Vol. 16 No. 1 (46) (2025)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU.E/2025.16.1
Published: 2025-03-18

Full Issue

PHILOSOPHY

  • PHILOSOPHY

    The Sunset of Anthropocentric Ontology: Post-Biological Man

    Ovsanna Nahapetyan
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    Abstract

    As a result of the disproportionate development of human creative abilities and the spiritual and moral progress of humanity, the moral context of modern human life has begun to wear out and shrink like “shag leather”. The problem is that the science and the latest technological achievements of the era of postmodernity have not only fundamentally changed ( and are changing) the objective foundations of the once ontological order of human life, but also the essence and nature of the human being, both in his body and moral perceptions, and spiritual inner world in general. This new type of man is no longer a bodily singularity, since this mixture of biological and technical organs (cyborg), modified at the genetic level and representing the superman of our time, no longer expresses the essence of the natural man (the self) and is transformed into a technically replaceable formation.

    Moreover, in our consumer world that is aimed at satisfying insatiable material needs, men, henceforth,  are valued from the perspective of “efficiency” in contributing to economic prosperity. This is an undeniably worrying reality, which requires a new understanding of the process and consequences of the transformations of the constants (sociality, morality, the meaning of life, perfection, humanity) that embody the structure of the spiritual context of human social ontology.

    References

    Делез, Ж. Тысяча плато: Капитализм и шизофрения․М., 2010, Էջ 397։ А.Кожев. Диалектика Реального и феноменологический метод у Гегеля․ В кн. Идея смерти в философии Гегеля. М., 1998,էջ 47։

    Дубровский Д.И. Человек и компьютер: новая реальность // Дубровский Д.И. Сознание мозг, искусственный интеллект: Сб. статей. М., 2007, էջ 232:

    Jünger, F. G. Die Perfektion der Technik. Maschine und Eigentum․ Frankfurt am Main,1949, p.44.

    Julian Huxley. In New Bottles for New Wine. London, 1957, էջ 17:

    Сент-Экзюпери А. Военные записки. 1939—1944. М., 1986, էջ 47։

    Федотов Г.П. Судьба и грехи России. Избранные статьи по философии русской истории и культуры. СПб, 1997, т.1, էջ 68։

    Гуревич П.С. Феномен деантропологизации человека // Вопросы философии, 2009, № 3 , էջ 24։

    Фуко М. Слова и вещи. Археология гуманитарных наук․ М., 1977, էջ 18։

    Вишев И.В. На пути к практическому бессмертию. М., 2002, էջ 126։

    Кутырев В. А. Философия трансгуманизма. Нижний Новгород, 2010, էջ 9։

    Федюлина Е. В. Идея технологического бессмертия человек а в философии постгуманизма // Вестник Воронежского государственного университета. Серия: Философия. 2020. № 4 (38), Էջ 85։

    Я.Морено, Социометрия: Экспериментальный метод и наука об обществе,М., 2004, էջ 320։

    Бергер П., Лукман Т. Социальное конструирование реальности. M., 1995, էջ 212։

    Бауман З. Индивидуализированное общество. М., 2002, էջ 316:

    З.Фрейд, Вопросы общества. Происхождение религии. , М., 2008., էջ 222:

    Հարությունյան Է. Ա. Մարդկային կեցության այլակերպումները։ Եր., 2018, էջ 50:

    Բորխես Խ․Լ․։ Երկու արքաներն ու երկու լաբիրինթոսները։ Եր․, 1992, էջ 165։

    Braidotti R. The Posthuman. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2013, էջ 185։

  • PHILOSOPHY

    Challenges for the public use of reason in the post-truth times

    Lilia Khachatryan
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    Abstract

    The post-truth era presents significant obstacles to individuals' ability to reason freely and independently and make informed decisions in the public sphere. In the article, the author draws on the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant’s concept of the public use of reason, highlighting that retreating from the values of Enlightenment threatens the future of public rational discourse and democracy. In today's world, the Kantian idea of public use of reason faces several challenges related to moving away from or at least deviating from Enlightenment ideals. This article will address the most pressing issues of the current post-truth world: misinformation and disinformation, social media algorithms and echo chambers, emotional manipulation, and populism. Each of these factors in turn undermines the necessary conditions for individuals to reason freely and independently in the public sphere. However, by revising the goals of education, rebuilding trust in traditional institutions, implementing more thoughtful strategies around digital technologies, and prioritizing the "big" politics of public truths, it is still possible to create public spaces for free deliberation and democratic engagement. 

    References

    Lee McIntyre, Post-Truth, Cambridge, The MIT Press, 2018, p. 1-16։

    Bourdieu Pierre, The Logic of Practice, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1990։

    Arendt H., The Origins of Totalitarianism, New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1951, p. 474․

    Bauman, Z., Liquid Modernity, 2000; Fuller, S., Post-Truth: Knowledge as a Power Game, 2018։

    Кант, И. Сочинения в шести томах. Т. 6. Москва, 1966, с. 25․

    Кант И. Сочинения. В 8 т. Т.8. М.: Чоро 1994, с. 102-103․

    Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U., & Cook, J. Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the Post-Truth Era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 2017, p. 353-369։

    Ingrid Foss Ballo, Nora S. Vaage, Post-Truth Imaginations․ 1st Edition, Routledge, 2021, p. 138-160։

    Walter, N. & Tukachinsky, R. A meta-analytic examination of the continued influence of misinformation in the face of correction: how powerful is it, why does it happen, and how to stop it? Commun. Res. 47, 2020, p. 155–177։

    Eppler, M. J., & Mengis, J. The concept of information overload: A review of literature from organization science, accounting, marketing, MIS, and related disciplines. The Information Society, 20(5), 2004, p. 325-344:

    Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359 (6380), 2018, p. 1146-1151։

    Stanley, J. How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them. Random House, 2018:

    Zhuravskaya, E., Petrova, M., Enikolopov, R. Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media․ Annual Review of Economics, Vol. 12, Issue 1, 2020, p. 415 – 438:

    Enli, G., Rosenberg, L.T., Trust in the Age of Social Media: Populist Politicians Seem More Authentic. Social Media + Society, 4(1), 2018:

    Lockie, S. Post-Truth Politics and the Social Sciences.Environmental Sociology 3 (1), 2017, p. 1-5։

    McIntyre, Lee. Post-Truth. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2018, p. 123.

    Chinn, C. A., Barzilai, S., & Duncan, R. G. Education for a “Post-Truth” World: New Directions for Research and Practice. Educational Researcher, 50(1), 2021, p. 51․

    Valladares, L. Post-Truth and Education. Science & Education vol. 31, 2022, p. 1311–1337:

    Jasanoff, S., & Simmet, H. R. No funeral bells: Public reason in a ‘post-truth’ age. Social Studies of Science, 47(5), 2017, p. 751-770:

    M. Conrad et al. (eds.), Europe in the Age of Post-Truth Politics, Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology, Palgrave Macmillan Cham, 2022, p. 53-75:

    McGinnies, E., & Ward, C. D. Better liked than right: Trustworthiness and expertise as factors in credibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6(3), 1980, p. 467–472:

    Post-Truth Imaginations: New Starting Points for Critique of Politics and Technoscience․ Publisher: Routledge, 2021, p. 138-160:

    Rommetveit, K. (Ed.). Post-Truth Imaginations: New Starting Points for Critique of Politics and Technoscience (1st ed.). Routledge, 2021, p. 152.

  • PHILOSOPHY

    The Supremacy of Authority: Its Impact and Barriers on Content Development

    Hayarpi Sahakyan
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    Abstract

    The article explores the phenomenon of the cult of authority and its
    impact on the objective evaluation of content, the dissemination of innovation, and societal progress. This
    issue is examined within various historical and cultural contexts, highlighting how positions of authority
    often become tools for the dominance of ideas, overshadowing the true value of the content itself. Authority

    serves not only as a source of influence but also as a mechanism for shaping social norms and value systems,
    potentially hindering free and critical thinking. The analysis draws on the perspectives of Michel Foucault,
    Roland Barthes, Karl Popper, and Edward Said, who emphasize the promotion of free thought and critical
    approaches. Foucault examines mechanisms of control and how they restrict intellectual freedom. Barthes,
    through his concept of the "death of the author," advocates for focusing on the content itself, irrespective of
    its creator. Karl Popper underscores the importance of openness in scientific thought and the necessity of
    critical discussion, while Said, through his analysis of East-West binary oppositions, reveals cultural
    hierarchies shaped by authority. These issues, in turn, point to the challenges of intellectual freedom, the open
    exchange of ideas, and hierarchies within cultural institutions. It concludes that the liberalization of
    educational and cultural systems could lead to the recognition and appreciation of the intrinsic value of
    content. Ultimately, creating environments free from the influence of authority is essential for fostering
    innovation, promoting inclusivity, and advancing societal progress by ensuring the development of free and
    critical thinking.

    References

    Նշանյան Մարկ, Սիմվոլիզմը հայ գրականության մեջ, Երևան, 1996: Воронков, Александр, Образование и идеология в советский период, Московский государственный

    университет, 1975. Сталин, Иосиф, Марксизм и вопросы языка, Полное собрание сочинений, том 10. Издательство "Правда",

    1952. Arendt, Hannah, The Human Condition, University of Chicago Press, 1958. Barthes, Roland, The Death of the Author, Hill and Wang, 1967. Bhabha, Homi K., The Location of Culture, Routledge, 1994.

    Fitzpatrick, Sheila, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times, Oxford University Press, 1999.

    Foucault, Michel, What Is an Author?, Harvard University Press, 1969. Hofstede, Geert, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, 1991.

    Hovannisian, Richard G., The Republic of Armenia, University of California Press, 1996.

    Lasswell, Harold, Politics: Who Gets What, When, How, McGraw-Hill, 1936. Popper, Karl, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Routledge, 1945.

    Said, Edward W., Orientalism, Pantheon Books, 1978.

    Sartre, Jean-Paul, Being and Nothingness, Philosophical Library, 1943.

PSYCHOLOGY

  • PSYCHOLOGY

    The World “Vuca” in the Light of the Classification of Mental Illness

    Gayane Shahverdyan
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    Abstract

    Many things in various areas of modern life undermine undermines trust in the world`s order and common sense. History is a consistent alternation of this trust and mistrust, but in the last few decades mistrust has definitely prevailed. It is not accidentally that the modern world began to be called «VUCA» (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity). The article shows how these four qualities affected the problem of classification of mental disorders, as well as how the semantic context of these classifications can change the view of the problem of mental health and illness. In a rigorous sense, the existing psychiatric classification has not been scientifically implemented, since its main condition – the principle of recognizing the etiology and phenomenology of the disease - not complied. Consequently, there is no a holistic consideration of the nature of the disease, that's why the author comes to the conclusion that should be considered threefold approach of the diagnostic problem, including somatic, psychological and spiritual aspects, despite the objective difficulties of integrating these approaches.

      For this, it is necessary to fulfill at least two conditions. First of all, to make our notions, concepts and terms more certain, distinct and “strong”, and secondly, to have trust in our own thinking, despite the fact, that the world of “VUCA” forces not to believe in the world`s order and common sense. 

    References

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    Давтян Е.Н. О неполноте терминов и особенностях номенклатурных образований в психиатрии, Мат. Межд. конф. «Психическое здоровье личности. Языки психологии и психиатрии», Ереван, 19-21, 10, 2023, стр. 270

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    Мелехов Д.Е. Психиатрия и проблемы духовной жизни, «Русское возрождение», 46-49, 1989-199

    Шнайдер К., Клиническая психопатология. 14-е изд., стереотип. Киев: Сфера, 1999

    Выготский Л. С. Педагогическая психология. М.: ACT; Астрель; Люкс, 2005. стр. 269

    McCarthy, Natalia Anne, Psychiatric terminology: are mental health practitioners speaking the same language? University of British Columbia, 2005, р. 71

    Штейнер Р., Физиологически-терапевтическое на основании духовной науки. К терапии и гигиене, GA 314, Вена, 2022

    Юнг К.Г., Черные книги, 1913-1932, Записные книжки о трансформации, часть1, под ред. С . Шамдасани, стр. 89-90

  • PSYCHOLOGY

    The Importance of the Process of Forming a Student’s Professional Identity in Modern Conditions

    Yelena Muradyan, Hrant Avanesyan
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    Abstract

    The article examines certain characteristics of the process of forming a student’s professional identity in the context of modern environmental transformations. Attention is paid to the  professionalization of students in the higher education system. Such criterion of professionalization as professional identity (PI) is examined, which is an important prognostic indicator of the success of both educational and professional activities and the student’s future professional activities.  The issue of a forced change of professional activity by a person in the modern world and, as a consequence, the transformation of his PI is discussed. The psychological side of “rebuilding” of person’s own PI is discussed. Theoretical material is presented which allows us to conclude about the need to form PI in a person, regardless of possible changes in his professional activity and the specifics of the modern world, in accordance with the target direction of the work. The logic of presenting the material corresponds to the step-by-step solution of the following tasks: to consider the most characteristic features of modernity and their impact on the process of professionalization of the student; identify the role of PI in this process; understand how the formation of PI occurs in conditions of a forced change of profession. This made it possible to touch upon the problem of human adaptation to changes occurring in the technogenic space of the social world, to turn to an understanding of the process of alienation and the possibility of overcoming this state as a condition for the formation of identity. The issue of the quality of university education is being updated in connection with the demands of modern society, the need for the functioning of the university as a social institution for the development of the student’s personality. Both the conceptual diversity of understanding the category of professionalization and its role in the formation of a person’s identity in general, and PI in particular, are discussed. A detailed description of the structure of PI, different forms of the student’s PI, and the possibility of adjusting them are presented.  Special attention is paid to the fact that the formation of PI is controlled by the person himself, which suggests that the process of PI formation is based on the self-regulatory potential of the individual. A “chain” of reasoning is presented that allows us to make an assumption about the beneficial influence of the three main functions of self-regulation on the formation of PI in a situation of a forced change of profession. Reference is made to the connection between “soft skills” and self-regulation and their role in the process of professionalization. The conclusion is made about the need to form PI among students.

    References

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    Виноградова Г.А., Овникян М.В. Особенности профессиональной идентичности психологов на разных этапах профессионального становления личности // Вектор науки ТГУ. Серия: Педагогика, психология. – 2018.- N1 (32). -С.31-37.

    Емелин В.А. Технологический радикализм: обратная сторона “цифрового” рая // Личность в эпоху перемен: mobilis in mobili: Материалымеждународной научно-практической конференции 17-18 декабря 2018/Под ред. Патяевой, Е.Ю., Шлягиной Е.И. – М.: Смысл, 2018. – 448с., с. 112-114.

    Ермолаева Е.П. Личность профессионала в современном мире /Современная личность: Психологические исследования. – М.: Изд-во “Институт психологии РАН”, 2012. – 392с., сс.188-199.

    Кондаурова О.П. Эволюция идентичности современного студента // Личность в эпоху перемен: mobilis in mobili: Материалы международной научно-практической конференции 17-18 декабря 2018 / Под ред. Е.Ю. Патяевой, Е.И. Шлягиной. - М.: Смысл, 2018. - 448с.

    Коновалова, О. В. Формирование профессиональной идентичности у студентов, обучающихся по психологическим специальностям// Вестник Шадринского государственного педагогического института. - 2013.- № 2. - с.170-175.

    Кун, Т. Структура научных революций. – Москва: Издательство АСТ, 2022.-320с.

    Леонтьев Д.А., Осин Е.Н. Личностный потенциал как об’ект психодиагностики / Психологическая диагностика - N1.- 2007, С. 4-7.

    Лэнгле А. Person: Экзистенциально-аналитическая теория личности: Сборник статей: Пер.с нем./ Вступ. ст. С.В. Кривцовой. – 2-е изд. – М.: Генезис, 2008. – 159с. – (Теория и практика экзистенциального анализа).

    Мальцева Т.В., Реуцкая И.Е. Профессиональное психологическое консультирование: учеб. пособие для студентов, обучающихся по специальностям “Психология” и “Юриспруденция”, - М.: ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2009. – 143с.

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    Мурадян Е. Психологическая трансформация личности в эпоху глобальных перемен и метафорическое пространство сказки // Научный вестник “Актуальная психология” , Ереван 2019, N2 (5), c. 186 – 191.

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  • PSYCHOLOGY

    Psychological Well-Being as a Socio-Psychological Factor in Choosing a Leader

    Hasmik Sargsyan, Elina Asriyan, Khristine Zazyan
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    Abstract

    This article presents the findings of a study examining the correlation between psychological well-being and the factors influencing the selection of a political leader. In contemporary society, where social, political, and economic conditions are in constant flux, psychological science—alongside other disciplines—has increasingly focused on the concept of well-being. This emphasis stems from the recognition that well-being constitutes a fundamental indicator of both individual and societal quality of life. The study was  conducted in two stages. The first stage involved a sample of 100 participants, while the second stage included 15 experts, comprising 8 psychologists and 7 political scientists. Statistical analysis of the data revealed a significant relationship between gender and psychological well-being indicators (χ² = 5.657; p < 0.05), as well as between age and psychological well-being indicators (χ² = 35.907; p < 0.05). Furthermore, Spearman’s correlation coefficient analysis indicated a statistically significant association between psychological well-being and the factors influencing the selection of a political leader (p < 0.05).

    The results of the expert survey suggest that individuals, guided by their specific needs, tend to prioritize and value leadership attributes that they perceive as instrumental in ensuring long-term satisfaction and well-being.

     

    References

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    Fisher A. T., E. C. W Ng “Understanding Well-Being in Multi-Levels”, Volume 5, No. 1 (2013), 323 pg.

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  • PSYCHOLOGY

    Psychological characteristics of participants' behavior management in modeling experiments

    Sahak Hovhannisyan, Arsen Lokyan
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    Abstract

    Modeling experiments have increasingly become vital tools for studying human behavior and psychological dimensions. In such research, it is crucial to consider not only the objective data but also the psychological state, behavioral expressions, and motivations of the participants. It is hypothesized that the effective management of participants’ behavior and motivation in modeling experiments enables the acquisition of more accurate and reliable results while reducing the likelihood of obtaining disconnected, false data caused by participants' lack of interest or stress.

    This article examines the psychological characteristics of individuals involved in modeling experiments and approaches to managing their behavior.

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