Vol. 20 No. 1 (29) (2024)

View Vol. 20 No. 1 (29) (2024)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/2023.20.1
Published: 2024-05-15

Front Matter

Linguistics

  • Linguistics

    EXPLORING THE COGNITIVE DIMENSIONS OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

    Astghik Chubaryan, Mariam Vardanyan
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    Abstract

    Cognitive Linguistics, as an expanding discipline in language study, delves into language as a mental phenomenon, presenting a holistic approach that integrates linguistic and cognitive elements. Unlike traditional linguistics, which scrutinizes syntactical patterns, word structures, grammar rules, phonology, semantics, and lexical meanings, Cognitive Linguistics offers a comprehensive model that interweaves various closely connected theories. This study seeks to elucidate the manifestations of Cognitive Linguistics in language, providing scholars with a discerning analysis of existing theories. Furthermore, employing methods of descriptive and comparative analysis, this study aims to demonstrate the impact of Cognitive Linguistics on language processing and acquisition. It highlights its significance in second language acquisition while elucidating the underlying mental processes involved. The paper offers a succinct overview of this evolving discipline, encapsulating its unique characteristics within the encompassing term Cognitive Linguistics.

    References

    Barcelona, A. & Valenzuela, J. (2011). An Overview of Cognitive Linguistics. Spain: University of Cordoba. University of Murcia, January, 2-26.

    Gries, S. T., & Wulff, S. (2009). Psycholinguistic and corpus- linguistic evidence for L2 constructions. Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 7, 163 – 186.

    Luo, H. (2021). Cognitive Linguistics and second language acquisition. Routledge Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, April, 556-567.

    Kecskes, I. (2000). A Cognitive-pragmatic approach to situation-bound utterances. Journal of Pragmatics, 32 (5), 605-625.

    Kravchenko, A. V. (2002). Cognitive Linguistics as a methodological paradigm. In B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, & K. Turewicz (Eds.). Cognitive Linguistics Today (pp. 41-55). Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang.

    Lemmens, M. (2015). Cognitive Semantics. London & New York: Routledge, April, 90-105.

    Mestre, E. V., & Pastor, M. L. C. (2012). A pragmatic analysis of errors in university students’ writings in English. English for Specific Purposes World, 35(12), 1-13.

    Rababah, A.G. (2022). Cognitive strategies employed in tackling lexical problems in second language learning: A Psycholinguistic Study. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 13(3), August, 2-8.

    Rao, C. S (2021). Cognitive Linguistics: an approach to the study of language and thought. Journal for Research Scholars and Professionals of English Language Teaching, 24(5), March, 1-9.

    Reynolds, R., Janda, L., & Nesset, T. (2022). A cognitive linguistic approach to analysis and correction of orthographic errors. Russian Journal of Linguistics, 26(2), 391-408.

    Robinson, P., & Ellis, N. C. (2008). Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and second language acquisition. New York and London: Routledge, 306-425.

  • Linguistics

    SOCIOLINGUISTIC FEATURES OF CLICKBAIT IN ENGLISH AND ARMENIAN WEBSITES

    Anahit Galstyan
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    Abstract

    In this highly developed technological world, newspapers and news shows have mostly been replaced by online news. The world-renowned news agencies, as well as social media platforms, report their news online, providing information to the public. However, readers are sometimes disappointed to find a misleading headline with quite different web content. This deceiving technique called clickbait uses ambiguity to provoke the user into clicking a link.

    The present article explores the sociolinguistic strategies employed in Armenian and English clickbait headlines by bloggers, vloggers, and news reporters. The study aims at revealing how language is manipulated to engage and persuade users in online media. The exploration conducted from a sociolinguistic perspective unveils the intricate interplay between language, culture, and societal norms in English and Armenian clickbait headlines.

    The findings contribute to the understanding of how linguistic styles, word choices, and persuasive techniques vary across different languages and cultures. It also emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between clickbait and regular headlines, as well as the potential impact of clickbait on trust and reader engagement in the digital media landscape.

    References

    Bazaco, A., Redondo, M., & Sánchez-García, P. (2019). Clickbait as a strategy of viral journalism: conceptualisation and methods. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 74, 94-115. http://doi:10.4185/RLCS-2018-1323en

    Boczkowski, P. J. (2021). Abundance: on the experience of living in a world of information plenty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Boczkowski, P. J., & Mitchelstein, E. (2021). The digital environment: How we live, learn, work, and play now. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Boczkowski, P. J., & Matassi, M. (2023). To know is to compare: studying social media across nations, media, and platforms. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Cialdini, R.B. (2009). Influence: the Psychology of Persuasion. Harper Collins e-books.

    Clickbait. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 21.09.2023

    Cotter, C. (2010). News talk: investigating the language of journalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Crystal, D. (2004). The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Elawadi, I. (2016). Digital Marketing and Social Media: Challenges and Solutions. Journal of Technology, 1-7.

    Infantidu, E. (2009). Newspaper headlines and relevance: Ad hoc concepts in ad hoc contexts. Journal of Pragmatics, 41, 699-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.10.016

    Kumar, V., Khattar, D., Gairola, S., Kumar Lal, Y. & Varma, V. (2018). Identifying clickbait: a multi-strategy approach using neural networks. In: The 41st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research & Development in Information Retrieval, 1225–1228.

    Mormol, P. (2019). “I urge you to see this...”. Clickbait as one of the dominant features of contemporary online headlines. Social Communication 5(2), 1-10. http://doi.org:10.2478/sc-2019-0004

    Phillips, W., & Milner, R.M. (2018). The ambivalent internet: mischief, oddity, and antagonism online. Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity Press,

    Scott, K. (2021). You won't believe what's in this paper! Clickbait, relevance and the curiosity gap. Journal of Pragmatics, 175, 53-66.

    Van Dijk, T. A. (1988). News as Discourse. Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

    Sources of Data

    Araratlur.am. (2023). Vanech'ani vijagy shad dzanr e', Medz st'res. miah'n imanaq, t'e inch e' eghel nran [Vanetsyan's condition is very serious, great stress. only know what happened to him]. Retrieved 20.10.2023.

    Blogger.am. (2023). 1 zham e' inch o'ghch' azky sa e' tido'wm. daknab bo'sderic… [The whole nation has been watching this for 1 hour. From alarming posts...] Retrieved 20.10.2023

    Hennessey, J. (2020). 12 surprising examples of clickbait headlines that work. In searchenginejournal.com - Search (bing.com) Retrieved 25.10.2023.

    Hraparaknews.am.(2023). Mez miah'n sa e'r bagas․ Hah'asdano'wm daradzvel e' varag, o'ry garo'gh e' mahaco'w linel erexaneri hamar. Dzno'ghner ch'an shdab deghegaceq. [We only lacked this. An infection has spread in Armenia, which can be fatal for children. Dear parents, be informed as soon as possible] Retrieved 27.10.2023.

    Infozone.am. (2023). CAVALI LO'WR. Inch e' badahel sirvadz terasan, hagho'rtavar R'afah'el Erano'sh'anin [SAD NEWS. What happened to popular actor, presenter Rafael Yeranosyan?] Retrieved 27.10.2023

    Miller-Wilson, K. (2020). Brilliant clickbait examples and why they work? In Your Dictionary. Retrieved 27.11.2023

    Spankie Valentine. (2020). I CAN’T BELIEVE THIS HAPPENED... OMG! [Video file]. 2020. Retrieved 27.11.2023

    The Content Authority. (2009) What Is clickbait? Here are 8 clickbait examples. In thecontentauthority.com. Retrieved 18.10.2023

  • Linguistics

    GENDER STEREOTYPES IN SPORTS DISCOURSE

    Anna Knyazyan, Lusine Haytyan
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    Abstract

    The article is devoted to the study of gender stereotypes in sports discourse. Despite the fact that institutional analysisas already penetrated gender studies, there are very few studies devoted to such a truly ”masculine” activity as professional sports. This determines the relevance of the topic of this work. Sport as a social institution is an ideal opportunity to study male and female stereotypes. Gender stereotypes permeate every aspect of human personality and appearance, and dictate how men and women should act, think and behave. Gender embodies a pattern of relations that evolves over time to define masculinity and femininity, structuring and regulating people’s relation to society. Gender stereotypes are especially clearly visible in professional sports. Professional sports s seen as an activity in which the differences between males and females are manifested, as well as the dominance of the former over the latter. The study was conducted on the material of sports press in the period from 2018–2023.

    References

    Azhgikhina, N. (2001). Gendernyye stereotipy v sovremennykh mass – media [Gender Stereotypes in modern mass media]. Moscow: Eslan (in Russian)

    Gapova, Ye.I. (2000). Antologiya gendernykh issledovaniy [Anthology of Gender Studies]. Minsk: Propilei (in Russian)

    Dudareva, A. (2003). Reklamnyy obraz. Muzhchina i zhenshchina. [Advertising image: man and oman]. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian)

    Cameron, D. (1996) The language-gender interface: resisting co-optation, in V. Bergvall, J. Bing and A. Freed (eds) Rethinking Language and Gender Research. London: Longman, pp. 31–53.

    Eckes, T. (1994). Features of men. features of omen: assessing stereotypic beliefs about gender subtypes. British Journal of Social Psychology. 33, 107-123.

    Hoffman, C., & Hurst, N.C. (1990). Gender stereotypes : perception or rationalization? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 197-208.

    Holowchak, M.A. (2002). Philosophy of sport. Critical readings, crucial issues. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 56 -60.

    Knyazyan, A. T. (2015). Gendernyye asimmetrii i stereotipy v yumoristicheskom diskurse. [Gender asymmetry and stereotypes in humorous discourse]. Saarbrücken, Deutschland: Palmarium Academic Publishing OmniScriptum GmbH&Co.KG (in Russian)

    Knyazyan, A․ (2018). Lezu yev gender [Language and gender]. Yerevan: YePH Hratarakch’ut’yun (in Armenian)

    O'Hara, S.E. (2012). Monsters, playboys, virgins and whores: Rape myths in the news media’s coverage of sexual violence. Language and Literature, 21, 247 - 259.

    Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel, & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.

  • Linguistics

    WRITING PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE

    Marine Yaghubyan
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    Abstract

    A business correspondence is a written communication between two parties in a trade. During business correspondence exchanges, both parties’ points of view, as well as ideas and information must be communicated. An efficient exchange of business correspondence can assist domestic manufacturers and foreign customers in establishing or maintaining long-term friendly relationships. It is undeniably critical to learn how to write effective business letters. The present article focuses on the characteristics of the language used in business correspondence, specifically, its lexical and structural characteristics. The analysis shows that the key to establishing successful business communication lies in using concise language, simple structure and unitary contents.

    References

    Ganzhou, Z. (2007). International business correspondence. HangZhou: Zhejiang university press.

    Insley, R. (2016). Communicating in business (2nd ed.). Property of Kendall Hunt Publishing.

    Krivchikova, N. (2015). Stylistic characteristics of a legislative text. Journal of Language and Literature. doi 10.7813/jll.2015/6-1/37.

    Nyzhnikova, L. (2011). Business correspondence and office work in English. National University “Odesa Academy of Law”.

    Nizhnikova, L (2008). Structure, style and language of business letters. National University “Odesa Academy of Law”.

    Xiaoyang, Yi., & Runhui, Y. (2008). English correspondence, business English use the writing. XiAn: Xi'an University Press.

  • Linguistics

    LINGUISTIC PORTRAYAL OF GASLIGHTING IN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

    Siranoush Ghaltakhchyan
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    Abstract

    The paper explores the intricate interplay between language and manipulation, focusing on the linguistic and extralinguistic manifestations of gaslighting in interpersonal communication. Gaslighting is viewed as a form of manipulative communication that involves deliberate denial or distortion of reality, making the victims doubt their own actions, perception, memory and sanity. The victim’s ongoing confusion leads to a sense of powerlessness and a diminished self-esteem. Using a qualitative-quantitative linguistic method, the paper dissects the portrayal of gaslighting dynamics in the short psychological film Your Reality, which is based on real-life experiences. Through comprehensive psycholinguistic analysis, an attempt is made to illustrate how specific manipulative tactics are intentionally employed to achieve gaslighter’s abusive objectives. Examining the subtle, yet powerful verbal and non-verbal manipulative tactics employed in the film, the research aims to elucidate gaslighting dynamics in interpersonal communication and empower readers with valuable insights into recognizing and addressing early signs of such deceitful behavior in real-life situation. Thus, this knowledge is crucial for fostering awareness, establishing boundaries to prevent gaslighting attempts and promoting healthy communication.

    References

    Abramson, K. (2014). Turning up the lights on gaslighting. Philosophical Perspectives, 28, 1–30.

    Bryans, J. (2021). Gaslighting: Defend yourself from the destructive effects of emotional abuse, avoid falling into the narcissist’s trap and find peace. US: Emotionship Srls.

    Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2011). The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments. New Jersey: John Wiley &Sons, Inc.

    Campbell, R. (2019). Manipulation techniques. US: Diego Creations Ltd.

    Cialdini, R. B. (2007) Influence: the psychology of persuasion, US: Collins Business.

    Covert, B. (2020). Dark psychology secrets and manipulation.US: Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print.

    Duignan, B. (n.d.) Gaslighting. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 27, 2023.

    Fuchsman, K. (2019) Gaslighting. Journal of Psychohistory. (47) 1, 74-78.

    Griffith, J. (2020). Dark psychology and manipulation. US: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

    Morrison, M. (2022). Gaslighting: Empower yourself and develop the necessary skills needed to prevent being manipulated by toxic people. US: The Smart Read.

    Nielsen, S. (2015). Manipulation: how to recognize and outwit emotional manipulation and mind control in your relationships (3rd ed.). United States: Lulu Press.

    Stern, R. (2007). The gaslight effect: how to spot and survive the hidden manipulation others use to control your life. New York: Morgan Road Books.

    Smith, J.R. (2019). Dark psychology and manipulation. Three books in one. US: Independently published.

    Wallerstein, R. S. (2003) Commitment and compassion in psychoanalysis: selected papers of Edward M. Weinshel. London: The Analytic Press, Inc.

    Sources of Data

    Anders, T. (2021, 20 July). Your Reality | Award-winning short film on Gaslighting [Video File].

    Campbell, R. (2019). Manipulation techniques. US: Diego Creations Ltd.

    Cialdini, R. B. (2007) Influence: The psychology of persuasion, US: Collins Business.

    Covert, B. (2020). Dark psychology secrets and manipulation.US: Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print

    Duignan, B. (n.d.) Gaslighting. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 27, 2023 from https://www.britannica.com/topic/gaslighting.

    Fuchsman, K.. (2019) Gaslighting. Journal of Psychohistory. Vol.47 Issue 1, P74-78. 5p. Retrieved November 27, 2023.https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=c1735ed7-4268-4871-9157-384bd1f52423%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=137053627&db=a9h

    Griffith, J. (2020). Dark psychology and manipulation. US: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

    Indiegogo. (2019). Your Reality Film. Retrieved November 27, 2023 https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/your-reality-film#/

    Morrison, M. (2022). Gaslighting: Empower yourself and develop the necessary skills needed to prevent being manipulated by toxic people. US: The Smart Read.

    Nielsen, S. (2015). Manipulation: How to recognize and outwit emotional manipulation and mind control in your relationships. 3rd Edition. United States: Lulu Press.

    Stern, R. (2007). The gaslight effect: how to spot and survive the hidden manipulation others use to control your life. New York: Morgan Road Books.

    Smith, J.R. (2019). Dark psychology and manipulation. 3 books in 1. US: Independently published.

    Wallerstein, R. S. (2003) Commitment and compassion in psychoanalysis: Selected papers of Edward M. Weinshel. London: The Analytic Press, Inc.

  • Linguistics

    LINGUO-STYLISTICS OF HORROR IN E. A. POE’S SHORT STORIES

    Zaruhi Antonyan
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    Abstract

    Horror is a genre of science fiction which is intended to, or has the capacity to frighten, scare or disgust the readers by inducing feelings of horror and terror. This piece of fiction in prose of variable length also shocks and startles the readers inducing feelings of repulsion or loathing through creating a frightening atmosphere. Horror is frequently supernatural, though it can be non-supernatural. Often the central menace of a work of horror fiction can be interpreted as a metaphor for the larger fears of a society. The present investigation of horror in E. A. Poe’s short stories through the linguo-stylistic and case study methods of analyses aims to disclose the very distinct role of horror fiction in the perspective of human emotions – a kind of “mediator” between the world and its reflection in the language. The results show that emotions as a psychological, physiological and philosophical phenomenon verbally reproduce the emotional attitude of the person towards the world, that emotions are contained, fixed, expressed and indicated in utterances in the form of ideas – and as such – emotions are a perfect object of linguo-stylistic study.

    References

    Apresjan, V. Ju. (2008). Russian and English emotional concepts. Moscow: Institute of Russian Language.

    Calhoun, Ch., & Solomon, R. C. (1984). What is an emotion? New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press,

    Carroll, E.I. (1977). Human emotions. NY; Springer New York.

    Ekman, P. (2007). Emotions revealed: recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life. NY: Henry Holt and Company.

    Fear in Literature. (n.d.). In enotes.

    Foolen, A. (2012). The relevance of emotion for language and linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company.

    Kövecses, Z. (1990). Metaphor and Emotion. Cambridge University Press.

    Lakey, H. K.( 2016). The Grammar of fear: morphosyntactic metaphor in fear constructions. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon, Oregon, US).

    Lovecraft, H. P. (2013). Supernatural horror in literature. Wermod and Wermod Publishing Group.

    Masters, K. (2013). A brief history of horror literature. In BOOKS TELL YOU WHY.com

    Ohman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: evolutionary, cognitive, and clinical perspectives. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 573–593). New York: Guilford Press.

    Prohászková, V. (2012). The genre of horror. Macedonia: University of Ss. Cyrill and Method.

    Sapir, E. (1921). Language: an introduction to the study of speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World Inc.

    Solomon, R.C. (2003). What is an emotion? New York: Oxford .

    Wierzbicka, A. (1992). Emotions across languages and cultures. Cambridge University Press.

    Wright, A. (2007). Terror and horror: gothic struggles. Gothic Fiction (pp.35-56) London: Macmillan Education UK. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-03991-0_3.

    Sources of Data

    Poe, E.A. (1835). Berenice. United States: Southern Literary Messenger.

    Poe, E.A. (1983). Prose and Poetry: Moscow, Raduga Publishers.

  • Linguistics

    ON SOME LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION IN DIPLOMACY

    Varduhi Ghukasyan
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    Abstract

    The article provides an insight into diplomatic language through the discussion of the language choices in James Cleverly’s and Annalena Baerbock’s speeches. The diplomats’ main weapon is their language. Diplomats speak a lot and give little information. Diplomatic communication is based on the use of various strategies and tactics. The most common ones include: the strategy of “ambiguity”, the strategy of “mitigation”, the tactics of euphemistic substitution, the subjectivity of assessment and communicative tolerance. The main purpose of these strategies is to maintain one’s own interests and create a positive tone of communication. The aim of the study and the specifics of the data chosen determine the choice of the following research methods in the study of diplomatic discourse: the method of direct observation of the material, followed by analysis and generalization of the results, contextual-interpretive and content analysis methods, as well as methods of linguistic description.  

    References

    Barston, R.P. (1988). Modern diplomacy. London, New York: Longman.

    Berridge, G.R. (2015). Diplomacy: theory and practice. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Empson, W. (1973). Seven types of ambiguity. London: Penguin.

    Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation under the security dilemma. World Politics, vol. 30, Cambridge University Press.

    Bykova, O.N. (1999). Language manipulation. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).

    Voyevodin, A. R. (2000). Stratagemy. Strategii vojny, biznesa, manipuljacii, obmana [Strategies of war, manipulation, deception]. Krasnoyarsk: Ural (in Russian).

    Dotsenko, Ye. A. (1996). Psychology of manipulation. Moscow: Al'fa (in Russian).

    Issers, O. S. (2008). Communicative strategies and tactics of Russian speech. Moscow: LKI (in Russian).

    Israyelyan, V․ L․ (1990). Diplomats face to face․ Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyye otnosheniya (in Russian).

    Karaulov, Yu. N. (1987). Russian language and linguistic personality. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).

    Kovalov, A. (1996). ABC of diplomacy. Moscow: Interpraks (in Russian).

    Trager, R. F. (2017). Diplomacy: communication and the origins of international order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Sources of Data

    Baerbock, A. (2023, January 24). Speech at the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Federal Foreign Office.

    Cleverly, J. (2023, February 20). General debate on Ukraine, 20 February 2023: Foreign Secretary's opening statement. GOV. UK.

    Cleverly, J. (2022, December 12). British foreign policy and diplomacy: Foreign Secretary’s speech. GOV. UK.

    Cleverly, J. (2022, November 19). Manama Dialogue 2022 in Bahrain: Foreign Secretary's speech. GOV. UK.

    Cleverly, J. (2022, September 29). Indo-Pacific tilt: Foreign Secretary’s speech, September 2022.GOV.UK

    Cleverly, J. (2020, June 24). Statement by the Rt Hon James Cleverly MP at the Security Council briefing on the Middle East Peace Process. In PolicyMogul.

Methodology

  • Methodology

    ENHANCING NEGOTIATION SKILLS WITHIN EDUCATIONAL SETTING

    Anna Karapetyan
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    Abstract

     

    The study of negotiation skills within education extends beyond verbal communication to encompass cultural competence. Language instruction not only facilitates language acquisition but also fosters development of negotiation skills. Thus, the focus of the present study is on integrating negotiation skills training within the framework of English language instruction, in higher education in particular. The investigation carried out with the application of qualitative and quantitative research methodology, investigates the role of negotiation in educational contexts, discusses the significance of integrating negotiation skills training into higher education, evaluates the effectiveness of various teaching methods in enhancing students’ negotiation abilities, examines the relationship between negotiation and language acquisition. As a result, it can be stated that the integration of negotiation training into the education classroom holds immense potential for students (both academically and personally) in today’s globalized world, thus representing not only an educational imperative but also a societal necessity enabling students to navigate confidently in today’s increasingly complex and interconnected world.

    References

    Adnan, M.H., Hassan, M.F., Aziz, I.B., & Paputungan, I.V. (2016). Protocols for agent-based autonomous negotiations: A review. 2016 3rd International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCOINS), 622-626.

    Breen, M. P. and Littlejohn, A. (2000). Classroom decision-making: negotiation and process syllabuses in practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Fisher, R., Ury, W., & Patton, B. (1984). Getting to yes: negotiating agreement without giving in. New York: Penguin Books.

    Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

    Imm, J. (2022, September 13). Why is conflict resolution important. Northcentralcollege.

    Rapport, A. (1966). Two-person game theory: the essential ideas. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.

    Richards, P. (2023). Negotiation skills for teachers. Chron.

    Schelling, T.C. (1960). The strategy of conflict. Harvard: Harvard University. Press.

    Siegel, S. & Fouraker, L. E. (1960). Bargaining and group decision making: Experiments in bilateral monopoly. Washington: McGraw-Hill.

Culture Studies

  • Culture Studies

    MULTICULTURALISM AS A TROJAN HORSE OF BRITISHNESS

    Narine Harutyunyan
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    Abstract

    This study is devoted to the multilayered and controversial problem of multiculturalism, in the context of national identity in the territory of modern Great Britain. The article deals with the problems of the transformation of the linguistic and cultural components of the life of the country, and the perception and acceptance of ethnic diversity by the population of Britain. Particular attention is paid to the emergence of new varieties of the English language - ethnolects and multiethnolects, resulting from the relationship between different ethnic groups in the context of multiculturalism. In the article, the author gives examples that testify to the fiasco of multiculturalism and reflects on the social and linguistic aspects of the process of integrating non-racial, non-religious migrants into European and, in particular, English society. The paper considers such a phenomenon as the “cancellation culture” of the white race. The questions of the formation of a hybrid identity are touched upon, as well as concerns are expressed about the possible negative impact of the osternization of Europe.

     

    References

    Bat, Y. (2005). Eurabia: the Euro-Arab axis. London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.

    Bontrager, E. (2022, December 2). Burn churches: Europe had over 500 anti-Christian hate crimes in 2021. For the Martyrs. Retrieved June 19, 2023.

    Churchill, W. S. (1899). The River War, An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.

    Crystal, D. (1995). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Eurabia conspiracy theory. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

    European Islam. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

    Evropejskij Mul'tilingvizm [European Multilingualism]. (2007). In Naukarus. Retrieved July 07, 2023.

    Foad, H.S. (2013). Waves of immigration from the Middle East to the United States. International Political Economy: Migration eJournal. https://doi.org/: 10.2139/ssrn.2383505

    Grishaeva, L.I. (Eds.) (2002). Mezhkul'turnaya kommunikaciya i problemy nacional'noj identichnosti: sb. nauch. Trudov [Intercultural communication and problems of national identity]. Voronezh: Izdatel’skij dom VGU.

    Kerswill, P. (2013). Identity, ethnicity, and place: the construction of youth language in London. In P. Auer, M. Hilpert, A. Stukenbrock, & B. Szmrecsanyi (eds). Space in Language and Linguistics: Geographical, Interactional, and Cognitive Perspectives (pp. 128-164). Berlin: de Gruyter.

    London Migrant English to Become Dominant Linguistic Dialect in the UK within 100 Years. (2022, June 18). The English Democrats. Retrieved June 26, 2023.

    Musolff, A. (2019). Hostility towards immigrants’ languages in Britain: a backlash against ‘super-diversity’?. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40 (3), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1520859

    Project report from Fear and HOPE about political context for change. (n.d.) In Fear and Hope. Retrieved June 26, 2023.

    Quist, P. (2008). Sociolinguistic approaches to multiethnolect: Language variety and stylistic practice. International Journal of Bilingualism, 1 (2), 43–61.

    Racisme_antiblanc. [Anti-white racism]. (n.d.) Retrieved June 19, 2023.

    Rivers of Blood speech. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved June 19, 2023.

    Sashina, N. (2016, October 3). Cherez 50 let anglijskij yazy`k sushhestvenno izmenitsya iz-za migrantov [In 50 years, the English language will change significantly due to migrants]. Retrieved June 26, 2023.

    Whorf, B.L. (1994). The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Language: A Review of General Semantics, Published by: Institute of General Semantics, 1(4), 197-215.

    Whorf, B. (2003). Otnosheniya norm povedeniya i myshleniya k yazyku [The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Language]. In Yazyki kak obraz mira (pp. 157-202). Saint-Petersburg: Terra Fantastica.

    Sources of Data

    Antebellum. (n.d.). Urban Dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2023.

    Blakely, W. (2023, February 9). Auburn Black Student Union produces list of racial slurs for white people — Discovered on GroupMe text chat allegedly associated with organization. Retrieved July 22, 2023.

    Creaker Names (n.d.). OutKick. Retrieved July 22, 2023.

    Evrei i prochie protiv beloj rasy. [Jews and others against the white race]. (2018, October 6). In Cont. Retrieved June 19, 2023.

    Karen. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 12, 2023.

    Krept & Konan. (n.d.). Ask Flipz. Retrieved August 12, 2023.

    Londonistan: 423 new mosques, 500 closed churches (2017, April 10). In Wheatland Baptist Church. Retrieved August 12, 2023.

    London Migrant English to Become Dominant Linguistic Dialect in the UK within 100 Years. (2020, June 18). The English Democrats Retrieved June 26, 2023.

    Piers, M. (2016, October 22). [@piersmorgan]. The way to make room in Britain for desperate refugees is to deport all the white trash racist scum. [Tweet]. Twitter.. Retrieved July 22, 2023.

    White Fragility. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Retrieved August 12, 2023.

  • Culture Studies

    BEYOND LITERAL INTERPRETATIONS: EXPLORING THE CULTURAL AND COGNITIVE DIMENSIONS OF ENGLISH BODY PARTS IDIOMS

    Saida Tobbi
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    Abstract

    The present study aims at unraveling the deep cultural and cognitive dimensions embedded within English idioms that relate to body parts. Through a systematic analysis of a comprehensive corpus compiled from diverse sources such as dictionaries and websites, it scrutinizes not only the literal interpretations of these idioms but also their socio-cultural significance and cognitive underpinnings. The findings highlighted the solid interplay between language, culture, and cognition, shedding light on how these body parts idiomatic expressions reflect and shape socio-cultural norms and cognitive processes. These idioms are revealed to be more than mere linguistic quirks; they serve as conduits for conveying shared experiences and cultural heritage. The findings of the present study not only enrich our understanding of language and culture but also offer practical implications for English as a foreign language education and cross-cultural communication. The insights gained from this investigation contribute to various fields, such as linguistics, cultural studies, cognitive science, and language education.

    References

    Bazzanella, C. (1992). Conventional metaphors: A view from polysemy. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 7(3), 161-182.

    Clark, E. V. (1993). The lexicon in acquisition. Cambridge: CUP.

    Gibbs, R. W. (1993). Process and products in making sense of tropes. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (pp. 252-276). Cambridge: CUP.

    Gibbs, R. W., & Colston, H. L. (2012). Interpreting figurative meaning. Cambridge: CUP.

    Goatly, A. (1997). The language of metaphors. England: Routledge.

    Katan, D. (2018). Translation and cultural awareness in the EFL classroom: Exploring the interplay between language learning and cultural learning. The Modern Language Journal, 102(2), 394-409.

    Langacker, R. W. (1987). Foundations of cognitive grammar: Volume I, theoretical prerequisites. California: Stanford University Press.

    Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in language teaching. Cambridge: CUP.

    Steen, G. (2007). Finding metaphor in discourse: Pragmatics, metaphor, and the study of language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

    Wierzbicka, A. (1992). Semantics, culture, and cognition: Universal human concepts in culture-specific configurations. Oxford: OUP.

    Wierzbicka, A. (2006). English: Meaning and culture. Oxford: OUP.

  • Culture Studies

    THE PERCEPTION OF BLACK AND WHITE IN ENGLISH AND ARMENIAN IDIOMS

    Naira Avagyan, Naira Nersisyan
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    Abstract

    Colour is a silent language with the help of which people can communicate. It is rich in hidden meanings and symbolisms. We think of colour as an independent concept with a part to play in every aspect of our lives. Colour, as we know, does not exist in the outside world, beyond us, like gravity, protons and oxygen do. Instead, colour is created inside our heads. It is the characteristic of human visual perception. The recognition and interpretation of colour are determined by numerous factors: cultural, religious, spiritual, physiological, and psychological. Colour terms are widely used in phraseological units. Among most common ones are the idioms with the two opposite spectra – colours black and white. The present article discusses the perception of black and white in English and Armenian idioms. The current research is an attempt aimed at revealing the similarities and differences in these two languages through comparative-contrastive and descriptive methods of analysis.

    References

    Nassau, K. (2001). The physics and chemistry of color: the fifteen causes of color. (2nd ed.). Imprint: New York, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

    Nassau, K. (1998). Color for science, art and technology: New York & Amsterdam. Elsevier Science.

    Sources of Data

    Thilak, F.S. (2010). Idioms and idiomaticity. Oxford University Press: Published by Dr. Chitra Fernando.

    Hornby, A.S. (2005). Oxford Advanced learner’s dictionary of current English (7th ed.). Oxford University Press.

    Kemertelidze N., & Giorgadze M. (2020). One approach to idioms and their peculiarities in the English language. European Scientific Journal, 16 (11) https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2020.v16n11p13

    Wyler, S. (1992). Colour and language: colour terms in English. Tubingen: Gunter Narr.

    Seferyan, S., & Lazaryan, A. (2005). Angleren-hayeren dardzvatsabanakan bararan [English-Armenian Phraseological Dictionary] (2nd ed.). Yerevan: Ankyunakar Publishing House. (in Armenian)

Literature Studies

  • Literature Studies

    FEATURES OF CHRONOTOPE IN “THE WORDS” BY JEAN-PAUL SARTRE

    Alvard Mayilyan
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    Abstract

    The article analyzes the features of the chronotope in the autobiographical novel “The Words” by the famous French writer Jean-Paul Sartre. The center of the analysis is the ways in which Sartre creates a complex and multi-layered domain of actions for his heroes, where time and space become not only physical but also philosophical realities. Particular attention is paid to how Sartre uses the chronotope to develop ideas of freedom, responsibility and existence. Through the analysis of everyday situations and the inner monologue of the main characters, the article reveals how the chronotope becomes an integral part of the concept of human existence in Sartre’s world.

    The article also analyzes the transformation of the classic chronotope in an autobiography, new manifestations of the spatiotemporal concept, as well as the chronotope of retrospective depiction through the author’s personal memories.

    References

    Bakhtin, M.M. (1986). Formy vremeni i hronotop v romane. Očerki po istoričeskoj poétike [Forms of time and Chronotope in novels]. Bahtin M.M. Literaturno-kritičeskie statʹi. Moscow: Hud. Liter.

    Kandalinceva, L. Ye. (2001). Problema svobody i vybora vo francuzskom ékzistencializme (Ž. P. Sartr, A. Kamû) [The Prolem of freedom and choice in French existentialism]. Filosofiâ i Obŝestvo, 2(23), 97-107.

    Levčenko, E.V. (2005). Hudožestvennoe tvorčestvo kak pereživaemoe bytie [Artistic creativity as an experienced being] // Voprosy Filosofii, 10, 145-150.

    Halizev, V. (2004). Teoriâ literatury [Theory of Literature]. Moscow: Vysshaja shkola.

    Sartr, ZH.-P. (1993). Barrer [Words]. Yerevan: Sovetakan grogh.

    Sartre, J. P., (1946). L'existencialisme est un humanisme. FOLIO ESSAIS.

    Sartre, J. P. (n.d.). L'existence precede l'essence. La - Philo. Retrieved February 11, 2024.Sartre, J. P. L'homme est condamne a etre libre. Apprendre la Philosophie Retrieved February 25, 2024.

    Sartre, J. P. (1943). Being and nothingness. Routledge Edition.

    Sartre, J. P. (1938). Nausea. Aramont Library Collection.

Armenological Studies

  • Armenological Studies

    PRECONDITIONS AND REASONS FOR CHRISTIANITY TO BECOME A STATE RELIGION IN GREATER ARMENIA (GREAT HAYQ) IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 3RD CENTURY

    Artsruni Sahakyan
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    Abstract

    The article highlights the domestic and global preconditions for Christianity to become a state religion in Hayq. The underlying reason and the social-political consequences have been specified, as well. As it follows, the religious situation in Greater Armenia did not allow the country to adopt a neutral position in the military and political race between the two super powers of the time, first because of its syncretic nature and later owing to Zoroastrian reforms. Hence, Greater Armenia faced a most decisive choice in favor of a new type of independence that was possible only through a religious neutrality – a step that Tiridates III realized thereby earning the title of the Great.

    References

    Ananean, P. (1978). The traces of christianity before St. Gregory the Illuminator’s preaches, Bazmavep, 1(2), Venice, Mekhitarist Publ., 8-66.

    Garitte, G. (1946). Documents pour l'etude d'Agathange, Vatican.

    Hakobyan, A. (2013). Aluanq. In History of the Adjasant Countries of Armenia. Vol. I (pp. 528-529). Yerevan: Institute of Oriental Studies of NAS RA,.

    History of the Armenian People. (1984). Vol. II, Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences Publ.

    Khorenatsi, M. (1981). The History of Armenia, Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press.

    Manaseryan, R. (1997). Armenia from Artavazd to Tiridates the Great, Yerevan: NAS RA Press.

    Martirosyan, A. (1977). Western conquests of Sassanids. Historical-Philological Journal, 11, 195-206.

    Shomon, M. L. (2013). Gregory the Illuminator’s Ordination in Caesarea. Handes Amsorya, 1(12), 1-34.

    St. Gregory the Illuminator’s Preaches. (1894). St. Echmiadzin, Holy See Publ.

    The History of Agathangelos. (1909). Tpghis: Mnatsakan Martiroseants’ Publ.

    Yeremyan, S. (1984). Armenia in the third and fourth centuries. In The History of the Armenian People, Vol. II, (pp. 21-161.) Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences Publ.