| Online ISSN | : | |
| Print ISSN | : | 1829-4340 |
Vol. 24 No. 2 (2023): Journal of Oriental Studies
Full Issue
Articles
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Articles
CHINA`'S «SOFT POWER» POLICY: «ONE BELT ONE ROAD» INITIATIVE AND EGYPT. FIRST PHASE OF ABD AL FATTAH AL SISSI'S PRESIDENCY
AbstractFor a long time, the main political movers and shakers across the Middle East and North Africa (hereinafter - MENA) traditionally were the countries of the so-called Anglo-Saxon world, more specifically the United States was the most active global player. The Soviet Union was competing fiercely with the Western world for the influence in that regions. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation, partially has lost its traditional influence as bipolar system of international relations was eroding. After the end of the "Cold War", the USA, the European Union, and to some extent the Russian Federation, continued to maintain their presence in MENA region, but the situation gradually began to change in the 2000s. China had a relatively low involvement in the MENA region, however, due to its rapid economic development, initiated a new strategy of establishing relations with energy-rich Middle Eastern and North African countries. Through these new strategy in the MENA region, China tried to ensure its energy security. China began to implement the "dialogue of building warm relations" with the countries of the above-mentioned regions through "soft power". The policy of "soft power" implemented by China in modern international relations is unique and extremely interesting in terms of its ideological base and toolkits. The effectiveness of implementing soft power policies often makes official Beijing one of the most influential actors in the Arab world. This article, is an attempt to present the concept of Chinese "soft power" and the example of its implementation in the light of Egyptian-Chinese relations.
ReferencesReport to Congress of the U.S.-CHINA Economic nad security review commision one hundred eighth congress second session, june 2004, p.140-146, https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/annual_reports/2004-Report-to-Congress.pdf (Accessed 19.04.2023)
Adel G. A., Jacobs L.A., Sept 23, 2019, Beijing calling: AssessingChina`s growing footprint in North Africa, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/beijing-calling-assessing-chinas-growing-footprint-in-north-africa/ (Accessed 19.05.2023)
Bartlet K., Education Part of China`s Belt and Road Push in Africa, https://projects.voanews.com/china/global-footprint/english/projects/education/education-part-of-chinas-belt-and-road-push-in-africa.html (Accessed 28.06.2023)
Chhabra T., Doshi R., Global China: Regional influence and strategy, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/global-china-regional-influence-and-strategy/ (Accessed 19.05.2023)
China`s cooperatinon in education and training with Kenya: a comparative analysis Kenneth King University of Edinburg, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08b61ed915d622c000c63/KKing_UKFIETChinaKenya6_9_09_1_.pdf (Accessed 24.09.2023)
China-Egypt strategic cooperation benefits world peace: President Hu, 2004, http://mu.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/200401/t20040130_6481887.htm (Accessed 27.03.2023)
Cieciura Wl., Bringing China and Islam Closer: The First Chinese Azharites, April 28, 2015, https://www.mei.edu/publications/bringing-china-and-islam-closer-first-chinese-azharites (Accessed 11.05.2023)
Egypt`s Banque Misr set for $100 mln China Development Bank loan, February 4, 2016 https://www.reuters.com/article/ozabs-us-banquemisr-loan-idAFKCN0VD0Q4 (Accessed 11.07.2023)
Egypt`s Strategic Partnership with China, նշվ. աշխ., https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/egypts-strategic-partnership-with-china-opportunities-and-implications/ (Accessed 18.05.2023)
Egypt`s Strategic Partnership with China: Opportunities and Implications, Al-Anani, 27 Jan 2023, https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/egypts-strategic-partnership-with-china-opportunities-and-implications/ (Accessed 11.05.2023)
Joint Development of the “Belt and Road”, A New Era of Promoting China-Arab Collective Cooperation-Achievements and Prospects of the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum, China-Arab States Cooperation Forum Research Centre·Shanghai May 2018, p. 2, https://mideast.shisu.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/95/d5/159cb85b4c218 c71efee7bb400c9/9b738dd6-d9d1-4217-b989-8c48cf8b12e4.pdf (Accessed 12.05.2023)
Mohamed M., Mohamed F., The Growth of Chinese Influence in Egypt: Sings and Consequences, Apr. 27, 2023, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/ growth-chinese-influence-egypt-signs-and-consequences (Accessed 29.04.2023)
Nantulya G., Grand Strategy and China`s Soft Power Push in Afrika, August 30, 2018, https://africacenter.org/spotlight/grand-strategy-and-chinas-soft-power-push-in-africa/ (Accessed 21.08.2023)
Nye J. S., Soft Power, Foreign Policy, No. 80, Twentieth Anniversary (Autumn, 1990), pp. 153, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/ documents/page/joseph_nye_soft_power_journal.pdf (Accessed 11.05.2023)
President Sisi`s visit to China, 23 December 2014, https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story /85481/President-Sisi%E2%80%99s-visit-to-China?lang=en-us (Accessed 05.03.2023)
Shinn, D. H., China-Africa Ties in Historical Context. In A. Oqubay, & J. Y. Lin (Eds.), China-Africa and an Economic Transformation, p.65, (pp. 61-83). Oxford: Oxford University Press., https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830504.003.0004 (Accessed 11.05.2023)
The China-Arab States Cooperation Forum: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects, p. 2, Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, https://www.tand fonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19370679.2014.12023244, (Accessed 25.05.2023)
The Importance of the Suez Canal to Global Trade, 18 April 2021, https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/mfat-market-reports/the-importance-of-the-suez-canal-to-global-trade-18-april-2021/ (Accessed 01.05.2023)
The role of China in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Beyond Economic Interests?, 20 July 2020, https://www.iemed.org/publication/the-role-of-china-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-mena-beyond-economic-interests/ (Accessed 18.06.2023)
Why did Egypt choose China? Why did China choose Egypt?, Ain Shams University, 10.06.2021, https://www.asu.edu.eg/555/page (Accessed 14.05.2023)
Why did Egypt choose China?, https://www.asu.edu.eg/555/page (Accessed 25.08.2023)
Дектярев Д., Китай-Африка: важные аспекты отношений, Мировая экономика и международные отношения, 2005, N 5, с. 84, https://www.imemo.ru/en/index.php?page_id=1248&file=https://www.imemo.ru/files/File/magazines/meimo/05_2005/10-Degterev.pdf (Accessed 11.05.2023)
Кузнецов Р, Инициатива «Один пояс, один путь»: китайские «долговые ловушки» и мягкая сила» в отношении стран Ближнего Востока и Северной Африки, 19 июля 2019, http://www.iimes.ru/?p=58356 (Accessed 02.08.2023)
Най Д. Будущее власти, М., 2014, с. 59 (448с.)
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Articles
SYRIAN PERSPECTIVE ON ISRAEL – HAMAS WAR OF 2023
AbstractIsrael-Hamas war erupted on 7th of October in 2023 is of global significance and currently most of the historians and researchers recognize the overriding need to study this topic. Moreover, it is impossible to pay attention to military operations in only one front such as Gaza Strip. The magnitude and character of war if not contained regionally will be unknown in terms of global security. This study is aimed at revealing the possible involvement of Syria into Israel-Hamas war and to examine different aspects of Syrian position on Israel-Hamas war in light of Israeli airstrikes and in the context of Iran-Israel confrontation in Syria. There are two research questions: 1. What are the key determinants of Syrian position towards Israel-Hamas ongoing war? 2․ How does Syrian factor effect on the war and what are the main tendencies of Syria’s possible involvement into the Israel-Hamas war? Analyzing the main reasons of the war and scrutinizing primary consequences for the Syrian side, discussing various perspectives and thoughts, we draw our own perspective on the subject and make conclusions.
ReferencesGhadir Hamadi, Hamas and Hezbollah: From rivals in Syria to allies against Israel, L'Orient Today, November 1, 2023, https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1354995/hamas-and-hezbollah-from-rivals-in-syria-to-allies-against-israel.html
Hamas Resumes Ties with Syria in Damascus Visit, Voice of America, October 19, 2022, https://www.voanews.com/a/hamas-resumes-ties-with-syria-in-damascus-visit-/6797583.html
Владимир Ахмедов, К вопросу ирано-израилского противоборства в условиях сирийского кризиса и изменения ситуации на Ближнем Востоке, Институт Ближнего Востока, 17 октября, 2023, http://www.iimes.ru/?p=102422&_login=f462c2e096
James Mackenzie and Maayan Lubell, Israel launches Gaza war’s second phase with ground operation, Netanyahu says, Reuters, 28 October, 2023 https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/
Sarah Dadouch, The history and fighting between Israel and Syria, explained, The Washington Post, October 11, 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/11/syria-israel-attacks-war-hezbollah/
Albert Aji, Syria says Israeli airstrikes hit airports in Damascus and Aleppo, damaging their runways, Associated Press, October 12, 2023, https://apnews.com/article/syria-israel-airstrikes-aleppo-damascus-airports-gaza-0fad08c8cad6ddcbaea20be7d8acf59e
Eric Schmitt and Helene Cooper, U.S. Strikes Iran-Linked Facility in Syria in Round of Retaliation, The New York Times, November 9, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/us/politics/us-iran-airstrikes.html
Liwa al-Imam al-Hussein (The Imam al-Hussein Brigade) is one of the Iraqi-led groups established in the Damascus area during the Syrian civil war, fighting on the side of the Syrian government. Currently affiliated with the Syrian army's 4th Division, it has a special Syrian wing called the Death Battalion. The overall commander of Liwa al-Imam al-Hussein is As'ad al-Bahadali. (Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, April 2, 2019, https://www.aymennjawad.org/2019/04/liwa-al-imam-al-hussein-interview)
Gianluca Pacchiani, IDF: Iran backed militia moves from Syria to south Lebanon to support Hezbollah, Times of Israel, November 2, 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-iran-backed-militia-moves-from-syria-to-south-lebanon-to-support-hezbollah/
Robert Satloff, Ehud Yaari, Matthew Levitt, Neomi Neumann, Ghaith al-Omari, The New Middle East: Hamas Attack, Israel at War, and US Policy, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, October 10, 2023. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-middle-east-hamas-attack-israel-war-and-us-policy
Daniel Byman, Hamas’s Strategy of Failure, Foreign Policy, October 12, 2023, https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/12/hamas-goals-strategy-israel-attack-success-failure-war-gaza-palestinians/#cookie_message_anchor
Natacha Danon, What could war between Israel and Hamas mean for Syria? Syria Direct, October 13, 2023, https://syriadirect.org/what-could-war-between-israel-and-hamas-mean-for-syria/
Mona Yacoubian, Will the Israel-Hamas War Spiral into a Wider Conflict? United States Institute of Peace (USIP), October 26, 2023, https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/10/will-israel-hamas-war-spiral-wider-conflict
Andrew J. Tabler, Syria and the Hamas attack: Another Potential Iran-Backed Front, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Analysis, October 11, 2023, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/syria-and-hamas-attack-another-potential-iran-backed-front
Ali Haj Suleiman, At least 100 killed as Syrian military college hit in drone attack, Al Jazeera News, October 5, 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/5/syrian-military-college-hit-in-drone-attack#:~:text=A%20drone%20attack%20on%20a%20military%20college%20in%20Syria's%20Homs,were%20killed%20and%20125%20injured.
Ammar Musarea, Syrians’ Reactions to the First Weeks of Israel-Hamas War, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, October 24, 2023, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/syrians-reactions-first-weeks-israel-hamas-war
Musarea, “Syrians’ Reactions”.
9459th Security Council Meetings Coverage, SC/15470, October 30, 2023. https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15470.doc.htm, https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1o/k1o2tvm1mq
President al-Assad: Gaza was never the issue; it is all about the Palestinian Cause and Gaza is an embodiment of its essence. Syrian Arab News Agency, November 11, 2023, https://sana.sy/en/?p=320077,
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Articles
IKHWANS IN EUROPE. THE MODEL AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE PAN-EUROPEAN NETWORK OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD
AbstractThe Muslim Brotherhood is an international Islamist movement-organization founded in 1928 in Egypt by Hassan al-Banna (1906-1949). It is considered the world’s oldest Islamic organization. Its networking process became evident in the first few decades of its existence. In the 1940s, the Muslim Brotherhood had branches and representatives not only in various Egyptian cities and towns but also in the neighboring Middle Eastern countries. Presently, the Muslim Brotherhood operates both in countries with predominantly Arab and Muslim populations, as well as in Europe, North America, Russia, and various other countries. In academic literature, these structures are referred to as Muslim Brotherhood branches, distinguishing the Syrian, Jordanian, French, British, and other branches of the organization. The article aims to discuss the network of the Muslim Brotherhood movement-organization, using the European subnet as an example within the framework of David Hovhannisyan’s network theory, highlighting the type and structural features of the pan-European network.
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Vidino L., Altuna S., The Muslim Brotherhood’s Pan-European Structure, Austrian Fund for the Documentation of Religiously Motivated Political Extremism (Documentation Centre Political Islam), 2021
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Vidino L., The European Organisation of the Muslim Brotherhood: Myth or Reality?, The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe, Bakker E. (ed.), Meijer R. (ed.), 2013, 50-69,
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199327638.003.0002
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Articles
EXPLORING THE HERITAGE. AN ATTEMPTED ANALYSIS OF ARMENIAN SURNAMES WITH ARABIC ORIGIN ASSOCIATED WITH CRAFTS, PROFESSIONS, AND OCCUPATIONS
AbstractStudy of etymology of surnames holds considerable significance, as it can give numerous useful insights, revealing layers of the history, culture and lifestyle of a nation. A significant part of Armenian surnames contains a foreign component. This phenomenon reflects centuries of contact and interaction with different nations, with Armenia being subject to cultural, political, and economic influences and the Armenian language incorporating numerous loanwords. This article focuses on Armenian surnames featuring an Arabic etymological foundation, particularly those indicative of trade, profession, or occupation. The incorporation of Arabic etymological elements into Armenian surnames has been either direct (borrowed from Arabic) or indirect (through intermediary languages, namely Turkish and Persian), giving rise to various iterations and variants of surnames and contributing to the complexity of genealogical analysis. In this article, we endeavor to elucidate upon the genealogy of such surnames, in certain instances proposing our own interpretations and hypotheses as potential resolutions to the existing ambiguities. In this endeavor, our aim is to enrich the scholarly discourse by addressing certain gaps in the coverage of the genealogy of Armenian surnames
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لسان العرب (Lisān al-ʿarab)
اللغة العربية المعاصر (Al-luġa al-ʿarabiyya al-muʿāṣira)
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Articles
ANALYSIS OF KHABARS IN AL-BALĀDHURĪ'S BOOK ON THE “GENEALOGY OF THE NOBLES" BASED ON THE VALUE SYSTEM
AbstractGenealogy holds significant value within the traditional cultural practices of numerous communities in the East and West. Nasab, genealogical knowledge, played a prominent role in Arab society both before and following the advent of Islam and continues to be widely recognized in contemporary Arab culture. The importance of genealogical works in the context of traditional Arabic literary culture cannot be overstated. Thus, the textual examination of the khabars in "Book on the Genealogy of the Nobles" ("Kitāb Ansāb al-Ashrāf") by Aḥmad ibn Yahyā Al-Balādhurī, the foremost work of Arab-Muslim genealogical science is of utmost interest, as it holds particular relevance in this regard. The article seeks to reveal the deep connections between khabars by employing historical-comparative, analytical, and comparative methods, aiming to outline the semantic priorities within khabars based on their order and to introduce a new classification. A comprehensive understanding of the historical context of khabars is offered through exploring their semantic, value, and cultural dimensions.
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Articles
AL-SHAFI-THE FOUNDER OF MUSLIM LEGAL DOCTRINE. THE FORMATION OF USUL AL-FIQH
AbstractMuslim law, fiqh, is the religious and legal sphere of Islam, which defines the rules of legal behavior of Muslims, permits or prohibits them from this or that action. Fiqh in translation means "deep understanding", and the term "fiqh" in Armenian can be interpreted as a collection of norms interpreting and explaining Islamic law, "Islamic law" or Muslim teaching on the rules of conduct, that, in a broader sense, means Muslim law. Fiqh is the legal branch of Islam about correctly understanding the nature of intentions. The confirmation of the use of the word fiqh in this sense can be found in the following words of the Prophet Muhammad: "To whom Allah wills good, He also grants the ability to understand religion in a true way." Al-Shafi'i had a significant contribution to the development of Islamic law. The theory of "Uṣūl al-fiqh" without fundamental changes is also accepted by modern Muslim jurisprudence and is considered as the theoretical foundation of fiqh.
ReferencesАль-Бухари, "Сахих Аль-Бухари", т. 4; Муслим, "Сахих Муслим" (Бейрут: Дар Аль Арабийя, без даты), т. 3.
Ислам энциклопедический словарь, М., "Наука", Главная редакция восточной литературы, 1991.
Кирабаев Н., Политическая мысль мусульманского средневековья, М., 2005.
Сюкияйнен Л., Мусульманское право. вопросы теории и практики, Москва, 1986.
Ahmed Sh., The development of Islamic Jurisprudence and Reasons for Juristic Disagreements among Schools of Law, University of South Africa, 2005.
Al-Alwani T. J., Source Methodology in islamic jurisprudence, 1990.
As-Sayiss M.A., History of Islamic Jurisprudence, Dar Al-Kutub Al-ilmiyah, 1971․
Goldziher I., Introduction to Islamic Theology, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1981.
Hilal A. T., Al-Beirawi A. I., Understanding Usul Al-Fiqh, New Delhi, 2007.
Makdisi G., The Juridical Theology of Šāfiʿī, Origins and Significance of Uṣūl al-fiqh, Studia Islamica, No. 59, Maisonneuve & Larose, 1984․
Masri A. M., The Classical Conceptions of Treaty, Alliance and Neutrality in Sunni Islam, New Castle University Library, 1998․
Schacht J., The origins of Muhammadan jurisprudence, Oxford university press, 1979․
Weiss B., Interpretation in Islamic Law: The Theory of Ijtihād”, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 26, No. 2, [Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah. February 24-25, 1977] (Spring, 1978).
معجم المصطلحات الإسلامية، بشّار بكّور، مجمع الفتح الإسلامي، دمشق - سورية، 2012م.
معجم لسان العرب لابن المنظور.
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Articles
THE "AGAINST TACIK" OF GRIGOR TATEVACI IN THE CONTEXT OF ARMENIAN-MUSLIM RELATIONSHIPS IN 14-15TH CENTURIES
AbstractThe present article examines the work of the famous theologian of the XIV-XV centuries Grigor Tatevaći "Against Taĉik" which is an example of Apologetic-Polemical literature,which was characteristic of Western European philosophy. It represents the 16 fallacies of "Taĉiks" or muslims, that related to the radical differences between Christianity and Islam, for ecample, the denial of the Holy Trinty and the incarnation of Jesus as the son of God as well as some ritual ceremonies, the crucifixion of Jesus. Grigor Tatevaći was familiar with the main tenets of Islam and apposed them with the Bible and the works of medieval Christian theorists. The article also considers the theories of medieval muslim theologians, regarding of foundations of Christianity. The 16 fallacies of "Taĉiks" also depict Islams attitude toward Christianity,which many cases was caused by Prophet Muhammad’s personal, subjective perception of Christianity.Prophet Muhammad was not personally acquainted with official Christianity, but only with its sects. And his work was a unique way of fighting against the rule of the Tatar-Mongols, which confirmed the supremacy of the ideology of Christianity over Islam in the spiritual field.
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Articles
IBN TAYMIYYAH'S RCITICISM OF SUFISM ACCORDING TO THE WORK “KITĀB AL-JAWĀB”
AbstractIbn Taymiyyah (1263-1328) was a notable medieval jurist, theologian and prominent representative of the Hanbali religious and legal school. His criticism of Sufism is part of his relentless struggle against innovations in Islam. The main purpose of this article is to present Ibn Taymiyyah's anti-Sufi criticism using the example of one of his most notable works, the "Kitāb al-Jawāb" (the full title is " The Correct Response to Those Who Altered the Religion of Christ"). The problem of absence of researchers’ unanimity over Ibn Taymiyyah's attitude towards Sufism is also studied.
ReferencesAbdullah I., “Tawḥīd and Trinity: A Study of Ibn Taymiyyah’s Al-Jawāb Al Ṣaḥīḥ”. Intellectual Discourse 14, no.1 2006, p. 91 https://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/id/article/view/89 (Accessed 18.04.2023) ا
Ansari A. H., Ibn ’Arabī: The doctrine of Waḥdat al-Wujūd, Islamic Studies 38, no. 2, 1999, pp 149–192. http://www.jstor.org/stable /20837036. (Accessed 11.03.2023)
Ateş A., Ibn al-ʿArabī, Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition 3, Leiden and London: Brill, Luzac and Co., 1986.
Barre E., The Shaykh Al-Islam: The legacy of Ibn Taymiyya in 20th century political Islam, Florida State University,December 2004.
Knysh A., Ibn 'Arabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam, Suny Series in Islam, State University of New York Press, 1998, pp. 87-88.
Laoust H., Essai sur les doctrines sociales et politiques de Taḳī-d-Dīn Aḥmad b. Taimīya, Canoniste ḥanbalite né à Ḥarrān en 661/1262, mort ą Damas en 728/1328, Cairo: lmprimerie de l'lnstitute Français d'Archéologie Orientale 10,1939, p. 89.
Latham J. D., Salaf, Encyclopaedia of Islam , New Edition 8, Leiden: Brill, 1995.
Little D. P., Did Ibn Taymiyya Have a Screw Loose?, Studia Islamica, no. 41, 1975, pp. 93–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/1595400.
Makdisi G., Ibn Taymiyya: A Sufi of the Qadiriya Order, American Journal of Arabic Studies, no. 1, 1973, pp. 118-129.
Makdisi G., The Hanbali school and sufism, Boletín de la Asociación Española de Orientalistas XV, 1979, p. 120 ․ http://hdl.handle.net/10486/6525 (Accessed 05.01.2023)
Massignon L., “Al-Halladj”, in Encyclopaedia of Islam 3 .
Meier F., The Cleanest about Predestination: A Bit of Ibn Taymiyya, Essays on Islamic Piety and Mysticism, trans. John O’Kane, Leiden: Brill, 1999, p. 313, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004492073_013
Michel T., Ibn Taymiyya’s Sharḥ on the Futūḥ al-Ghayb of ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī, Hamdard Islamicus 4, no. 2, 1981, p. 3․
Post A., The Journeys of a Taymiyyan Sufi: Sufism through the Eyes of ʿImād al-Dīn Aḥmad al-Wāsiṭī (d. 711/1311), Studies on Sufism 6, Leiden: Brill, 2020, p. 11.
Rahman F., Islam, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966, p. 19,
Sarrio D. R., Spiritual Anti-elitism: Ibn Taymiyya's Doctrine of Sainthood (WalāYa), Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 22, 2011, p. 287. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2011.568812.
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ابن تيمية, الجواب الصحيح, مجلد 2
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ابن تيمية, الجواب الصحيح, مجلد 5
ابن تيمية, الجواب الصحيح, مجلد 6
تقي الدين أحمد ابن تيمية ,مجموعة الرسائل و المسائ
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Articles
CULTURAL CODES SYSTEM OF “AKHBAR AL-SHU’ARA” ABU BAKR AL-SULI
AbstractThis paper investigates the system of culture/cultural codes in "Akhbar al-Shu'ara" of the Abbasid author Abu Bakr al-Suli (10th century). Three - dimensional - social, religious, and temporal-spatial, system is distinguished by its hierarchy and binary oppositions. At the same time, religious and social codes show similar signs of a practical and theoretical nature. Their comparison makes possible to trace development features of the Arab-Muslim society in the 8th-9th centuries: from family to tribe, then to social strata and the state. The generalized “people” and the author’s “I” concepts play an important role in the behavioral patterns presented in the cultural codes. The temporal-spatial aspect, inferior in quantitative indicators to the previous two, nevertheless has an important function because it creates a connection and integrates different periods of the historical time. All these make al-Suli’s work comprehensive one from the point of view of modern perception.
ReferencesБеляев В. И., Халидов А. Б., Абу Бакр Мухаммад ас-Сули, Китаб ал-Аврак («Книга листов»), Институт востоковедения Российской Академии наук, Санкт-Петербургский филиал, Центр «Петербургское Востоковедение», 1998 г
Букина Н. В., Культурные коды как элемент пространства культуры, Читинский государственный университет, https://lomonosov-msu.ru/archive/Lomonosov_2007/20/moyanauka@list.ru.pdf
Д. Оганнесян, Содержание понятия “Ma’arif” и круг знаний Адиба, Вопросы востоковедения, Том VIII, Ереван, ЕГУ, 2012 г.
Егорова С.Б., Павел Флоренский об антиномиях языка, УДК 1(09):81file:///C:/Users/armine.hakobyan/Downloads/pavel-florenskiy-ob-antinomiyah-yazyka.pdf
Коран, 126-й аят суры «Ан-Ниса» («Женщины»)
Краснобаева-Черная Ж. В., Пространственный код культуры ценностной картины мира (на материале русской, украинской, английской и немецкой фразеологии), Донецкий национальный университет, prostranstvennyy-kod-kultury-tsennostnoy-kartiny-mira-na-materiale-russkoy-ukrainskoy-angliyskoy-i-nemetskoy-frazeologii.pdf
Кузнецова А. В., Прагматикакультурныхкодоввхудожественномтексте, Южный федеральный университет, Тематический выпуск: Взаимодействие языков и культур: Традиции и инновации, 2021, N 3, file:///C:/Users/armine.hakobyan/Downloads/pragmatika-kulturnyh-kodov-v-hudozhestvennom-tekste.pdf
Куликова Б. Э., Символические коды понимания в сфере повседневности мусульманской и христианской духовной культуры, Научный журнал КубГАУ, N 90 (06), 2013 г., simvolicheskie-kody-ponimaniya-v-sfere-povsednevnosti-musulmanskoy-i-hristianskoy-duhovnoy-kultury.pdf
Лотман Ю. М., Семиосфера, С.-Петербург: «Искусство - СПБ», 2000 – 704 с., https://edu.vsu.ru/pluginfile.php?file=%2F193961%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2F%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%AE.%D0%9C.%20%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%20%D0%B8%20%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2.pdf
Предметный код как один из основных кодов культуры, JournalofInterantionalCulture 12.1, file:///C:/Users/armine.hakobyan/Downloads/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%20%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%20%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%20%D0%B8%D0%B7%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B.pdf
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رابطة العلماء السوريين، مفهوم الكفر في القرآن الكريم
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Articles
ANALYSES OF THE REACTIONS TO THE FORCED DEPORTATION OF ARMENIANS FROM NAGORNO-KARABAKH IN THE ARABIC-LANGUAGE MEDIA
AbstractThe main media platforms of Arab countries, as the main media platforms of the world could not stay aside in 2023 from covering the reality of the forced displacement of almost the entire population from Nagorno-Karabakh after the so-called “anti-terrorist military operation” of Azerbaijan on September 19th. The main goal of the article is to highlight the Arabic-language reaction to these processes on media platforms of different Arab countries, in the context of the analysis of which one can also understand what their attitude is to this long-lasting conflict and its causes. It is also important to understand what the reactions in Arab countries were, at least in the media sphere, and what its features were in the context of resolving the issue in such a military way. In the article we separately touch on the general approaches and positions of Arabic-speaking countries, and in particular the League of Arab States and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, in the context of recent events that these organizations had on Artsakh conflict, which may show the similarity and complementarity of these positions and positions found in Arab media outlets.
References• Addresses by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan Elmar Mammadyarov, Journal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan, No. 15, 2006.
• OIC General Secretariat urges the international community not to recognize the so-called elections held in the territories of Karabakh Region of Azerbaijan, 09/09/2023, https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=39493&t_ref=26609&lan=en․
• OIC Rejects the Holding of Electionsin the Occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, 31.03.2020, Available at: https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=23303&t_ref=13971&lan=en․
• Ադրբեջանը Հայաստանի սահմանին ձերբակալել է ղարաբաղյան ուժերի նախկին հրամանատարին, 85 հազար մարդ փախել է, 29․09․2023, أذربيجان تعتقل القائد السابق لقوات قرة باغ على حدود أرمينيا.. وفرار 85 ألف شخص (alquds.co.uk)։
• Ադրբեջանի վերահսկողությունից հետո... հայերի շարունակական արտագաղթը Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի տարածաշրջանից, 03.10.2023, بعد سيطرة أذربيجان.. هجرة متواصلة للأرمن من إقليم ناغورنو كاراباخ بعد سيطرة أذربيجان.. هجرة متواصلة للأرمن من إقليم ناغورنو كاراباخ (ultrasawt.com)։
• Ավելի քան 100 հազար մարդ լքել է Ղարաբաղի շրջանը...զանգվածային արտագաղթ դեպի Հայաստան (Կատար), 30․09․2023, أكثر من 100 ألف شخص غادروا إقليم كاراباخ.. نزوح جماعي باتجاه أرمينيا | التلفزيون العربي (alaraby.com)։
• Եվրամիություն. Ադրբեջանը պատասխանատվություն է կրում Ղարաբաղից հայերի զանգվածային արտագաղթի համար (Սաուդյան Արաբիա), 29․09․2023, الاتحاد الأوروبي: أذربيجان تتحمل مسؤولية النزوح الجماعي للأرمن من كاراباخ - صحيفة الوئام الالكترونية (alweeam.com.sa)։
• Էթնիկ զտումների վախի պատճառով հայերը լքում են Լեռնային Ղարաբաղը, 24․09․2023, ناغورنو كاراباخ: الأرمن يغادرون البلاد وسط مخاوف من التطهير العرقي - BBC News عربي։
• Ինչպե՞ս կարող է Թուրքիան խաղաղություն հաստատել Հարավային Կովկասում (Օման), 14.10.2023, كيف يمكن لتركيا أن تتوسط في السلام بجنوب القوقاز؟ - الموقع الرسمي لجريدة عمان (omandaily.om)։
• Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի պատերազմը... ոսկու, նավթի եւ առևտրի ճակատներում (Սաուդյան Արաբիա), 21.09.2023, حرب ناغورنو كاراباخ... على جبهات الذهب والنفط والتجارة (aawsat.com)։
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• Հայերը սկսում են Ղարաբաղից գաղթել Հայաստան (Աբու Դաբի), 25․09․2023, الأرمن يبدأون النزوح الجماعي من كاراباخ إلى أرمينيا | سكاي نيوز عربية (skynewsarabia.com)։
• Հայերը սկսում են Ղարաբաղից գաղթել Հայաստան (Քուվեյթ), 25.09.2023, الأرمن يبدأون النزوح الجماعي من كاراباخ إلى أرمينيا - الراي (alraimedia.com)։
• Ղարաբաղից հայերի արտագաղթը նվազում է, քանի որ Ադրբեջանը փորձում է վերականգնել վերահսկողությունը (Եմեն), 02․10․2023, انحسار نزوح الأرمن من كاراباخ مع تحرك أذربيجان لإعادة السيطرة | قناة اليمن اليوم (yementdy.tv)։
• Ղարաբաղյան պատերազմի և Հայաստանի նոր տարբերակների մասին (Սիրիա), 19․09․2023, حول الحرب في كاراباخ وخيارات أرمينيا الجديدة - مركز الحوار السوري (sydialogue.org)։
• Ղարաբաղում հումանիտար ճգնաժամը շարունակվում է Ադրբեջանը փախստականների մեջ փնտրում է հետախուզվողների, (Քուվեյթ), 26․09․2023, أزمة إنسانية في كاراباخ مع استمرار نزوح الأرمن - جريدة الجريدة الكويتية (aljarida.com)։
• ՄԱԿ-ի առաքելությունը ժամանում է Ղարաբաղ՝ հայերի զանգվածային արտագաղթի ֆոնին (Եգիպտոս), 01.10.2023, بعثة من الأمم المتحدة تصل كاراباخ وسط نزوح جماعي للأرمن | القاهرة الاخبارية (alqaheranews.net)։
• Միավորված ազգերի կազմակերպությունը առաքելություն է ուղարկում Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ՝ դեպի Հայաստան զանգվածային գաղթից հետո (Թունիս), 01․10․2023, جريدة المغرب | الأمم المتحدة ترسل بعثة إلى ناغورنو كاراباخ بعد النزوح الجماعي إلى أرمينيا (lemaghreb.tn)։
• «Շատերը սոված են և հոգնած»: Ղարաբաղի ողջ հայ բնակչությունը հեռացել է (Սաուդյան Արաբիա), 30.09.2023, "الكثير جياع ومتعبون".. جميع سكان كاراباخ الأرمن غادروا (alhadath.net)։
• Տասնյակ հազարավոր հայեր շարունակում են գաղթել Լեռնային Ղարաբաղից, (Գերմանիա), 27․09․2023, عشرات الآلاف من الأرمن يواصلون النزوح من ناغورني كاراباخ | أخبار DW عربية | أخبار عاجلة ووجهات نظر من جميع أنحاء العالم | DW | 27.09.2023։
• Փաշայան Արաքս, Իսլամական գործոնը արցախյան 2020 թ․ պատերազմի համատեքստում․ հայկական աշխարհի դեմ Ադրբեջանի քարոզչության գործիքակազմը, Գիտական Արցախ, № 4(11), 2021, էջ․ 250-259։
• Փաշայան, Արաքս և Նավասարդյան, Նազելի․Իսլամական աշխարհի աջակցությունը Ադրբեջանին 2020 թ․ արցախյան պատերազմի համատեքստում․ «Գիտական Արցախ» 1(8), Երևան, 2021, էջ 106-119։
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Articles
ТHE STRUCTURAL USES OF THE DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES IN MODERN ARMENIAN AND MODERN STANDARD ARABIC
AbstractStemming from two different linguistic family trees (the Indo-European family and the Semitic language group respectively) the Armenian and Arabic languages comprise of entirely different linguistic systems. Subsequently in learning and teaching processes differences are typically emphasized, and similarities are often overlooked. The purpose of this compare-and-contrast article is to outline the structural uses of the definite and indefinite articles in Modern Armenian and Modern Standard Arabic in the context of cross-linguistic typology. While laying out the main rules and generalizations, this article discusses the structural similarities and differences of the two languages through a qualitative approach. The overall purpose of the article is to demonstrate the many commonalities between the usage of definite/ indefinite article in two languages. The aim of such methodology is to provide an analytical baseline relating the learned language to the learner’s native tongue. The usage of such a baseline in educating process will lead to more efficient comprehension and natural acquisition of the language.
ReferencesԱղայան Է․, Լեզվաբանության հիմունքներ, Երևան, 1987
Աճառյան Հ․, Լիակատար քերականությոն հայոց լեզվի, Հ․ III, Երևան, 1957
Ասատրյան Մ․, Ժամանակակից հայոց լեզու, Երևան, 1982թ
Պետրոսյան Հ․, Անորոշ հոդը հայերենում, Երևան, 1960
Պետրոսյան Հ., Գալստյան Ս., Ղարագյուլյան Թ., Լեզվաբանական բառարան, Երևան, 1975
Ջահուկյան Գ․, Ժամանակակից հայերենի տեսության հիմունքներ, Երևան, 1974
Карабекян С., Морфонологический анализ сегментов с танвином в арабском литературном языке, Востоковедеческий сборник, XVI, 1996, Ереван, стр. 223-229
Jalabneh A., Multiple Functions of the Nunation in the Arabic Syntax: A Minimalist Perspective. Disarat, Human and Social Sciences, V (36), No.(3), 2009
Kirtchuk, P., Definiteness, 3 pp. Encyclopedia of Linguistics. NY: Routledge, 2005
Lyons C., Definiteness, Cambridge University Press, 1999
Mulder, W. and Carlier Q., Definite articles, The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization, Chapter: Definite articles
Panda, A.K., The Definite Article, ‘THE’: The Most Frequently Used Word in World’s Englishes, Research Journal of English Language and Literature (RJELAL), Vol.2. Issue.3, pp.234-237
Ryding K. C., A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic, Cambridge University Press, 2005
Stempel R., Icrab, Tanwin and Status Constructus: Some Thoughts on the History of the Nominal Declension in Semitic and Arabic, Folia Orientalia VOL. 44, 2008, pp. 15-23
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Articles
RELATIONS BETWEEN JEWS, JEWISH TRIBES, AND MUSLIMS. THE CONSTITUTION OF MADINAH
AbstractIn the realm of interreligious dynamics, the historical interactions between Muslims and Jews, inclusive of various Jewish tribes and groups, constitute a paramount facet. These interactions, commencing from the nascent stages of Muhammad's prophetic mission, reflect a nuanced tapestry of collaboration and discord. An intricate historical narrative unfolds upon scrutinizing early Islamic contractual agreements, notably the seminal accord between Muhammad and the populace of Yasrib-Madinah, recognized as the “Constitution of Medina”.
This article endeavors to meticulously examine the diverse scholarly exegeses concerning the textual nuances of this agreement. Additionally, it seeks to elucidate the profound socio-political ramifications of the contextual realities delineated in the document on the future trajectory of Muslim-Jewish relations. By delving into this foundational pact, we aim to glean deeper insights into the intricate dynamics of interfaith engagements and their enduring scholarly and practical implications.
ReferencesArjomand S. A. “The Constitution of Medina: a Sociolegal
Interpretation of Muhammad’s Acts of Foundation of the Umma.”
International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 41 (2009): 555–575.
DOI: 10.1017/S0020743809990067,
Denny F. M. “Ummah in the Constitution of Medina.” Journal of
Near Eastern Studies 36 (1977): 39–47. DOI: 10.1086/372530,
Goto A. “The Constitution of Medina.” Orient: Report of the Society
for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 18 (1982): 1–17. DOI:
5356/orient1960.18.1
Lecker M. The Constitution of Medina: Muḥammad’s First
Legal Document. Princeton, NJ: Darwin, 2004.,
Levy R., The Social Structure of Islam, Cambridge University Press
, pp. 273-275, Wensinck, Muhammad and the Jews of Medina,
tr. and ed. by W. Behn, Freiburg im Breisgau 1975.
Montgomery Watt W.. Islamic political Thought։ the Basic Concepts,
Edinburgh University Press, 1987.
Rose P. L., “Muhammad, the Jews and the Constitution of Medina:
Retrieving the Historical Kernel.” Der Islam 86 (2009): 1–29. DOI:
1515/islam.2011.012.
Rubin U. “The ‘Constitution of Medina’: Some Notes.” Studia
Islamica 62 (1985): 5–23.DOI: 10.2307/1595521.
Serjeant R. B., “The ‘Constitution of Medina.’” Islamic Quarterly 8
(1964): 3–16.
Wellhausen J. “Muhammads Gemeindeordnung von Medina.”
In Skizzen und Vorarbeiten. Vol. 4. Edited by Julius Wellhausen, 65–
Berlin: G. Reimer, 1889.
Большаков О. Г., История Халифата I, Ислам в Аравии 570- 633,
М, 1989.
Քոչարյան Հ․, Մեդինայի համաձայնագիրը, Բանբեր Երևանի
համալսարանի, թիվ 1, 2005‚ Էջ 207-211․
السیرة النبویة لابن ھیشا م، المكتبة العصریة، بیروت ۱٤۲٤ھل– ۲۰۰۳م، ج ۲ ،،ص
۱۲۹–۱۲٦
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Articles
ON THE ISSUE OF JUSTIFICATION OF THE RIGHT TO POWER OF FOUR RIGHTEOUS CALIPՀS
AbstractThe article introduces the problem of justification of the right to power of four righteous calipհs, as well as the analysis of the mechanisms of election and major factors that have influenced the election process. The issues that have appeared after death of Prophet Muhammad related to the election of the new leader, the authority and obligations of the latter and major principles of governance. In this regard it is worth mentioning that in case of each caliph the election mechanism was unique and had principal differences in each case and were influenced strongly by political and economic context of the given time period. The facts introduced in the article allow to conclude that there were two major factors that have influenced the election process: tribal and clan affiliations on one hand and religeous-ideological on another. Moreover correlation between these two change in favor of the tribal and clan affiliations, which is strongly influenced by the growth of political and economic power among certain circles of the Quraish tribe.
ReferencesՔոչարյան Հ., Գերագույն իշխանության մոդելների ձևավորումը իսլամում Մուհամմադի մահից հետո, Արևելագիտության հարցեր, հ. XI, Երևան, 2016:
Большаков О. Г. История Халифата. Т.I. Ислам в Аравии, М., 2000.
Большаков О. Г. История Халифата. Т.II Эпоха великих завоеваний. М., 2002.
Большаков О. Г. История Халифата. Т.III, Между двумя гражданскими войнами. М., 1998
Patricia Crone, Shura as an elective institution, Quaderni di Studi Arabi, vol. 19
Tayeb El-Hibri, Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History․ the rashidun caliphs, Columbia University Press, 2010
K. Y. Blankinship, The History of al-Tabari, State University of New York Press, vol. XI
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Articles
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM IN THE RELIGIOUS SYSTEM OF AHL-E HAQQ
AbstractThe five pillars of Islam - shahada, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage are obligatory for all Muslims, both Sunni and Shia, but the extreme Shia sects often do not follow them, modify them, or replace them with some other local equivalents. For example, in Saranjam, the holy book of the Ahl-e-Haqq, living mainly in the western regions of Iran, partly also in Iraq, referring to the pillars of religion, not the above-mentioned five are spoken about, but only four others, considered as pillars by this religious group: Purity, Truthfulness, Non-existence (of the ego), and Acceptance (of God’s Will).
Shahada is generally absent, the prayer is replaced by jam, the almsgiving is replaced by ritual sacrifices and treats, the long fast is replaced by a three-day fast once or twice a year, and the pilgrimage to Mecca or Medina is replaced by a visit to the shrines of the Ahl-e-Haqq.
In this article, we will take a detailed look at the problems of preserving the five pillars of Islam among the Ahl-e-Haqq, and we will try to find out the reasons for replacing them with other options.
ReferencesЖуковский В., Секта “Людей истины” – Аhлi hakk – въ Персiи, Записки Восточного отдела Императорского Русского археологического общества, Т. II, Вып .I., 1888.
Янечек Е., Вероучение Ахл-е хакк («Люди Истины») в контексте курдского этноса, Магистерская диссертация, Санкт-Петербург, 2017.
Bruinessen M. V., When Haji Bektash still bore the name of Sultan Sahak, Notes on the Ahl-I Haqq of the Guran district, Bektachiyya: études sur l’ordre mystique des Bektachis et les groupes relevant de Hadji Bektach, Istanbul: Éditions Isis, 1995, pp. 117-38․
Bruinessen M. V., Veneration of Satan Among The Ahl-e Haqq of The Guran Region, Fritillaria Kurdica. Bulletin օf Kurdish Studies, 2014, vol. 3-4, pp. 6-41.
Hosseini B., Yārsān of Iran, Socio-Political Changes and Migration, Oxford, UK, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
Ivanow W., The Truth-Worshippers of Kurdistan. Ahl-i Haqq Texts, Leidan: E.J. Brill, 1953.
Kreyenbrook Ph., God first and last: Religious Traditions and Music of the Yaresan of Guran, Wiesbaden, 2020.
Mir-Hosseini Z., Faith, Ritual and Culture among the Ahl-e Haqq of Southern Kurdistan, Kurdish Cultural Identity, London, Zed Press, 1995.
Nūr ‘Alī Elahī, Borhān ol-haqq, 6th edition, 1354/1975.
Poonawala, I., Ismaʿilism xi. Ismaʿili Jurisprudence”, Encyclopaedia Iranica XIV, 2007, pp. 195-197, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ ismailism-xi-ismaili-jurisprudence
Safīzādeh S., Nāme-ye Sarānjām yā Kalām-e Xazāne, 1375/1996.
Sevim E., “Path to the Universal Self in Haji Baktash Walî: Four Doors - Forty Stations”, Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 2016 August 1(2), pp. 145–161
Hešmatollah T., Ahl-e haqq, Majāle-ye Vahid, vol. 9-12, 1349/1970, pp. 1411-1422.
Weightman, S.C.R., “The Significance of Kitāb Burhān ul-Ḥaqq”, Iran, Vol. 2 (1964), pp. 83-103.
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Articles
THE POLICY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN AND THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN TOWARDS THE KURDS. GENERAL REVIEW
AbstractThe policy of the People's Republic of Azerbaijan towards the Kurds has been a controversial issue for decades and has generated widespread debate, dating back to the early years of Soviet reign in Azerbaijan. The Soviet government, which first established its presence in Azerbaijan in the early 1920s, pursued a policy of resettlement and assimilation of indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities, such as the Kurds, who historically lived in border regions with Iran and Turkey.
As part of this policy, which continued throughout the Soviet years, the government forcibly resettled thousands of Kurds to other parts of southern Azerbaijan, away from their traditional homeland, as part of a broader initiative to create ethnically homogeneous regions. This process caused significant social and economic upheaval for many Kurdish communities and led to widespread opposition and resistance.
Since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Azerbaijan has pursued a more multifaceted policy towards the Kurds, seeking to balance its territorial claims and security interests with the rights and needs of the Kurdish population. While Azerbaijan officially “recognizes” the presence of Kurds within its borders and has spoken in recent years of granting some cultural and linguistic rights to Kurdish communities, at the same time, it took a tough stance against the activities of Kurdish political movements and activists who, in its thought, pose a threat to the territorial integrity of the state.
ReferencesАлиев К. Г., Этнодемографическая ситуация Сурмалинского (Игдырского) региона в XIX – начале XX вв., Вчені записки ТНУ імені В.І. Вернадського. Серія: Історичні науки, Том 32 (71), № 3, 2021
Бабаян Д․, Красный Курдистан: Геополитические аспекты создания и упразднения, «21-й ВЕК», № 2, 2005
Бакаев Ч. Х., Язык азербайджанских курдов, Москва, 1965
Букшпан А., Азербайджанские курды, http://kurdist.ru/2010/05/12/ а-букшпан-азербайджанские-курды, 12.05.2012, (մուտքի ամսաթիվ 22.10.2023)
Маммадова Ш., Курдский вопрос в политике советского государства в 1920-1930-е гг., Вопросы Истории, №6, 2013
Шопен Я., Исторический памятник состояния Армянской области в эпоху ее присоединения к Российской империи, Санкт-Петербург, 1852
Ali O., The Kurds and the Lausanne Peace Negotiations, 1922-23, Middle Eastern Studies, Taylor & Francis, Ltd, Vol. 33, No. 3, Jul., 1997
Hovhannisyan R., The Republic of Armenia, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1971
Mir Jafar Bagirov’s Memo (1923), How the Caucasian Bureau of the C.C. R.C.P. (B.) discussed the Karabakh issue in 1920-1923, https://karabakh.org/karabakh-history/karabakh-during-the-1920-1988/how-the-caucasian-bureau-of-the-ccrcpb-discussed-the-karabakh-issue-in-1920-1923/7/, (մուտքի ամսաթիվ. 22.10.2023)
Müller D., The Kurds of Soviet Azerbaijan, 1920-91, Central Asian Survey, 19(1), 2000
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Articles
ON THE METHODOLOGICAL FEATURES OF TEACHING “HISTORY OF IRANIAN CULTURE”
AbstractThe teaching of the subject "History of Iranian Culture" has been included in the curriculum of the Chair of Iranian Studies of YSU in recent years. The inclusion of the course in the curriculum of the Chair of Iranian Studies is due to the students' great interest in the topic and its relevance. It is the history of Iranian culture, from the cave-dwelling people and the first civilizations to the present day.
The course provides a solid foundation for students to further understand Iranian literature and art, as well as political and diplomatic features.
The teaching methodology of the subject was developed by the professor of the chair of Iranian studies and is based on existing, modern research.
This article examines the teaching methodology developed by the lecturer, which has been used in YSU for five years.Keywords: History of Iranian Culture, teaching methodology, creative thinking, research, technology-enhanced collaborative learning
ReferencesBates, A.W., Teaching in a Digital Age, BCcampus, British Columbia, 2019
Dema, O., and Moeller, A., Teaching culture in the 21st-century language classroom, Faculty Publications: Department of Teaching, Learning and Teacher Education, 2012
Hellebrandt, J., Multimedia and foreign language teacher: A humanistic perspective. University Press of America, Maryland, 1996
Herron, C., Cole, S., Corrie, C., & Dubreil, S., The effectiveness of a video-based curriculum in teaching culture, The Modern Language Journal, 83(4), 1999
Lee, L., Promoting intercultural exchanges with blogs and podcasting: A study of Spanish-American telecollaboration. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 2009
Maor, D. & Roberts, P., Does the TPACK framework help to design a more engaging learning environment? In Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Chesapeake, VA: AACE, 2011
Michio, K., Future of Education, ISTE 2016, https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2016/06/iste-2016-michio-kaku-says-education-needs-revolution, last seen: 22.10.2023
Spalding, D., How to teach adults: Plan your class, teach your students, change the world, Jossey-Bass, Hoboken, 2014
Դասավանդման, Ուսումնառության և գնահատման մեթոդներ, «ՀՖԿՍՊԻ» հիմնադրամ որակի ապահովման բաժին
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Articles
DIALECTICAL DIVISIONS OF THE ZAZA LANGUAGE
AbstractThe purpose of the article is to present the dialectical divisions of the Zaza language (which is one of the Northwestern Iranian languages) and the differences on the basis of which the classification was made. Based on the available scientific literature, the article examines the dialectical grouping of the Zaza language, which is important for understanding the ethnic linguistic environment where this language was formed and still exists.
With possible inclusion of all materials available in scientific circulation, the goal was set to present in a comprehensive manner, especially the historical and current areas and the phonological, morphological and lexical differences between the dialects.
ReferencesՀակոբյան Թ., Մելիք-Բախշյան Ս., Բարսեղյան Հ., Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան, հատոր 1, Երևան, 1986
Հակոբյան Թ., Մելիք-Բախշյան Ս., Բարսեղյան Հ., Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան, հատոր 2, Երևան, 1988
Հակոբյան Թ., Մելիք-Բախշյան Ս., Բարսեղյան Հ., Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան, հատոր 3, Երևան, 1998
Հակոբյան Թ., Մելիք-Բախշյան Ս., Բարսեղյան Հ., Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան, հատոր 4, Երևան, 1998
Հակոբյան Թ., Մելիք-Բախշյան Ս., Բարսեղյան Հ., Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան, հատոր 5, Երևան, 2001
Пирейко Л., Заза. Основы иранского языкознания. – В кн.: Новоиранские языки: северо-западная группа II., Москва, 1997, 97-143
Le Coq, A. Kurdische Texte : Kurmangí-Erzählungen und -Lieder : nebst einer Zaza Erzählung, Berlin, 1903
Ludwig P., Zazaki: Grammatik und Versuch einer Dialektologie, L. Reichert, Wiesbaden,1998
Keskin M., Zur dialektalen Gliederung des Zazaki, Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2008
Mann O., Kurdisch-Persische Forschungen, Ergebnisse einer von 1901 bis 1903 und 1906 bis 1907 in Persien und der asiatischen Türkei ausgeführten Forschungsreise, Abteilung III (Nordwestiransich), Band IV, Mundarten der Zâzâ, hauptsächlich aus Siwerek und Kor, bearbeitet von Karl Hadank, Berlin, Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, in Kommission bei Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1932
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Werner E., Rivers and Mountains, A Historical, Applied Anthropological and Linguistical Study of the Zaza People of Turkey including an Introduction to Applied Cultural Anthropology, VTR Publishing ,Nürnberg, 2017.
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Articles
THE LAST OTTOMAN CALIPH AND THE END OF THE ISLAMIC CALIPHATE: ABDULMEJID II
AbstractSince Ottoman Sultan Selim I adopted the title of the leader of Islamic world – the caliph back in 1516, it became hereditary for the rulers of the Ottoman Empire and was reserved for the House of Osman (Ottoman Dinasty). After the abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate back in 1922 the title of the Caliph was preserved until 1924 and was passed to the former Ottoman heir Abdulmejid Osmanoglu by tradition, who was to become not only the last ottoman, but overall the last caliph. On the 4th of March, 1924, Grand National Assembly of Turkey adopted a resolution regarding the abolition of the caliphate and deportation of the House of Osmans in a 24-hour period. The already deported Caliph doesn’t accept the Assembly’s resolution, considers it illegitimate and tries engaging in some steps towards the restoration of the institution until the end of his life. In 1944, after the passing of Abdulmejid, the caliphate institution stopped its symbolic existence, as after the 1924 resolution the institution still preserved its continuation given the figure of the dethroned caliph, but after 1944, even that continuation came to an end. The de jure and de facto end of the Caliphate also played an important role in the struggle for laicism established by the founder and the first president Turkey Mustafa Kemal.
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Articles
N. F. KISAKÜREK’S VISION OF THE ‘GREAT EAST’ AS AN ARCHETYPE OF XENOPHOBIA WITHIN CONTEMPORARY TURKISH ISLAMIC-CONSERVATIVE DISCOURSE (on the example of anti-Armenian manifestations)
AbstractThe paper explores the ideological framework put forth by the unwavering Islamist ideologue Necip Fazıl Kısakürek and argues that his vision of the 'Great East' has, for decades, served as an archetype for out-group derogation directed towards non-Turkish minorities. Having revitalized Islam as a symbol of identity and a primary source for political thought, Kısakürek appeared to advocate policies of ethnic cleansing towards non-Muslim minority groups.
The article underscores the enduring impact of Kisakurek's ideas on Turkish politics and the evolution of Islamic conservatism in Turkey. It contends that the current Turkish president has been heavily influenced by Kisakurek and much of Erdoğan’s populist political repertoire has been shaped by his ideology. Moreover, even in Erdoğan's treatment of ethnic minorities, a subtle influence of Kısakürek's ideas is noticeable.
By examining Kisakurek's pivotal work —"Ideological Network," alongside his literary and publicistic contributions, the study seeks to uncover the manifestations of anti-Armenian sentiment. Overall, Necip Fazıl’s overarching approach towards minorities can be succinctly encapsulated in his openly xenophobic slogan: “You either become one of us, or you simply depart from us!"
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Articles
PEOPLE'S REIS. RECEP TAYIP ERDOĞAN'S SYMBOLIC TITLE'S ROLE IN TURKISH POLITICAL CULTURE
AbstractThe article analyzes the title of "reis" attributed to the President of the Republic of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Considering it as a symbol, the colloquial meanings of "reis" and their place in Turkish political culture are discussed. The main thesis of the author is that the semi-official symbol of "reis" is consciously constructed by the Turkish ruling elite in order to legitimize both Erdogan himself and the ruling power's power and ideologies and ensure public support for them.
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‘Reis kazandı’ dedi, bir de söz verdi, Habercim19, 29.05.2023, https://www.habercim19.com/gundem/reis-kazandi-dedi-bir-de-soz-verdi-h74920.html (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
'Reis ne zaman derse yine nöbete geleceğiz', Anadolu Ajansı, 05.08.2016, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/15-temmuz-darbe-girisimi/reis-ne-zaman-derse-yine-nobete-gelecegiz/621972 (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
‘Reisçi’ rektörün yerine TÜRGEV’in üniversitesinden atama, Sözcü, 24.06.2020, https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/gundem/reisci-rektorun-yerine-turgevin-universitesinden-atama-5891797/ (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
“Siyasi tercihi ne olursa olsun 85 milyonun her bir ferdi seçimin kazananı olmuştur”, TCCB, 06.06.2023, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/147410/-siyasi-tercihi-ne-olursa-olsun-85-milyonun-her-bir-ferdi-secimin-kazanani-olmustur- (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
AK Parti’nin başarısı manşetlerde, AK Parti, 14.06.2018, akparti.org.tr/galeriler/foto-galeri/ak-parti-nin-basarisi-mansetlerde-2018-06-14-00-00-00/ (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
AKP'li belediye tarafından tapulu arazilerine el konulan Hürriyet köyü sakinleri, Erdoğan'ın mitingine alınmadı, T24, 21.01.2023, https://t24.com.tr/haber/akp-li-belediye-tarafindan-tapulu-arazilerine-el-konulan-hurriyet-koyu-sakinleri-erdogan-in-mitingine-alinmadi,1086855 (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Baba, Karaoğlan, Reis'ten sonra Türk siyasetinde yeni lakap: Piro, Independent Türkçe, 25.04.2023, https://www.indyturk.com/node/626841/siyaset/baba-karao%C4%9Flan-reisten-sonra-t%C3%BCrk-siyasetinde-yeni-lakap-piro (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Başbakan Erdoğan: Biz bir aileyiz, kırgınlıklar olması doğal, Milliyet, 16.05.2008, https://www.milliyet.com.tr/siyaset/basbakan-erdogan-biz-bir-aileyiz-kirginliklar-olmasi-dogal-545122 (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Biz büyük bir aileyiz, AK Parti, 01.12.2019, https://www.akparti.org.tr/haberler/biz-buyuk-bir-aileyiz-01122019-204331/ (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Ben 'reis sevdalısıyım' diyen vatandaşa İmamoğlu’ndan yanıt: Aynı seninki gibisin o da din, YouTube.com, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1jk3-UOGKU (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Bu Alemde Reisi Tek Geçerim | Yeni Şarkı | AK Parti, YouTube.com, 23.05.2023 թ., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXoB4O8EplE (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan, Eskişehir'deki "Reis'e Vefa Buluşması"na telefonla bağlandı, Anadolu Ajansı, 26.05.2023, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/politika/ cumhurbaskani-erdogan-eskisehirdeki-reise-vefa-bulusmasina-telefonla-baglandi/2906861 (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Çözerse reis çözer, Elazığ Hakimiyet, 23.11.2017, https://www.elazighaki miyethaber.com/cozerse-reis-cozer/27582/ (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Dr. Cenk Yiğiter: Demokrasilerde reislik, führerlik olmaz, Evrensel, 17.05.2018, https://www.evrensel.net/haber/352707/dr-cenk-yigiter-demokrasilerde-reislik-fuhrerlik-olmaz (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Hani herkesin cumhurbaşkanı olacaktın?, Cumhuriyet, 05.07.2014, https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/hani-herkesin-cumhurbaskani-olacaktin-90819 (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Haydi Reis bir daha Güldür sen yüzümüzü, Twitter.com, 15.05.2023, https://twitter.com/akgencistanbul/status/1658130868249022465 (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Her ulusalcı bir gün mutlaka reisçi olacak!, Diken, 09.08.2022, https://www.diken.com.tr/her-ulusalci-bir-gun-mutlaka-reisci-olacak/ (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Mehmet Metiner'den "Yalnız Kurt" eleştirisi: Kendini "Erdoğan sevdalısı" olarak tanıtan birinin verdiği cevap Reis adına üzücü, T24, 15.10.2022, https://t24.com.tr/haber/mehmet-metiner-den-yalniz-kurt-elestirisi-kendini-erdogan-sevdalisi-olarak-tanitan-birinin-verdigi-cevap-reis-adina-uzucu,1065942 (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
N'olmuş Erdoğan'a "reis" diyorsak Atatürk'e de "reisicumhur" deniyordu, Oda TV, 24.10.2017, https://www.odatv4.com/siyaset/nolmus-erdogana-reis-diyorsak-ataturke-de-reisicumhur-deniyordu-125952 (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Ortası yok: Ya Reisçi olacaksın ya da Ekremci, Hürriyet, 28.06.2019, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/ahmet-hakan/ortasi-yok-ya-reisci-olacaksin-ya-da-ekremci-41257479 (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Savcılık iddianamesi: 'Reis'in Erdoğan olduğunun bilinmemesi imkansız, SOL, 01.02.2018, https://haber.sol.org.tr/toplum/savcilik-iddianamesi-reisin-erdogan-oldugunun-bilinmemesi-imkansiz-227161
Staj ve çıraklık mağdurlarından Erdoğan’a mektup: ‘Çözerse Reis çözer’, Açıksöz, 28.10.2023, https://www.aciksoz.com.tr/haber/17372827/staj-ve-ciraklik-magdur larindan-erdogana-mektup-cozerse-reis-cozer (վերջին մուտքը՝ 10.11.2023)
Türkiye’nin reisi Recep Tayyip Erdoğan!, Sözcü, 04.07.2014, https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2014/gundem/turkiyenin-reisi-tayyip-548526/ (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Twitter.com, 28.05.2023, https://twitter.com/belginuygur10/status/ 1662874297185062917 (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
Yurt dışında sevinç gösterileri sokaklara taştı, Anadolu Ajansı, 28.05.2023 https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/yurt-disinda-sevinc-gosterileri-sokaklara-tasti/2908099 (վերջին մուտքը՝ 20.10.2023)
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Articles
THE RISE OF ISLAMIC NOVELS IN TURKISH LITERATURE: TRANSFORMING TO CONTINUE, CONTINUING TO TRANSFORM
AbstractIslamic themes have always been present in the literature of the Tanzimat and in Turkish novels of the early Republican period. However, since the late 1960s, a peculiar trend of Islamic novels has been formed in Turkish literature. These novels, collectively called "The right way novels", were the result of the rise of the Islamic movements of the 80s and took on the mission of educating society in an "Islamic way". These novels, especially in the 1990s, were in great demand, becoming the bestsellers of that time. The mentioned novels are texts devoid of aesthetic qualities, set out in simple sentences, the plot of which is the struggle of modern Islamic and pro-Western characters, the "conversion" of pro-Western heroines in love with ideal Muslim heroes, the stories of young girls expelled from educational institutions, socio-political structures who were discriminated against because of wearing a headscarf. In this sense, Islamic novels are an important source of the emotional repertoire of Islamism, since in modern Turkey novels apprise about Muslims, their lives, elections and feelings, not limited to their description, also contributing to the formation of a new Islamic identity.
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Çayır K., Türkiye’de İslâmcılık ve İslami Edebiyat Toplu Hidayet Söyleminden Yeni Bireysel Müslümanlıklara. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2008.
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Book Reviews
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Book Reviews
MELKONYAN RUBEN, POGHOSYAN NAIRA, THE ARMENIAN QUESTION AND ARMENIAN GENOCIDE IN THE MEMOIRS OF HIGH-RANKED TURKISH POLITICIANS AND MILITARY OFFICERS (THE END OF XIX- MID OF XX), YEREVAN 2022, 110 P.
AbstractԳրախոսությունը նվիրված է Ռ․ Մելքոնյանի և Ն․ Պողոսյանի Հայկական հարցն ու Հայոց ցեղասպանության խնդիրը թուրք բարձրաստիճան քաղաքական և ռազմական գործիչների հուշերում (XIX դարի վերջ-XX դարի կեսեր) գրքին։
References -
Book Reviews
HAKOB AVCHYAN, VARDAN VOSKANYAN, MANUAL OF TALISHI, YEREVAN, YSU PUBLISHING HOUSE, 2022, 214 P.
AbstractHakob Avchyan, Vardan Voskanyan, Talish language textbook, Yerevan, YSU publishing house, 2022, 214 pages.
References
Editorial
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Editorial
THE RESEARCHER AND EDUCATOR WHO HAS A UNIQUE PATHWAY IN ARMENIAN ORIENTAL STUDIES: DAVID HOVHANNISYAN (DEDICATED TO THE 70TH BIRTHDAY ANNIVERSARY)
AbstractDavid Hovhannisyan has his own school of Oriental Studies in Armenia, a school unifying his students working in the field, and, of course, he has his own style and path in Oriental Studies. I have noticed that his students are clearly influenced by Professor Hovhannisyan's research and pedagogical style, which is evident both in their presentations and publications. this is a proof of the school's success and potential of continuation.
References -
Editorial
Congratulation Letter, Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS
AbstractՇնորհավորական ուղերձ
References
