Vol. 20 No. 2 (30) (2024)

Cover
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/2023.20.2
Published: 2024-12-17

Front Matter

Linguistics

  • Linguistics

    THE LINGUISTIC MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDERLECT IN“EMILY IN PARIS” TV SERIES

    Kristine Harutyunyan, Anna Sargsyan
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    Abstract

     

    Sociolinguists study genderlect to better understand how gender and language intersect and to challenge stereotypes and assumptions about gendered communication. Genderlect refers to the idea that men and women, on average, tend to have distinct communication styles and tendencies. The aim of the present article is to study the genderlect in one of the most famous TV series from the sociolinguistic point of view. Within the frames of the article we attempt to illustrate the linguistic differences between men and women, to highlight various conversational behaviors and to detect the reasons of this gender-based diversity. The factual data of the research was taken from the scripts of the TV series, conditioned by the fact that the gendered language is best illustrated in everyday speech. The main findings of the article are the manifestation and clarification of linguistic differences of genderlect in the TV series.

     

     

     

     

     

    References

    Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. London: Routledge.

    Carli, L. (2001). Gender and social influence. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 725–741

    Holmes, J. (2013) An introduction to sociolinguistics. New York: Routledge.

    Lakoff, R. (1975) Language and woman’s place. New York: Harper & Row.

    Tannen, D. (1990) You just don’t understand: women and men in conversation. New York: William Morrow & Co.

    Sources of Data

    Star, D. (2020). Emily in Paris. [TV series]. Netflix. Retrieved August 10, 2023.

    Sources of Data

    Star, D. (2020). Emily in Paris. [TV series]. Netflix. Retrieved August 10, 2023.

  • Linguistics

    ORTHOGRAPHIC, LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICALDIFFERENCES IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS

    Narine Madoyan
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    Abstract

     

    The current article explores the nuanced distinctions between British and American English, particularly focusing on their systematic peculiarities as observed in online newspapers. It discusses how the evolution of newspapers has significantly influenced their style and language over time.

    Orthographic, lexical, and grammatical variations are well-known features of both British and American English. This article highlights the primary systematic differences between the two. While historically there has been a clear demarcation between British and American English, recent research suggests that this boundary is becoming increasingly blurred.

    Many prominent American newspapers are now adopting orthographic, lexical, and grammatical conventions traditionally associated with British English. Similarly, renowned British newspapers are showing a tendency to embrace simplified spelling and vocabulary more typical of American English. This mutual influence indicates that neither variety is entirely isolated or static; rather, there is a noticeable convergence between them, which is becoming more apparent over time.

    References

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    Algeo, J. (2006). British or American English? A handbook of word and grammar patterns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Algeo, J. (2010). The origins and development of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Allen, J. (2003). The BBC news styleguide. New York: Sadie East.

    Amis, K. (1997). The King’s English: A guide to modern usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Boyd, A. (1994). Broadcast journalism: techniques of radio and TV news. Oxford: Focal Press.

    Codas-Coulthard, C. R., & Couthard, M. (1994). Texts and practices: readings in critical discourse analysis. London, New York: Routledge.

    Conboy, M. (2006). The language of the news. Oxford: Polity Press.

    Conboy, M. (2010). The language of newspapers: socio-historical perspectives. Great Britain: Athenaeum Press LTD.

    Crystal, D. (1969). The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Crystal, D. (1995). The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Crystal, D. (2004). The language revolution. Oxford: Polity Press.

    Fairclough, N. (1991). Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language. New York: Longman Publishing.

    Fowler, H., & Fowler, G. (1906). The King’s English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Fries, P., & Fries, N. (1998). Toward an understanding of language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins

    Kennedy, P., & Falvey, P. (1999). Learning language through literature in secondary schools: a resource book for teachers of English. Hong Kong University Press.

    Lee, A. J. (1976). The origins of the popular press 1855-1914. London: Groom Helm.

    Mmaguire T., & McMahon, A. (2011). Analyzing variation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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    Pennycook, A. (2004). Performativity and language studies: critical inquiry in language studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Raymond, J. (1993). Making the news: an anthology of the newsbooks of revolutionary England. Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucs: The Windbrush Press.

    Raymond, J. (1996). The invention of the newspaper: English newsbooks, 1641-1649. Oxfored:Oxford University Press.

    Rohdenburg, G., & Schlṻter, J. (2009). One langauge, two grammars? Differences between British and American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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    Schudson, M. (2008). Public spheres, imagined communities, and the underdeveloped historical understanding of journalism: exploration in communication and history. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

    Tottie, G. (2002a). An introduction to American English. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell.

    Tottie, G. (2002c.). Non-categorized differences between American and British English: some corpus evidence. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell.

    Van Dijk, T. (1988). News as discourse. Hillsdale, N: Lawrence Erlbaum.

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    Wiener, J. (1996). The americanization of the British press: studies in newspaper and periodical history. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Sources of Language Data

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    Cappucci, M. (2015, October, 30). The scent of a season: explaining the aroma of fall. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com

    Carter, N. (2016, February, 17). How to make perfect biscuits, plus 9 recipes. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-perfect-biscuits-9-recipes-20160216-story.html

    Chen, E. (2024, April, 09). Disney is changing its DAS program. What guests with disabilities should know. The USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/-travel/experience/theme-parks/2024/04/09/disney-world-disneyland-disability-access-service-das/73260968007/

    Christodoulou, H. (31 May 2023). Woman, 50s, found dead inside house in Plymouth as man, 32, arrested on suspicion of murder. The Sun. Retrieved from https://www.thesun.co.uk/-news/22536513/woman-found-dead-plymouth-murder-arrest/

    Driver kills L.I. constable and is killed. (2004, June, 17). The New York Times. Retrieved https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/17/nyregion/driver-kills-li-constable-and-is-killed.html

    Faulconbridge, G. (2024, March, 23). Putin announces arrests as concert attack death toll surpasses 100 in Russia. The USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/-story/¬news/world/2024/03/23/russia-concert-shooting-saturday/73077246007/

    Ferguson, M. (2016, February, 19). Taco Maria’s Carlos Solgado wants authentic tortillas. The Los Angeles Times. Retieved from https://www.latimes.com/food/la-fo-salgado-corn-20160220-story.html

    Graff, M. (2014, August, 25). No longer marvellous…now everything is awesome: how Britions are using more American words because traditional English is in decline. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2733912/No-longer-marvellous-awesome-Britons-using-American-words-traditional-English-decline.html

    Hall, J. (2013, April, 04). Obama the antichrist? Global warming a myth? Lizard people controlling the world? Conspiracy theory research reveals bizarre beliefs prevalent in US. The Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk

    Heritage, S. (2018, October, 11). Nigella, Mary and the ultimate chocolate chip cookie recipe. The Times. Retrieved from https://www.thetimes.com/article/nigella-mary-and-the-ultimate-chocolate-chip-cookie-recipe-9sqtd3n35

    Herrman, J. (2016, April,11). Donald Trump finds support in Reddit’s unruly corners. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/¬09/business/media/in-reddits-unruly-corners-trump-finds-support.html

    Hopps, K. (2020, January, 21). Can eating bugs taste nice, be good for your health and save the planet. The Daily Express. Retrieved from https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/-1231257/eating-bugs-taste-health-environment-future-food

    Indiana State Trooper Is Fired for Proselytizing During Traffic Stops. (2016, April, 09). The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/09/us/indiana-state-trooper-is-fired-for-proselytizing-during-traffic-stops.html

    Inspector Sun’ review: A web of cinema classics. (2023, October, 23 ). The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/26/movies/inspector-sun-review.html

    It’s odd that an outpost like Milltown-Malbay should hold any place of influence in the story of Mick O’Dwyer. (2014, February, 13). The Times. Retrieved from https://www.thetimes.com/¬article/micko-sparking-banner-to-life-97ckrmrtmxx

    Keach, S. (2022, May, 04). Correct order to watch Star Wars movies and TV shows officially revealed by Disney. The Sun. Retrieved from https://www.thesun.co.uk/¬tech/¬-11542200/star-wars-movies-correct-order-tv-shows-disney-plus-machete-rinster/

    Leonard, P. N. (2019, January,10). HL power rankings: penguins, ducks and blackhawks get better at trade deadline, which is bad news for the rest of the league. The Daily News. Retrieved from https://www.nydailynews.com/2013/04/03/nhl-power-rankings-penguins-ducks-and-blackhawks-get-better-at-trade-deadline-which-is-bad-news-for-the-rest-of-the-league

    Lepere, I. (2024, March 18). Cancun v Tulum. Whis is better? The Times. Retrieved from https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/central-america-travel/mexico/¬cancun-v-tulum-which-is-better-lckm7kr0p

    Loehrke, J. (2023, April, 30). Spotted lanternfly eggs will soon hatch across the US. What to know about the invasive bug. The USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/¬story/graphics/2023/04/30/spotted-lanternfly-infesting-us-map/11744924002/

    Make time in your busy schedule to visit a friend who needs cheering up – it will cheer you up too. (2013, April, 2013). The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com

    McDonnell calls to scrap unit keeping out. (2016, February, 25). The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.thetimes.com

    Pullum, G. (2014, July, 01). Fear and loathing of the English Passive. Language and Communication, 37(1), 60-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2013.08.009.

    Sarnoff, L. (2024, April, 11). 3 sailors rescued from remote Pacific Island after writing help. The ABCnews. Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com/US/3-sailors-rescued-remote-pacific-island-after-writing/story?id=109137503

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    Smith, S. (2016, March, 06). Use it or lose it. Declutter your kitchen. The Times. Retrieved from https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/use-it-or-lose-it-26vsb79g9?region=global

    Steinbuch, Y. (2016, October, 24). France starts to shut down ‘Jungle’ refugee camp in Calais.

    The New York Post. Retrieved from France starts to shut down refugee camp in Calais.

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    Trade Boycott of Ulster. (2021, June,12). The Times. Retrieved from https://www.thetimes.com/¬¬¬¬¬uk/¬article/trade-boycott-of-ulster-bnpx5gl90

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    Turner, C. (2016, April, 09). Oxford antique dealer stabbed to death in home. The Telegraph. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/09/oxford-antiques-dealer-stabbed-to-death-in-home/

    UK Police retrace fatal journey after 39 bodies found in truck. (2019, October, 23). The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/

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    Wareing, Ch. (2016, April, 09). Noel Gallagher says he wants to KILL all terrorists as he slams Bono's 'love them until they give up approach. The Mirror. Retrieved from https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/noel-gallagher-says-wants-kill-7723315.

    Youde, K. (2024, April, 09). Hermès stakes with mechanical women’s watch. The Financial Times. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/cf0108a5-9a94-4f73-bcd1-7d163dfba588

    Zolfagharifard, E. (2016, April, 08). Could cosmetics soon be used to track you? CIA funds beauty firm that makes face gels capable of collecting your DNA. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3530607/Will-cosmetics-soon-used-track-CIA-funds-beauty-firm-makes-face-gel-capable-collecting-DNA.html

  • Linguistics

    DECODING DIGITAL YOUTH: COMMUNICATION TRENDS IN THE INTERNET ERA

    Karine Kochunts
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    Abstract

    The article focuses on increasing developments in the structure of the language of online communication. It is already common knowledge that online communication or otherwise, multimedia communication has set quite specific language rules, especially in the ways of encoding and, consequently, decoding messages. The so-called “new normal” has gradually crept into reality, even if virtual, unnoticed, and  seems to have stayed. The “new normal” does not remain the same and changes with time and the new requirements of the users. The ever-growing striving of people to make things work faster has not left the sphere of human communication untouched, particularly, informal online communication. Thus, most of the changes in the means of encoding a message primarily aim at brevity and efficiency. It is noteworthy that changes are mainly implemented by young users of online space. It is usually they who set new trends in the ways and means of coding meaning in the text, often posing challenges and risks in balancing personal and professional boundaries.

    References

    Anas, B. (2020). The invention of emojis: a brief history. Hack Reactor. Retrieved March 15, 2024

    Djentuh, P.S. (2023). The impact of emojis on online communication. Linkdin. Retrieved February 12, 2024

    Pardes, A. (2018). The WIRED guide to emoji. WIRED. Retrieved February 24, 2024

    Sack, H. (2018). Scott Fahlman and the origin of the emoticons. SciHi Blog. Retrieved March 10, 2024

  • Linguistics

    ENGLISH CHESS TERMINOLOGY: A FIELD APPROACH

    Irina Zhuravleva
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    Abstract

    The research is devoted to the study of special vocabulary used in English chess terminology. It analyzes the lexical and semantic aspects, develops criteria for the functional and stylistic differentiation of special units of chess terms, and identifies the appropriate links between special units.

    Using the field principle allows the distribution of chess terms to the core, near, far, and extreme peripheries. Chess terms are designed in the form of a ring diagram. The novelty of the research lies in the proposed scheme of systematization of special lexical units of the subject area and the construction of the lexico-semantic field ‘Chess game’ in the English language. The materials for the analysis were taken from modern English, American and German chess sources: British Chess Magazine, Chess Life Magazine, Rochade Europa, Schach Magazin 64 as well as chess dictionaries. The number of analyzed chess terms is about seven thousand, which is 45% of the total number of titles. The author concludes that different types of units in chess terminology are heterogeneous. Chess terms have many characteristics, ranging from highly specialized terms to slang expressions and nicknames.

    References

    Bondarko, A.V. (1972). K teorii polya v grammatike – zalog I zlogovost’(na materiale russkogo yazyka) [To the theory of field in grammar – voice and viocement (Based on the Russian language)]. Voprosy Yazykoznaniya [Questions of linguistics] № 3, 20-35. https://sochum.ru/s0373-658x0003193-5-1/

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    Chunming G., & Bin X. (2013). The application of semantic field theory to English vocabulary learning. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3 (11), 2030–2035. DOI:10.4304/tpls.3.11.2030-2035.

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    Jiang, N. (2022). Lexico-semantic field “city” in the modern Russian language: Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of the candidate of philological sciences. Moscow State University.

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    Pavel, S., & Nolet, D. (2001). Handbook of terminology. Terminology and Standardization Translation Bureau. Canada:Government of Canada Publication

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    Romanova, T.V. , & Khomenko, A.Yu. (2020). Functioning of semantic field elements social significance in Russian and English languages according to dictionary and corpus sources. Bulletin of St. Petersburg University Language and Literature, 17(1), 49-73. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2020.104

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  • Linguistics

    ARTSAKH: DISCOURSE STUDY OF THE CASE AGAINST DISCRIMINATION

    Seda Gasparyan, Zara Hayrapetyan
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    Abstract

    The following article addresses the long-lasting conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan the center of which is Artsakh. The case was taken to the International Court of Justice. We strive to analyze the case by studying the speech of each countries’ representative, i.e. Yeghishe Kirakosyan’s speech representing Armenia, and Elnur Mammadov’s speech representing Azerbaijan. Our goal in this article is to unveil some linguistic, extra-linguistic, and rhetorical properties present in their speeches. Linguisic means may be detrimental in affecting the judges’ decision, hence the intersection of legal discourse and linguistics creates a wider opportunity to reach a better outcome.

    References

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    Gasparyan, S., Hayrapetyan, Z. (2023). Discourse at the crossroads of language and law. Armenian Foglia Anglistika, 2(28), 13-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/-2023.19.2.013

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    Abduct. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster

    Have taken on a life of their own. (n.d. -a). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved from https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/take%20on%20a%20life%20of%20its%20own

    Have taken on a life of their own. (n.d. -b). In The Free Dictionary

    Not do something lightly. (n.d.). In Cambridge Dictionary

Methodology

  • Methodology

    HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ON FLT METHODOLOGY

    Ofelya Poghosyan, Varduhi Ghumashyan
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    Abstract

    Rapid changes in various spheres of the world and in the field of education in particular make the role of foreign language teaching and learning of paramount significance. In this regard, the study of the recent developments in the methods of foreign language teaching is not only crucial but also necessary, as sharing information is commonly implemented through language. The present research is meant to provide a comprehensive overview of the historical developments and an in-depth view of the latest advancements in foreign language teaching from both theoretical and practical perspectives with a focus on the use of innovative teaching strategies, approaches, styles and technology integration to enhance foreign language learning and teaching. This article is also aimed at shedding light on the importance of considering the requirements and needs of today’s learners when choosing the appropriate methods of teaching by teachers. Herein it is of primary concern to take into account the fact that due to manifold developments in different fields of human activity, language teaching undergoes different changes and requires new methods and approaches. In addition to all these factors, FL teaching and learning should be directed to the enhancement of intercultural competence, as it can help learners develop a more open-minded attitude towards different cultures. This work particularly highlights the necessity of changing the roles of FL teachers that reflect a shift towards a more learner-centered and technology-enhanced approach to language teaching and learning. These new roles are aimed to foster learner autonomy and critical thinking skills, to engage learners in active learning, and to create a positive learning environment. They also promote collaborative interactions among learners, recognizing and addressing their needs by providing learners with constructive feedback, authentic and varied language input.

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    Celce-Murcia, M. (2001). Teaching English as a second or foreign language (3rd ed.). Heinle: Language Learning.

    Harmer, J. (2007). The practice of English language teaching (4th ed.). Cambridge: Pearson Longman.

    Kohonen, V. (2001). Towards experiential foreign language education. In Kohonen, V., R. Jaatinen, P. Kaikkonen and J. Lehtovaara (Eds.). Experiential learning in foreign language education (pp. 8-60). London: Pearson Education.

    Larsen-Freeman, D., & Anderson, M. (2011). Techniques and principles in language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. New York: Newbury House.

    Alvior, M. G. (2015, January 21). How to apply suggestopedia as a method of teaching. Retreaved July 30, 2023.

    Bolen, J. (2022, October 15). Approaches and methods in language teaching: CLT, TPR. Retreaved July 27, 2023.

    Bolen, J. (2022, October 15). Types of Learning Styles for the Language Learning Classroom. Retrieved June 18, 2023.

    Gupta, V. (2018, October 9). Grammar translation method - advantages and disadvantages. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

    Howard, D. (2016, June13). What Is the PPP method of teaching English? Retrieved August 24, 2023.

    Verner, S. (n.d.). Present, practice, produce. Retrieved March 29, 2023.

Culture Studies

  • Culture Studies

    REMEMBERING AND UNDERSTANDING GENOCIDE THROUGH THE ARTS: A CASE STUDY OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

    Alan Whitehorn
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    Abstract

    The article is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the heroic novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh.

    One of the most discussed and influential genocides globally is the Armenian Genocide which has been explored in journalistic, academic and artistic ways. Despite war-time censorship, the mass deportations and killings of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during World War One was covered extensively and graphically by the international press. Such atrocities became a catalyst for the emergence of the important analytic terms of ‘crimes against humanity’ and ‘genocide’, along with the extension of the concept of ‘war crimes’. These three terms constitute key conceptual aspects in international criminal law, history and the social sciences. In addition to new analytical frameworks seeking to portray the magnitude of mass atrocity crimes, we also have witnessed personal accounts within an Arts and Humanities format. The Arts have often explored the personal costs of war, genocide and their extended aftermath. Franz Werfel’s historical novel “The Forty Days of Musa Dagh” was an exemplary example and its international influence was extensive. Forms of coverage and commentary on genocide can include a range of approaches from journalistic accounts, academic historical writings, memoirs, museums, social science theorizing to various aspects of the Arts, such as novels, plays, poetry, film, paintings and music. While detached academic accounts are important to develop our analytical understanding; more engaged personal artistic forms of expression can be profoundly influential in fostering empathy and sympathy towards the victims. The Arts can be powerful forms of personal connection. In the tradition of Franz Werfel’s novel, an overview of a variety of works in the Arts about the Armenian Genocide will be discussed. Together, the different approaches of i) journalistic first-impressions, ii) the academic analytical mind and iii) the Arts’ passionate heart can help us to more effectively remember, understand, sympathize and educate about genocides. It is useful to employ a variety of ways of reaching potential bystanders to remember, understand and become more engaged to overcome the devastating impact of genocide. 

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Literature Studies

  • Literature Studies

    "FAR TOO HEAVY TO BEAR...": THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE IN CONTEMPORARY GERMAN-LANGUAGE POST-MIGRANT PROSE

    Tessa Hofmann
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    Abstract

    The experience of genocide usually locks the mouths of the victims' descendants for two generations. It is usually communicated in the third or grandchildren's generation. The literary expression of this externalization is a prose that oscillates between fiction and factography, which emerged already decades ago in the large Armenian diaspora communities of the USA and France and is now very widespread. Peter Balakian's Black Dogs of Fate and Micheline Aharonian Marcom's genocide trilogy are probably the most internationally known examples.

    In Germany, the evolution was considerably delayed. There is no quantitatively large Armenian diaspora here. The community of around 60,000 people is also heterogeneous in terms of their countries of origin. Most of them originally came from Turkey; in the meantime, numerous Armenians from the post-Soviet space have joined them.

    The Young Turks’ genocide of 1915/6 was first addressed in German by authors of Jewish origin, namely Franz Werfel and, after WW2, Edgar Hilsenrath. Since 2019, four novels by authors of Armenian descent have been published: Katerina Poladjan’s Hier sind Löwen (2019), Laura Cwiertnia’s Auf der Straße heißen wir anders (2022), Marc Sinan’s Gleißendes Licht (2023) and Corinna Kulenkamp’'s Aprikosenzeit, dunkel (2023). With the exception of K. Poladjan’s novel, these are all debut novels, which is at the same time indicative of the importance of the topic for the authors.

    The genre hybridity of these works, which combine the features of family, coming-to-age and travel novels, is likewise characteristic. As a subgenre of German-language post-migrant prose, these novels are about the authors' or their protagonists' confrontation with their hybrid descent from Armenian-German or Turkish-Armenian homes, about identity and belonging, as well as the confrontation with the post-Soviet state of Armenia, which remains alien and incomprehensible to the authors or their protagonists, just as the acceptance of the genocide as an obligation to remember and a legacy seems difficult to bear.

    In this article, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the heroic novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh, I intend to describe the peculiarities and weaknesses of the recent post-genocidal remembrance prose in the German language on the basis of the four novels mentioned above.

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  • Literature Studies

    WOUNDS OF HISTORY: MEMOIR REFLECTIONS ON THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE IN ITALY

    Sona Haroutyunian
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    Abstract

    This paper delves into the memoirs of Armenian Genocide survivors in Italy, examining how, despite the immense emotional toll, these individuals eventually found the strength to document their suffering. It explores the ways in which they navigated the silence surrounding their trauma, ultimately putting pen to paper to share the horrors they witnessed. These memoirs serve as crucial testimonies, offering the world invaluable insights into the atrocities of the genocide and ensuring that these stories, once buried in silence, are preserved for future generations. The paper also considers the cultural and psychological barriers that survivors faced, as well as the profound importance of memory in shaping historical understanding.

    The idea of ​​this article was born in me in connection with the 90th anniversary of the novel The Forty Days of Mount Musa by Franz Werfel, a great supporter of humanity and peace and an unwavering critic and rejecter of genocidal acts because the lessons conveyed to us by the survivors’ memoirs are instructive and deserve attention.

     

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    Tōnapetian, P. (1922). Jayn Taŕapeloc‘ [The outcry of the sufferers]. London. Reprinted in 2008, Ant‘ilias, Tparan Kat‘ołikosut‘ean Meci Tann Kilikioy.

    Whitehorn, A. (2015). The Armenian Genocide: the essential reference guide. ABC-CLIO.

    Zarian, C. (1927). “Anc’orde ew ir č̣amp‘an”, Hayrenik’ , vol. 5, Boston. Trans. from Armenian into English by Ara Baliozian, Zarian Gostan (1981), The Traveller & His Road, New York, Ashod Press.

    Zohrabian, C.G. (1965). Memorie di vita missionaria [Memoirs of missionary life], in 2 volumes, Palermo: Convento Cappuccini.

  • Literature Studies

    FRANZ WERFEL AS A CULTURAL CRITIC. INDIVIDUALISM, COLLECTIVISM AND THE MORAL-AESTHETIC TASK OF A POET

    Roy Knocke
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    Abstract

    This article is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the heroic novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh created by great Austrian writer and humanist Franz Werfel. With this novel Franz Werfel created a literary monument to the Armenian people. Werfel’s inspiration from his journey to Palestine and his encounter with Armenian orphans in Damascus are well known. Less known are his cultural-critical-philosophical essays that Werfel gave as lectures in the 1930s, framing his work on The Forty Days of Musa Dagh. These texts are densely formulated, often without references or plain argumentation. But they hold insights into Werfel’s moral demands on a poet, broaching that issue in the eras of communism, fascism, and genocide. This paper creates a moral-aesthetic profile that traces Werfel’s socially critical remarks with his view of the task of a poet and contrasts them with another contemporary view of a poet, that of Rainer Maria Rilke.

    References

    Adorno, T.W. (1994). Briefe und Briefwechsel, Bd. 1. [Letters and correspondence, Vol. 1]. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp.

    Benjamin, W. (2012). Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit [The work of art in the age of its technical reproducibility] Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp.

    Brunner, F. (1955). Franz Werfel als Erzähler [Franz Werfel as narrator]. Universität Zürich.

    Dittmann, U. (1996). Den Völkermord erzählen? Franz Werfels Die vierzig Tage des Musa Dagh und Edgar Hilsenraths Das Märchen vom letzten Gedanken [Narrate the genocide? Franz Werfel's The Forty Days of Musa Dagh and Edgar Hilsenrath's The Tale of the Last Thought]. In: Hilsenrath, E.: Das Unerzählbare erzählen [Telling the untold] (pp. 163–177). München: Piper Verlag.

    Nietzsche, F. (2003). Kritische Studienausgabe, Bd. 1. [Critical study edition, Vol. 1.] München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag

    Rilke, R. M. (1991). Briefe. Zweiter Band 1919–1926 [Letters. Second volume 1919–1926]. Frankfurt a. M.: Insel Verlag.

    Rilke, R. M. (1992). Briefe zur Politik [Letters on politics]. Frankfurt a. M.: Insel Verlag.

    Rilke, R. M. (1994). Florenzer Tagebuch [Florence diary]. Frankfurt a. M.: Insel Verlag.

    Rilke, R. M. (2006). Die Gedichte [The poems]. Frankfurt a. M.: Insel Verlag.

    Werfel, F. (1928). Der Abituriententag. Die Geschichte einer Jugendschuld [Graduation day. The story of youth guilt]. Wien: Paul Zsolnay Verlag.

    Werfel, F. (1929). Barbara oder Die Frömmigkeit [Barbara or Piety]. Wien: Paul Zsolnay Verlag.

    Werfel, F. (1933). Die vierzig Tage des Musa Dagh [The Forty Days of Musa Dagh]. Wien: Paul Zsolnay Verlag.

    Werfel, F. (1958). Stern der Ungeborenen. Ein Reiseroman [Star of the Unborn. A travel novel]. Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer Verlage.

    Werfel, F. (1959). Die Dramen, Bd. 1. [The Dramas, Vol. 1.]. Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer Verlage.

    Werfel, F. (1959). Die Versuchung [The temptation]. Darmstadt: Luchterhand Verlag.

    Werfel, F. (1975). Zwischen oben und unten. Prosa, Tagebücher, Aphorismen, literarische Nachträge [Between top and bottom. Prose, diaries, aphorisms, literary addendums]. Wien: Langen-Müller.

    Werfel, F. (1982). Cella oder Die Überwinder: Versuch eines Romans [Cella or The Overcomers: Attempt at a Novel]. Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer Verlage.

    Werfel, F. (1991). Jeremias. Höret die Stimme [Jeremiah. Hear the voice]. Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer Verlage.

    Werfel, F. (1992). Gesammelte Werke in Einzelbänden, Bd. 6. [Collected works in individual volumes, Vol. 6]. Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer Verlage.

    Werfel, F. (2009). Jacobowsky und der Oberst. Komödie einer Tragödie in drei Akten [Jacobowsky and the colonel. Comedy of a tragedy in three acts]. Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer Verlage.

  • Literature Studies

    FRANZ WERFEL’S "THE FORTY DAYS OF MUSA DAGH", A PERPETUALLY PRESENT PRODUCTION RATHER THAN A PRODUCT

    Rubina Peroomian
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    Abstract

     

    The article is a tribute to the 90th anniversary of Franz Werfel’s renowned novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh.

    Borrowing Roland Barthes’ approach to texts – regarding their function and effects – and his explanation of writerly texts (scriptible), I see The Forty Days of Musa Dagh as one such text that, according to Barthes, is not a product but a production perpetually present, continuing to force the reader to participate, ponder and find a meaning or meanings, an entrance, among the plurality of entrances, an opening into the text. Ninety years after the publication of Franz Werfel’s literary masterpiece, there are still discussions ongoing and new insights being added.

    In my presentation, I will open my own way into the metamorphic perception of this timeless artistic creation by Diasporan Armenians and the world and focus on its function as the embodiment of the Armenian spirit of resistance to injustice, as a tool against the Turkish denial of the Armenian Genocide – the Turkish hysteria against this novel and repression of European governments to denounce it is further proof of its power – its effect on the self-realization and reawakening of the generations of Armenians on the verge of assimilation.

    I have often spoken and written about the impact of genocide literature on the understanding of the scope of the calamity and the universal truth that lies at the roots of factual writings and documents. The Forty Days of Musa Dagh is the most expressive voice in the history of the Armenian Genocide, an unequivocal representation of the horrifying reality, the prototype of the crime against humanity, ultimately playing a major role in influencing and inspiring Rafael Lemkin to devise the word “genocide”.

    I will point to why and how about 312 passages totalling 1062 lines, that is 11% of the original was omitted in the first English translation and reinstated in the new, 2012 version. The ensuing enthusiastic salutation of this new publication is representative of Diasporan Armenians’ continuing devotion to the book and the author.

     

    References

    Auron, Y. (1999). The impact of ‘The Forty Days of Musa Dagh’ on Jewish Youth in Palestine and Europe. In R. G. Hovannisian (Ed.). Remembrance and Denial, The case of the Armenian Genocide. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

    Auron, Y. (2000), Banality of indifference: zionism and the Armenian genocide. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

    Barthes, R. (1970). S/Z. Essais. Paris: Seuil.

    Dadrian, V. (1997). In A wall of silence – the unspoken fate of the Armenians [Video]. Vimeo.

    Fisk, R. (2006). The great war for civilization: the conquest of the Middle East. New York: Alfred A Knopf.

    Foltin, L.B. (1961). Franz Werfel 1890-1945. Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press.

    Hilsenrath, E. (1990). The story of the last thought (H. Young Trans.). London: Scribners.

    Kirby, R. (1999). The culturally complex individual, Franz Werfel’s reflections on minority identity and historical depiction in the forty days of Musa Dagh. Lewisburg: Bucknul University Press; London: Associated University Presses.

    Minasian, E. (2007). Musa Dagh. Nashville, Tennessee: Cold Tree Press.

    Peroomian, R. (2003). The truth of the Armenian genocide in Edgar Hilsenrath’s Fiction. Journal of Genocide Research, 5 (2).

    Peroomian, R. (1999). Problematic aspects of reading Genocide literature. A search for a guideline or a canon. In R. G. Hovannisian (Ed.). Remembrance and Denial, the Case of the Armenian Genocide,. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

    Shemmassian, V. (2012, December 2). The exodus of Musa Dagh Armenians: from Sanjak of Alexandretta to Anjar, Lebanon. The Armenian Weekly.

    Staff writer reporting. (1998, October 28). Asbarez.

    Staff writer reporting. (2012, July 2). Asbarez.

    Stelman, L. B. (1985). Franz Werfel: the faith of an exile from Prague to Beverly Hills. Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.

    Torosyan, L. (2012, May 10). New documentary on ‘The forty days of Musa Dagh’ and Hollywood. The Armenian Weekly.

    Werfel, F. (1934). The forty days of Musa Dagh (G. Dunlop Trans.). New York: Viking Press.

    Werfel, F. (2012). The forty days of Musa Dagh. Based on Dunlop’s translation, revised & expanded by James Reidel. Boston: David R. Godin Publisher.

    Werfel, F. (1987). Musa Leran karasun ore [The Forty Days of Musa Dagh]. (P. Mikayelyan Trans.). Second edition. Yerevan: Luys Publication.

  • Literature Studies

    ONE IMPORTANT PUBLICATION ABOUT THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

    Aelita Dolukhanyan
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    Abstract

    Arshag Chobanian’s extensive article “La nation Arménienne et son œvres culturelle” published in 1945 is dedicated to the Armenian Genocide, committed by the leaders of the Young Turks. They chose the following solution for the Armenian Question - Armenia without Armenians. It cites many testimonies of contemporaries, which are full of terrifying facts, and shows us the brutality of the Turkish government. It makes an accent on many glorious facts of the historical past of the Armenian nation, which confirm the most honorable role of Armenia in the history of mankind.

    It is shown that, although the Armenian inhabitants of Western Armenia were exterminated, they continued their historical course on a territory much smaller than their historical motherland, and were revived.

    There are many facts about how great the role of Armenians was in developing Turkey in the fields of culture, industry and especially architecture.

    I dedicate this article to the 90th anniversary of the publication of the heroic novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh where an episode of Armenian’s self-defence stuggle against the Genocide of Armenians is skillfully depicted due to Franz Werfel’s humanitarian impulses.

    References

    Dolukhanyan, A. (2022). Nikoghayos Adonts. Yerevan: Areg.(in Armenian)

    Dolukhanyan, A. (2005). Jan Ekari boghoky 1915 t. hayeri tseghaspanutyan artiv [Jean Aicard’s complaint on the occasion of the genocide of Armenians in 1915]. Hayagitakan hands [Journal of Armenian Studies], No 1, pp. 61-67.

    Dolukhanyan, A. (2008). The Specialist in Armenian studies Frederic Fayde. Yerevan: YSU Press.

    Dolukhanyan, A. (2011). Frederik Maklery hayaget. [Frederic Macler as Armenologist]. Yerevan: “Zangak-97”. (in Armenian)

    Ihrig, S. (2016). Justifying Genocide, Germany and Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler. London: Harvard University Press.

    Kévorkian, R.H., & Ternon, Yv. (2014). Mémorial du genocide des Arméniens [Armenian genocide memorial]. Paris: Edition du seuil.

    Le premier génocide du XX siècle [The first genocide of the XX century]. (2004). Antelias-Liban: Imprimarie Catolicossat Arménien de Cilicie.

    Macler, Fr. (1917). Autour de l’Arménie [Around Armenia] (E. Nourry Ed.). Paris, Librairie E. Nourry 326p.

    Power, S. (2003). A problem from hell, America and the age of genocide. New York: Perennial Publishing.

    Tchobanian, A. (1945). La nation Arménienne et son œvres culturelle [Armenian nation and its cultural works]. Paris: Imprimerie artistique.

    Ternon, Yv., & Kebabjian, J.C. (1980). Arménie 1900. Paris:Astrid.

    The Black Book, Notable foreign authors about Turkish crimes and the Armenian Genocide. (2011). Prepared for publication by A. Isoyan, Yerevan: “Hayagitak” Publishing House.

    Weitz, S. Schr. (2017). Khostatsa yes kpatmem. [I Promised I Would Tell], Aelita Dolukhanyan trans. Yerevan: Zangak Publishing house. (in Armenian)

  • Literature Studies

    The RETURN OF THE MOTHER-FIGURE IN CARSON MCCULLERS’ "THE BALLAD OF THE SAD CAFÉ"

    Mohammad Hossein Mahdavi Nejhad, Ghiasuddin Alizadeh, Omid Amani
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    Abstract

    Carson McCullers’ The Ballad of the Sad Café is a mysterious novella depicting the clash between masculinity and femininity and their strife for dominance in a southern patriarchal society. In the midst of this quarrel, the arrival of the effeminate Cousin Lymon to the town marks the emergence of a new atmosphere. Since the Ballad is similar to many American literary works which delineate the father-figure as either absent or weak, and with reference to Gilles Deleuze’s vitalist-inspired philosophy, this article aims to argue that the arrival of Lymon to the town is reminiscent of the return of the mother-figure, which entails creativity and birth. With Lymon’s becoming-woman, an immense change pervades the town and Miss Amelia’s café; however, as the society of brothers is always under the threat of the return on the part of the father figure, with Marvin Macy’s return from the penitentiary, a block of becoming barricades any further flourish of brotherhood, and sanguinity gives its place to annihilation. Here, once the banner of becoming-woman, Lymon grabs this opportunity to conspire with the father-figure in order to break the fixity of the café and guarantee his nomadic flow.

    References

    Armengol-Carrera, J. (2008, Spring 2). Where are fathers in American literature? Re-visiting fatherhood in U.S. literary history. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 16 (2), 211-226. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1602.211

    Bell, E. (2015). Carson McCullers’ court in the West eighties and the Framed (Male) object. The Explicator, 73 (3), 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/00144940.2015.1058229

    Boundas, C. V. (2005). Subjectivity. In A. Parr (Ed.). The Deleuze Dictionary (pp. 268-270). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Brinkmeyer, R. H. (2009). The fourth ghost:White Southern writers and European fascism. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

    Broughton, P. R. (2005). Rejection of the Feminine in Carson McCullers' The Ballad of the Sad Cafe. In H. Bloom (Ed.). Carson McCullers' The Ballad of the Sad Cafe: Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations (pp. 21-30). Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.

    Carlton, A. (1988). Beyond Gothic and Grotesque: a feminist view of three female characters of Carson McCullers. Pembroke Magazine, 2, 54-62.

    Colebrook, C. (2002). Understanding Deleuze. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin.

    Deleuze, G. (1988). Foucault. (S. Hand, Trans.) London: Continuum.

    Deleuze, G. (1998). Essays critical and clinical. (D. W. Greco, Trans.) London: Verso.

    Deleuze, G. A. (1987). A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia. (B. Massumi, Trans.) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Deleuze, Gilles and Claire, Parnet. (1987). Dialogues II. (H. T. Haberjam, Trans.) New York: Columbia University Press.

    Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. (1983). Anti-Oedipus: capitalism and schizophrenia. (M. S. Robert Hurley, Trans.) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Fowler, D. (2010). Carson McCullers's primal scenes: the ballad of the sad café. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 260-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/00111610209602184

    Gleeson-White, S. (2003). Strange bodies: gender and identity in the novels of Carson McCullers. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.

    Gleeson-White, S. (2005). Two bodies in one: the heart is a lonely hunter and the ballad of the sad cafe. In H. Bloom (Ed.). Carson McCullers' The Ballad of the Sad Cafe: Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations (pp. 119-139). Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.

    Holland, E. W. (2013). Deleuze and Guattari’s A thousand plateaus : a reader’s guide. London: Bloomsbury.

    Jones, D. (1990). Gossip: notes on women's oral culture. In D. Cameron (Ed.). The Feminist Critique of Language: A Reader (pp. 242-250). London & New York:Routledge.

    Leverenz, D. (2003). Paternalism incorporated: fables of American fatherhood, 1865-1940. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

    Lorraine, T. (2005). Lines of flight. In A. Parr (Ed.). The Deleuze Dictionary ( pp. 144-146). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    McCullers, C. (1940). The heart is a lonely hunter. New York: Bantam Books.

    McCullers, C. (1946). The member of the wedding. New York: Mariner Books.

    McCullers, C. (1951). The ballad of the sad cafe and other stories. New York: Mariner Books.

    McCullers, C. (1985). The flowering dream: Notes on Writing. In The Mortgaged Heart. London: Penguin.

    McCullers, C. (1998). Court in the West Eighties. In Collected Stories of Carson McCullers, including The Member of the Wedding and The Ballad of the Sad Café (pp. 11-19). New York: Houghton Mifflin.

    Paulson, S. M. (1996). Carson McCullers’s the ballad of the sad café: A Song Half Sung, Misogyny, and ‘Ganging Up'. In B. Clark, & M. Friedman (Eds.). Critical Essays on Carson McCullers (pp. 187-205). New York: Hall.

    Ross, A. (2005). Desire. In A. Parr (Ed.). The Deleuze Dictionary (pp. 63-65). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Stivale, C. J. (2005). Gilles Deleuze : key concepts. Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press.

    Westling, L. (2005). Carson McCullers’ Amazon nightmare. In H. Bloom (Ed.)., Carson McCullers' The Ballad of the Sad Cafe: Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations (pp. 45-53). Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.

    Whatling, C. (2005). Reading Miss Amelia: critical strategies in the construction of sex, gender, sexuality, the gothic and the grotesque. In H. Bloom (Ed.). Carson McCullers’ The Ballad of the Sad Cafe: Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations (pp. 91-103). Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.

Armenological Studies

  • Armenological Studies

    FROM MOUNT MUSA TO SINJAR MOUNT. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SELF-DEFENSE FIGHTS

    Armen Marukyan
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    Abstract

    The study of self-defense battles of victim groups during genocides is no less important than the study of the crimes themselves. The purpose of this article is to study the self-defense battles of Armenians during the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire and the Yazidi Genocide carried out by ISIS in the Iraqi province of Sinjar (Shangal). In particular, the article provides a comparative analysis between the self-defense battles of Mount Musa and Mount Sinjar (Shangal).

    The study combines historical-comparative and analytical methods to achieve the stated goals and objectives. The article has used both primary and secondary sources, as well as interdisciplinary research by specialists.

    As a result of the comparative analysis conducted in the article, both common features and differences were revealed between the self-defense battles of Mount Musa and Mount Sinjar during the Armenian Genocide and the Yazidi Genocide. Despite the almost century-long period separating these two cases, there are certain similarities and significant differences between the self-defense of the Armenians and the Yazidis.

    To emphasize the rejection of genocides in the world, I dedicate this article to the 90th anniversary of The Forty Days of Musa Dagh.

    References

    Adamean, D. (1921). Kilikean drvagner, Ftntchagi herosamarte Hushatetres qani me ej [Cilician episodes, the heroic struggle of Ftnchag (Pages from my diary)], Paris: K.H. Nerses Publ.

    A-Do. (1917). Mets depqere Vaspurakanum 1914–1915 tvakannerin [Big cases in Vaspurakan]. Yerevan: Luys.

    Akcham, T. (2015). Yeritturkeri gorcats votchire mardkutyan dem. Hayoc ceghaspanutyune yev etnik ztumnere Osmanyan kaysrutyunum [The crime committed by the Young Turks against humanity. The Armenian Genocide and ethnic cleansings in the Ottoman Empire ]. Yerevan: Tigran Mets Press.

    Andreasean, T. (1915). Zeytuni taragrutyune yev Svediayi apstambutyune [The diaspora of Zeytun and the rebellion of Suedia]. Yerevan: Amerikayi hay avetaranchakan ynkerutyan Hayastani masnachyugh.

    Arango, T. (2014, August 4). Iraq agrees to help kurds buttling sunni extremists. New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2024.

    Avakyan, A. (1999). Genocid 1915 g. Mekhanizmy prinjatija i ispolnenija reshenij [The Genocide of 1915. Mechanisms for making and executing decisions].

    Yerevan: Gitutyun.

    Chislennost’ ezidskikh bezhencev dostigaet 430.000 chelovek [The number of Yezidi refugees reaches 430000 people]. (2014, August 23). ÊzîdîPress. Retrieved May 15, 2024).

    Dinnayi, M. H. (Ed.) (2013). The situation of the Yezidi minority. A short report. Retrieved May 15, 2024.

    Gasparyan, R. (2005). Haykakan kotoratsnere Kilikiayum (XIX dari 90-akan tt. – 1921 t.) [Armenian massacre es in Cilicia (from the 90s of the XIX century to 1921)]. Yerevan: NAS RA Institute of History Press.

    Glava Parlamenta Kurdistana obvinil peshmerga v genocide yezidov v Sinjare [The head of the Kurdistan Parliament accused the Peshmerga of the genocide of the Yazidis in Sinjar] (2016, May 24). «Ria Novosti». Retrieved May 15, 2024).

    Grigoryan, S. (2016). Islamakan petutyun. Akunknerits minchev khalifayutyan hrchakum [Islamic State: from the origins to the proclamation of the caliphate]

    Yerevan: YSU Press.

    Hovannisian, R.G. (Ed.) (1991). The Armenian Genocide. History. Politics. Ethics. New Brunswick: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Hushamatean Musa leran [Memoirs on Musa Dagh]. (1970). Compiled by M. Gushakchyan, P. Maduryan. Peirut: Jebel Musayi Patriotic Union Print.

    Kevorkean, Zh. (2015). Fransiakan razmatsovayin navatormi ognutyune hayerin 1909-1915 tt. [The help of the French navy to the Armenians]. Yerevan: VMV-Print.

    Kochoi, S. (2014). Islamskoe gosudarstvo: ot terrorizma k genotsidu [The Islamic State: from terrorism to genocide]. Journal of Russian Law, 12, 61-72.

    Kochoi, S., & Khasan H. (2017). Genotsid yezidov i perspektivy bor’by s terrorizmom v Irake [The genocide of the Yezidis and prospects for the fight against terrorizm in Iraq]. Topical Problems of Russian Law, 12 (85).

    Kochoi, S., & Khasan, Kh. (2016). Prestuplenie genotsida [The crime of genocide]. Moscow: Prospekt Press.

    Lepsius, J. (1919). Deutschland und Armenien 1914-1918. Sammlung diplomatischer Aktenstücke. Potsdam: Der Tempelverlag.

    Murazi, B. (2015). 100 tari ants… [A hundred years later…]. Yerevan: Loreni.

    No¬gales, R. de. (1926). Four years beneath the Crescent (M. Lee Trans.) with an Introduction by Lietenant-Colonel E. Davis. N. Y., London: Scribner’s.

    Poghosyan, H. (1988). Ftntchagi 1915 tvakani inqnapashtpanakan krivnere [The self-defence fights of Ftnchag in 1915]. Sovetakan mankavarzh, 6, 35-39.

    Sahakean, A. (1955). Dyutsaznakan Urfan yev ir hayordinere [The heroic Urfa and its sons]. Peirut: Urfa Memorial Committee Press.

    Sahakyan, R. (2005). Arevmtahayutyan ceghaspanutyune yev inqnapashtpanakan krivnery 1915 tvakanin [The Genocide of Western Armenians and the self-defence fights of 1915]. Yerevan: Gitutyun.

    Shemmassian, V. (2020). The Armenians of Musa Dagh. From Obscurity to Genocide Resistance and Fame (1840-1915). Fresno: California State University Press.

    Statement by the President. (2014, August 7). The White House. Retrieved May 15, 2024.

    Ter-Harutyunyan, H. (1917). Shapin-Garahisari apstambutyune [The Rebellion of Shapin-Garahisar]. Tiflis: Mamul

  • Armenological Studies

    THE HEROIC BATTLE OF MOUNT MUSA AND THE VALIANT DEEDS OF THE ARMENIAN WOMEN

    Edik Minasyan
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    Abstract

    This article, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Franz Werfel’s heroic novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh, presents the valiant deeds and heroism of Armenian women during the self-defense of Mount Musa, when Mount Musa of Suetia province became one of the prominent self-defense centers of Armenians. Our analysis of this heroic episode of Armenian history presents the reader with a new genocidal policy adopted and elaborated against the Armenians by the government of the Ottoman Empire in 1915. In our study, we have used works published in Armenia and abroad, some of which are primary sources.

    References

    Der-Galustian, M. (1916). Suetuhin [The Suetia woman]. “Yusaber” Daily Newspaper, 93, November 3.

    Garamanukean, A. (1996). Haykakan legeone patmakan, iravakan u kaghakakan hartseru luisi nerko [The Armenian legion in the light of historical, legal and political issues. In The Armenian Army, 2 (In Armenian).

    Gasparyan, R. (1996). Haykakan legion (1916-1920) [Armenian legion (1916-1920)]. In The Armenian Army, 1(in Armenian).

    Medz yegherni herosapatum, 1915 t. inknapashtpanakan herosamarter [Heroic novel of the Genocide, 1915 heroic battles of self-defense]. (1982). Tehran: “Alik” Printing House (in Armenian).

    Pursalean, Y. (2004). Musa leran herosamarte [The heroic battle of Mount Musa]. Ainchar: “Vahe Setian” Printing House (in Armenian).

    Sherpejean, S. (2010). Patmutyun Suetahayeru [History of the Armenians of Suetia]. Beirut: Musa Leran herosamarti 95-ameaki ew Aynchari himnadrutʻean 70-ameaki hobeleanakan marmini hratarakchutyun.

    Tadevosyan, R. (2012). Drvagner Hayots razmakan patmutyan XIX-XX darer [Episodes of Armenian military history in XIX-XX centuries]. Yerevan: Zangak (In Armenian).

    Werfel, F. (1964). Musa leran karasun ore [The forty days of Musa Dagh] (P. Mikayelyan Trans.). Yerevan: Haypethrat (in Armenian).

    Zeitlean, S. (1992). Hay kanants dere hay heghapokhakan sharzhman mej [The role of Armenian women in the Armenian revolutionary movement]. Los Angeles: “Hraztan Sarkis Zeitlean” Publication House (in Armenian).