Proceedings of the YSU C: Geological and Geographical Sciences
type: channel
description: Proceedings of the YSU C: Geological and Geographical Sciences aims to publish original research papers and survey articles in all areas of geology and geography. Proc. YSU C: Geol. Geogr. Sci. accepts also review articles, short communications, conference proceedings, Ph.D and doctoral thesis's and other items with a detailed exposition of results, experiments and examples. One of purposes is to reflect the progress of the research in all areas of geology and geography in Armenia and, by providing an international forum, to stimulate its further developments.
publisher: Yerevan State University
language: en
publication name: Proceedings of the YSU C: Geological and Geographical Sciences
issn: 1829-1759
items: REISSUE OF THE "ATLAS OF HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY OF ARMENIA" – THE REVIVAL OF CLASSICAL CARTOGRAPHIC HERITAGE
items: CURRENT TRENDS AND MAIN PROBLEMS OF DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
items: MOUNTAIN RELIEF AS A FACTOR IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
items: CLIMATE CHANGES AND THE FUTURE OF THE CURONIAN (BALTIC SEA) AND GORGAN (CASPIAN SEA) SPITS
items: HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS CIRCULATING IN THE CRATER, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN SLOPES OF ARAGATS VOLCANO
items: THE FUMAROLE-SULFATE ORIGIN OPALITES AS A MINE-DEPOSITE OF NEW TYPE AND A HIGH TECHNOLOGICAL BASE FOR SILICATE PRODUCTION
items: THE ROLE OF THE TRANSVERSE TECTONIC STRUCTURES OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA IN SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT
items: ON SOME PROBLEMS OF INTRA-ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINEREALIZATION IN RIVER WATERS
items: CRYOGENIC EXODYNAMIC SYSTEM OF RELIEF FORMATTING IN ARMENIA AND ARTSAKH
items: PROBLEMS OF TECHNOGENE GEOCHEMISTRY
items: THE GEOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL POSITION OF AYGEDZOR ORE KNOT
items: THE DEPENDENCE OF THE MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE OF THE RIVERS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA UPON MEAN TEMPERATURE IN JULY
items: THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ARMENIAN GEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
items: THE IMPACT OF DRAINAGE NETWORK CONDITION ON THE MINERALIZATION OF WATER
items: DYNAMICS OF LAKE DEVELOPMENT IN ARID REGIONS DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND IMPACTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC FACTOR
items: SOGHOMON P. BALIAN
items: THE HIGH-ALTITUDE GEOMORPHOLOGIC-LANDSCAPE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE SMALL CAUCASUS
items: THE DEPENDENCE OF THE WATER TEMPERATURE OF THE RIVERS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA UPON THE AIR TEMPERATURE
items: RATIO OF STRUCTURAL AND OROGRAPHICAL FORMS OF CENTRAL ARMENIA
items: SOME QUESTIONS OF OILGAS-BEARING OF AZAT AND HRAZDAN RIVERS BASINS IN CONNECTION WITH DATA OF NEW WELLS
items: PROBLEMS AND PRESENT CONDITIONS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
items: THE ESTIMATION OF THE RISK OF DEGRADATION OF THE SOILS OF ARARAT HOLLOW ON THE MODEL OF ARARAT REGION
items: THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND PERSPECTIVES OF KHDEBANTS GOLD ORE MANIFESTATION
items: THE RATIONAL DEGREE OF EXPLORATION OF STOCKWORK AND STRATUM DEPOSITS
items: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HYDROPHYSICAL AND GEOELECTRIC PARAMETERS IN VOLCANIC ROCKS
items: HYDROLOGICAL METHOD DEFINITION OF DESERTIFICATION BORDER
items: ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN THE CONTEXT OF A CHANGING CLIMATE: ADAPTATION, STABILITY, AND INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
items: DEVELOPMENT OF A PERMACULTURE IMPLEMENTATION MODEL BASED ON THE EXAMPLES OF THE SIS, RANCHPAR AND HOVTASHAT COMMUNITIES IN THE MASIS CONSOLIDATED COMMUNITY OF THE ARARAT REGION
items: ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL OF CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF THE HRAZDAN RIVER
items: DYNAMICS OF ESTIMATED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND HUMIDITY OF IRRIGATED SOILS IN ARMENIA

REISSUE OF THE "ATLAS OF HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY OF ARMENIA" – THE REVIVAL OF CLASSICAL CARTOGRAPHIC HERITAGE
type: item
subject: Scientific Life
  topic: section
subject: Armenia
  topic: keywords
subject: Atlas of Historical Cartography of Armenia
  topic: keywords
creator: Gerard Dedeyan
creator: Vardan G. Mkhitaryan
creator: Gohar G. Ghambaryan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 688
ending page: 690
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.3.688

CURRENT TRENDS AND MAIN PROBLEMS OF DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
type: item
description: At all times, both quantitative and qualitative indicators of human potential or demographic situation have had an essential role in solving various state strategic and tactical problems. Along with other factors, the demographic situation has conditioned the socio-economic growth and development of countries, strengthe-ning of defense capabilities and increase in military potential. To achieve a favorable demographic situation, countries have implemented and continue to implement special demographic policies. In this sense, the Republic of Armenia is no exception, where various processes have influenced the formation of the demographic situation during the Post-Soviet period. Identifying the existing problems of the current demographic situation and pointing out relevant solutions are considered one of the priority directions for the prospective development and socio-economic growth of the Republic of Armenia. In this context, the formation of a favorable demographic situation and effective management is one of the important guarantees for creating a stable security system.
subject: Geography
  topic: section
subject: demographic processes
  topic: keywords
subject: problems
  topic: keywords
subject: current trends
  topic: keywords
subject: the military capacity
  topic: keywords
subject: RA
  topic: keywords
creator: Aksel H. Potosyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 678
ending page: 687
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.3.678

MOUNTAIN RELIEF AS A FACTOR IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
type: item
description: The study, evaluation, and tourism-oriented utilization of the diverse characteristics of a country's territory, including its underlying natural-resource conditions, play a critical role in national economic development. In this context, the Republic of Armenia is no exception. Despite its relatively small geographical extent, Armenia exhibits remarkable physical and geographical diversity, with pronounced local variations, distinctive features in its natural territorial complexes, and notable aesthetic qualities and tourism appeal. For both international visitors and Armenian citizens, major attractions include not only the country's unique and centuries-old achievements in material and spiritual culture, but also the characteristic elements of its physical-geographical environment. These features are shaped primarily by the variety of Armenia's mountainous landscape and the morphology of its relief. Furthermore, in an era when tourism has become a key economic sector in many countries and contributes significantly to economic diversification, the purposeful and efficient utilization of all components of a country's tourism potential has become increasingly essential.
subject: Geography
  topic: section
subject: mountain relief
  topic: keywords
subject: Republic of Armenia
  topic: keywords
subject: features of mountainous terrain
  topic: keywords
subject: tourist resources
  topic: keywords
subject: tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: tourist attractiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: landscape diversity
  topic: keywords
creator: Aksel H. Potosyan
creator: Karine V. Shakhoyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2026-12-29
publication date: 2026-12-29
starting page: 660
ending page: 669
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.3.660

CLIMATE CHANGES AND THE FUTURE OF THE CURONIAN (BALTIC SEA) AND GORGAN (CASPIAN SEA) SPITS
type: item
description: Using the example of two coastal landforms of the same origin, the impact of modern climate change on their transformation and preservation is considered. The materials from the author’s field research on the Baltic and Caspian Seas were used. On the Curonian Spit, the increased frequency of severe storm surges against the background of rising water levels in the Baltic Sea has increased coastal erosion, especially in its basal part, and threatens to break through the spit into the Bay of the same name. This will lead to the dismemberment of the Curonian Spit with the formation of separate islands. Due to the lowering of the Caspian Sea level, coastal abrasion is excluded on the Gorgan Spit. The body of the spit will expand from the seaward side due to the drainage of part of the underwater coastal slope. The bay of the same name has turned into a saline and brackish swamp. Measures have been proposed to save the Curonian Spit and the Gulf of Gorgan.
subject: Geography
  topic: section
subject: abrasion
  topic: keywords
subject: beach
  topic: keywords
subject: dune
  topic: keywords
subject: storm surge of water
  topic: keywords
creator: Vladimir R. Boynagryan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 620
ending page: 631
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.3.620

HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS CIRCULATING IN THE CRATER, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN SLOPES OF ARAGATS VOLCANO
type: item
description: This study examines the hydrochemistry of mineral and freshwaters circulating in the crater of the Aragats volcano and on its Еastern and Сouthern slopes, as well as to clarifying several related issues. On the Еastern slopes, in connection with the composition of the mineral waters, a natural acid drainage phenomenon has been observed, which propagates downstream along the main tributary and gradually diminishes within the territory of the Tsaghkashen Village. In this area, noticeable differences are also observed in the compositions of waters discharging from outlets located in proximity to one another, which may be explained by the substantial difference in the depths of formation of the mineral and freshwater bodies, as well as by the isolation of their respective pathways to the Earth's surface. The most widespread and dominant water types were distinguished for the investigated sites, and their chemical formulas were determined according to Kurlov's classification.
subject: Geology
  topic: section
subject: hydrochemistry
  topic: keywords
subject: Aragats volcano
  topic: keywords
subject: mineral water
  topic: keywords
subject: oxygen barrier
  topic: keywords
subject: water composition
  topic: keywords
subject: mineralization
  topic: keywords
subject: natural acid drainage
  topic: keywords
creator: Hrachya V. Shahinyan
creator: Khachatur B. Meliksetian
creator: Shushanik S. Zakaryan
creator: Shushan A. Gyulnazaryan
creator: Edmond S. Grigoryan
creator: Narek A. Sahakyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 611
ending page: 619
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.3.611

THE FUMAROLE-SULFATE ORIGIN OPALITES AS A MINE-DEPOSITE OF NEW TYPE AND A HIGH TECHNOLOGICAL BASE FOR SILICATE PRODUCTION
type: item
description: The opalites and qwarzites of newly discovered mine-deposite of Gomshategh are the most famous ones- due to the rich content of silicate rocks and silicium-oxide, free of elementary mixtures. On the bases of new technological schemes, the specialists of The Institute of Common and Disorganic Chemistry of The National Academy of Sciences of Armenia found out, that the opalites are being represented as a unique base material for production of ceramic, electronical-optical equipment, and especially for production of artificial vollastonite, sodium-hydrosilicate, several metallic silicates and a highly pure silicium-oxide for production of optical and electronical-vacuum glass. The opalites became a new type of nonmetallic deposite-material due to new technologies that revealed new spheres of their practical use in science and engineering.
subject: Geology
  topic: section
subject: highly pure silicium-oxide
  topic: keywords
subject: vollastonite
  topic: keywords
subject: sodium-hydrosilicate
  topic: keywords
subject: opalites
  topic: keywords
subject: nonmetallic deposite-material
  topic: keywords
creator: H. P. Guyumjyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-11-10
publication date: 2025-11-10
starting page: 143
ending page: 148
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2001.35.3.143

THE ROLE OF THE TRANSVERSE TECTONIC STRUCTURES OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA IN SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT
type: item
description: Geological and geophysical data testify to the important role of transversal (near meridional) tectonic dislocations in tectonic structure of the RA territory and adjacent areas. GPS observation data show that maximal horizontal motion and stress concentration also occur in transverse direction. All these indicate the transversal seismogenic fault's activization in assessment of seismic potential of these faults and therefore in compiling the seismic zonation map of the republic.
subject: Geology
  topic: section
subject: transverse tectonic structures
  topic: keywords
subject: seismic hazard
  topic: keywords
subject: transversal seismogenic fault’s
  topic: keywords
creator: H. H. Sargsian
creator: A. S. Avanessian
creator: M. A. Avanessian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-11-10
publication date: 2025-11-10
starting page: 134
ending page: 142
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2001.35.3.134

ON SOME PROBLEMS OF INTRA-ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINEREALIZATION IN RIVER WATERS
type: item
description: A number of essential peculiarities of intra-annual distribution of mineralization of river waters are analyzed in the paper. The results provide that the mineralization in river waters has a precise intra-annual distribution and directly relates to water discharge. The maximal value of mineralization and the minimal runoff of drought period manifest themselves simultaneously; while the minimal value of mineralization coincides with the maximal runoff in flood period.
subject: Short Communications
  topic: section
subject: intra-annual distribution of mineralization of river waters
  topic: keywords
subject: maximal runoff in flood period
  topic: keywords
subject: minimal runoff of drought period
  topic: keywords
creator: T. G. Vardanyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2001 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2001-03-16
publication date: 2001-03-16
starting page: 153
ending page: 157
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2001.35.1.153

CRYOGENIC EXODYNAMIC SYSTEM OF RELIEF FORMATTING IN ARMENIA AND ARTSAKH
type: item
description: Initiating cryogenic ehodynamic system is one of the most progressive geomorphologic factors of relief formatting in landscape of Armenia and Artsakh highland zone (altitudes over 2 000 m). The article surveys climatic preconditions for developing of different cryogenic processes sub-types, their essence, nature and differences as well as microforms and sediments evolving alongside with them. Nivation is responsible for slips, Karrooids, scratched-up cones whereas cross- solifluxion causes slow movement of alluvial shingles and hillocks erecting. Polygonal gettings, stone rings, medallions originate from the ground freezing and thawing in periods of seasonal frosts. Cryogen processes carry negative impact on economic activities of man. This fact calls for detailed studies, wide range works for map drawing and drafting of nature protection program.
subject: Geography
  topic: section
subject: cryogenic ehodynamic system
  topic: keywords
subject: Armenia
  topic: keywords
subject: nivation
  topic: keywords
creator: F. S. Gevorkian
creator: R. Kh. Gaginian
creator: Yu. A. Arakelyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2001-03-16
publication date: 2001-03-16
starting page: 127
ending page: 135
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2001.35.1.127

PROBLEMS OF TECHNOGENE GEOCHEMISTRY
type: item
description: Brief overview of Armenia's potential in supplementary ore and mineral resources, which could be extracted without significant capital investments from the industrial waists and mounds processing, sewerage treatment silt utilization as well as gold, titanium and other precious components' gravel deposits exploitation, reveals that prospective investors' attention should be focused on the mentioned above aspects. Thereupon, the works concerned with the Prikama's potential technogene deposits of sand methodological evaluation undertaken at Perm University have exclusive importance and their results are proposed below.
subject: Geology
  topic: section
subject: техногенной геохимии
  topic: keywords
subject: Армения
  topic: keywords
creator: R. G. Gevorkian
creator: B. S. Lunev
creator: V. A. Naumov
creator: O. B. Naumova
creator: V. V. Goldirev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2001-03-16
publication date: 2001-03-16
starting page: 118
ending page: 126
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2001.35.1.118

THE GEOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL POSITION OF AYGEDZOR ORE KNOT
type: item
description: In the article the structural condition of localization of golden, molibdenium and copper-molibdenium mineralization in the area are examined. The role of the disjunctive fractures, which are conjugated with Debacly fault, in the distribution of mineralization is elucidated. With the purpose of revealing new long-range territories a detailed geostructural analysis of 2-3 km width zone adjacent to Debacly fault is given.
subject: Geology
  topic: section
subject: Аygedzor ore knot
  topic: keywords
subject: Debacly fault
  topic: keywords
subject: golden
  topic: keywords
subject: molibdenium
  topic: keywords
subject: copper-molibdenium mineralization
  topic: keywords
subject: disjunctive fractures
  topic: keywords
creator: R. A. Harutunyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2001 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2001-03-16
publication date: 2001-03-16
starting page: 112
ending page: 117
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2001.35.1.112

THE DEPENDENCE OF THE MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE OF THE RIVERS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA UPON MEAN TEMPERATURE IN JULY
type: item
description: The link between the mean annual temperature and the mean temperature in July of the water of the rivers has been investigated. Linear equations of their link have been made for this purpose for the rivers having different feeding and for all hydrological regions of the Republic of Armenia. They are of great practical importance and can be used to determine the mean annual water temperature of the rivers which are poorly investigated or not investigated at all.
subject: Geography
  topic: section
subject: mean annual temperature
  topic: keywords
subject: mean temperature in July
  topic: keywords
subject: mean annual temperature the water of the rivers in hydrological regions of the Republic of Armenia
  topic: keywords
creator: A. T. Grigoryan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
starting page: 130
ending page: 134
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.3.130

THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ARMENIAN GEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
type: item
description: The scientific workers of historical and regional geology Department of Yerevan State University started working on the first Armenian Enciclopedia Dictionary of geological terms (about 6000 terms). Taking into account the importance of the problem in the item are written those basic principles, which are created by authors and will be used in compilation of the dictionary.
subject: Geology
  topic: section
subject: Armenian Enciclopedia Dictionary of geological terms
  topic: keywords
subject: historical and regional geology
  topic: keywords
subject: Armenian Geological Dictionary
  topic: keywords
creator: H. H. Sargsyan
creator: R.H. Sargsyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
starting page: 124
ending page: 129
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.3.124

THE IMPACT OF DRAINAGE NETWORK CONDITION ON THE MINERALIZATION OF WATER
type: item
description: The use of manifold-drainage water for the purpose of irrigation is first of all conditioned by its mineralization and quality. Prognosis on the mineralization of drainage water is made depending on the depth of the ground water level bedding. The expected mineralization after the water in manifolds, drainage network and water-collector is mixed, has also been prognosticated. According to the estimates, the cleaning of the manifold-drainage network (reducing of the ground water level) of Ararat valley will not significantly affect the mineralization and quality of the water and it will still be good for irrigation. The overall flow of that type of water during the vegetation period is approximately 20-25 m3/s (400-500 mln m3).
subject: Geology
  topic: section
subject: manifold-drainage water
  topic: keywords
subject: drainage water
  topic: keywords
subject: ground water level bedding
  topic: keywords
subject: mineralization of water
  topic: keywords
creator: Zh. A. Achoyan
creator: T. G. Mkrtchyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
starting page: 118
ending page: 123
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.3.118

DYNAMICS OF LAKE DEVELOPMENT IN ARID REGIONS DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND IMPACTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC FACTOR
type: item
description: Contemporary climate change has precipitated the desiccation of the Aral Sea (Lake) as well as Lakes Chad and Urmia. The first two lakes repeatedly sharply lost their water volume during severe droughts for quite a long time, and during wet periods they recovered again. Periods of severe droughts and humidification of their basins have been identified. Their current desiccation began in the 1960s and is developing according to a similar scenario. Lake Urmia lost its prehistoric water volume due to the tectonic subsidence of its basin at the end of the Late Pleistocene. In more recent times, fluctuations in its level have been mainly associated with changes in climatic conditions. The current desiccation of all three lakes coincided with a new dry climate cycle, which was superimposed by anthropogenic impact, that have culminated in catastrophic consequences. The lakes can be saved only by completely abandoning the use of river runoff for agricultural purposes. The lakes will gradually recover during the wet climate cycle, which may replace the current dry phase.
subject: Geography
  topic: section
subject: climatic cycle
  topic: keywords
subject: drought
  topic: keywords
subject: humidification
  topic: keywords
subject: water level
  topic: keywords
creator: Vladimir R. Boynagryan
creator: Anzhela A. Ayriyants
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 632
ending page: 644
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.3.632

SOGHOMON P. BALIAN
type: item
subject: Personalia
  topic: section
subject: professor
  topic: keywords
subject: Honored Geologist of Armenia
  topic: keywords
subject: highly experienced teacher
  topic: keywords
creator: Faculty of Geography and Geology
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-20
publication date: 2025-10-20
starting page: 175
ending page: 176
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.2.175

THE HIGH-ALTITUDE GEOMORPHOLOGIC-LANDSCAPE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE SMALL CAUCASUS
type: item
description: The principles and criteria of distinguishing the high-altitude geomorphologic- landscape zones, suh-zones and sub-zone sections are defined in this article. The main criteria of distinguishing are the value of the annual radiation balance, the quantity of the annual precipitation and its ratio, which is expressed by the value of the radiation index of dryness. The coefficient of moistening, the morphogenetic types of the relief, their qualitative and quantitative indexes are also taken into consideration. The geomorphologic and landscape features of the high-altitude zones are defined. The high-altitude limits of spreading and the occupied areas of the zones and sub-zones are shown in the table. Within the Small Caucasus we have distinguished 3 high-altitude zones and 8 sub-zones, the card- scheme of which is shown in the article.
subject: Geography
  topic: section
subject: high-altitude geomorphologic-landscape differentiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Small Caucasus
  topic: keywords
subject: Republic of Armenia
  topic: keywords
subject: high-altitude geomorphologic- landscape zones
  topic: keywords
subject: suh-zones and sub-zone sections
  topic: keywords
creator: S. L. Shahazizyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-20
publication date: 2025-10-20
starting page: 140
ending page: 145
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.2.140

THE DEPENDENCE OF THE WATER TEMPERATURE OF THE RIVERS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA UPON THE AIR TEMPERATURE
type: item
description: The dependence of the temperature of the water of the rivers is discussed in the work. The mentioned linear equations of dependence have been made for the rivers having different feeding and for all hydrological regions of the Republic of Armenia for the purpose of revealing it. They are of great practicBal importance and can be used to determine the water temperature of the rivers which are poorly investigated or not investigated at all.
subject: Geography
  topic: section
subject: Republic of Armenia
  topic: keywords
subject: temperature of the water of the rivers
  topic: keywords
subject: dependence of the temperature
  topic: keywords
creator: A. T. Grigoryan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-20
publication date: 2025-10-20
starting page: 135
ending page: 139
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.2.135

RATIO OF STRUCTURAL AND OROGRAPHICAL FORMS OF CENTRAL ARMENIA
type: item
description: In the article orographical and structural forms of Central Armenia as well as their ratio are considered. The profiles of the relief were made by Geographical Information Systems on the basis of electronic topographic maps of scale 1:200 000. The received data can be usefull for the prediction of a place of occurrence of earthquakes, seismic zoning, and electronic maps - for analysis and modeling of sliding processes.
subject: Geology
  topic: section
subject: orographical forms
  topic: keywords
subject: structural forms
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Armenia
  topic: keywords
creator: H. H. Sargsyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-20
publication date: 2025-10-20
starting page: 128
ending page: 134
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.2.128

SOME QUESTIONS OF OILGAS-BEARING OF AZAT AND HRAZDAN RIVERS BASINS IN CONNECTION WITH DATA OF NEW WELLS
type: item
description: The absence of oil and gas in section of the Azat-1 well is connected with the following causes: 1) in the section of the Azat-1 well thick (up to 500 m) shale seals of lower oligocene (Shoragbjur suite) do not participate; 2) the very close occurrence and connection of paleocene-eocene sections, which are exposed in the Azat-1 well and in valey of the Azat River; 3) the existense of paleocene-middle eocene vertical and turned beds in the Azat-1 well and in outcrops of the Azat River basin; 4) the close neighbourhood of the Azat-1 well and Azat fault. Favorable conditions for accumulation and conservation of oil and gas may be expected in the paleogene-neogene sedimentary sections of area between vv. Nubarashen–Djrvej and of area of well Razdan-11.
subject: Geology
  topic: section
subject: Azat River
  topic: keywords
subject: Razdan-11
  topic: keywords
subject: Azat-1
  topic: keywords
subject: oilgas-bearing of Azat and Hrazdan Rivers Basins
  topic: keywords
creator: H. A. Sadoyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-20
publication date: 2025-10-20
starting page: 121
ending page: 127
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.2.121

PROBLEMS AND PRESENT CONDITIONS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
type: item
description: Ground water monitoring in the Republic of Armenia is important to promote sustainable management of ground water resources. That was not conducted during last years. Problems for organizing of observation network for ground water monitoring on the basis of present systematic studies network and also the optimum frequency of measurements and observations during quantitative and qualitative ground water monitoring are considered in the paper.
subject: Short Communications
  topic: section
subject: groundwater monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: quantitative and qualitative groundwater monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: Republic of Armenia
  topic: keywords
creator: H. A. Aghinian
creator: A. H. Aghinian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
starting page: 139
ending page: 141
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.1.131

THE ESTIMATION OF THE RISK OF DEGRADATION OF THE SOILS OF ARARAT HOLLOW ON THE MODEL OF ARARAT REGION
type: item
description: The government has lost the main functions of management and the control of soil resources as a result of privatization of soils since 1990 which led to negative changes and aggravation of geoecological problems. In 1999 493.5 (0.4%) hectares of agricultural grounds were already out of use in the region. The classification of the degree of the origin of risk has been carried out according to the data of studies of the types of degradation soils of high-altitude zones. Three gradations of the degree of the risk of extraordinary ecological situation have been distinguished and mapped. The main problems for each area have been determined, the further aggravation of which may lead to the origin of extraordinary ecological situation of local level in the given area as a result of strengthening of anthropogenic load. The high degree of the risk of the origin of extraordinary ecological situation is characterized by considerable and weakly compensating changes and the loss of soils (salinization, bogging up), the average degree is characterized by partial losses of natural resources potential (spreading of soil erosion) and the low degree is characterized as the most weakly degrading with partial losses of soil (sand-pits and dumps of surface output of limestone).
subject: Geography
  topic: section
subject: Ararat Hollow
  topic: keywords
subject: Ararat Region
  topic: keywords
subject: degradation soils
  topic: keywords
creator: R. Kh. Gaginian
creator: P. G. Davtyan
creator: A. V. Khoetsyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
starting page: 108
ending page: 114
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.1.108

THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND PERSPECTIVES OF KHDEBANTS GOLD ORE MANIFESTATION
type: item
description: The article discusses the geological structure of Khdebants gold ore manifestation which is localized in the skams. The comparative characteristic of that ore manifestation with well studied deposits of that type is given. Based on the analysis of existing geological information conclusions are made on both Khdebants ore manifestation and "scam" gold of Zangezur.
subject: Geology
  topic: section
subject: Khdebants gold ore manifestation
  topic: keywords
subject: "scam" gold of Zangezur
  topic: keywords
subject: skams
  topic: keywords
creator: R. A. Haroutyunyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2002 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2002-03-20
publication date: 2002-03-20
starting page: 101
ending page: 107
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2002.36.1.101

THE RATIONAL DEGREE OF EXPLORATION OF STOCKWORK AND STRATUM DEPOSITS
type: item
description: Based on the actual materials of exploration and exploitation of deposits of the marked industrial types the limiting errors of the average contents of metals at different stages of investigation are determined. The questions of correlation between the necessary degree of objects exploration and reserves of various categories are also considered. spatial time of desertification allocation, but also give forecast possibilities.
subject: Geology
  topic: section
subject: stockwork and stratum deposits
  topic: keywords
subject: exploration and exploitation of deposits
  topic: keywords
creator: H. H. Mkrtchyan
creator: R. S. Movsesyan
creator: H. S. Ezakyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2003-10-10
publication date: 2003-10-10
starting page: 138
ending page: 142
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2003.37.3.138

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HYDROPHYSICAL AND GEOELECTRIC PARAMETERS IN VOLCANIC ROCKS
type: item
description: A flow rate of ground water streams is necessary to determine for water balance calculations, as well as for setting up the locations of prospecting boreholes. In case of lack of hydrogeological data for solving the definite problems in practice it is proposed to use both hydrodynamic and geophysical data based on correlation relationships. A number of examples of ground water streams discharges discovered at Sevan Lake basin territories has been discussed in the article.
subject: Geography
  topic: section
subject: hydrophysical and geoelectric parameters
  topic: keywords
subject: volcanic rocks
  topic: keywords
subject: ground water streams
  topic: keywords
subject: Sevan Lake
  topic: keywords
creator: V. P. Vardanyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2003.37.3.134

HYDROLOGICAL METHOD DEFINITION OF DESERTIFICATION BORDER
type: item
description: Desertification, as a natural phenomenon, is stipulated by interaction of numerous factors. The article undertakes the attempt of defining the upper border of the desertification territory by hydrological methods. For desertification upper borders the altitude of precipitation and total vaporization crossing is admitted, and for the upper territory border, which is under the desertification danger is the altitude of precipitation and evaporation crossing. The above mentioned climatic and hydrologic methods not only highlight the regularities of spatial time of desertification allocation, but also give forecast possibilities.
subject: Geography
  topic: section
subject: desertification territory
  topic: keywords
subject: hydrologic methods
  topic: keywords
subject: evaporation crossing
  topic: keywords
creator: A. V. Khoetsyan
creator: B. P. Mnatsakanyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
starting page: 131
ending page: 139
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2003.37.2.131

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN THE CONTEXT OF A CHANGING CLIMATE: ADAPTATION, STABILITY, AND INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
type: item
description: On the occasion of the Professional Days of Forester, Hydrologist and Meteorologist, at the initiative of the Faculty of Geography and Geology of YSU, with the financial support of the Committee on Higher Education and Science of the RA Ministry of Environment (Research Project No. 24WS-1E035), an international three-day conference entitled “Current Issues in Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring in a Changing Climate: Adaptation, Sustainability and Production Process” was held from March 20 to 22, 2025. During the conference, the achievements and prospects of the development of fundamental and applied scientific research in the field of hydrometeorology, environmental monitoring, biodiversity and ensuring ecological safety were discussed and presented, the priority issues, development patterns and prospects in the field of hydrometeorology were identified and revealed, the problems of economic management of the development of modern society and legal regulation of the ecosystem were assessed, the role of the latter in solving the socio-economic problems of the region was assessed, the current state of the environment, and the issues of climate change were analyzed and assessed. 65 reports were made in offline and online formats, a significant part of which has great scientific value and great scientific-applied potential. In total, more than 200 participants (in person and online) participated in the conference, including state officials, representatives of international organizations, representatives of Armenian and foreign universities, and famous people. The conference was attended by renowned scientists from France, Germany, Russia, Uzbekistan, Belarus, and Tajikistan. The main achievements of this scientific event were the expansion of international cooperation and the exchange of experience. At the end of the conference, the speakers were awarded certificates and letters of appreciation.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25

DEVELOPMENT OF A PERMACULTURE IMPLEMENTATION MODEL BASED ON THE EXAMPLES OF THE SIS, RANCHPAR AND HOVTASHAT COMMUNITIES IN THE MASIS CONSOLIDATED COMMUNITY OF THE ARARAT REGION
type: item
description: The results of the research pertain to the enhancement of the efficiency in utilizing the effluent waters from fish farms operating within the administrative boundaries of the Sis, Ranchpar and Hovtashat settlements in the enlarged Masis community. The study addresses the optimal utilization of agricultural lands and the development of a sustainable economic development model, aligned with the principles and requirements of Permaculture design. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the groundwater effluents discharged from the aquaculture enterprises in the aforementioned settlements. The chemical composition and various quantitative parameters of these waters were examined. Additionally, the extent of waterlogged areas, their distribution zones, and the potential adverse effects on the fertility of agricultural soils and the surrounding environment were evaluated. In order to mitigate these negative impacts, a Permaculture-based remediation model was developed, and the feasibility of implementing this model was substantiated as a means of reducing the ecological negative consequences of aquaculture activities, while laying a foundation for the sustainable development of the economy.
subject: Conference Proceedings
  topic: section
subject: permaculture
  topic: keywords
subject: efficient water use
  topic: keywords
subject: aquaculture
  topic: keywords
subject: groundwater
  topic: keywords
subject: agricultural lands
  topic: keywords
subject: efficient land use
  topic: keywords
creator: Gurgen M. Yeghiazaryan
creator: Monika V. Khachatryan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: 290
ending page: 297
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.2.290

ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL OF CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF THE HRAZDAN RIVER
type: item
description: The Hrazdan River is the largest water vein in the central part of the Republic of Armenia. It flows through the capital Yerevan and more than 60% of the country's population lives in the catchment. Thus, the study of water use opportunities is gaining both scientific and practical importance. Swimming in rivers, as a recreational activity, is one of the most valuable cultural ecosystem services. To assess its potential, a microbiological study of water was carried out in 2023, the coli index and the quantitative composition of saprophytic bacteria were determined at 16 observation points. The results show that there were no violations of the norms set for recreational water use in Solak, Argel, the upper course part of the Bjni tributary and along the course of the Marmarik tributary.
subject: Conference Proceedings
  topic: section
subject: Hrazdan River
  topic: keywords
subject: ecosystem services
  topic: keywords
subject: recreation
  topic: keywords
subject: E. coli
  topic: keywords
subject: saprophytic bacteria
  topic: keywords
creator: Liana N. Poghosyan
creator: Hripsime H. Kobelyan
creator: Marine R. Dallakyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: 482
ending page: 489
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.2.482

DYNAMICS OF ESTIMATED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND HUMIDITY OF IRRIGATED SOILS IN ARMENIA
type: item
description: The investigations are related to the development of the methods of total water demand estimation for the crops cultivated in the irrigated conditions of different agricultural zones. The agro-climatic indicators recorded in 2015–2019 by 10 hydrometeorological stations served as baseline data. The maximum crops water demand per decades has been calculated via CropWAT software. The soil moisture monitoring results enable to disclose the effect of various evapotranspirations on the moisture dynamics in the soil. The changing pattern of the crops total evaporation speed at different values of soil depth has been disclosed, while based on the mathematical processing of the experimental results, a calculated formula has been derived, which enables to solve the problem of crops coefficient calculation in non-standard conditions. The new mathematical model for the detection of moisture change in the soil, depicts the soil moisture regime more precisely, which enables to describe the dynamics of total evaporation from the soil and plant surfaces for the period of irrigation intervals in more precise manners.
subject: Conference Proceedings
  topic: section
subject: reference crop evapotranspiration
  topic: keywords
subject: FAO-56 methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: crop evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions
  topic: keywords
subject: crop coefficient
  topic: keywords
subject: mathematical modeling
  topic: keywords
creator: Gurgen M. Yeghiazaryan
creator: Razmik A. Danielyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the YSU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: 278
ending page: 289
doi: 10.46991/PYSUC.2025.59.2.278