Vol. 4 No. 1-2 (5) (2008)

The study of syntagmatic collocations reveals that these linguostylistic units are based on some language prototypical syntagmatic patterns and their systemic application largely conditions the functional-stylistic orientation of this or that expression of speech. Syntagmiatcic collocations are distinguished with their wide usage, and like all the other functional varieties of the style of public writing the genre of contemporary essay is built on the juxtaposition of fact and fiction, the real and the imaginary.

The article attempts to examine the characteristic features of kinship terms in Armenian, English and Russian. Kinship terms make up a solid system with closely interconnected constituents. Kinship terms, which can be found in all languages, act as universalities. However, being universalities kinship terms may be different in different languages in terms of ethnolinguistic salience. The existence of certain kinship terms in a given language is, of course, connected with the kinship relations existing in the given society. Language affects the world perception of the language bearers. It reflects the notions and phenomena that are of prime importance for the speakers of the given language.

The non-standard vocabulary of the English language has always been an interesting area of research. The 20^th century saw an increase in this interest. Non-standard words and phrases started finding their ways into dictionaries, linguistic journals and even daily newspapers. However, it is still difficult to draw a strict distinction between the standard and non-standard vocabulary, since, as is known, language undergoes constant development. As a result, the same word that used to be considered as non-standard about 20 years ago, can be viewed as quite standard nowadays. Slang is a non-standard form of English. It is a lexical novelty in a certain cultural environment. It is equally existent in all languages and cultures. Many Indo-European languages are rich in slang words and phrases.

It is common knowledge that public dialects are conditioned by the social position, education, as well as age peculiarities of the speaker. The latter plays an important role in the choice of the linguistic units since speakers, dependent on their age, tend to use different syntactic structures in their conversational discourse. Moreover, differences in syntax can be observed in the conversation of female and male representatives of the society.
The given article examines the syntactic peculiarities in conversational discourse of American undergraduate students aged 20-21. The analysis has been conducted by the author of the article based on the recordings of the speech of American students in the USA. The article namely specifies the types of syntactic structures, complex sentences that are more frequent among US students.

Set expressions are widely used both in written and oral speech making it concise and colorful. The use of the transformed types of set expressions is more typical of speech and aims to enhance the emotional impact on the listener and hearer making the speech more impressive and powerful. The role of set expressions in fiction cannot be overestimated. S. Maugham’s preference of set expressions underlines the uniqueness of the author’s individual style. They make the images more colorful and impressive and the writer’s style easily recognizable.

Regardless of certain common linguostylistic characteristics typical of all formal texts, each domain, however, possesses a set of features that is specific to it only. In this regard, the linguistic factor in the perception of the constitution is of certain interest. The presence of a number of linguo-stylistic peculiarities can be explained by the communicative function of the language which obtains certain importance here.
The article can interest both a linguist and a lawyer, since the knowledge of the peculiarities of the official style and their appropriate application is necessary to ensure successful work in legal procedures.

The article offers a thorough examination of the genre of book review and analysis of the means used by the critic to make unfavorable reviews with special reference to the factor of politeness.
The author conducts a comparative analysis of the similarities among the unfavorable book reviews in English and Russian as well as their culture-bound differences.

One of the underlying characteristic features of Newspaper English is its inclination towards stylistic condensation which is expressed at all levels - lexical, morphological, syntactic, stylistic, structural and ensures the realization of the core function of the Newspaper English – the informative function.

Churches possess symbolic meaning for people and hence, are of great importance. The article presents the interpretation of the images of churches in the novel Hawksmoor by Peter Ackroyd to find out how these images are created and what they stand for. The churches in London are described in the novel as embodiment of mystic knowledge.

The article studies the process of the establishment of the symbolic meaning of a word. The author presents the lexical groups making up the core vocabulary of a given language which undergo changes in meaning more often and take on a symbolic function.
The article also presents the similarities and differences between the two key types of symbols – traditional and authorial.

The article highlights the unique nature of the metaphors in D. H. Lawrence’s works from linguostylistic and linguopoetic perspectives. The detailed analysis reveals the crucial role metaphors play in the portrayal of characters created by the writer.

Terminology is an integral part of any branch of science. Refined terminology proves to be the efficient means to ensure the development of the given branch.
It is common knowledge that lexicology is a special branch since it deals with the idea of the conventional sign system rather than the “ordinary language”. Evidently, terms are the words and word combinations which convey extralinguistic notions and categories. There are numerous and various definitions of terms dependent on the peculiarities of the given branch of science.
The use of terms and terminological phrases gets more important in the context of the rapid development observed in diverse branches of science in recent years when scientific communication has obtained a wider scope.

Reading, together with its various expressions, holds a leading position in foreign language teaching programs due to its huge educational significance. The article studies the role of extensive reading in language teaching, the ways of its application as well as its contribution to language teaching as a whole. Research suggests that extensive reading not only contributes to the improvement of reading skills of students, but also enriches their vocabulary and helps them perceive the new meanings of the already familiar words more easily.

The article highlights certain methodological applications to make English more affordable for students. It offers a number of exercises that can contribute to mastering the specificities of the style.

The article reveals the similarities and differences in the English translations of the poems by two Polish women-writers on the same topic – A. Swir and W. Szymborska. The analysis rests on comparison and contrast. Both writers present the post-war reality in Poland using different methods of description, different poetic images which help demonstrate the authors’ individual attitude to female issues.

As a complex sign with inter-textual ontology, literary allusion reveals its full interpretative potential when it serves for characterization. The material which has undergone extensive analysis makes it possible to distinguish between three basic types of description through allusion – direct, indirect and hybrid.

The Picaresque novel was one of the first steps of the establishment of the Spanish realist novel in early Renaissance period. The Picaresque theme found its direct reflection in the 18^th century English novel. Both Daniel Defoe in his Moll Flanders, Captain Singleton and other works, Jonathan Swift in his Gulliver’s Travels and Henry Fielding in his The history of Tom John, a Foundling wish to reveal the true picture of the values and morals of the time, the real strives and face of man, the social motives which often create inextricable situations for people and promote picaresque actions making them become a thief and picaroon.

The poetry of the world-renowned poetess Emily Dickenson received general acclaim in the fifties of the previous century, 70 years after her death. This country-dwelling lady who had locked herself from the surrounding world, created one of the most precious examples of the 19^th century American poetry and became one of the most celebrated poets of all time without leaving her own garden.
Her soul was her universe and the mission of Dickenson’s sole was to open the universe to let the people see it. Interestingly, most of her poems lack a title, are short and symbolic. The poetess managed to disclose the dark side of the human brain which symbolizes death and eternity.

Language-speech transformation proves essential for the existence and functioning of any language system. Language was born to meet various needs of the public, namely to make verbal communication possible. The article specifies the general observation of the fundamental function of the language with linguo-philosophical investigation of the role of declensions. The research aims not only to clarify the grammatical links or the description of the syntactic and morphological functions of the declensions in a sentence, but rather their semantic analysis.
The problem of declensions not only refers to language-speech mutual transformation, but gives an opportunity to observe the peculiarities of the latter. This idea is confirmed when we compare the declension system of the Armenian language (synthetic language) with the declensions of the same nature in French (analytical language).
Speech realization probably calls for the presence of certain syntactic structures. The declensional system as a potential source of such structures acts as a sort of “skeleton” in the process of language – speech transformation.

The behavioral rules suggested by the great Armenian philosopher Yeznik Koghbatsi (380-450) can justly find their place in any collection of “aphorisms about rule and power”. He postulated advice, appeals, commandments, norms of behavior which can refer to everyone irrespective of their social position. Koghbatsi’s behavioral norms can be summed up in the following provisions:

• Power is not a will to rule, rather it is an obligation.
• The just official not only imposes his will on his subjects, but “rules like a loyal servant” and takes care of the latter.
• To rule means displaying governing skills, i.e. guiding the subjects to the realization of the common goals.
• If the official is loved by people, he must be content, if no, he must demonstrate patience and tenacity
• The official must avoid false kindness and must be able to punish the one who is guilty
• Reproach and rebuke must be well-grounded and if the subject has not accepted his guilt voluntarily, he must demonstrate tolerance
• The subject must be reproached in private
• When rebuking others, the official must not abuse his position, rather he must have moral grounds for that.
• The most powerful lever of rule is the positive example of the official while the greatest harm is inflicted by his negative behavior
• Everybody, be it an official or a subject, must be ready and willing to listen to advice.