Proceedings of the YSU C: Geological and Geographical Sciences
type: channel
description: Proceedings of the YSU C: Geological and Geographical Sciences aims to publish original research papers and survey articles in all areas of geology and geography. Proc. YSU C: Geol. Geogr. Sci. accepts also review articles, short communications, conference proceedings, Ph.D and doctoral thesis's and other items with a detailed exposition of results, experiments and examples. One of purposes is to reflect the progress of the research in all areas of geology and geography in Armenia and, by providing an international forum, to stimulate its further developments.
publisher: Yerevan State University
language: en
publication name: Proceedings of the YSU C: Geological and Geographical Sciences
issn: 1829-1759
items: LOW-EMISSION SPATIAL PLANNING OF SMALL INDUSTRIAL TOWNS IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN: MENDELEEVSK AND ZAINSK
items: INTEGRATED GEOTOURISM ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK: APPLICATION OF THE ABC-GAM MODEL IN IDENTIFYING PILOT GEOPARKS
items: ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY OF METALLIC ORE EXPLORATION THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF GEOLOGICAL, GEOPHYSICAL, GEOCHEMICAL, AND GIS DATA IN THE NORTHERN AND CENTRAL PARTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
items: CURRENT AND PROJECTED CHANGES IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE COMPONENTS ACROSS BELARUS: PRECIPITATION, EVAPORATION AND RIVER RUNOFF
items: ASSESSING CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON AGRICULTURAL WATER DEMAND IN ABADAN USING LARS WG 8 (CMIP6 SSP SCENARIOS)
items: AUTONOMOUS WATER LEVEL GAUGE: ASSEMBLY AND TESTING ON THE OREDEZH RIVER
items: TRENDS IN CHANGES OF SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN THE BORDER ZONE OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
items: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SERVICES
items: GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MEGHRI RIVER BASIN (REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA) FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF MUDFLOW HAZARD
items: THE CONCEPTUALISATION OF THE CHALLENGES OF MODELS OF REGIONAL DESTINATION MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONS
items: POSSIBILITIES OF USING MORPHOMETRIC ELEMENTS OF THE ARARAT BASIN RELIEF FOR MILITARY PURPOSES
items: IMPROVEMENT OF MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS AND ENSURING THE SAFE OPERATION OF THE AKHANGARAN RESERVOIR
items: RISK ASSESSMENT OF WINTER WHEAT PATHOGEN DEVELOPMENT IN THE LANDSCAPE BELTS OF ARMENIA UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE
items: APPLICATION OF MATRICES IN THE TOURISM MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
items: ON THE ROLE OF THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH OF THE 1988 SPITAK EARTHQUAKE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF APPLIED SEISMOLOGY AND SEISMIC PROTECTION
items: SYSTEMIC DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL DRUG TRAFFICKING AND THE SECURITY POSITIONING OF THE SOUTH CAUCASUS
items: REISSUE OF THE "ATLAS OF HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY OF ARMENIA" – THE REVIVAL OF CLASSICAL CARTOGRAPHIC HERITAGE
items: CURRENT TRENDS AND MAIN PROBLEMS OF DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
items: MOUNTAIN RELIEF AS A FACTOR IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
items: CLIMATE CHANGES AND THE FUTURE OF THE CURONIAN (BALTIC SEA) AND GORGAN (CASPIAN SEA) SPITS
items: HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS CIRCULATING IN THE CRATER, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN SLOPES OF ARAGATS VOLCANO
items: THE FUMAROLE-SULFATE ORIGIN OPALITES AS A MINE-DEPOSITE OF NEW TYPE AND A HIGH TECHNOLOGICAL BASE FOR SILICATE PRODUCTION
items: THE ROLE OF THE TRANSVERSE TECTONIC STRUCTURES OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA IN SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT
items: ON SOME PROBLEMS OF INTRA-ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINEREALIZATION IN RIVER WATERS
items: CRYOGENIC EXODYNAMIC SYSTEM OF RELIEF FORMATTING IN ARMENIA AND ARTSAKH
items: PROBLEMS OF TECHNOGENE GEOCHEMISTRY
items: THE GEOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL POSITION OF AYGEDZOR ORE KNOT
items: THE DEPENDENCE OF THE MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE OF THE RIVERS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA UPON MEAN TEMPERATURE IN JULY
items: THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ARMENIAN GEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
items: THE IMPACT OF DRAINAGE NETWORK CONDITION ON THE MINERALIZATION OF WATER

LOW-EMISSION SPATIAL PLANNING OF SMALL INDUSTRIAL TOWNS IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN: MENDELEEVSK AND ZAINSK
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description: The paper examines approaches to low-emission spatial planning for small industrial towns in the Republic of Tatarstan, using Mendeleevsk and Zainsk as comparative case studies. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that, under the transition to low-carbon development, the environmental burden in small towns is distributed unevenly and is shaped by sectoral specialization, the structure of stationary and mobile emission sources, energy infrastructure, and the spatial relationship between industrial zones and residential areas. The empirical basis of the study includes strategic and spatial-planning documents, the Heat Supply Scheme of Zainsk, regional environmental analytical materials, and data on stationary emission sources. The comparison is carried out using a unified framework that includes the number of stationary emission sources, the volume and sectoral profile of emissions, dominant sources of pollution, infrastructure conditions, spatial-planning constraints, and potential instruments of municipal implementation. Available environmental materials indicate that Mendeleevsk has about 649 stationary emission sources and approximately 3.709 thousand tons of stationary-source emissions, with the fuel and chemical sectors forming the main industrial contribution; Zainsk has about 1 071 stationary sources, including 1 061 within the town, and about 11.741 thousand tons of stationary-source emissions, including 11.728 thousand tons within the town. It is established that Mendeleevsk represents a type of small town with a chemical-industrial core, where priority measures include technological decarbonization, modernization of gas-cleaning systems, stricter environmental monitoring, and spatial regulation of zones adjacent to industrial sites. Zainsk is characterized by a combination of power generation, heat supply, transport flows, and agro-processing, which requires modernization of generating capacities, optimization of district heating, energy-ef…
subject: Geography
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creator: Salavat A. Akmaletdinov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-09-04
publication date: 2026-09-04
starting page: 161
ending page: 169
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.2.161

INTEGRATED GEOTOURISM ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK: APPLICATION OF THE ABC-GAM MODEL IN IDENTIFYING PILOT GEOPARKS
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description: The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of geotourism development and the formation of pilot geoparks based on modern integrated approaches. The main objective of the study is to develop a well-defined framework for assessing the geotourism potential of territories through the synthesis of the ABC (Abiotic, Biotic, Cultural) concept and the GAM (Geosite Assessment Model) quantitative model. The proposed methodology reduces expert subjectivity through a structured semi-quantitative assessment procedure by separating the Main Values of geosites from the Additional Values. Projecting the calculated data onto a two-axis 9-zone GAM matrix enables strategic screening of the area, identification of the geopark's sustainable "core", and definition of investment priorities. The paper substantiates the strategic importance of localizing this model for the Republic of Armenia as an effective tool for geoconservation and the socio-economic sustainable development of remote and border communities.
subject: Geology
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creator: Shahen V. Khachatryan
creator: Tiruhi G․ Mkrtchyan
creator: Lyuba B․ Mirzoyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-09-04
publication date: 2026-09-04
starting page: 148
ending page: 160
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.2.148

ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY OF METALLIC ORE EXPLORATION THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF GEOLOGICAL, GEOPHYSICAL, GEOCHEMICAL, AND GIS DATA IN THE NORTHERN AND CENTRAL PARTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
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description: This study explores approaches to improving the efficiency of exploration for gold, polymetallic, and porphyry copper deposits within the Lori, Stepanavan, and Pambak-Tsaghkunyats ore districts of the Republic of Armenia. An integrated analysis of the geological framework, gravity, aeromagnetic, and geochemical survey data, combined with GIS-based techniques, was used to identify the principal ore-controlling factors governing the distribution of endogenous mineralization. The locations of several fault structures were refined, previously unrecognized concealed circular and arcuate structures were delineated, and their relationships with known mineral occurrences were established. The spatial association of gold, polymetallic, and porphyry copper mineralization with specific gravity anomalies, major fault zones, and intrusive complexes of different compositions was demonstrated. Several prospective target areas for detailed exploration were identified, and a preliminary assessment of their mineral potential was conducted. The results obtained may be applied to mineralization forecasting, and the planning of future geological exploration programs.
subject: Geology
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creator: Ruben S. Movsesyan
creator: Vahan M. Manukyan
creator: Karen Kh. Manukyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-09-04
publication date: 2026-09-04
starting page: 137
ending page: 147
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.2.137

CURRENT AND PROJECTED CHANGES IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE COMPONENTS ACROSS BELARUS: PRECIPITATION, EVAPORATION AND RIVER RUNOFF
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description: The study presents results of analyzing changes in the hydrological cycle across the territory of Belarus for 1945–2025 and projections for the period 2025–2050 under the SSP2 RCP4.5 scenario. Annual precipitation shows no significant trend, but summer precipitation decreases by 2–3 mm per decade, accompanied by a 30% increase in the frequency of heavy rainfall. Total evaporation has been increasing since 2004, which is not synchronized with the onset of climate warming. Water resources generated within the country have decreased by 17% over the last 10–15 years. In river regimes, winter runoff continues to increase while spring floods decrease; the frequency of hydrological droughts during the warm season has doubled. A 20% reduction in summer precipitation, a variation in total evaporation within 10%, and an average annual runoff close to the long term norm are projected, but with wide confidence intervals of 30–70%, which maintains the risk of extreme events, especially in the 2030s.
subject: Geography
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creator: Irina S. Danilovich
creator: Irina V. Tarasevich
creator: Yuliya A. Hledko
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-09-04
publication date: 2026-09-04
starting page: 184
ending page: 192

ASSESSING CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON AGRICULTURAL WATER DEMAND IN ABADAN USING LARS WG 8 (CMIP6 SSP SCENARIOS)
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description: Climate change in hot and arid regions like Abadan poses a serious threat to food security and water resources. Accurate projections of future conditions are essential for developing effective adaptation strategies. In this study, the LARS-WG 8 model was applied using meteorological data from Abadan station (Iran) under three climate scenarios, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5, for the year 2040. Interpretation of the climate data for 2023 and 2024 compared to future scenarios for 2040 (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) at Abadan station reveals a clear trend of warming and seasonal shifts in precipitation. In July, maximum temperature rises from 47.2℃ (2024) to 48.7℃ (SSP5-8.5), while evapotranspiration drops from 393.5 mm to around 291–294 mm, a 25% reduction. December precipitation increases dramatically from 0.8 mm to 25.7 mm in SSP5-8.5, over 30 times higher. In contrast, rainfall in June remains zero across all scenarios. March precipitation declines from 45.0 mm to 19.1 mm in SSP2-4.5 (a 58% drop), while minimum temperature rises from 13.9℃ to 16.0–16.5℃ (about 15% increase). These shifts indicate higher temperatures, reduced summer evapotranspiration, and a concentration of rainfall in cooler months, directly affecting crop water needs and irrigation scheduling. Based on the results obtained, it is recommended that agricultural planning in Abadan move towards climate change-resistant cropping patterns, improve irrigation efficiency, and revise water allocation plans to take into account the increasing temperature and increasing concentration of precipitation in the cold months of the year.
subject: Geography
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creator: Tahmine Dehghani
creator: Bijan Nazari
creator: Abdolmajid Liaghat
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-09-04
publication date: 2026-09-04
starting page: 193
ending page: 205
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.2.193

AUTONOMOUS WATER LEVEL GAUGE: ASSEMBLY AND TESTING ON THE OREDEZH RIVER
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description: This paper presents the testing of an autonomous system for measuring water levels in a body of water using a hydrostatic level gauge. A technical description of the system's components, assembly, and operation are provided. The system's startup and calibration processes, conducted on the Oredezh River in the Leningrad Region, are described. The article presents the initial results of the system's operation and identifies further steps for optimizing its performance.
subject: Geography
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creator: Anna A. Batmazova
creator: Andrey S. Mironov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-09-04
publication date: 2026-09-04
starting page: 177
ending page: 183
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.2.177

TRENDS IN CHANGES OF SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN THE BORDER ZONE OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
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description: Trends in changes of settlement patterns and population dynamics in the border zone of the Republic of Armenia (RA) are shaped by border security and socio-economic issues. The border zone accounts for 24.0% of the territory of the RA. This zone contains 21.3% of all settlements and accommodates 7.7% of the country's population. The article examines the specific features of settlement patterns in the RA border zone, recent transformation trends over the past five years, and state programs aimed at the development and support of border settlements. A map of the RA border settlements has been compiled.
subject: Geography
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creator: Gohar G. Ghambaryan
creator: Vardan G. Mkhitaryan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 98
ending page: 111
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.1.098

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SERVICES
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description: Rapid urbanization processes and the continuous growth of urban population are causing an increasing pressure on urban systems and services worldwide. Ensuring efficient, accessible, and environmentally friendly urban services has become a pivotal precondition towards maintaining a relevant life quality and achieving sustainable cities. The system of urban services (including transportation, utilities, housing, waste management, etc.) plays a central role in supporting economic efficiency, social equity and environmental balance. In this context, sustainability requires a balanced approach integrating environmental protection, economic efficiency, social inclusion and effective governance. Meanwhile, urban areas face a number of interconnected challenges: environmental pollution, aging infrastructure, unequal access to services, weak institutional coordination, etc. Addressing these issues requires integrated planning, smart technologies, as well as inclusive and long-term policymaking frameworks. This paper studies the process of sustainable development of urban services, analyzing their theoretical and conceptual framework, key sustainability principles and the main challenges. It also examines the existing issues and best practices on the case of Yerevan, highlighting both problems and ongoing initiatives towards ensuring sustainable urban services.
subject: Geography
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creator: Tigran A. Sargsyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 127
ending page: 136
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.1.127

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MEGHRI RIVER BASIN (REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA) FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF MUDFLOW HAZARD
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description: Geomorphological features of the Meghri River basin (steep and near-vertical slopes; numerous straight and deep erosion furrows; deep drainage funnels in the upper reaches of rivers; intensive physical weathering of rocks on exposed slopes and accumulation of loose detrital material on them as a solid component for debris flows; predominance of the feathery pattern of the river network; steep thalwegs of all tributaries – falling within 119.0–194.5 m/km2, providing high energy to the water flow, etc.) determine its high debris flow hazard with a frequency of 1–3 years (sometimes up to 8 years). For the first time, morphometric coefficients (lemniscates, the development of the length of the dividing line, lengthening and elongation, and relative shape) of the basins of the largest tributaries of the Meghri River have been calculated and the effect of their features on debris flow hazard has been shown.
subject: Geography
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creator: Vladimir R. Boynagryan
creator: Anzhela A. Ayriyants
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 17
ending page: 30
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.1.017

THE CONCEPTUALISATION OF THE CHALLENGES OF MODELS OF REGIONAL DESTINATION MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONS
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description: The article examines the conceptual foundations and management challenges of regional Destination Management Organization (DMO) models. Tourism destination management is considered as a complex system of coordinated activities aimed at ensuring the sustainable development and competitiveness of tourism destinations. Particular attention is given to regional level DMOs, which operate as an intermediate governance level between national and local structures. The study analyzes the main strategic and substantive functions of regional DMOs and identifies their role in coordinating stakeholders and managing tourism development processes. Two main organizational models of regional DMOs are discussed: community-led and corporate-led models. The research highlights the main managerial challenges associated with these models, particularly political and financial dependencies that may affect the effectiveness and long-term sustainability of the organizations. It is concluded that despite institutional differences, regional DMOs face similar structural challenges that require balanced cooperation between public authorities and tourism industry enterprises. The study also notes that the manifestation of these challenges may vary depending on national governance systems, socio-cultural conditions, and levels of economic development.
subject: Geography
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creator: Gor P. Aleksanyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 112
ending page: 126
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.1.112

POSSIBILITIES OF USING MORPHOMETRIC ELEMENTS OF THE ARARAT BASIN RELIEF FOR MILITARY PURPOSES
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description: The article discusses the consideration of slope orientations and inclinations, which are components of the relief of the Ararat Basin, in the planning and implementation of military operations. With their effective application, military infrastructures and communication routes can be located in relatively safe places, on opposite slopes protected from the enemy’s fire. On the maps compiled by the authors at a scale of 1:1 000 000, the orientations and inclinations of the Ararat Basin, the distribution regions and surfaces of all orientations and inclinations are calculated. Their correct use for military purposes is discussed, especially during the movement of mechanized military units and subunits. The work also discusses the intensity of slope, washing in different slopes and inclinations of orientation, where slope erosion and landslide phenomena are activated. The movement of heavy equipment is particularly dangerous in the areas of their distribution. The work is summarized with corresponding conclusions and recommendations.
subject: Geography
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creator: Arsen T. Grigoryan
creator: Serob A. Sujyan
creator: Armine S. Mkrtchyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 78
ending page: 85
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.1.078

IMPROVEMENT OF MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS AND ENSURING THE SAFE OPERATION OF THE AKHANGARAN RESERVOIR
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description: The article investigates methods for improving water discharge management and safety assurance mechanisms of the Akhangaran Reservoir. Based on the analysis of long-term hydrological data, the probabilistic distribution of maximum water discharges was determined using a three-parameter gamma distribution. Additionally, a comparison was conducted with the Gumbel Type I distribution. The calculations showed that the extreme water discharge with a 0,1% exceedance probability is 500 m3/s according to the three-parameter gamma distribution and 657 m3/s according to the Gumbel method, which is 31–32% higher. Based on these results, a reservoir operation rule curve (dispatch schedule) was developed, incorporating regulatory control of water levels and rates of inflow accumulation and release. This approach ensures efficient use of water resources and enhances safety under emergency conditions. The results of the study provide a scientific basis for the rational operation of the reservoir and for improving the reliability of hydraulic structures.
subject: Geography
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creator: Jasurjon S. ugli Khamrokulov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 70
ending page: 77
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.1.070

RISK ASSESSMENT OF WINTER WHEAT PATHOGEN DEVELOPMENT IN THE LANDSCAPE BELTS OF ARMENIA UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE
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description: Armenia's pronounced altitudinal zonation and ongoing climate aridization may change both crop phenology and phytopathological risks in cereal-growing areas. This study evaluates how landscape belts and recent climate trends affect the spatiotemporal distribution of risk for the main fungal diseases of winter wheat, including yellow rust, leaf rust, septoria tritici blotch, powdery mildew, and tan spot. To address this goal, stable cereal cultivation zones were identified, their phenological features were analyzed under different physical-geographical conditions, and risk maps were created for the selected pathogens. The results demonstrate that elevation is a key driver of phenological asynchrony. Warming and lower moisture availability are associated with faster seasonal development and a redistribution of disease risks: on average, risk decreases in low-mountain areas and increases in mid-mountain belts. These findings highlight the need for earlier, zone-prioritized phytosanitary monitoring.
subject: Geography
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creator: Igor I. Sereda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 50
ending page: 69
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.1.050

APPLICATION OF MATRICES IN THE TOURISM MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
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description: This article aims to justify the need for the application of matrix-based models in the tourism management system, using the Republic of Armenia as a case study, and to demonstrate their effectiveness, as data-driven decision making, tools for the tourism sector. This study investigates the tourism management system, with a particular focus on the spatial interrelationships of tourism infrastructure, including food service establishments and banking services (ATMs), and evaluates their accessibility through the application of matrix-based methods. The research employs geoinformatics and cartographic tools to perform the spatial analysis and visualization of tourism-related data. This methodological approach enables the identification of spatial interdependencies and enhances the accuracy of analytical outcomes. As a result, an analysis of the spatial distribution of banking ATMs was conducted using the ArcGIS Pro software through the OD Cost Matrix tool, based on the case of Yerevan City. This tool makes it possible to identify and measure the least-cost paths along a network from multiple origins to multiple destinations. The results indicate that matrix-based methods constitute effective instruments for managing tourism flows and destination attractiveness and can be applied not only within the Tourism Committee of the RA but also by Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
subject: Geography
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creator: Mariam S. Tashyan
creator: Artak S. Piloyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 31
ending page: 40
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.1.031

ON THE ROLE OF THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH OF THE 1988 SPITAK EARTHQUAKE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF APPLIED SEISMOLOGY AND SEISMIC PROTECTION
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description: The destructive 1988 Spitak earthquake is one of the most multilaterally and detailedly studied earthquakes in the world. It had severe consequences, and the international community provided unprecedented humanitarian aid to the victims. Numerous scientific papers have been published about this earthquake based on the obtained factual data and the results of their analysis. All this played a significant role in the development of applied seismology and seismic protection. The main objective is to identify the most significant accumulated factual data and the results of their analysis for modern science, to establish their role in the development of science and to indicate promising scientific tasks. The research methodology is based on the assessment of the importance of factual data, the results of their analysis, the value of the problems solved and the determination of their prospects. Results of the work: an attempt was made to determine role of the 1988 Spitak earthquake in the development of applied seismology and seismic protection; for the first time, the most important factual data are grouped; the important tasks that were solved on their basis are indicated; 7 promising scientific tasks are presented; the main literary sources of groups of factual data and the tasks solved on their basis are indicated; a number of factual data are presented that are little known for various reasons to a wide range of specialists.
subject: Geology
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creator: Sergey N. Nazaretyan
creator: Grigor G. Khachatryan
creator: Satenik G. Bakunts
creator: Ruben A. Haroutiunian
creator: Aik A. Kazarian
creator: Lyuba B. Mirzoyan
creator: Hayk A. Igityan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 16
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.1.001

SYSTEMIC DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL DRUG TRAFFICKING AND THE SECURITY POSITIONING OF THE SOUTH CAUCASUS
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description: This article analyzes the systemic dynamics of global drug trafficking, focusing on its spatial structure, development patterns, and security implications. The study examines the interconnections between production, transit, and consumption zones within the context of the formation and transformation of global supply networks. Particular attention is paid to geopolitical, socioeconomic, and institutional factors that shape the spatial dynamics and adaptive capacity of drug trafficking networks. The research applies comparative analysis, geographic mapping, and statistical data processing to identify high-risk regions and the main trafficking routes. A separate analytical section explores the security positioning of the South Caucasus as a crossroads transit zone within the global drug trafficking system, where multiple regional routes and security challenges intersect. The findings indicate that drug trafficking represents a multidimensional security threat affecting state stability, border security, and regional cooperation. The article contributes to the theoretical and applied study of drug trafficking and provides a conceptual basis for developing effective prevention and counteraction strategies in the South Caucasus.
subject: Geography
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creator: Narek A. Harutyunyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 86
ending page: 97
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2026.60.1.086

REISSUE OF THE "ATLAS OF HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY OF ARMENIA" – THE REVIVAL OF CLASSICAL CARTOGRAPHIC HERITAGE
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subject: Scientific Life
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creator: Gerard Dedeyan
creator: Vardan G. Mkhitaryan
creator: Gohar G. Ghambaryan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 688
ending page: 690
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.3.688

CURRENT TRENDS AND MAIN PROBLEMS OF DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
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description: At all times, both quantitative and qualitative indicators of human potential or demographic situation have had an essential role in solving various state strategic and tactical problems. Along with other factors, the demographic situation has conditioned the socio-economic growth and development of countries, strengthe-ning of defense capabilities and increase in military potential. To achieve a favorable demographic situation, countries have implemented and continue to implement special demographic policies. In this sense, the Republic of Armenia is no exception, where various processes have influenced the formation of the demographic situation during the Post-Soviet period. Identifying the existing problems of the current demographic situation and pointing out relevant solutions are considered one of the priority directions for the prospective development and socio-economic growth of the Republic of Armenia. In this context, the formation of a favorable demographic situation and effective management is one of the important guarantees for creating a stable security system.
subject: Geography
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creator: Aksel H. Potosyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 678
ending page: 687
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.3.678

MOUNTAIN RELIEF AS A FACTOR IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
type: item
description: The study, evaluation, and tourism-oriented utilization of the diverse characteristics of a country's territory, including its underlying natural-resource conditions, play a critical role in national economic development. In this context, the Republic of Armenia is no exception. Despite its relatively small geographical extent, Armenia exhibits remarkable physical and geographical diversity, with pronounced local variations, distinctive features in its natural territorial complexes, and notable aesthetic qualities and tourism appeal. For both international visitors and Armenian citizens, major attractions include not only the country's unique and centuries-old achievements in material and spiritual culture, but also the characteristic elements of its physical-geographical environment. These features are shaped primarily by the variety of Armenia's mountainous landscape and the morphology of its relief. Furthermore, in an era when tourism has become a key economic sector in many countries and contributes significantly to economic diversification, the purposeful and efficient utilization of all components of a country's tourism potential has become increasingly essential.
subject: Geography
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creator: Aksel H. Potosyan
creator: Karine V. Shakhoyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-12-29
publication date: 2026-12-29
starting page: 660
ending page: 669
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.3.660

CLIMATE CHANGES AND THE FUTURE OF THE CURONIAN (BALTIC SEA) AND GORGAN (CASPIAN SEA) SPITS
type: item
description: Using the example of two coastal landforms of the same origin, the impact of modern climate change on their transformation and preservation is considered. The materials from the author’s field research on the Baltic and Caspian Seas were used. On the Curonian Spit, the increased frequency of severe storm surges against the background of rising water levels in the Baltic Sea has increased coastal erosion, especially in its basal part, and threatens to break through the spit into the Bay of the same name. This will lead to the dismemberment of the Curonian Spit with the formation of separate islands. Due to the lowering of the Caspian Sea level, coastal abrasion is excluded on the Gorgan Spit. The body of the spit will expand from the seaward side due to the drainage of part of the underwater coastal slope. The bay of the same name has turned into a saline and brackish swamp. Measures have been proposed to save the Curonian Spit and the Gulf of Gorgan.
subject: Geography
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creator: Vladimir R. Boynagryan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 620
ending page: 631
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.3.620

HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS CIRCULATING IN THE CRATER, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN SLOPES OF ARAGATS VOLCANO
type: item
description: This study examines the hydrochemistry of mineral and freshwaters circulating in the crater of the Aragats volcano and on its Еastern and Сouthern slopes, as well as to clarifying several related issues. On the Еastern slopes, in connection with the composition of the mineral waters, a natural acid drainage phenomenon has been observed, which propagates downstream along the main tributary and gradually diminishes within the territory of the Tsaghkashen Village. In this area, noticeable differences are also observed in the compositions of waters discharging from outlets located in proximity to one another, which may be explained by the substantial difference in the depths of formation of the mineral and freshwater bodies, as well as by the isolation of their respective pathways to the Earth's surface. The most widespread and dominant water types were distinguished for the investigated sites, and their chemical formulas were determined according to Kurlov's classification.
subject: Geology
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creator: Hrachya V. Shahinyan
creator: Khachatur B. Meliksetian
creator: Shushanik S. Zakaryan
creator: Shushan A. Gyulnazaryan
creator: Edmond S. Grigoryan
creator: Narek A. Sahakyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 611
ending page: 619
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.3.611

THE FUMAROLE-SULFATE ORIGIN OPALITES AS A MINE-DEPOSITE OF NEW TYPE AND A HIGH TECHNOLOGICAL BASE FOR SILICATE PRODUCTION
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description: The opalites and qwarzites of newly discovered mine-deposite of Gomshategh are the most famous ones- due to the rich content of silicate rocks and silicium-oxide, free of elementary mixtures. On the bases of new technological schemes, the specialists of The Institute of Common and Disorganic Chemistry of The National Academy of Sciences of Armenia found out, that the opalites are being represented as a unique base material for production of ceramic, electronical-optical equipment, and especially for production of artificial vollastonite, sodium-hydrosilicate, several metallic silicates and a highly pure silicium-oxide for production of optical and electronical-vacuum glass. The opalites became a new type of nonmetallic deposite-material due to new technologies that revealed new spheres of their practical use in science and engineering.
subject: Geology
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creator: H. P. Guyumjyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-11-10
publication date: 2025-11-10
starting page: 143
ending page: 148
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2001.35.3.143

THE ROLE OF THE TRANSVERSE TECTONIC STRUCTURES OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA IN SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT
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description: Geological and geophysical data testify to the important role of transversal (near meridional) tectonic dislocations in tectonic structure of the RA territory and adjacent areas. GPS observation data show that maximal horizontal motion and stress concentration also occur in transverse direction. All these indicate the transversal seismogenic fault's activization in assessment of seismic potential of these faults and therefore in compiling the seismic zonation map of the republic.
subject: Geology
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creator: H. H. Sargsian
creator: A. S. Avanessian
creator: M. A. Avanessian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-11-10
publication date: 2025-11-10
starting page: 134
ending page: 142
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2001.35.3.134

ON SOME PROBLEMS OF INTRA-ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINEREALIZATION IN RIVER WATERS
type: item
description: A number of essential peculiarities of intra-annual distribution of mineralization of river waters are analyzed in the paper. The results provide that the mineralization in river waters has a precise intra-annual distribution and directly relates to water discharge. The maximal value of mineralization and the minimal runoff of drought period manifest themselves simultaneously; while the minimal value of mineralization coincides with the maximal runoff in flood period.
subject: Short Communications
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creator: T. G. Vardanyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2001 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2001-03-16
publication date: 2001-03-16
starting page: 153
ending page: 157
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2001.35.1.153

CRYOGENIC EXODYNAMIC SYSTEM OF RELIEF FORMATTING IN ARMENIA AND ARTSAKH
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description: Initiating cryogenic ehodynamic system is one of the most progressive geomorphologic factors of relief formatting in landscape of Armenia and Artsakh highland zone (altitudes over 2 000 m). The article surveys climatic preconditions for developing of different cryogenic processes sub-types, their essence, nature and differences as well as microforms and sediments evolving alongside with them. Nivation is responsible for slips, Karrooids, scratched-up cones whereas cross- solifluxion causes slow movement of alluvial shingles and hillocks erecting. Polygonal gettings, stone rings, medallions originate from the ground freezing and thawing in periods of seasonal frosts. Cryogen processes carry negative impact on economic activities of man. This fact calls for detailed studies, wide range works for map drawing and drafting of nature protection program.
subject: Geography
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creator: F. S. Gevorkian
creator: R. Kh. Gaginian
creator: Yu. A. Arakelyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2001-03-16
publication date: 2001-03-16
starting page: 127
ending page: 135
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2001.35.1.127

PROBLEMS OF TECHNOGENE GEOCHEMISTRY
type: item
description: Brief overview of Armenia's potential in supplementary ore and mineral resources, which could be extracted without significant capital investments from the industrial waists and mounds processing, sewerage treatment silt utilization as well as gold, titanium and other precious components' gravel deposits exploitation, reveals that prospective investors' attention should be focused on the mentioned above aspects. Thereupon, the works concerned with the Prikama's potential technogene deposits of sand methodological evaluation undertaken at Perm University have exclusive importance and their results are proposed below.
subject: Geology
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creator: R. G. Gevorkian
creator: B. S. Lunev
creator: V. A. Naumov
creator: O. B. Naumova
creator: V. V. Goldirev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2001-03-16
publication date: 2001-03-16
starting page: 118
ending page: 126
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2001.35.1.118

THE GEOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL POSITION OF AYGEDZOR ORE KNOT
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description: In the article the structural condition of localization of golden, molibdenium and copper-molibdenium mineralization in the area are examined. The role of the disjunctive fractures, which are conjugated with Debacly fault, in the distribution of mineralization is elucidated. With the purpose of revealing new long-range territories a detailed geostructural analysis of 2-3 km width zone adjacent to Debacly fault is given.
subject: Geology
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creator: R. A. Harutunyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2001 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2001-03-16
publication date: 2001-03-16
starting page: 112
ending page: 117
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2001.35.1.112

THE DEPENDENCE OF THE MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE OF THE RIVERS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA UPON MEAN TEMPERATURE IN JULY
type: item
description: The link between the mean annual temperature and the mean temperature in July of the water of the rivers has been investigated. Linear equations of their link have been made for this purpose for the rivers having different feeding and for all hydrological regions of the Republic of Armenia. They are of great practical importance and can be used to determine the mean annual water temperature of the rivers which are poorly investigated or not investigated at all.
subject: Geography
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creator: A. T. Grigoryan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
starting page: 130
ending page: 134
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.3.130

THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ARMENIAN GEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
type: item
description: The scientific workers of historical and regional geology Department of Yerevan State University started working on the first Armenian Enciclopedia Dictionary of geological terms (about 6000 terms). Taking into account the importance of the problem in the item are written those basic principles, which are created by authors and will be used in compilation of the dictionary.
subject: Geology
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creator: H. H. Sargsyan
creator: R.H. Sargsyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
starting page: 124
ending page: 129
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.3.124

THE IMPACT OF DRAINAGE NETWORK CONDITION ON THE MINERALIZATION OF WATER
type: item
description: The use of manifold-drainage water for the purpose of irrigation is first of all conditioned by its mineralization and quality. Prognosis on the mineralization of drainage water is made depending on the depth of the ground water level bedding. The expected mineralization after the water in manifolds, drainage network and water-collector is mixed, has also been prognosticated. According to the estimates, the cleaning of the manifold-drainage network (reducing of the ground water level) of Ararat valley will not significantly affect the mineralization and quality of the water and it will still be good for irrigation. The overall flow of that type of water during the vegetation period is approximately 20-25 m3/s (400-500 mln m3).
subject: Geology
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creator: Zh. A. Achoyan
creator: T. G. Mkrtchyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
starting page: 118
ending page: 123
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.3.118