| Online ISSN | : | |
| Print ISSN | : | 1829-4340 |
Vol. 26 No. 2 (2024): Journal of Oriental Studies
Full Issue
Editorial
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Editorial
SYMBOL OF ARMENIAN -RUSSIAN INTELLECTUAL AND SCIENTIFIC RELATIONS: MIKHAIL PIOTROVSKY
AbstractCongratulatory message from the Dean of the Faculty of Oriental Studies of Yerevan State University, Dr. Prof. Ruben Melkonyan on the 80th anniversary of Mikhail Piotrovsky.
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Editorial
M. B. PIOTROVSKY: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
AbstractKey moments of Prof. M. B. Piotrovsky's biography
References
Articles
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Articles
THE ROLE OF DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE AT THE FINAL STAGE OF THE “ANTIOCHIAN WAR” (1216)
AbstractFor about fifteen years, King Levon I struggled to defend the legitimate rights of his brother’s grandson, Raymond-Ruben, in order to raise him to the Antioch’s throne. After several attempts, he eventually took over Antioch in 1216. Taking into consideration previous years’ experience, this time the Armenian king tried to prevent Cilicia from being attacked simultaneously by three neighboring states. To this end, he made great diplomatic efforts, not only releasing Muslim captives and sending expensive gifts to al-Malik al-Zahir, but also sending him two skillfully worded letters that no doubt played an important role in making the Ayyubid Sultan of Aleppo change his mind and abdicate from the idea of attacking Cilicia. No less important role was played in this matter by Sultan of Egypt al-Malik al-Adil, who had close ties with King Levon since 1208, acted as his patron and forbade his nephew to participate in the adventure initiated by the Sultan of Iconium. XIII-century Arab historians Kamal ad-Din Ibn al-Adim, Ibn Wasil and Izz al-Din Ibn Shaddad provide exceptional information about the diplomatic steps of the Armenian kingdom, as well as the complex relations between the Ayyubids of Cairo and Aleppo.
ReferencesAnonymous of Edessa [Ananun Edesatsʻi], Ժամանակագրութիւն [Chronicle]. Օտար աղբյուրները Հայաստանի և հայերի մասին, 12, Ասորական աղբյուրներ Բ, vol. 12 [Foreign Sources on Armenia and Armenians Series: Syriac Sources II], trans․ and ed․ by L․ Ter-Petrossian. Yerevan, 1982.
The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus Gregory Abu-l Faraj 1225-1286, Second Edition, trans. by E.W. Budge. London-Amsterdam: Apa-Philo Press, 1976․
Burgtorf J․, The Antiochene war of succession, Chapter twelve in: The Crusader world, ed. by A. J. Boas, Routledge, London & New York, 2016, pp. 196-211․
Cahen C․, La Turquie pré-ottomane (Varia Turcica VII), Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes, Istanbul, 1988.
Cahen C․. La Syrie du Nord et la principauté franque d’Antioche, Institut Français de Damas, Paris: P. Geuthner, 1940.
Հայերեն ձեռագրերի հիշատակարաններ. ԺԳ դար [Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, XIII c.] ed. by A. Matevosyan, Yerevan. 1984.
Eddé A.-M., La Principauté Ayyoubide d’Alep (579/1183 – 658/1260), Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999.
Grousset R., Histoire des croisades, III, 1188-1291, L’anarchie franque. Paris: Perrin, 1936.
Humphreys S. R., From Saladin to the Mongols, The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260, New York: SUNY Press. 1977.
Ibn al-Athir, Foreign Sources on Armenia and Armenians Series, vol. 11: Arabic Sources II [Օտար աղբյուրները Հայաստանի և հայերի մասին, 11, Արաբական աղբյուրներ Բ], Trans. from Arabic, introduction and notes, by A. Ter-Ghevondian, Yerevan, 1981.
Ibn Wasil, Muhammad ibn Salim Ibn Wasil’s Mufarrij al-kurub fi akhbar bani Ayyub [The Dissipater of Anxieties in the Report of the Ayyubids], Ed. Jamāl Dīn al-Shayyāl, Publisher: Ihya al-Turath al-Qadim, vol. III, Cairo, 1957
Izz al-Din Ibn Shaddad, Al-Alaq al-Khatira fi thikr umara al-Sham wa-l-Jazira [Dangerous comments on the princes of Sham and Jazira], v. 1.2, ed. By Yahya Zakarya Abbara, Dimashq, 1991.
Kamal ad-Din Ibn al-Adim, Zubdat al-halab min tarikh Halab [The cream of the History of Aleppo], Ed. Sami ad-Dahhan, French Institute in Damascus, vol. III, Damascus, 1968.
Matevosyan K. Հեթում պատմիչ Կոռիկոսցին և նրա «Ժամանակագրությունը» [The Historian Hethum of Korikos and his “Chronography”], Yerevan, 2011.
Տեառն Միխայէլի պատրիարքի ասորւոց Ժամանակագրութիւն [The Chronography of Syrian Patriarch Michael], Jerusalem, 1870.
Moutafian Cl., L’Arménie du Levant ( XIe –XIVe siècle), tome 1, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2012.
Սամուէլ Անեցի և Շարունակողներ [Samuel of Ani and Continuators], Ժամանակագրութիւն [Chronography], Edited by K. Matevosyan, Yerevan, 2014.
Shukurov R., The Image of Cilician Armenia in Anatolian Muslim Sources, in: Cilician Armenia in the Perceptions of Adjacent Political Entities (Historical-Philological Essays). Ed. A. Bozoyan, V. Ter-Ghevondian, R. Shukurov, G. Danielyan, Yerevan, 2019.
Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, Mirat az-zaman fi tarikh al-ayan [Mirror of time in histories of the notables], v.VIII, ed. (with introduction) by J. R. Jewett, The University of Chicago, 1907.
Short Chronographies, XIII-XVIII cc., v.1, [Մանր Ժամանակագրություններ, XIII-XVIII դդ., հտ. 1], Ed. by V. Hakobian, Yerevan, 1951.
Short Chronographies, XIII-XVIII cc, v.2, [Մանր Ժամանակագրություններ, XIII-XVIII դդ., հտ. 2], Ed. by V. Hakobian, Yerevan, 1956.
Սմբատայ Սպարապետի Տարեգիրք [Smbat Sparapet, Chronicle]. Venice: St. Lazarus Press, 1956
Ter-Ghevondian V., The Rubenids in Arab Historiography, in: Cilician Armenia in the Perceptions of Adjacent Political Entities (Historical-Philological Essays), ed. A. Bozoyan, V. Ter-Ghevondian, R. Shukurov, G. Danielyan, Yerevan, 2019.
Ter-Petrossian L., Խաչակիրները և հայերը [The Crusaders and the Armenians], Volume II: Historico-political study, Yerevan, 2007.
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Articles
ON THE HISTORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE MEANING AND SENSE OF THE “BANNER” IN THE EARLY MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC TRADITION
AbstractDuring the 20th century, against the backdrop of the rise of Islamic radicalism, several Islamist organizations began to use the flag as a symbol of their goals and ideas. This circumstance has sparked interest among both Islamic scholars and Muslims as well as Western scholars.
To understand the significant symbolic importance attributed to the flag, it is necessary to determine the role the flag played in the early Islamic period. The article aims to analyze the significance, meanings, and applications of the flag symbol in the early Islamic period, and how the meanings and functions have changed over time due to historical circumstances. During the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad, the flag in the ummah had only a military function. It was only after his death, and particularly during the last years of the Umayyad dynasty's rule, that it acquired the meaning of a religious symbol and transformed into an ideological symbol.
References1. «Выйдут из Хорасана чёрные знамёна …», https://hadis.uk/xadis-vyjdut-iz-xorasana-chyornye-znamyona/25130/ (дата обращения 15.05.2024).
2. Баконина М., Стяги халифата: генезис современной исламской символики, знамя исламского государства и критика традиционных знамен и эмблем мусульманских стран как инструмент пропаганды. https://jx.ax/6Fp. (дата обращения 19.05.2024).
3. Большаков О., История халифата, т.1, Москва, 1989, с. 55.
4. Гирс М., К вопросу об арабских знаменах, Записки коллегии востоковедов при азиатском Музее СССР, т, 5, Ленинград, 1930, с. 345.
5. Кузнецов А., Воинский этикет в армии Древнего Рима. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/voinskiy-etiket-v-armii-drevnego-rima/viewer. (дата обращения 11.05.2024).
6. Моррис Ч., Основания теории знаков, Москва, 2001.
7. Фильштинский И.М. История арабов и Халифата (750–1517 гг.): М., 2001, с. 41.
8. Хадисы о Махди, https://hadis.uk/xadisy-o-maxdi/20668/. (дата обращения 11.04.2024).
9. Шейх Аль-Альбани: Все хадисы о черных флагах недостоверны, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjlCngf0-90. (дата обращения 11.05.2024).
10. Яковлев А., Доклад об арабских подписях на знаменах и о значении их в глазах мусульман, Геральдика – вспомогательная историческая дисциплина, Семинар, 17.04.2013, СПб., 2013, с. 7-35.
11. Bahari M., Haniff Hassan M., The Black Flag Myth: An Analysis from Hadith Studies, Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis, 6 (8), September 2014, pp. 15-20.
12. Maj P., Aitchison M., Banners and Signs: the Use of Religious Symbolism in Combat Operations-School of Advanced Military Studies, US Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 2019.
13. McCantis W., The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State, New-York, 2016.
14. Morris Ch.W., Writings on the General Theory of Signs, The Hague: Mouton, 1971, pp․409-411.
15. Nadler B., Where Do Flags Come From? The Atlantic, 2019.
16. Nicolle D., Yarmuk Ad 636, The Muslim Conquest of Syria, 2005, Westport.
17. Smith W., Flags Тhrough the Аges and Аcross the World, New-York, 2017
18. لسان العرب - ابن منظور - ج ١٥ - الصفحة ٢٦٦https://ft.ax/b8J
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Articles
THE ROLE OF EGYPT IN THE CONTEXT OF SYRIA’S RETURN TO THE “ARAB FAMILY” (2013-2023)
AbstractIn 2023, Syria restored its membership in the League of Arab States and returned to the Arab fold. The internal political crisis that started in 2011 and then the long-lasting conflict completely undermined Syria's place and status in the Arab World. Moreover, several Arab countries took an openly hostile stance towards Syria, supporting various extremist groups fighting against Syrian government forces. It was possible to break through the barrier of negation formed around Syria in inter-Arab relations in Egypt because of the position of Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, who came to power in 2013. The Egyptian president began to support not only Syrian President Bashar Al Assad on several issues but also launched active mediation in the Arab World for the restoration of official Damascus's political rehabilitation. As a positive effect of the efforts of the Egyptian president in mediating with the leaders of a number of Arab countries, in 2023, Syria was able to regain its membership in the League of Arab States. This is a big advance for the official Damascus, which aims to create a qualitatively new environment of political relations in inter-Arab relations with the full involvement of Syria.
References1. Alsharif Asme, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria, August 16, 20212, https://www.reuters.com/article/world/organisation-of-islamic-cooperation-suspends-syria-idUSBRE87E19F/
2. Batty D., Shenker. J., November 12, 2011, Syria suspended from Arab League. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/12/syria-suspended-arab-league
3. J. Van de Gronden, Egyptian-Syrian relations after the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel: Alliance, Union, Rivarlry?, November 14, 2022, https://omerjournal.com/2022/11/14/egyptian-syrian-relations-after-the-declaration-of-establishment-of-the-state-of-israel-alliance-union-rivalry/
4. Egypt and Syria to keep consulate relations: FM spokesperson, July 7, 2013, https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75951/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-and-Syria-to-keep-consulate-relations-FM-spo.aspx
5. Egypt cuts diplomatic ties with Syria, June 16, 2013, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/6/16/egypt-cuts-diplomatic-ties-with-syria
6. Egypt`s Sisi expresses support for Syria`s military, November 23, 2016, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/23/egypts-sisi-expresses-support-for-syrias-military
7. Egypt crisis: Fall of Morsi challenges Qatar`s new emir, July 5, 2013, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23185441
8. Maher Mohamed, Egypt and Assad: Calculations, Pragmatism and Morality, July 25, 2018, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/egypt-and-assad-calculations-pragmatism-and-morality
9. Saab H., Egyptian-Syrian Relations 2012-2021, November 26, 2021, https://www.me-policy.org/2021/11/26/situation-of-the-egyptian-syrian-relations-2012-2021/
10. Syria intelligence chief Ali Mamlouk makes rare visit to Cairo, December 24, 2018, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20181224-syria-intelligence-chief-ali-mamlouk-makes-rare-visit-to-cairo/
11. Rabinovich I., Israel`s 1973 October War: A 50-year perspective, October 3, 2023, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/israels-1973-october-war-a-50-year-perspective/
12. What Drove Syria Back into the Arab Fold?, https://mepc.org/essays/what-drove-syria-back-arab-fold/
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Articles
ON AN EARLY IRANIAN LOANWORD IN THE ARTSAKH DIALECT
AbstractThe article is devoted to the examination of a plant name, kndəmnešak, attested in the Armenian dialect of Artsakh and used with the meaning "violet" (Lat. Narcissus). According to the etymology proposed in the article, this word is a loanword in the Artsakh dialect, borrowed during the Middle or Early New Iranian period from Middle Persian or Early New Persian. The article also delves into the phonological changes, (g > k, mmn > mn) and semantic shifts that occurred during its adaptation into the Artsakh dialect.
References1. Աճառեան Հ․, Հայերէն Գաւառական Բառարան: Հատոր Թ, Թիֆլիս, Էմինեան Ազգագրական Ժողովածու, Լազարեան ճեմարանի արեւելեան լեզուաց, 1913։
2. Աճառյան Հ․, Հայերեն արմատական բառարան, հատոր 3, Երևան, 1977։
3. Աճառյան Հ․, Հայոց լեզվի պատմություն, Երևան, 1951։
4. Դալալյան Տ․, Օսերենի հայկակական փոխառությունների՝ երկրագործությանն առնչվող շերտը, Արևելագիտական ժողովածու, 5, Երևան, 2004, էջ 77-83։
5. Հարությունյան Լ․, Նշխարներ Արցախի բանահյուսության, Երևան, 1991
6. Հայոց լեզվի բարբառային բառարան. Հրաչյա Աճառյանի Անվան Լեզվի Ինստիտուտ, գլխ․ խմբ․ Ա․ Սարգսյան, Երևան, 2001-2012
7. Հովհաննիսյան Լ․, Հայերենի իրանական փոխառությունները, Երևան, 1990։
8. Հովհաննիսյան Լ․, Ղարաբաղի բարբառում միջին իրանական լեզուներից կատարված մի քանի փոխառությունների շուրջ, Հայ բարբառագիտության հիմնախնդիրներ, Միջազգային գիտաժողովի զեկուցումների ժողովածու, Երևան, 2014։
9. Ղազարյան Ռ., Բուսանունների հայերեն-լատիներեն-ռուսերեն-անգլերեն-ֆրանսերեն-գերմաներեն բառարան, Երևան, 1981
10. Մելիքյան Գ․, «Փիյաթաթախ փիլը ղանդաղում» Արցախի բարբառում մի քանի պարսկական փոխառությունների շուրջ,Արևելագիտության հարցեր, 12, Երևան, 2016, էջ 236-239.
11. Ջահուկյան Գ․, Արցախահայ (Ղարաբաղի) բարբառի կազմավորման մասին, Լրաբեր հասարակական գիտությունների, 5, 1991, էջ 52-57։
12. Սարգսյան Ա․, Ղարաբաղի բարբառի բառարան, Արցախի Պետական Համալսարան, Երեւան, 2013:
13. Վարդանյան Ա․, Ղարաբաղի բարբառում նոր իրանական որոշ փոխառությունների շուրջ, Արևելագիտության հարցեր, 12, Երևան,2016, էջ 273-280
14. Քումունց Մ․, Հին հայերենից Սյունիք-Արցախ բարբառախմբին անցած իրանական փոխառությունների ձևիմաստային նկարագիրը, «Կովկասյան տարածաշրջանի արդի հիմնախնդիրները. հնարավորություններ և մարտահրավերներ» միջազգային գիտաժողովի նյութերի ժողովածու, 12 մարտի, Մեսրոպ Մաշտոց Համալսարան, Ստեփանակերտ, 2022, էջ 67-70
15. Абаев В., Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка. В 5 томах. Том II (L-R). Ленинград, 1973.
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19. Hübschmann H., Persische Studien, Verlag von Karl J. Trübner Strassburg, 1895.
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Articles
ÉTUDES ON TALYSHI AND CAUCASIAN PERSIAN (TATI) LEXICON
AbstractThe article, presented in the form of études, examines and analyzes certain lexical forms from Northern Talyshi and Caucasian Persian (Tati)—two Iranian languages spoken in the Eastern Transcaucasia. These languages have a history of continious and close contact with non-Iranian languages, including Indo-European and Caucasian languages of the region. This makes them particularly significant for the study of language contact in general and areal linguistic phenomena in particular.
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Ачарян Гр., 1977, Корневой словарь армянского языка, Т. 3, 1979, Т. 4., Ереван, Издательство Ереванского университета. (на арм. яз.)
Броневский С. 1996, Историческия выписки о сношениях России с Персиею, Грузиею и вообще с горскими народами, в Кавказе обитающими, со времен Ивана Васильевича доныне. Санкт-Петербург: Петербургское востоковедение.
Восканян, В., 2016, Некоторые арменизмы в кавказско-персидском языке. Вопросы востоковедения. Ереван: Издательство ЕГУ, Т. 12, с. 240-248.
Квачадзе М. 1990, Речь гомборских лаиджей (диссертация на соискание ученой степени к.ф.н.). Тбилиси (на правах рукописи).
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Трубецкой Н. 1995, Вавилонская башня и смешение языков. Н. С. Трубецкой. История, культура, язык. Москва: Прогресс, Универс, 327-338.
Azәrbaycan Dialektoloji Lüğәti (Диалектологический словарь азербайджанского языка), 1999. 1 cilt (A-L), 2003. 2 cilt (M-Z). Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
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Hüseynova, G. 2013, Tat dili leksik fondunun genealoji tәhlili (Генеалогическийанализлексическогофондататскогоязыка). Bakı: Elm vә tәhsil.
Hübschman, H. 1897, Armenische Grammatik. I. Theil. Armenische Etymologie (Bibliothek indogermanischer Grammatiken. Band VI). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.
Martirosyan, H. 2010, Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill.
Orucuv A. et al. 2006, Azәrbaycan Dilinin Izahlı Lüğәti (Толковыйсловарьазербайджанскогоязыка), 3 cild. Bakı: Şәrq-Qәrb.
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Articles
MUSTAFA KEMAL IN CONSTANTINOPLE: EPISODES OF THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER (November 1918 – May 1919)
AbstractThe article discusses Mustafa Kemal's activities in Constantinople from November 1918 to May 1919. During this period, he actively sought power in the Ottoman Empire. The author examines his political involvement in the capital city, including meetings with representatives of the Entente and his attempts to secure British support for his ambitions. In the article, it is noted that Mustafa Kemal utilized his connections with secret Young Turk organizations and was deeply involved in political intrigues, which ultimately led to his success. Appointment as inspector of the 9th Army, with extensive powers in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire, allowed him to become the leader of the nationalist movement bearing his name and, later, the founder of the Republic of Turkey.
References1. Atatürk ile İlgili Arşiv Belgeleri: 1911-1921 Tarihleri Arasına ait 106 Belge, Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı, 1982.
2. Witness: The autobiography of John G. Benneth, Tucson: Omen Press, 1974.
3. Tansu S. N., İki Devrin Perde Arkası. Anlatan: Hüsamettin Ertürk, İstanbul: Çınar. 1969.
4. Akal E., Mustafa Kemal, İttihat Terakki ve Bolşevizm Milli Mücadelenin Başlangıcında, 2. Basım (genişletilmiş ve gözden geçirilmiş), İstanbul, 2006.
5. Bilge C. N., İstanbul under Allied Occupation 1918-1923, Leiden: Brill, 1999.
6. British Foreign Office Dossiers on Turkish War Criminals by Vartkes Yeghiayan. LaVerne: American Armenian International College, 1991
7. Kemal C., Mustafa Kemal’in Mondros Mütarekesi’ne Tepkisi, Ankara Üniversitesi Türk İnkılâp Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, 46, Güz 2010, s. 367 - 400.
8. Kılıçkaya M. D․, Milli Mücadele’de Kongreler ve İttihatçılık Sorunu, http://www.ait.hacettepe.edu.tr/akademik/arsiv/kongr.htm (Accessed 28.10.2023)
9. Kocatürk U., Doğumundan Ölümüne Kadar Kaynakçalı Atatürk Günlüğü, 2. basım, Ankara: AKDTYK Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2007, s.119.
10. Koç N., Milli Mücadelenin Başlarındaki Gelişmelerin Hatıralar Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi - Assessment of the Developments at the Beginning of Independence War within the Framework of Recollections, The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6 (3), March 2013, s. 1237.
11. Lord Kinross, Ataturk: The Rebirth of a Nation, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965, p. 141-142.
12. Mango A., Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey, New York, 2002
13. Müezzinoğlu E., Millî Mücadele Döneminde İttihatçılar Üzerine bir Değerlendirme, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (8), 2016, s. 2918.
14. Sadrıazam ve Harbiye Nâzırı Ahmed İzzet, Mehmed Vahideddin, İrâde-i Seniyye, Fî 2 Safer sene 1337 - Fî 7 Teşrîn-i Sânî sene 1334: Harbiye Nezâreti, Muamelât-ı Zâtiye Müdüriyeti 700, DUİT, 163/20_1-3, - [Atatürk], Osmanlı Belgelerinde Millî Mücadele ve Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Yayına Hazırlayanlar: K. Gurulkan, Y. İ. Genç, M. Küçük ve ötekiler, Ankara, 2007.
15. Sonyel R. S., Gizli Belgelerde Mustafa Kemal, Vahdettin ve Kurtuluş Savaşı. Ankara, 2010.
16. Şahin M., Cumhuriyet’in Temelinin Atılması Yolunda Atatürk’ün Mondros Mütarekesi Sonrası Şişli günleri, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, 55, Aralık 2015.
17. Şimşek E., Bahar İ., Türkiye’de İstihbaratçılık ve MİT. İstanbul, 2004.
18. Ünal S., Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın Mütareke İstanbul’undaki Faaliyetleri, Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD), Yıl 7, XIX, Eylül 2014.
19. Yalçın E. S., Mütareke döneminde Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın İstanbul'daki faaliyetleri (30 Еkim 1918-16 Мayıs 1919), Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17 (28), 1995.
20. Yeni bir Kabinenin Kurulması gereği, Başyaver Naci Bey’e, 14.10.1918, Çok Gizlidir.[Atatürk], Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ten Bize: Söylevleri, Konuşmaları, Söyleşileri, Anıları, Genelgeleri, Yazışmaları (1903 -1938)ö c. I (1903 - 22/4/1920), İstanbul, 1987.
21. Zürcher E. J., The Unionist Factor: The Role of the Commitee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement 1905- 1926. Leiden: Brill, 1984.
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Articles
TÜRKÇÜLÜK AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21 ST CENTURY: IMPLEMENTATION AND EVOLUTION (A VIEW FROM YEREVAN)
AbstractThe article investigates the issues of perception in the Russian Federation, Turkic
countries of the post-Soviet region, and Armenia regarding the potential realization of
the fundamental objectives of türkçülük, a century after its formulation by its prominent
apologist, Ziya Gökalp (1876-1923). The notion of Turkic unity is actively ongoing in the
media, academic, and political spheres. The endorsement of pan-Turkic principles and
the encouragement of extensive Turkic cooperation in diverse areas are viewed as an
‘’adaptive mechanism’’ by the political and cultural elites of Turkic-speaking countries in
Central Asia to counterbalance neighbouring superpowers such as Russia and China.
Despite Gökalp's absolute confidence that Soviet Russia was the main obstacle to
türkçülük, thirty years after the USSR's collapse, the political, economic, and
cultural elites of post-Soviet Turkic-speaking countries pragmatically recognize the
possibilities for real unity and differentiation. The imperative concept for Armenian
historiography was that Russia was capable and would have no alternative to resist pan-
Turkism: the solution to the existential security issues of Armenia was deduced from the
above-mentioned statement. Today, voices in Russian Turkology call for a more
‘’flexible’’ understanding of the term 'Turkism', as well as of the history of the
Ottoman Empire and Russian-Turkish relations. A new perspective emerges not only on
centuries-old confrontation but also on periods of positive interaction, emphasizing the
importance of constructing a "new modus" for Russia's policy and
mutually beneficial cooperation with the Turkic-Muslim world. In the context of
implementing a vision of multilateral cooperation within the framework of the Greater
Eurasian Partnership, Armenia's participation in the "3+3" format
appears crucial, serving as an optimal platform for orientalists and political scientists to
coordinate contentious issues of multilateral cooperation, and optimistically contributing
to the process of normalizing Armenia’s relations with Azerbaijan and Turkey.ReferencesԽուրշուդյան Լ., Հայոց ազգային գաղափարախոսություն, Երևան, 1999:
2. Սաֆարյան Ալ., Զիյա Գյոքալփը և «Թյուրքականության հիմունքները», Երևան, 2012:
3. Սաֆարյան Ալ., Թուրքական գյոքալփագիտության պատմությունից, Լրաբեր հասարակական
գիտությունների, 2 (647), մայիս-օգոստոս, Երևան, 2016, էջ 86-93:
4. Սաֆարյան Ալ., Պողոսյան Ն., Հայագիտության և թյուրքագիտության «հատման տիրույթի» սուր
բանավիճային հիմնահարցերի ուսումնասիրության ոլորտում եվրասիական համալսարանների
համագործակցության մասին, Հայ-ռուսական ռազմավարական դաշինքի ընտիր էջեր։ Հոդվածների
ժողովածու, Երևան, 2022, էջ 38-39։
5. Սիմոնյան Ա․, Սաֆարյան Ա․, Հայաստանյան պատմաբանների աշխատություններում
թյուրքականության գաղափարախոսության գնահատման պատմությունից, Պատմություն և մշակույթ, 2,
Երևան, 2019, էջ 129-136:
6. Алиев А., Роль националистических идей Зии Гекальпа в формировании
идейно-политической платформы кемализма, Вестник Ленинградского
университета, 20 (4), Ленинград, 1982,
7. Гасанова Э., Идеология буржуазного национализма в Турции в период
младотурок (1908-1914), Баку, 1966.
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(История и культура), Москва, 1962.
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философа Зии Гекальпа, в кн. Османская Империя. Государственная власть и
социально-политическая структура, Москва, 1990, сс. 322-335.
10. Е. Бахревский, Россия может превратить тюркизм в дружественную силу,
“Мягкая сила” и внешняя политика Турции: между экспансией и реалиями.
Коллективная монография, ред. Я. Амелина, Кавказский геополитический клуб.,
Москва, 2023.
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12. Орешкова С., Некоторые размышления о развитии тюркологии и
османистики, Turcica et Ottomanica, сост.: Зайцев И., Орешкова С., Москва: Ин-т
востоковедения РАН 2006.
13. Рустамов Ю., Ислам и общественная мысль современной Турции, Баку,
1980,
14. Рустамов Ю., Современная турецкая буржуазная социология (критический
очерк), Баку, 1967.
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Востоковедения АН СССР, XXII, 1956.
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İstanbul, 2004, ss. 88-90,
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Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2004, pp. 219–229
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Articles
KHAKHTIQ (KHALDIA) IN THE BYZANTINE ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
AbstractThe valleys of the Kajkar Range of the Parkhar (Pontic) mountains, spread out in the vicinity of the Province of Taik lying on the north-west of Greater Armenia, according to Graeco-Roman and Armenian sources, were known as one of Armenians’cradles from ancient times. This is evidenced by the old Armenian toponyms and the dialect of Khakhtiq-Hamshen. In the ancient world, Armenians of Khakhtiq were called Armenokhalibs. Khalib here is not an ethnonym, but the specialty of Armenians, who had gained popularity as pioneers, processors and sellers of iron, as well as brave warriors. In Khakhtiq, the Armenian people, side by side with other peoples, created its own military-political, spiritual and cultural history, thereby laying the foundation for the subsequent – in the VIII century – formation of the semi-independent Armenian Principality of Hamshen. For centuries, Armenian princes governed in Khakhtiq. The north-western lands of the region were the property of the Mamikonyans princely dynasty. Not coincidentally, during the V century Vardanants war, the mountains and fortresses of Khakhtiq served as strongholds for the troops of the Armenian princes. In the VII-VIII centuries, Khakhtiq was part of the second largest Byzantine Armeniak theme, while later, having detached from it in the IX century, it became an independent theme. After the conquest of Trabzon by Ottomans, it fell under their power and was included in the territorial formations of the Ottomans.
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21. Մար¬տի¬րոս¬յան Հ., Լեռ¬նա¬յին ա¬կուն¬քի ֆառ¬նը, Ար¬շա¬լույ¬սի դի¬ցու¬հին և գլխի ու մոր¬թու զո¬հա¬ծե¬սը վի¬շա¬պա¬կո¬թող¬նե¬րի ի¬մաս¬տա¬բա¬նա¬կան հեն¬քում, Վի¬շապ քա¬րա¬կո¬թող¬նե¬րը, Եր¬ևան, 2015, էջ 136-171։
22. Մել¬քոն¬յան Ա., Համ¬շէն. պա¬տմաաշ¬խար¬հագ¬րա¬կան ակ¬նարկ (16-20-րդ դա¬րեր), Համ¬շէն եւ համ¬շէ¬նա¬հա¬յու¬թիւն (գի¬տա¬ժո¬ղո¬վի նիւ¬թեր), Ե¬րե¬ւան- Պէյ¬րութ, 2007, էջ 25-37։
23. Մով¬սես Խո¬րե¬նա¬ցի, Հա¬յոց պատ¬մութ¬յուն, քննական բնագիրը Մ. Աբեղյանի և Ս. Հարությունյանի, աշ¬խար¬հա¬բա¬ր թարգ¬մ․ և մեկ¬նա¬բա¬ն․ Ստ. Մալ¬խաս¬յա¬նցի, Եր¬ևան, 1981։
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25. Շարական, Համշեն, Եղնովիտ գյուղ, Խաչիկ հոր վանք, գրիչ՝ Կարապետ երեց, 1500, ձեռ. Հմր 2062, Վենետիկի Մխիթարյան միաբանության մատե¬նադարան։
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Articles
THE REFLECTIONS OF NATIONALISM IN THE PROGRAMS OF THE ISLAMIC PARTIES IN TURKEY 1960-1980
AbstractContemporary Turkey's foreign and domestic, educational, propaganda policy, as well as official rhetoric, prove that the synthesis of Islam and nationalism has turned into the country's state identity. In 1923-founded Turkey, the competition between secularism and religiosity has a history of decades and at some point, nationalism was more openly intertwined with Islamic ideology, and today it is essentially one whole. In turn, Islamism and nationalism in Turkey, developing in parallel from the second half of the last century, had phases of competition, but often there were obvious preconditions for their merging or at least close cooperation. Some reflections of this phenomenon can be seen in the programs of pro-Islamic parties operating since the 1970s. In this article, the programs of the "National Order", "National Salvation" and "Welfare" parties are examined, presenting certain definitions of nationalism in them, as well as depicting the political developments of the time and the relationship between religion and secularism.
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Articles
EXPLORING THE (UN)USUAL “SITES OF MEMORY”: ARMENIAN-SCRIPT TURKISH MEMOIRS
AbstractThe entanglement of nations, religions, and languages, which is inevitable in any empire, leads to the minglings of cultures and worldviews, creating new, mixed, or intermediate forms. Armenian-script Turkish, which combines elements of both languages is an example of such a symbiosis. The purpose of this article is to present the memoirs written in Armenian-script Turkish by two eyewitnesses of the Armenian Genocide of 1915. The diaries under study recall the stories of two families who lived in Aintab (Antep) and Dörtyol (Arm. Chork-Marzpan) before the genocide. The tragic fate of these people, forcibly displaced during World War I, reflects the harrowing history of an entire nation that endured deportation, starvation, and massacres.
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Articles
“THE BATTLE OF TAKSIM”: CITY SQUARE AS AN OBJECT OF POLITICAL STRUGGLE IN REPUBLICAN TURKEY
AbstractTaksim Square is one of the central political symbols of Turkey. Throughout the history of the Turkish Republic, different political actors have struggled to transform this square according to their political ideologies and discourses. In this article, we will examine the main important periods in the history of Taksim Square and its significance in Turkish political culture. This will allow us to understand the place and role of the symbol in contemporary Turkish political life.
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Articles
POLITICAL COMMUNICATION DURING THE 2020 WAR: SETTING THE STAGE FOR DEFEAT
AbstractThe present paper looks into the Armenian side of the 2020 war in the pursuit to elucidate the non-military factors that led to the devastating defeat of the Republics of Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh. Based on the available public records (public statements, media publications), as well as non-structured interviews with select high-ranking officials, the article aims to improve expert-level understanding of the wartime management that led to the Armenian defeat. This paper also attempts to launch a discussion on wartime behaviour of the political elite in Armenia.
References1. A few then-high level officials with knowledge of Security Council discussions elaborated on the content in expert interviews with authors.
2. A more detailed discussion on the 'democratic invincibility' can be found at:
3. Aliyev announced that negotiations over the Karabakh conflict are actually suspended. 2020. TASS< https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/9502113. September 19. (Accessed 19.06.2023)
4. Amirkhanyan Zh., A Failure to Innovate: The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameter, 2022, pp. 119-134; Cheterian V., Technological determinism or strategic advantage? Comparing two Karabakh Wars between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Journal of Strategic Studies., 47 (2) 2024., pp. 214-237.
5. Armen Sarkissian has addressed the leaders of several Arab nations. 2020. Radio Liberty. https://www.azatutyun.am/a/30866170.html. 30 September. (Accessed 15.10.2023)
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7. Azerbaijan wants capitulation of Artsakh, not settlement of the conflict”. 2020. Armenpress. https://armenpress.am/en/article/1032826. October 26. (Accessed 21.06.2023)
8. Bavakanach'ap' jank'er ch'gortsadrvets'in paterazmy Hayastani ev Arts'akhi hamar arravel barenpast paymannerov..., July 3, 2023. RFE/RL Armenian Service, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32487309.html (Accessed 15.06.2023)
9. Boin A., Hart P., Stern E. and Sungelius B., The Politics of Crisis Management: Public Leadership under Pressure. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
10. Davit Tonoyan, then-Minister of Defence, confirmed the reports about the urge by the Chief of General Staff to stop the war "in 2-3 days". https://panarmenian.net/arm/news/300124 (Accessed 05.07.2023)
11. Decree No. 1586-N of the Republic of Armenia on Declaration of Martial Law in the Republic of Armenia. 2020. https://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?docID=146652. (Accessed 16.11.2023)
12. Discussed this with two experts and provided more details.
13. Grigoryan S. The Armenian Velvet Revolution. Yerevan, Edith Print, 2018; Armenia’s Velvet Revolution: Authoritarian Decline and Civil Resistance in a Multipolar World. 2020. (eds) Laurence Broers and Anna Ohanyan. London. I.B. Tauris, 2018.
14. Harutyunyan K., The Karabakh War, Media, Propaganda, and Immorality. Civilnet. December 16, 2020 ,https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/474655/the-karabakh-war-media-propaganda-and-immorality/ (Accessed 15.06.2023)
15. Heghine Buniatian. 2020. Lavrov: The principles of step-by-step resolution lie as the basis of discussions between Mnatsakanyan and Mamedyarov. Rus.azatutyun.am/a/30568279.html. April 21, (Accessed 15.06.2023)
16. Interview of Armenia’s Foreign Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan to BBC HardTalk’s Stephen Sackur, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJTGRiBCRkw. (Accessed 15.06.2023)
17. Interviews with two former high-level MFA officials in Yerevan, May 2021 and February 2022.
18. Levy J., Domestic Politics and War, Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 18 (4); The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars, 1988, pp. 653-673.
19. Marukyan. With this war we should resolve the issue once and for all”, 2020. Aysor.am. September 27. https://a1plus.am/hy/article/380051 (Accessed 15.06.2023)
20. Nikoghosyan & Ter-Matevosyan, Post–Revolution and War, Armenia Must Find a Geopolitical Balance, Carnegie Endowment, March 9, 2021. https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2021/03/post-revolution-and-war-armenia-must-find-a-geopolitical-balance?lang=en (Accessed 15.06.2023)
21. Nikoghosyan H., Ter-Matevosyan V., “From ‘Revolution’ to War: Deciphering Armenia’s Populist Foreign Policy-Making Process, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 23 (2), 2022, pp. 207–227.
22. Nikol Pashinyan. There was simply no possibility to decide something else in the current situation”. 2020. Aravot. https://www.aravot.am/2020/11/10/1150460/. November 10. (Accessed 18.06.2023)
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26. Press Statement by the Co-Chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group and Personal Representative of the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office. 2020. Moscow/Paris/Washington, DC, https://www.osce.org/minsk-group/458068 (Accessed 15.06.2023)
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29. Statement by Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan during the "Diplomat's Day" reception. March 7, 2019 https://168.am/2019/03/07/1091962.html (Accessed 15.06.2023)
30. Stern Е., Preparing: The Sixth Task of Crisis Leadership. Journal of Leadership Studies., 7 (3), 2013, pp. 51-56
31. Tamrazyan H., Papyan A.. 2018. Pashinyan. Azerbaijan’s aggression is not only against Armenia, but also against democracy in the region. Radio Liberty. July 12. https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29358788.html (Accessed 15.06.2023)
32. Ter-Matevosyan V., Deadlocked in History and Geopolitics: Revisiting Armenia–Turkey Relations. Digest of Middle East Studies, 30 (3), 2021, pp. 155–169.
33. The enemy should realize that all Armenians are today standing by Artsakh” - Prime Minister’s message to the nation. 2020. https://www.primeminister.am/hy/statements-and-messages/item/2020/09/27/Nikol-Pashinyan-message/ (Accessed 15.06.2023)
34. The Statement of the Lieutenant-General Onik Gasparyan.2023. Hetq.am. https://www.hetq.am/hy/article/157599 (Accessed 15.09.2023)
35. The will to win should tell us that we will not retreat; we will not back down; we will not be broken.” 2020․ հttps://www.primeminister.am/hy/statements-and-messages/item/2020/10/21/Nikol-Pashinyan/․ October 21.
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37. Weal Air Defense System, intelligence, insufficient UAVs. What did the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces report to the Prime Minister.” 2023. https://armeniasputnik.am/20230628/tujl-hop-hetakhuzutjun-anbavarar-ats-ner-inch-e-zekucel-gsh-nakhkin-pety-varchapetin-61882095.html. 28 June. (Accessed 15.08.2023)
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Articles
INTERTEXTUAL LABYRINTHS: BORGES AND THE SINO-CULTURAL PARADIGM
AbstractOne of the greatest writers and thinkers of the 20th century, the great Argentinian Jorge Luis Borges amazes readers and researchers of his work with an unusually wide range of his cultural interests and knowledge, associations, judgme
ԻՆՏԵՐՏԵՔՍՏԱՅԻՆ ԼԱԲԻՐԻՆԹՈՍՆԵՐ. ԲՈՐԽԵՍԸ և ՍԻՆՈՄՇԱԿՈՒԹԱՅԻՆ ՊԱՐԱԴԻԳՄԸ
nts and generalizations. The conceptual message of Borges’s work, the conceptual series that thread through his texts, Borges’s ideologemes, cosmologemes, philosophemes, embodied by original and innovative artistic means, were born from a deep immersion in the experience of global culture that has accumulated over thousands of years – spiritual, artistic, intellectual, oral and written. The culture that accumulated in the common home of the human race on all sides of the world, in the West and in the East, in the North and in the South. The richest nutrient medium for Borges – both as a culturologist and as a writer who created his own completely special and very influential, ideological and artistic world, his own aesthetics and poetics – was undoubtedly the culture of the East and, in particular, as he himself calls it in one of his texts, the three-thousand-year-old culture of China.
A series of texts in different literary forms and genres by J.L. Borges, a profound expert of the library, embracing the world literary and culture, reflect a many-sided interest towards China, its history and culture, its religion, myths, folklore, and literature. The present paper observes the main facts and motives in the dialogue between Borges (as writer and poet, intellectual and culture expert) and the classical texts of old and medieval China. In focus are the echoes of the features typical of Borges’s texts and, in particular, his short story «The Garden of Forking Paths» in comparison with the famous Chinese classical novel «A Dream of the Red Chamber» by Cao Xue-qin. The author also draws attention to the high statistics of references to Chinese images in the «Book of Imaginary Beings».
ReferencesBorges J. L. Autobiographical Notes. September 11, 1970, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1970/09/19/jorge-luis-borges-profile-autobiographical-notes, (Accessed 01.09.2024)․
Borges J. L. A Reader. Translated from the Spanish by Norman Thomas di Giovanni. https://biblioklept.org/2014/05/07/a-reader-jorge-luis-borges/ (Accessed 01.09.2024).
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Borges J.L. Elegy for a Park. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1994/12/22/elegy-for-a-park/ (Accessed 27.08.2024).
Borges J.L. El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan. http://surl.li/lzhmqu (Accessed 29.08.2024).
Borges J.L. Book of Imaginary Beings. http://surl.li/bbqblf (Accessed 10.09.2024).
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