pacific Ocean and the sufferings of the slaves on board the ship and afterwards as they reach the “hosting” country. It reveals the traumatic story of the black where Morrison depicts different means of suffering especially raping. She reveals how they were abused and were forbidden from any feeling of body pleasures like love, sex, and baby feeding. Although Morrison’s novel treats different themes, the present paper is an attempt to study the moments of beauty amidst suffering in Morrison’s Beloved orienting it to Edmund Burke’s Sublime revealed in his treatise called Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful published in 1757, which as Landow puts it, “deals with deriving beauty from pleasure and sublimity from pain” (Landow, 1971, p. 23).
subject: Literary Criticism
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creator: Vicky Tchaparian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Prof. Vicky Tchaparian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 138
ending page: 148
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.1.138

LINGUISTIC ATTRIBUTES AS A VALID TOOL FOR IDENTIFYING FAKE NEWS IN SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS
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description: The mass-spread of fake news on social media platforms has emerged as a significant challenge for many online users in recent years. This issue has prompted researchers to develop various mechanisms aimed at detecting and preventing the spread of misinformation. While numerous techniques have been proposed to identify fake content, many are hindered by inherent limitations and inaccuracies. The primary objective of this research paper is to analyze the linguistic attributes of news articles and identify key differences that distinguish fake news from authentic news. Utilizing a qualitative data analysis approach, the following study makes an attempt to examine the systematic linguistic features of both fake and legitimate news articles. The dataset comprises 20 news articles from American news websites and 20 fake news articles sourced from the Facebook social networking website. The findings clearly demonstrate that linguistic features can serve as effective indicators to help online users differentiate between unreliable and factual news content. This study contributes to the existing literature by offering a novel perspective on the role of linguistic attributes in fake news detection.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Gevorg Grigoryan
creator: Ning Huichun
creator: Jingjing Shi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Gevorg Grigoryan, Ning Huichun, Jingjing Shi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 21
ending page: 33
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.1.021

BRIDGING COGNITIVE PROCESSES AND LANGUAGE DEVIATIONS: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY OF ACADEMIC WRITING
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description: The present study adopts a Cognitive-pragmatic approach, supported by corpus-based analysis, to enhance Error Analysis (EA) by providing a detailed classification and explanation of lexical errors. This Cognitive-Pragmatic framework, which is a relatively new and evolving paradigm in linguistics, offers a robust model for the taxonomy and analysis of lexical errors. The research specifically focuses on applying this framework to the analysis and classification of lexical errors within the Academic Word List (AWL). The goal is to uncover the cognitive processes underlying error production and to provide insights into the cognitive models that influence error classification. By highlighting issues related to language acquisition and academic writing, this approach seeks to raise awareness of AWL deviations and their cognitive foundations. The study analyzes a corpus of academic essays written by students at the American University of Armenia, employing inductive methods to classify and interpret AWL lexical errors.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Mariam Vardanyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mariam Vardanyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 46
ending page: 60
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2025.29.1.046

THE PREREQUISITES FOR THE EMERGENCE OF AMERICAN NEO-ROMANTICISM
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description: The existence of "neo-romanticism" as a literary movement has found its significant response mainly in English, and also in French, Russian and other literatures, while the problem of American neo-romanticism continues to be relevant in the framework of modern literary criticism. As a result of numerous researches and studies, it is possible to give unique examples that justify the possibility of existence of neo-romanticism in American literature. Now, our research has searched, found and revealed the origins of American neo-romantic literature. In S. Thomson's and J. London's animalistic works and prose the reflection of the process of formation and development of the aesthetics of American neo-romanticism has multiple and multi-content manifestations, justifying the conceptual provisions of American neo-romanticism as an independent stream of literature.
subject: Literary Criticism
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creator: Mariam Hakobyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Մարիամ Հակոբյան https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 192
ending page: 212
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2024.28.2.192

INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS AS A PRAGMALINGUISTIC MODEL OF NEGOTIATION DISCOURSE
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description: This article examines the role of indirect speech acts in business negotiations based on the method of principled negotiation. The correct choice of speech strategies in the business sphere evidently plays a key role in the successful conduct of the negotiation process. A comprehensive analysis of business discourse allows for the identification and study of communicative strategies that facilitate a flexible speech policy and minimize conflict situations between the parties. Based on J. Searle's classification of speech acts, the article presents a quantitative analysis of various types of speech acts that reflect the values of principled negotiation. It discusses their frequency of use and effectiveness in achieving the set goals during negotiations. The core of the analysis of indirect speech acts consists of four key values of principled negotiation. Their representation through corresponding speech acts significantly enhances the negotiation process and fosters the formation of mutually beneficial relationships, reducing the level of conflict. The research results are based on the analysis of speech acts used in the discourse of business negotiations extracted from various films. The conclusions of this linguistic study contribute to the creation of a more dynamic and effective negotiation discourse.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Ruzanna Baghramyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ruzanna Baghramyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 60
ending page: 79
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2024.28.2.060

THE PROBLEM OF DEFINING PROVERBS AND SAYINGS IN THE CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTIC PARADIGM
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description: The article attempts to outline the approaches and theories proposed by a number of scholars regarding proverbs and sayings as linguistic units. The role of metaphor is emphasized in differentiating between these two units. As a defining feature of proverb, metaphor leads to a general meaning with the help of cognition. Proverbs and sayings imply a panchronic manifestation, indicating past experiences, defining the present context, and expressing the future. These language units are viewed as a combination of the universal, the national and the individual as they express universal truth and linguocultural identity. From the perspective of contemporary linguistics, proverbs and sayings are studied at the level of utterance within the framework of discourse analysis.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Nare Shalunts
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Nare Shalunts https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 118
ending page: 137
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2024.28.2.118

NARRATIVE SUBVERSION AND DECONSTRUCTION OF MYTH IN MADELINE MILLER'S NOVEL THE SONG OF ACHILLES
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description: This article examines the modern ‘’feminine’’ interpretation of a canonical plot, which originated in Homer’s epic, and has long been viewed as one of the most ‘’masculine’’ in literature. The aim of this article is to deal with the deconstruction of the myth of Achilles in contemporary literature, comparing and contrasting Homer’s Achilles with the image of the ancient hero according to contemporary female authors. The focus is particularly on the text of popular novelist Madeline Miller, which implicitly differs from the traditionally accepted purely masculine interpretation. The subject of the study is the modern concept of the well-known plot and image. The growing interest in new variations of canonical images, the search for and interpretation of intertextual convergences by writers, critics, and readers determines the topicality of this theme. Despite the engaging storyline and un¬deniable philological merits of the book, which are fully preserved in the Russian translation, as well as the abundance of brief reviews and internet dis¬cussions, Miller's novel is not presented in scientific discourse, which defines the novelty of this article, with a comparative method in its core.
subject: Literary Criticism
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creator: Natalie Gonchar-Khanjyan
creator: Martha Safaryan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Natalie Gonchar-Khanjyan, Martha Safaryan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 230
ending page: 249
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2024.28.2.230

THE ROLE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY IN RECRUITMENT IN THE ARMENIAN JOB MARKET
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description: The present research is an attempt to provide insights into the role of foreign language proficiency in recruitment within the Armenian labor market. It aims to address the disparity in the existing body of research and provide actionable insights into the essential role of foreign languages across various industries and enterprises. The paper initially highlights the historical and socio-cultural factors that strongly affected the plurilingual tendencies in the country, and further elucidates how the capacity for minority languages alongside the mother tongue has become an asset for maintaining socio-cultural identity. This research aims to offer reevaluated perspectives within the existing discourse by analyzing studies from national and international databases, comparing and contrasting their findings and conducting local surveys alongside an empirical review of job announcements. The research findings prove the crucial role of foreign language proficiency in the Armenian labor market, with most employers and employees regarding it a high-priced advantage in the job-seeking and hiring process. This outcome should encourage more active language learning and teaching practices. The final implications reflect our stance on the importance of integrating Academic Foreign Language and Foreign Languages for Specific Purposes instruction with Foreign Language as a Medium of Instruction. This method would efficiently synchronize language education curricula with learners' academic and career requirements.
subject: Methodology
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creator: Marina Karapetyan
creator: Marine Kharatyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Marina Karapetyan, Marine Kharatyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 154
ending page: 174
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2024.28.2.154

ALBERT CAMUS’S PANTHEISM IN THE LINGUISTIC AND STYLISTIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THE ESSAY SERIES "NUPTIALS".
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description: This article aims to study and analyze the presence and role of the wonderful nature in Albert Camus's essay series "Nuptials", for which the author has a cult-like love, to present his enthusiasm for communication with the world, nature, Tipaza with its Roman ruins, sea, sun, light, stones, where man celebrates his marriage (fusion, rapprochement) with nature. An attempt is made to present the philosophical goal of the work, to clarify the idea of being happy and to strive for it in the inevitable transience of life, as well as the language and stylistic features used in the work and the vocabulary reflecting the nature, choosing the analytical methodology, with the help of which the various linguistic and stylistic means and techniques used are considered, which play an irreplaceable role. played in presenting the landscapes and the author’s reflections.
subject: Literary Criticism
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creator: Ruzan Mirzoyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ruzan Mirzoyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 175
ending page: 191
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2024.28.2.175

FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONAL CONNOTATION IN ENGLISH WOMEN'S MAGAZINES THROUGH LITERARY DEVICES
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description: The paper explores the complex process of perceiving emotional connotation triggered by stylistic devices in English women's magazines and the impact it exerts on the female readership. The core of the study is the emotional connotation created by literary devices, namely, metaphor, epithet, oxymoron, hyperbole, simile, personification, rhetorical question, parallelism, anaphora, and alliteration. By employing the method of textual analysis and focus group research method, the research elucidates the functional range that implied emotional connotation may have on the reader, namely, information and advice, inspiration and aspiration, fashion and beauty, community building, empowerment, advocacy and awareness, educational function, cultural representation, social commentary, consumerism and advertising, and entertainment and escapism. The article presents an elaborate analysis of the implied emotional connotation underlying each literary device in question in English women's magazines and the functional impact it creates.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Hranush Tovmasyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Hranush Tovmasyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 41
ending page: 59
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2024.28.2.041

TIME ORIENTATION IN THE PROCESS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY FORMATION
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description: Time is one of the main categories that people use to understand the events and phenomena around them. It is a dimension of consciousness, the way by which we give order to our experience. Of all the great abstractions of science, it is the omnipresent time that comes most often to human lips. The studies on time and culture have identified a number of important temporal dimensions that vary across cultures, including time as a silent language: past, present and future orientation, event time and clock time. According to E. Hall, time is part of a "silent language" that gives meaning to people and their behaviors, but the "informal patterning of time is one of the most consistently overlooked aspects of culture"). This paradox holds important implications around our understanding of cross-cultural differences. Understanding how time is divided, scheduled, and utilized provides valuable insights into a culture. Having a specific time orientation does not mean that a single dominant orientation dictates one's cognitions and behaviours. The research reveals cultural peculiarities of time orientation demonstrated in the phraseological units under study and compares English and Armenian cultures from a linguocultural perspective.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Armine Khachatryan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Armine Khachatryan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 3
ending page: 19
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2024.28.2.003

LEXICON LEAP: UNVEILING THE NEOLOGISMS OF MODERN WORLD
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description: In the constantly evolving realm of language, neologisms act as vibrant indicators of contemporary societal, technological, and cultural shifts. This research delves into the origins, meanings, and cultural implications of recent English neologisms. Employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches, the study examines the factors driving the creation of neologisms, categorizes their formation methods, and explores their cultural significance. By analyzing neologisms from dictionaries, linguistic studies, and media, the research identifies trends in their development and usage, evaluating their frequency and context across various media platforms. The findings illustrate how neologisms expand our vocabulary, mirror societal changes, and improve communication precision. Ultimately, neologisms exemplify the adaptability and creativity of language, reflecting the swift transformations within our society.
subject: Linguistics
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creator: Narine Harutyunyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Narine Harutyunyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 20
ending page: 40
doi: 10.46991/FLHE.2024.28.2.020