ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN THE SOTK AND DZKNAGET RIVERS (ARMENIA)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46991/PYSUB.2026.60.1.040Keywords:
Sotk River, Dzknaget River, heavy metal pollution index (HIP), metal index (MI), water quality assessment, heavy metalsAbstract
This study examines the spatial and temporal variability of heavy metal contamination in the Dzknaget and Sotk Rivers in 2023 and 2024, applying the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HMPI) and the Metal Index (MI). The concentrations of seven heavy metals (Al, Cd, Fe, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn) were assessed in three river sections: the upper (Dzk-1) and lower (Dzk-2) reaches of the Dzknaget River, and the lower reach of the Sotk River (Sot-2). The results show consistently low contamination levels at Dzk-1, indicating limited human impact, whereas significantly higher HMPI and MI values at Dzk-2 and Sot-2 point to substantial pollution. Comparative analysis according to World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and local standards reveals notable differences in contamination classification. Based on FAO criteria, the irrigation risk is considered low, while WHO and local standards indicate more serious ecological and health risks. The observed decrease in contamination in the Sot-2 section in 2024 may suggest some improvement in water quality. Overall, the results emphasize the need for multi-layered assessment frameworks, continuous monitoring, targeted pollution control, and stricter environmental regulations to protect aquatic ecosystems and water resources.
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