Vol. 7 No. 1 (8) (2011)

The growth in inter-cultural relations among global academic circles and the globalization of scientific thought it entails, have led to a conflict between various cultures and languages, which is more evident at the language level. English has become a universal language of communication and serves as a tool to disseminate the results of scientific research conducted in various countries, to exchange ideas, to accept or decline hypotheses. One could suppose that English used in a given branch of science includes cultural and linguistic characteristics of scholars of various nationalities which need to be specified and investigated thereby contributing to the further development of scientific communication in the field. The present article offers two models of written and oral academic discourse.

The present article investigates the interrelation between cognitive and emotional expressions in human mind, as well as the characteristics of their verbal and non-verbal expressions in modern English discourse. Cognitive and pragmatic concepts have been applied to carry out the analysis of the factual material. The role of emotions in the process of speech creation and perception is paid special attention to. The latter are viewed not only as emotional phenomena, but also as components of fundamental knowledge which highly affect the cognitive system of speech.

The article investigates the psycholinguistic characteristics of language acquisition and communicative processes. To this end, the natural process of speech articulation and the role of the creation of speech intention, situational factors of speech activity as well as different theories underlining the peculiarities of foreign language acquisition have undergone comprehensive examination in the first place. Neurolinguistic, linguistic and psycholinguistic approaches describing the process of language acquisition have been studied with utmost care and attention. The article highlights the necessity of entering the data of psycholinguistic investigations into the theoretical generalization of the questions discussed.

Certain theoretical explanations recorded in speech disguise, explain why the structures of speech disguise take on this or that form and what phonemic approaches work in such systems. They may provide theoreticians with solid knowledge about the non-linear expressions of the basis-language, dimensional structures, intonational actions as well as other linguistic phenomena. The phonemic analysis of the bird talk in Armenian is an interesting and unique approach to get acquainted and to communicate with the language instincts of the native people. Thus, the examination of the rule of the speech disguise generally reflects the reality that even illiterate, uneducated people can perfectly master the language structures and use the elements and sub-elements of the syllable. Moreover, they can even apply complex mechanisms of syllable breaking without being conscious of the grammar rules.

The article examines the linguistic means of communication on the internet. While qualifying the linguistic expressions, the author of the article attaches importance to the analysis of the interrelation between language and slang. Based on the analysis of certain factual material it can be concluded that the language of the internet cannot be viewed as a type of a newly developing language. The article highlights the features typical of slang and generalizing these features, identifies the internet language as a type of slang.

Science fiction is the unity of a real and imaginary narration. The basis of the imaginary is made up of the problems of the contemporary man and society which have found their expression in various uses of the metaphor and in stylistic devices of its literality. The literality of metaphor is a unique stylistic device which can never be found in any other genre of literature, and one would not be mistaken to state that it is the most typical indicator of science fiction.

The present article attempts to provide grounds for the idea that a literary text is first and foremost a means of establishing communicative links between the reader and the author. All linguistic units used in the text by the author are interconnected by a common function, i.e. promoting the awareness of the reader which, in its turn, contributes to the comprehensive perception of the given text.

The article investigates the semantic and syntactic structures of sentences with deadjectival causative verbs in modern English. The analysis of these structures and their interrelations has been conducted at two levels – surface (syntactic) and deep (semantic). The article aims to reveal the correlation of meanings of the deadjectival causative verbs and their valency, as well as to compare the semantic and syntactic structures of the sentences made up of these verbs.

Currently, the main problem of education is the irrelevance of the teaching methods and styles with the demands necessary to produce modern specialists. Emotionally intelligent leadership which is based on the study of the emotional reason is an effective approach to solve the problem. Nevertheless, the current method calls for the development of certain professional individual and social skills of the instructors.

The article examines the stages and characteristics of speech development among bilingual children. Such phenomena as late speech and mixture of languages can be observed in the process of the speech development of bilingual children. The examples provided demonstrate the important role of the family in the development of bilingual children’s speech.

The role of memory as part of a person’s mental activity has long been recognized by psychologists, methodologists and teachers as one of the basic elements of learning and teaching. It has been right in the center of the teaching/learning process. Thus, an effective and efficient memory is of paramount importance for students as memory techniques can facilitate and improve the teaching/learning process. In the present paper the authors suggest some strategies and techniques that will undoubtedly go a long way in helping learners improve their memory in terms of encoding, storing and retrieving information.

The semantic modifications words undergo in the course of time sometimes cause misunderstanding. This can be accounted for by the fact that many words change their meanings and become less frequent in their use, or their previous meanings may sound offensive and vulgar. To avoid such problems the author of the article suggests studying the use of the given word by native speakers taking into consideration certain cultural and traditional shades. The article attempts to find possible ways to avoid such words or to substitute them for more suitable ones.

Logical coherence is one of the most important standards of a persuasive speech. The article investigates the components of coherent mentality in persuasive writing based on the analysis of essay samples. The analysis proves that logical coherence and combination of thoughts provide the reader with certain information which contributes to an easier perception of the message developing trust towards the author and his opinion. In this regard, essays written by students possess a number of errors which hinder the grounded narration of the thought making the essay less persuasive.

Contemporary pedagogical approaches and rapid development of language teaching methodology provide the specialists with new opportunities to review teaching methods, to understand the aims of teaching in a new way and to organize the language teaching process more effectively.
Active discussions and debates promote language teaching process, engage the learners in group work, provide an opportunity to express their opinions freely and to find solutions independently.

Discourse analysis theory is an extensive scientific field where a number of scientific traditions cooperate, including linguistics, cognitive psychology, sociology and artificial intelligence. The present article attempts to reveal the role of the highest levels of discourse in explaining the role of the application of the language. To achieve the goal 70 male and female students of general English have been chosen randomly. The findings of the research correspond to the famous idea of D.H. Hymes about the application of the language according to which grammar rules are senseless without the knowledge of the rules of the language use. The research presents methodological advice to the lecturers of higher educational institutions which can help develop the communication skills of their lecturers.

The author of the article refers to the theory of equivalence of the original and the target texts. The author mentions that though the problem of equivalence in translation was widely discussed in the second half of the previous century, it has caused much controversy. Discussing the existing controversial viewpoints the author of the article criticizes each of them and specifies his own viewpoint on the issue discussed.

As a form of human spiritual activity, literary translation is diverse in nature, therefore it can be evaluated in terms of its equivalence to the original text as well as the communicative value of translation. What is more, the opinions may vary depending on the positions of the translator and the evaluator. The one who evaluates a literary translation faces a number of problems whose solution requires objective criteria for its evaluation. Nevertheless, the evaluation of translation is also dependent on subjective human perception and in order to overcome the inevitable subjectivism it is necessary to turn the standards underlying the subjective judgments objective rather than replace them with objective ones. The degree of equivalence is one of the standards of evaluating the results of the process. The knowledge of the two languages makes it possible for the translator to work more accurately, demonstrating the types of changes that are possible and permissible in the process of translation. At the level of the form these changes result in morphological and syntactic modifications. Changes at the semantic level prove harder. However, they can be distinguished, too, since they lead to logical links between different notions – broadening and narrowing, adjacent and opposite relations, transfer of metaphors and metonymies.

Linguistic communication is one of the underlying ways of human interaction. Every day we carry out numerous speech acts trying to interpret others’ speech acts in an attempt to find out whether they suggest, advise, warn or threaten something. Things get more complicated when we deal with people representing other cultures. Particularly in the 21^st century when we witness and participate in expansion of intercultural relations in the process of globalization, the role of intercultural pragmatics gets more important. Thus, our investigation is another attempt to compare directive speech acts in the context of the norms of Anglo-Saxon and Armenian cultures. The results of our research give us a chance to claim that the differences of the aforementioned speech acts in Armenian and English are conditioned by different attitudes towards the cultural values rooted deep in the given linguoculture.

The issue of the interrelation between language and culture has always been in the center of attention of various representatives of different sciences.
When the language is used in the context of communication, it gets connected with the culture by numerous bonds. The members of the society not only express their experience through the language. Rather they create it. Thus, the language expresses and embodies the cultural reality.
The language of each society is, in fact, a part of its culture and reflects the important cultural features of the objects, institutions and actions of the given society. In order to understand the meaning of words, it is necessary to have social and individual perception. Thus, while investigating the interrelation between language and culture, it is necessary to take into account both psycholinguistic and ethnolinguistic approaches.

Strategikon which is ascribed to Maurice Emperor (582‒602) was an important strategic and tactical manual designed for the Byzantine Military. The work contains a special chapter which, as the author claims, analyses the tactics and features of the peoples who are able to harm the Byzantine Empire. Persians, Scythians, i.e. Avars, Turks and other fair-haired peoples, including Franks, Lombards and Slavic nations are mentioned in the chapter. Each of the ethnically different nations is given an objective and sometimes a rather high evaluation of their military abilities and features on the one hand and in proportion to its empirical prejudice, on the other hand. Surprisingly, Armenians, who had fought against the Byzantine troops on numerous occasions both independently and more often as an ally of Iran or its subordinate forces, were not included in the list of the enemy nations or potential opponent nations in Strategikon. The present article examines the Armenian–Byzantine relations in the time period and suggests possible reasons for removing Armenians from the list of the potential enemies.

The article refers to the organization of Genocide and Holocaust Education at secondary schools in Armenia. The survey and investigation indicate the key direction of the reforms in the national program of education. Special attention is paid to reforms in the fields of social sciences, as well as human rights (including the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust) at the secondary schools in Armenia which significantly contribute to the establishment of civil society in our country.