Vol. 19 No. 2 (28) (2023)

View Vol. 19 No. 2 (28) (2023)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/10.46991/AFA/2023.19.2
Published: 2023-12-23

Front Matter

Linguistics

  • Linguistics

    DISCOURSE AT THE CROSSROADS OF LANGUAGE AND LAW

    Seda Gasparyan, Zara Hayrapetyan
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    Abstract

    The present article is part of a larger project that is aimed at exploring the peculiar features of language use in the legal domain against the background of the interaction of language and law. The investigation of the intersection of linguistics and legal studies is of paramount importance. Legal regulations, qualified legal assistance, knowledge of linguistic requirements for legal formulations, etc. have nowadays become an indispensable part of human life. Focusing on the results achieved by our predecessors that will help understand the nature and the complexity of the legal system and law, and divulging the specificities of legal discourse at large and the one exercised in the courtroom in particular are of paramount importance. The desire to engross this field has stimulated the study of a wide range of books, articles and works of prominent scholars which, in one way or another, refer to the mentioned questions. Applying the methodology of discourse analysis and description of the relevant literature, we come to the conclusion that an integrated and coherent analysis from a linguistic standpoint proves to be an inevitable step in the process of revealing the concept of legal discourse.

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  • Linguistics

    EUPHEMISTIC REPLACEMENT AS COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY IN THE NEWS MEDIA

    Shushanik Paronyan, Gevorg Barseghyan
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    Abstract

    In the modern era of mass media, news reports spread at an unprecedented speed, enabling people worldwide to get informed about current events. Despite the positive results of keeping media audience updated, in some complicated political situations, the ease at which news stories are formulated and made public may aggravate tension, harming the processes of political regulation or negotiation. In view of this, the use of unbiased and inoffensive language of news reporting is of paramount importance. Hence, the aim of the present research is to study the communicative strategy of mitigating meaning via euphemistic replacement in the news media. It is assumed that by replacing the informative units that nominate or describe dramatic and disastrous events with their euphemistic substitutes, the negative effect of the content can be minimised. The research is carried out on the material of articles distributed online by the media company Politico. The topic of the articles covers the dramatic humanitarian crisis in Artsakh (Nagorno Karabah region). The contextual analysis of the practical material is carried out from pragma-stylistic perspective. Euphemism is viewed not only as a figure of speech which serves a social regulatory function in the news media, but also as a tactical tool which pursues the communicative strategy of mitigating sensitive information and creating implied contextual meaning. The communicative-pragmatic study of the language data enables to conclude that euphemistic substitution is an effective communicative strategy aimed at maintaining a neutral stance on the conflict news stories and imparting implicit meaning.

    References

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    Sources of Data

    Gavin, G. (2023, January 7). Europe watches on as humanitarian crisis unfolds in Nagorno-Karabakh. Politiko.

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  • Linguistics

    COGNITIVE APPRAOCH TO ANIMAL IMAGERY VIA AUTOINTERTEXTUALITY (BASED ON IRWIN SHAW’S WRITING STYLE)

    Hasmik Kajberuni, Anahit Makaryan
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    Abstract

    The current article deals with the analysis of animal imagery in the novels by Irwin Shaw, putting forward the Conceptual Blending Theory (CBT) based on G. Fauconnier and M. Turner’s theory of cognition. Incorporation of animal imagery in the novels in question provides a clue into the author’s aforethought symbolism, revealing the writer’s worldview and individual style. The subject matter of the article is the in-depth analysis of animal imagery employed by I. Shaw based on a conceptual blending mechanism and the survey of autointertextuality as a tool aimed to establish cohesive ties within the writing of the author. The topicality is determined by the ongoing tendency of cognitive linguistics to detect conceptual blending and autointertextuality as mechanisms that are interwoven in creative processes engendering new ideas and meanings as well as reflecting the dynamics of the main concepts in the author’s world picture. Figurative usage of animal imagery challenges the reader to decode covert meanings as well as gain insight into characters’ actions, motives, and perspectives. Moreover, Irwin Shaw exploits emotional affiliation with the natural world to evoke emotional empathy in readers.

    References

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    Fauconnier, G., & Turner, M. (2002). The way we think: Conceptual blending and the mind’s hidden complexities. New York: Basic Books.

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  • Linguistics

    LINGUISTIC EXPRESSION OF GENDER DISTINCTIONS IN ENGLISH PROVERBS AND SAYINGS

    Lili Karapetyan, Lusine Danukhyan
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    Abstract

    The present study aims at investigating the linguistic expression of gender distinctions in English proverbs and sayings through the lens of paremiology. The investigation focuses on the classification of English proverbs and sayings according to their respective gender component. Our research hypothesis posits that proverbs and sayings, as forms of verbal folklore, have traditionally ascribed specific human traits and activities to individuals based on their gender. To test this hypothesis, over four hundred English proverbs and sayings have been analyzed. The methodology employed in the paper is based on historical research methods, which involve collecting and analyzing information in order to explain past phenomena. The analysis has also employed the data grouping method to organize proverbs and sayings into relevant categories. The data collection has utilized both primary and secondary sources of information. Primary sources include reviews and scientific articles, while in secondary sources are include encyclopedias and dictionaries of proverbs and sayings. The results show that proverbs and sayings reflect gender stereotypes and societal divisions which are often difficult to break. However, the deeper understanding of the ways in which gender roles have been constructed and perpetuated throughout history, can identify areas in which progress towards gender equality is made.

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  • Linguistics

    BODY, MISOGYNY AND RELIGION IN SWEAR WORDS

    Anna Knyazyan, Linda Artoni
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    Abstract

    The main focus of this article is on the use of the most common English, Italian and Russian swear words. The language of swearing has been taboo for many years considering that swear words have always been regarded as offensive, inappropriate and unacceptable in any social context. Profanity reflects not only our emotions but also our values, taboos, and prejudices. It is evident that different cultures have distinct rules and perceptions surrounding cursing – the most powerful words that can express both positive and negative emotions; therefore they are actively used by people of all ages, genders, social statuses and languages. Taking into consideration that swear words and obscenity are common in all languages, there are many similarities and differences between them and their rendition of obscenity. Even though the topic of swearing has been neglected for many years, it is a quite complex one and many discussions and different interpretations can be made. That is to say, the formation of swear words, their functions, degrees of offensiveness, different typologies and classifications are investigated through a comparative method, to conclude what common taboos are shared by these three cultures.

    References

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    Shljuha. (n.d.). In Etymologeek.com, Etymologeek. Retrieved October 15, 2023.

Methodology

  • Methodology

    SIGNIFICANCE OF PRAGMATICS WITHIN SLA INSTRUCTION WITH FOCUS ON THE SPEECH ACT OF REQUESTS

    Edgar Zardaryan
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    Abstract

    This comprehensive report illuminates the profound significance of pragmatics within the realm of Second Language Acquisition (SLA), with a specific emphasis on the speech act of requests. By examining studies rooted in Speech Act Theory, we can further investigate the critical role of pragmatic competence within the ESL/EFL classroom setting. This paper centralizes student perceptions of pragmatics while taking into consideration both cross-linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. Furthermore, the report will present novel innovative pedagogical practices that seamlessly integrate Task-Based Learning Theory and Data-Driven Learning, facilitating the effective enhancement of pragmatic language skills.

    References

    Bardovi-Harlig, K. (1996). Pragmatics and language teaching: bringing Pragmatics and Pedagogy together. Pragmatics and Language Learning. Monograph Series, 7, 21-39.

    Bazyar, Z., Taghinezhad, A., & Nekoueizadeh, M. (2016). The effect of language learning experience on the appropriate use of speech act 'request'. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 6(5), 1060-1065.

    Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

    Bouzekria, H., Bassil, M., Eman, Al K., & Anas, H. (2023). Production of pragmatic routines by Algerian EFL Learners: The effect of corpus-based instruction. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2023.100122

    Delfariyan, M., Chahardahcherik, S., Feyzbar, F., & Saidghi, F. (2018). The influence of L2 English acquisition of the request speech act on Persianpreschool children. IJELS, 6(4), 25-34.

    Madoyan, L. (2014). Indirect Speech Acts in the English and Armenian Languages. Foreign Languages in Higher Education, 1(16), 19-23.

    Schmidt, R. (1983). Interaction, acculturation and the acquisition of communicative competence. In N. Wolfson & E. Judd (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and second language acquisition (pp. 137-174). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

    Schmidt, R. W., & Richards, J. C. (1980). Speech acts and second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 129-154.

    Yang, L. (2009). Speech act of request: A comparative study of Chinese and American graduate students at an American University. [Master’s Thesis, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green].

  • Methodology

    POETRY AS A COPING INSTRUMENT AND A TEACHING TOOL

    Mariana Sargsyan, Evgeniia Zimina
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    Abstract

    The paper seeks to revive the interest of teachers and learners in poetry reading and writing as a means to teach English at intermediate and advanced levels. The paper demonstrates the results of the authors’ classroom experience during the enforced lockdown of 2020 in integrating poetry into English language class. The paper looks at poetry as a teaching tool and a coping strategy for students facing the negative consequences of the pandemic. First, the authors analyse the COVID-related poetry in English and Russian. They identify the key emotions people had been experiencing during the pandemic by finding key words, symbols and stylistic devices. The inclusion of English and Russian pieces provides certain culture specific interpretations of the new reality. Further, the authors analyze poems written in English by their students and assess the creative activity in terms of a coping strategy. The authors conclude that, provided the students are given examples of various genres, the activity enables them to reconsider their attitude to the pandemic in a constructive way. In more general terms, the authors conclude that the regular inclusion of poetry practices in English language classes can create a healthy and dynamic atmosphere which in turn may contribute to enhancing the teaching efficiency.

    References

    Abell, S. (1998). The use of poetry in play therapy: a logical integration. Arts in Psychotherapy, 25, 45-49.

    Arpent'eva, M. (2018). Antikrizisnaja stihotvornaja psihoterapija [Anti-crisis poetry therapy.] Vestnik Priamurskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta im. Sholom-Alejhema, 2(31), 9-31. [in Russian]

    Akhter, T. (2013). Relation between poetry and psychology with special reference to the poetry of Kamala Das. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 9, 13-16. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0961316

    Anbar, R. (2002). Self-expression through poetry in hypnosis. Clinical Pediatrics, 41(3), 195-196. https://doi.org/10.1177/000992280204100316

    Cao W., Fang Z., Hou G., Han M., Xu X., Dong J., & Zheng J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID–19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 287:112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934.

    Carruth, J. (2020). The long bench (2020, 16 April). Glasgow Life.

    Cox, P. (2020). Fires, orchestras, parachutes. Some other ways to describe coronavirus — besides war (2020, April 28). The World.

    Haupt, J. (2004, January 6). Diana Hirshfield: Why write poetry? Psychology Today.

    Henderson, E. (2020, April 6). Linguistics experts call for alternative ways of talking about Covid-19. Medical News. Life Sciences.

    Hiltunen, S.M. (2003). Bereavement, lamenting and the prism of consciousness: some practical considerations. Arts in Psychotherapy, 30, 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4556(03)00077-7

    Holaday, M., Smith, D. A., & Sherry, A. (2000). Sentence completion tests: a review of the literature and results of a survey of members of the society for personality assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 74(3), 371–383. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7403_3

    Jacob, C. (1922). The psychology of poetic talent. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, 17(3), 231–253. doi:10.1037/h0065357

    Li L., & Wang S. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of general psychiatric disorders and loneliness during COVID–19 in the United Kingdom. Psychiatry Research. 291 113267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113267

    Li, S., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Lei, X., & Yang, Y. (2020). Analysis of influencing factors of Anxiety and emotional disorders in children and adolescents during home isolation during the epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia. Chinese Journal of Child Health, 28(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30079-1

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. (2020). COVID-19: The downside of social distancing (2020, April 24). Science Daily.

    O'Flynn, N. (2020). The Great Realisation, a poem by Tom Foolery which made me think. (2020, May 8). Greenpeace.

    Raab, D. (2019, April 11). How poetry can heal. Psychology Today.

    Samokhvalova A., Tikhomirova E., Vorontsov D., Vorontsova A., & Vishnevskaya O. (2020). Coping strategies of university teaching staff with difficulties in managing remote learning under lockdown–related stress. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 91, 32-45, https://doi.org/10.15405.epsbs.2020.10.04.5

    Scott, F. (2020, April 16). Yayoi Kusama orders coronavirus to 'Disappear from this earth' in a new poem. CNN. Style.

    Semino, E. (2020). “Not soldiers but fire-fighters” – Metaphors and Covid–19. Health Communication, 36(1), 50–58, https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1844989

    Wassiliwizky, E., Koelsch, S., Wagner, V., Jacobsen, T., & Menninghaus, W. (2017). The emotional power of poetry: neural circuitry, psychophysiology and compositional principles. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(8), 1229–1240. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsx069.

    Whitehurst, Jr. T. (2020, March 18). Worried about coronavirus? This woman's uplifting poem is uniting, inspiring people. Corpus Christi Caller Times.

    Sources of Data

    Coronaverses, Poems from the Pandemic. (n/d.). CoronaVerses: poems from the pandemic. [Facebook page].

    Coronaverse: stihi koronavirusnogo vremeni [Poetry of coronavirus times] (n.d.) In Coronaverse.

    Gde-nibud' v karantiné. Mezhdunarodnyj pojeticheskij burime-konkurs [Quarantined somewhere. International poetry burime competition]. (May 2020). Venäjän Talo Helsingissä [Facebook page].

    Pirozhki [Pirozhki poems]. (2020, March 1). Pirozhki+ [Facebook page].

    @for_pandemic. (2020). Poems-for-a-Pandemic [Twitter].

    Regin Silvest R., & Ryan, J. (Eds.). (2020). Covid-19 pandemic poems. Cape Comorin Publisher.

    Stishki-pirozhki pro koronavirus.[Short pirozhki poems about the coronavirus]. (n.d.) Jokesland

Culture Studies

  • Culture Studies

    STEREOTYPES AS DISTORTING MIRROR OF REALITY

    Narine Harutyunyan, Armine Khachatryan
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    Abstract

    The purpose of the study is to analyze the mechanisms and causes of social stereotypes formation in modern world. The problem of stability and variability of ethnic stereotypes, as well as heterostereotypes (external stereotypes formed by representatives of one culture about another) and autostereotypes (myths about themselves that exist within the framework of the given culture) are considered.

    Modern society is characterized by stereotypical mindset. There are various stereotypes that exist at language level and may interfere in the process of intercultural communication. Intercultural perception is a key point in interaction of the representatives of different cultures, and ethnic stereotypes are an important component of intercultural perception. The mechanisms of forming stereotypes are connected with the peculiarities of human mindset and psyche. Mechanisms of stereotyping also include a person’s tendency to draw conclusions based on one’s own cultural experience.

    Once formed, stereotypes acquire а high degree of stability. They are difficult to modify and become a “distorting mirror”, in which the representatives of different groups are reflected in a blurred or distorted form.  

    Language plays a leading role in creating stereotypes. Constant repetition of the same phrases, which acquire stability on the level of language within a course of time, leads to the fact that their meaning settles in the subcortex of the brain, and their perception takes place automatically, without the participation of higher consciousness. Language carries in itself a huge influencing power. Modeling the worldview of native speakers, it defines their actions and behavior not only on the interpersonal, but also on the social levels.

    References

    Gladkih, S. (1999). Etnicheskie stereotipy i problemy mezhkul'turnogo obshcheniya [Ethnic stereotypes and the problems of intercultural communication]. Etnicheskie Problemy Sovremennosti, 5, 42-51.

    Darwin, С. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.

    Katz, D., & Braly, К. (1933). Racial stereotypes in one hundred college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 28, 280–290.

    Klineberg, O. (1950). Tensions affecting international understanding. A survey of research. Social Science Research Council.

    Kon, I. (1968). Nacional'nyj harakter — mif ili real'nost'? [National Character: myth or reality?]. Inostrannaya Literatura. 6.

    Lippman, W. (2004). Obshchestvennoe mnenie [Public Opinion]. [T.V. Barchunovoj trans.], Moscow: Institut Fonda «Obshchestvennoe mnenie».

    Rochefort, H. (2010). French toast: an American in Paris celebrates the maddening mysteries of the French. St. Martin's Griffin; First Edition.

    Thomas, D. (2015). Weeping Britannia: Portrait of a Nation in Tears. Oxford, OUP Oxford.

    Sources of Data

    What do Europeans think of each other and are they right? Retrieved June 17, 2023.

  • Culture Studies

    MULTICULTURALISM IN CYBERSPACE

    Marianna Ohanyan
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    Abstract

    Language is an essential part of identity, and in many ways it is considered to be the fundamental constituent of identity. Language and culture are inextricably linked.  Every social group with distinct linguistic and social characteristics seeks to preserve its cultural identity. Contemporary political theorists have labeled this phenomenon of the coexistence of different cultures in the same geographical space as multiculturalism. Based on the descriptive, analytical, comparative and verbal-culturological methods, this article discusses the presence of various cultural and ethnic groups within a society. Multiculturalism in cyberspace mainly denotes  the harmony and interaction of diverse cultures within online communities and platforms. The vanishing of cultures naturally has a negative impact on diversity. It is critical to create an environment where different cultural groups can sustain and flourish, thus making the overall gamma of linguistic colors richer and more colorful.

    References

    Ayunts, A., Dias E., Fernandes E., Guarino T., Prestes A.L. (2022). Mentoring Chain in a COIL Experience. Proceedings of ICERI 2022 conference (7-9 Nov), YSU, San Paulo State Technological College-Fatec, Brazil, pp. 8677-8685.

    Ayunts, A. (2023). WebQuest as a PBL Tool in a COIL Experience. Revista CBTecLe, 7(1), pp. 182-192. http//doi:10.21125/iceri.2023.

    Crystal, D. (2001). Language and the Internet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Guth, S. (2014). Case studies from the COIL institute for globally networked learning in the humanities. SUNY COIL Institute.

    Meyer, E. (2014). The culture map: breaking through the invisible boundaries of global business, New York: Public Affairs.

    Naughton, J. (2000). A brief history of the future: the origins of the Internet, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

    Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community: finding connection in a computerized world, London.

    Rheingold, H. (2000). The virtual community: homesteading on the electronic frontier, Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Thurlow C., Lengel L., & Tomic A. (2004). Computer mediated communication. Social Interaction and the Internet. London: Sage.

    Sources of Data

    A melting pot of cultures’ –challenges in social adaptation and interactions amongst international medical students. Retrieved 04 April, 2023.

    Cultural diversity. Retrieved 04 September, 2023.

    Deepening understanding of multicultural online education: teaching presence for English language learners. Retrieved 06 May, 2023.

    Has technology improved our lives? Retrieved 22 April, 2023.

    The culture(s) of cyberspace. Retrieved 18 April, 2023.

    The culture map by Erin Meyer – The Eight Scales of Culture. Retrieved 10 September, 2023.

    Virtual communities: definition, types & examples. Retrieved 18 May, 2023.

    What is COIL? Retrieved 20 March, 2023.

    What is a virtual community?. Retrieved 03 June, 2023.

Translation Studies

  • Translation Studies

    MECHANISMS OF THE CULTURAL TRANSFER IN TRANSLATION

    Luiza Gasparyan
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    Abstract

    The article is the first attempt to reveal the mechanisms of “the cultural transfer” (the notion was first introduced by the French theorist M. Espagne) of the Armenian and Russian translations of Charles Dickens’s novels. Evidently, the Armenian translations of the novels were transferred and interpreted especially from the beginning of the 1880s, in Shushi (1890-91), Tiflis (different publications in the 1890s), Constantinople (1928), Baku (1898), Athens (1928), Cairo (1892), etc. The Armenian versions of Dickens’s creativity were either paraphrased or translated from the original language or from Russian as an intermediary language. The article outlines theoretical and practical issues related to the specifics of the artistic translation through the paradigm of cultural transfer. Being at the crossroads of West and East the Armenian national culture is characterized as a unique manifestation of cultural transmission and a pivotal basis of socio-cultural and geopolitical usus. The article sketches the situation of “cultural transfer” of Charles Dickens’s novels whose literary reputation was established in the Russian literary field, that consequently made an influence on Eastern Armenia.

    References

    Bahman-Medik, D. (2017). Kul'turnye povoroty: Novye orientiry v naukah o kul'ture [Cultural Turns: New Landmarks in the Cultural Sciences, translated from German by S. Tashkenova]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie (in Russian)

    Dolotova, T. (2022). Annotacii k perevodam: «Oliver Tvist» Charl'za Dikkensa. Podrobno ob anglijskoj klassike, izdannoj po russki [Annotations to translations: "Oliver Twist" by Charles Dickens. Details about the English classics published in Russian].

    Katarski, I.M. (1962). Charl'z Dikkens: Bibliografija russkih perevodov i kriticheskoj literatury na ruskom jazike 1838-1960 [Charles Dickens: A Bibliography of Russian Translations and Critical Literature in Russian, 1838-1960]. Moscow: Izd-vo Vsesojuz. Kn. Palaty (in Russian)

    Kostionova, M.V. (2014). Perevod kak faktor formirovanija literaturnoj reputacii pisatelja (na materiale rannih russkih perevodov romana Ch.Dikkensa «Zapiski Pikvikskogo kluba» [Translation as a Means of Writer's Literary Reputation Formation (Based on the Early Russian Translations of Ch. Dickens's “The Pickwick Papers”)]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, Teorija perevoda, 1 (22), 127-142 (in Russian)

    Sorokin, Ju.A. (1989). Perevod kak specificheskij vid rechevoj dejatel'nosti /Perevod kak process i kak rezul'tat: jazyk, kul'tura, psihologija [Translation as a specific type of speech activity / Translation as a process and as a result: language, culture, psychology]. Kalinin: Kalininskij Gosudarstvennyj Universitet, 24-28 (in Russian)

    Ter-Movsesyan, M. (1902). Istorija perevoda Biblii na armjanskij jazyk [The history of the Bible translation into Armenian]. Saint-Petersburg: Pushkinskaja Skoropechatnja, 4 (in Russian)

    Espagne, M. (2018). Istorija civilizacij kak kul'turnyj transfer [The history of civilizations as a cultural transfer, translated and edited from French by E. E. Dmitrievoj]. Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie (in Russian)

    P'art'amyan, V. (1975). Hay-angliakan grakan ar'nchowt'yownner [Armenian-English relations]. Yerevan: Haykakan SSH GA, hrat., 1975 (in Armenian)

    Davis, P. (2007). Critical companion to Charles Dickens. A literary reference to his life and work. New York: Facts On File, Inc.

    Sources of Data

    Dickens, Ch. (1866). The adventures of Oliver Twist. London, Chapman and Hall, Boston: Ticknor and Fields.

    Dickens, Ch. (1843). A Christmas Carol. London, Chapman and Hall.

    Dickens, Ch. (1968). Prikljuchenija Olivera Twista, tom 4 [The Adventures of Oliver Twist]. ( A. V. Krivcova Trans.). Moscow: Goslitizdat, 1958 (in Russian).

    Dickens, Ch. (1959). Rozhdestvenskaja pesn' v proze [A Christmas Carol]. Moscow: GIHL (in Russian).

    Dickens, Ch. (1958). O'liver T'wist'i arkac'nery' [The Adventures of Oliver Twist] (A. Bazaryan Trans.). Yerevan: Haypethrat, 1958 (in Armenian).

    Dickens, Ch. (2003). Sowrbc'nndean ergy' [A Christmas Carol] (A. Asryan Trans.). Yerevan: «Ve'm» (in Armenian).

Literature Studies

  • Literature Studies

    OFFENDERS, ADULTERESSES, AND MURDERESSES IN AMERICAN LITERATURE: FROM THE COLONIAL TO THE POSTMODERN ERA

    Jelena Knežević, Aleksandra Nikčević Batrićević
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    Abstract

    This paper examines American female transgressors from the early colonial period to the late postmodern age and their representations in American literature. Its main aim is to identify the most relevant female offenders from each historical era and analyze how authors portray their characters in each literary work. Furthermore, it offers different insights into the social, cultural, political, and jurisprudential contexts of the murder cases of each female perpetrator under discussion. The paper also compares fiction to non-fiction literary texts and the similarities and differences contributing to a murderess’s standard representation. The representation of American transgresses is highly contingent on the literary genre of the texts, the type of offense, and the socio-cultural, historical, and ideological context of the time. What they have in common is that they murder people closely related to them. The opposing groups are single and double homicide committers, emotionally driven by victimization and vengeance, and emotionless serial killers, whose murder-prone behavior emanates from deviance. On the one hand, true-crime books offer unprecedented and controversial details about murderesses. On the other hand, crime fiction puts them into an imagined context. The most common depictions of female perpetrators are victimized women who suffer in a patriarchal society, romanticized femme fatales, or devilized mental health sufferers.

    References

    Adler, F. (1975). Sisters in crime: The rise of the new female criminal. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Bell, N. (1980). Two small bodies. New York: Dramatists Play Service Inc.

    Ben-Zvi, L. (1992). “Murder, She Wrote”: The Genesis of Susan Glaspell's “Trifles.” Theatre Journal, 44 (2): 141–162. https://doi.org/10.2307/3208736.

    Berry, B. (2019). American female serial killers: the full encyclopedia of American female serial killers. Dublin: Halcyon Time Limited.

    Brendan, Rev. Mr. (1867). Life, crimes, and confession of Bridget Durgan, the fiendish murderess of Mrs. Coriel: Whom she butchered, hoping to take her place in the affections of the husband of her innocent and lovely victim. Pennsylvania [Philadelphia]: C.W. Alexander.

    Bryan, P. L., & Wolf, Th. (2005). Midnight assassin: A murder in America’s heartland. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.

    Cain, J.M. (1978). Double indemnity. New York: Vintage Books.

    Carpozi, G. (1972). Ordeal by trial: the Alice Crimmins case. New York: Walker & Co.

    Duane, Sh. (2016). Bridget’s hanging. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

    Dumon, J. (2019). Lizzie Halliday: serial killer. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US.

    Flint, E. (2017). Little deaths. New York: Hachette Books.

    Flowers, R. B. (2017). Murder of the doctor’s wife: The 1867 crimes of Bridget Durgan (A Historical True Crime Short). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

    Glaspell, S. ([1917]1918). A jury of her peers. In: E. J. O’Brien (Ed.). Best Short Stories of 1917 (pp. 256–282). Boston: Small, Maynard and Company.

    Glaspell, S. ([1916]1926). Trifles. Trifles and six other short plays. London: Ernest Benn, Ltd. 97–102.

    Green, R. (2019). Black widow: the true story of giggling Granny Nannie Doss. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US.

    Gross, K. (1975). The Alice Crimmins case. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

    Hansen, R. (2011). A wild surge of guilty passion: A novel. New York: Scribner.

    Hedges, E. (1995). Small things reconsidered: A jury of her peers. In: Linda Ben-Zvi (Ed.). Susan Glaspell: Essays on her Theater and Fiction (pp. 49–70). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Jones, A. ([1980]1988). Women who kill. New York: Fawcett Crest.

    MacKellar, L. (2006). The “Double Indemnity” Murder: Ruth Snyder, Judd Gray, and New York's crime of the century. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.

    McClennen, J., et al. (2016). Social work and family violence. Second Edition. Theories, assessment, and intervention. New York: Springer Publishing Company.

    McNulty, F, (1980). The burning bed: the true story of Francine Hughes, a beaten wife who rebels. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Nalepa, L. & Pfefferman, R. (2013). The murder mystique: Female killers and popular culture. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.

    Owen, K. (2019). Killing time in the catskills: the twisted tale of the Catskill Ripper Elizabeth Lizzie McNally Halliday.

    Perry, N. (1881). Dick Halliday’s Wife. In: A book of love stories (pp. 54–73). Boston: J. R. Osgood.

    Pollak, O. (1950). The criminality of women. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Rice, Annette (2017). The giggling Granny: serial killer Nannie Doss. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

    Schweizer, K. W. (2001). Seeds of evil: the Gray/Snyder Murder Case. Bloomington, IN: Author House.

    Telfer, T. (2017). Lady killers: deadly women throughout history. New York: Harper Perennial.

    Treadwell, S. (1993). Machinal. London: Nick Hern Books and Royal National Theatre.

    Trusso, L. (2021). Nannie the giggling Granny: Life of Alabama's most prolific female serial killer: A true female serial killer. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US.

    Uhnak, D. (1977). The investigation. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Armenological Studies

  • Armenological Studies

    THE MEMORY OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE. P. BALAKIAN’S “BLACK DOG OF FATE”

    Arpineh Madoyan
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    Abstract

    The present article touches upon the mnemonic functions of literature in terms of shaping collective memory. P. Balakian’s novel “Black Dog of Fate” recounts family history of the Armenian Genocide survivors. In the novel the author constructs the narrative of memory via portraying the sufferings and pain of people who firsthand suffered the atrocities committed by Turks. The author with retrospection recollects his experience as a third generation of Genocide survivor. Various recurrent concepts like “old country”, Western Armenian food, the etymology of personal names are constant reminders of unbearable trauma and pain that Diaspora Armenians feel for their lost homeland. Even the title of the novel represents one of the underlying topics of the novel i.e. the fate (pakht) of Armenians is different from everyone else’s as the Genocide has left an indelible trace on each and every survivor of the Armenian Genocide. The novel also dwells on the issue of the identity crisis, since when the country that you come from is lost forever, any Armenian from the Diaspora doesn’t seem to have a sense of belonging. The main characters of the novel are Balakian’s family who suffer the trauma in their own way. Balakian’s narrative is constructed in a way that family history helps the readers understand the history in general. Each survivor’s story is part of a jigsaw puzzle at the end of which the reader envisages all the horrors of the Armenian Genocide.

    References

    Assmann, J. (2008). Assmann, J. (2010). Communicative and cultural memory. In A. Erll & A. Nünning (Ed.), Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook (pp. 109-118). Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110207262.2.109

    Bablumyan, A. (2022). The consequences of the Armenian genocide in Diarbekir (Tigranakert) province. International Review of Armenian Studies 3(30), 44-57.

    Caruth, C. (1995). Trauma. еxplorations in memory. The John Hopkins University Press

    Caruth, C. (1996). Unclaimed experience. trauma narrative and history. The John Hopkins University Press.

    Giantsidis, C. (2018). Re-evaluating “authenticity” in Holocaust literature – memory and trauma in recent holocaust fiction. University of South Carolina

    Lachmann, R. (2010). Mnemonic and intertextual aspects of literature. In A. Erll & A. Nünning (Ed.), Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook (pp. 301-310). Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110207262.5.301

    Neumann, B. (2010). The literary representation of memory. In A. Erll & A. Nünning (Ed.), Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook (pp. 333-344). Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110207262.5.333

    Sontag, S. (2003). Regarding the Pain of Others. New York: Picador: Farrar, Straus and Giroux

    Suleiman, R. S. (2006). Crises of memory and the second world war. Harvard University Press.

    Sources of Data

    Balakian, P. (2009). Black Dog of Fate. New York: Basic Books