Vol. SI-1 (2025)

View Vol. SI-1 (2025)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/2025.SI-1
Published: 2025-10-10

Front Matter

Armenological Studies

  • Armenological Studies

    THE ISSUE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT AND EMIGRATION OF THE ARMENIAN POPULATION OF VAN AND BITLIS PROVINCES OF WESTERN ARMENIA AT THE END OF XIX AND BEGINNING OF XX CENTURIES

    Arpine Bablumyan
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    Abstract

    The study of problems related to the demography of Western Armenia is highly topical, because it covers the real goals of the anti-Armenian policy of the Ottoman authorities. The main trends of population movements, which were recorded in the provinces of Van and Bitlis at the end of XIX and beginning of XX centuries are discussed within the framework of the article. Movements, both within the country and to adjacent or more distant areas, were common to the Armenians of almost all provinces of Western Armenia, but Van and Bitlis were characterized by certain commonalities, which were especially related to more insecure and poor condition of the population of these provinces, as well as referred to the main directions of movements: the main destinations of emigration from Van and Bitlis were to Eastern Armenia, other parts of the Russian Empire and Persia. The article also touches on the reasons of emigration and also the labor migration, such as - insecurity, persecution, violence, massacres, forced Islamization, and direct consequences: decrease of the number of the Armenian population, depopulation of Armenian settlements, etc. The study was carried out using a historical-comparative approach, supported by historical-demographic and content analysis methods.

    References

    A-Do. (1912). Vani, Bitlisi yev Erzrumi vilayetnery [Van, Bitlis and Erzrum vilayets]. Yerevan: Kultura publishing. (in Armenian)

    Arakelyan, H. (1902, January 5). Mer nerqin kyanqy 1901 towin [Our inner life in 1901]. Mshak, Tiflis. (in Armenian)

    Artagaght' [Emigration]. Araks. (1906, July 28). Boston. (in Armenian)

    Prilozhenija: Spisok naselennyh punktov byvshej Erzrumskoj oblasti, nahodivshejsja vo vremennom upravlenii Rossii. [Attachments: List of settlements of the former Erzrum region, which was under the temporary administration of Russia. (1884-1885)]. Compiled by A. D. Eritsov, Izvestija Kavkazskago Otdela Imperatorskago Russkago Geografocheskago Obshhestva, vol. VIII, Tiflis. (in Russian).

    Badalyan, G. (2015). Arevmtyan Hayastani patmajhoghovrdagrakan nkaragiry' Mets Yegherni naxo'rein. Vani vilayet'i haravayin yev arevmtyan gavarnery' yev Van qaghaqy'. [Historical and demographic description of Western Armenia on the eve of the Mets Yehgern: The southern and western districts of Van vilayet and Van city]. Vem, 3, pp. I- XXXV. (in Armenian)

    Badalyan, G. (2016). Arevmtyan Hayastani patmajhoghovrdagrakan nkaragiry' Mets Yegherni naxo'rein. Bit'lisi nahangi harav-arevelyan gavarnery' [Historical and demographic description of Western Armenia on the eve of the Metz Ehgern: South-eastern districts of Bitlis province]. Vem, 4, pp. I-XXXI. (in Armenian)

    Badalyan, G. (2016). Arevmtyan Hayastani patmajhoghovrdagrakan nkaragiry' Mets Yegherni naxo'rein. Bit'lisi nahangi hyusisayin, arewelyan yev arewmtyan gavarnery'. [Historical and demographic description of Western Armenia on the eve of the Metz Ehgern: north, east and west districts of Bitlis province]. Vem, 3, pp. I- XXXVI. (in Armenian)

    Develay, A., & Pisson, G. (1892). Ughevorut'iun i P'oqr Asia [Trip to Asia Minor]. Vienna: Mekhitarist Publication. (in Armenian)

    Gharib. (1898, May 13). Hin yev nor gharibner (gaght'akanneri drut'iuny') [Old and new sojorns (the situation of immigrants)]. Mshak, Tiflis. (in Armenian)

    Gutman, D. (2016). The Political Economy of Armenian Migration from the Harput Region to North America in the Ninteenth Century. In Y. T. Cora, D. Derderian, & A. Sipahi (Eds.). The Ottoman East in the Nineteenth Century (pp. 44-58). London, New York: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd.

    Hepworth, G. H. (1898). Through Armenia on horseback. London: E.P. Dutton.

    Kévorkian, R., & Paboudjian, P. (1992). Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman à la veille du génocide. Paris: Arhis.

    Kro'nap'oxowt'iwnnery' Vanowm. [Conversions in Van]. (1898, March 6). Mshak, Tiflis. (in Armenian)

    Lragir Azgayin. (1878, September 26). Constantinople. (in Armenian).

    Lynch, H. (1901). Armenia: Travels1and Studies, vol. II, London, New York and Bombay: Longmans, Green, and Co.

    Malkhasyan, M. (2015). Patmajhoghovrdagrakan usumnasirut'iunner. Gitakan hodvatsneri jhoghovatsu [Historical and demographic studies. A collection of scientific articles]. Yerevan: YSU publ. (in Armenian)

    Mirakhoryan, M. (1884). Nkaragrakan ughevorut'iun i hayabnak gavars Arevelean Tachkastani [Descriptive trip to the Armenian provices of Western Tachkastan]. Vol. I. Constantinople: M. K. Sarean publ. (in Armenian)

    Mirakhoryan, M. (1885a). Nkaragrakan ughevorut'iun i hayabnak gavars Arevelean Tachkastani [Descriptive trip to the Armenian provices of Western Tachkastan]. Vol. II. Constantinople: S. Gh. Partizpanean publ. (in Armenian)

    Mirakhoryan, M. (1885b). Nkaragrakan ughevorut'iun i hayabnak gavars Arevelean Tachkastani [Descriptive trip to the Armenian provices of Western Tachkastan]. Vol. III. Constantinople: S. Gh. Partizpanean publ. (in Armenian)

    Mnjoyan. (1902, September 11). Gaght'akanneri veradardzy' [The return of emigrants]. Mshak. Tiflis. (in Armenian)

    Namak Parskastanic. [A letter from Persia]. (1897, September 13). Mshak. (in Armenian)

    Norman, C. (1878). Armenia and the campaign of 1877. London, Paris, New York: Cassell Petter & Galpin.

    O'lgenini veradardzy'. [The return of Olgenin]. (1913, May 22). Mshak. Tiflis. (in Armenian)

    Poghosyan, H. (1985). Sasuni patmut'iun [The history of Sasun]. Yerevan: Hayastan publ. house. (in Armenian)

    Shahen, V. (1906, August 4). Artagaght [Emmigration]. Araks, Boston. (in Armenian)

    Sirvard. (1910, August 21). Gaght'ayin hosanqe' [The migration flow]. Apaga, Constantinople. (in Armenian).

    Tatoyan, R. (2022). Arevmtyan Hayastani Pit'lisi nahangi hay bnakchut'ean t'ivy' Mets Yegherni nakhoreakin [The number of the Armenian population of Bitlis province of Western Armenia on the eve of the Genocide]. Lebanon: Chirak Printing Publishing (in Armenian)

    Teghekagir Vaspurakani kotorac'in [Report on the massacres in Vaspurakan]. (1896). Ararat, 12, 578-585. (in Armenian)

    Ter Hakobyan, V. (1914). Vichakagrakan tsutsadrumn Tachkahayastani [Statistical display of Turkish Armenia]. Ararat, 9, 808-814 (in Armenian)

    Ter Rubinyan, G. (1913, April 5). Nor gaght'akanut'iuny' [The new emigrants]. Mshak. Tiflis. (in Armenian)

    The New York Times. (2018). In Rev. V. Ohanian, & A. Ketibian (Eds.). The Armenian Genocide. Prelude and aftermath: As reported in the U. S. press (1890-1914). (Vol. 1). Mekhitarist Publication.

    The Missonary Herald. (1898, March). Boston

    Tozer, H. (1881). Turkish Armenia and Eastern Asia Minor. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.

    Turqahayeri gaghtakanakan nor hosanq. [A new migration wave of Turkish Armenians]. (1913, March 21). Mshak, Tiflis. (in Armenian)

  • Armenological Studies

    THE MODERN-DAY SIGNIFICANCE OF THE YOUNG TURKS’ TRIALS: 1919-1921

    Meline Anumyan
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    Abstract

    During the past years in the historiography of the Armenian Genocide increased attention has been focused on the fact that the policy of the Ittihatists and the Ottoman Empire to annihilate the Armenians was condemned in 1919-21 by the Extraordinary Military Tribunal through sentences rendered in more than 60 trials. All those judicial cases arose on the basis of charges for deporting and massacring Armenians of the Ottoman Empire during WWI, which served as a basis for the trial of the Young Turks party and government members during the months of April-June, 1919. Those cases were not only the charges for creating the Special Organization, which played a crucial role in carrying out the deportation, annihilation and Genocide of Armenians, but also for drawing the country into the war. In fact, there was no substantiated reason, enabling wartime profiteering and black market activities, and risking the country's security. Additionally, research on these trials is important for the affirmation of the facts about the Genocide of Armenians. The 1919-1921 trial sessions for the deportations and massacres as well as the testimonies of witnesses and defendants, the encrypted telegrams and especially the final verdicts contained important information about the mechanism implemented in the Genocide of Armenians.

    References

    Akçam, T. (2002a). İnsan Hakları ve Ermeni Sorunu (İttihat ve Terakki’den Kurtuluş Savaşı’na) [Human rights and the Armenian question (From the committee of union and progress to the war of independence)]. İstanbul: İmge Kitabevi (in Turkish).

    Akçam, T. (2002b). Ermeni Tabusu Aralanırken Diyalogtan Başka Çözüm Var mı? [Is there any solution other than dialogue while the Armenian taboo is being lifted?]. İstanbul: Su Yayınları (in Turkish).

    Ata, F. (2005). İşgal İstanbulu’nda Tehcir Yargılamaları [Deportation trials in occupied Istanbul]. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (in Turkish).

    Dadrian, V. N. (1995). Ulusal ve Uluslararası Hukuk Sorunu Olarak Jenosid [Genoside as a national and international legal problem]. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları (in Turkish).

    Dadrian, V., & Akçam, T. (2008). “Tehcir ve Taktil”, Divan’ı Harbi Örfî Zabıtları, İttihad ve Terakki’nin Yargılanması 1919-1922 [“Deportation and massacres”, martial court trial protocols, the trial of the Committee of union and progress 1919-1922]. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi (in Turkish).

    Dadrian, V. (1996). Histoire du génocide arménien [History of the Armenian Genocide]. Paris: Stock (in French).

    Griker. (1980). Yozghati Hayaspanutean Vaveragrakan Patmutyuny [Documentary history of the Armenian Genocide of Yozgat]. New York: Vosketar hrat. (in Armenian)

    Günel, G. (2006). İttihat Terakki’den Günümüze Yek Tarz-ı Siyaset: Türkleştirme [A single style of politics from the union and progress to the present: turkification]. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları. (in Turkish)

    Kévorkian, R. H. (2003). La Turquie face à ses Responsabilités. Les procès des criminels jeunes turcs (1918-1920) [Turkey facing its responsibilities. The trials of the young turk criminals (1918-1920)]. Revue D’histoire de la SHOAH, 2003/1N 177-178 (In French).

    Kocahanoğlu, O. S. (1998). İttihat Terakki’nin Sorgulanması ve Yargılanması (1918-1919) [The investigation and trial of the committee of union and progress (1918-1919)]. İstanbul: Temel Yayınları (in Turkish).

    Nersisyan, M. (Ed.). (1982). Genotsid armyan v Osmanskoy imperii: Sb. dokumentov i materialov [The Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: collection of documents and materials] (2nd ed.). Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing House (in Russian).

    Osmanlı Belgelerinde Ermeniler (1915-1920). (1994). Ankara, T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü [Armenians in ottoman documents (1915-1920)) Ankara: Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry General Directorate of State Archives] (in Turkish).

    Papazyan, A. (2005). Hayeri tseghaspanutyuny yst yeritturkeri datavarutean pastatghteri [The Armenian Genocide according to the documents of the young turks' trial] Los Ancheles: «Nor Hayastan» oraterti hrat. (in Armenian)

    Sarıhan, Z. (1982). Kurtuluş Savaşı Günlüğü, I. Cilt, Mondros’tan Erzurum Kongresi’ne (30 Ekim 1918-22 Temmuz 1919) [War of independence diary from mudros to the Erzurum congress (October 30, 1918-July 22, 1919)] (Vol. 1). İstanbul: Öğretmen Yayınları (in Turkish)

    Sorgun, T. (1998). Mütareke Dönemi ve Bekirağa Bölüğü [The armistice period and the Bekirağa division]. İstanbul: Kamer Yayınları (in Turkish).

    Şimşir, B. (1985). Malta Sürgünleri [Malta Exiles]. İstanbul: Bilgi Yayınevi (in Turkish).

    Tunaya, T. Z. (2000). Türkiye’de Siyasal Partiler, Cilt 3, İttihat ve Terakki, Bir Çağın, Bir Kuşağın, Bir Partinin Tarihi [Political parties in Turkey, Committee of union and progress, the history of an era, a generation, a party]. (Vol. 3). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları (in Turkish).

    Vardar, G. (2003). İttihat ve Terakki İçinde Dönenler, İstanbul, Yeni Zamanlar Yayınları [Those who turned in the committee of union and progress]. Istanbul: Yeni Zamanlar Publications, 2003] (in Turkish).

    Sources of Data

    Alemdar günlük gazetesi. [Alemdar daily]. (1919). İstanbul (in Ottoman Turkish).

    Anumyan, M. (2011). Yeritturkeri 1919-1921 tt․ datavarutyunneri vaveragrery yst osmanyan mamuli, [Documents of the young turks' trials of 1919-1921 according to the ottoman press] Yerevan: Center for the Study of Western Armenian Issues. (in Armenian)

    Anumyan, M. (2013). Chanachum yev datapartum․ Yeritturkeri datavarutyunnery (1919-1911 yev 1926) [Recognition and condemnation: the trials of the young turks (1919-1911 and 1926)]. Yerevan: Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute. (in Armenian)

    Anumyan, M. (2017). Acknowledgment and condemnation: the trials of young turks in 1919-1921 and 1926. Beirut: Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia.

    Chakatamart. (1925). March 13, 1919, N 104.

    Memleket günlük gazetesi [Memleket daily]. (1919). İstanbul (in Ottoman Turkish).

    Takvîm-i Vekayi resmi gazetesi [Takvîm-i Vekayi official newspaper] (1919-1920). Istanbul (in Ottoman Turkish).

    Zhoghovurd [Zhoghovurd political and social daily newspaper]. (1919). Istanbul. K. Polis, 1919.

  • Armenological Studies

    LEVON SHAGHOIAN'S ROLE IN SAVING THE VAN-VASPOURAKAN REFUGEES (MARCH-AUGUST 1918)

    Seda Ohanyan
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    Abstract

    The activities of several heroes, who dedicated their lives to the Armenian national liberation struggle in the twentieth century, remain unknown or have not been thoroughly studied for various reasons. Among those individuals who dedicated themselves entirely to the national struggle for survival was Levon “Pasha” Shaghoian. It is noteworthy that in the course of history, there have often been individual leaders who either played a fateful role in the survival and development of their nation or, on the contrary, were the cause of their own people’s demise and its subsequent disappearance from the pages of history. Although Levon Shaghoian was not a talkative person, he left us with extensive written records of his writing. Therefore, the notes, memoirs, and articles of his collaborators served as the basis for reflecting on his activities in the Fatherland. The primary sources for this article are archival materials from the National Archives of Armenia, the personal archive of Levon Shaghoian, and the Brief History of the Iraqi-Armenian Diocese. The official central archives of the ARF in Boston, as well as the memoirs of participants in the region's self-defense activities, have also been considered.

    References

    A-Do'. (1917). Mets depqery Vaspurakanum 1914–1915 t'vaknnerin, [Massive events in Vaspurakan in 1914-1915] Yerevan: Luys, 487 p. (in Armenian)

    Austin, H.H. (1920). The Baqubah Refugee Camp. An Account of work on behalf of the persecuted Assyrian Christians (Chapter II). Manchester.

    Hayastani Hanrapetutyan Parlamenti Ardzanagrutyunner [Reports of the Parliament of the Republic of Armenia]. (2010).Yerevan: National Archives of Armenia (in Armenian)

    Hovannisian, R. (2011). The contest for Kars, 1914-1921. In R. Hovannisian, (Ed.), Armenian Kars and Ani. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers.

    Hay Azgayin Patvirakutyan F.430, G. 771, 773 [Armenian National Delegation, F.430, F.771, 773.] National Archives of Armenia. (in Armenian)

    Levon Shaghoiani Arkhivy (Hayrenadardzutyan Tghtapanak) [Levon Shaghoian’s Archive (Repatriation Folder)], Archives of the Central Committee of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Yerevan. (in Armenian)

    Levon Shaghoiani Arkhivy (B. Hakobian Tghtapanak) [Levon Shaghoian’s Archive (B. Hakobyan Folder)]. Archives of the Central Committee of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Folder of the Vaspurakan Reconstruction Committee, Yerevan. (in Armenian)

    Ohanian, S. (2019). The Passage of Van-Vaspourakan refugees through Persia (March - August 1918) under the leadership of Kosti Hambardzoumian and Levon Shaghoian. Banber Hayagitutyan, 2, 30-45.

    Ohanian, S. (2022). The repatriation of Armenian refugees from Mesopotamia (IRAQ) in the 1920s. Banber Hayagitutyan, 3, 57-73.

    Ter Minasian, R. (1952). Hay heghap'okhakani me' hishataknere [Memories of an Armenian revolutionary] (Vol.VII). L. Angeles: Horizon. (in Armenian)

    Shemmassian, V. (2021). The repatriation of Armenian refugees from Iraq to Soviet Armenia 1921-1925. Materials of the Conference on Iraqi Armenians (29-31 May 2017). Beirut: Haikazyan University, Center for the Study of the Armenian Diaspora.

    Vazgen. (1930, October). Aterpatakani Goyamarty' [The Struggle for Survival in Atrpatakan] Hayreniq monthly. Boston. (in Armenian)

  • Armenological Studies

    THE CATHOLICOSATE OF THE GREAT HOUSE OF CILICIA AND THE EMIGRATION OF ARMENIANS FROM THE SANJAK OF ALEXANDRETTA

    Edgar Hovhannisyan
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    Abstract

    Following the Genocide of 1939, Armenians saw the biggest emigration from the Sanjak of Alexandretta. Over 30.000 displaced emigrants settled mostly in the territory of Syria and Lebanon. This process was predominantly regulated by the Catholicosate of Cilicia. The article highlights the organization of the emigration of the Armenians of the Sanjak and the role of the Catholicosate of Cilicia in this work.

    References

    Bairamyan, A. (1998). The issue of the Sanjak of Alexandretta and International Diplomacy in 1936-1939. Yerevan: Noyan Tapan.

    Bairamyan, A. (1964). The Legal Status of the Sanjak of Alexandretta and political groupings (the 1920-1930s). Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR: Social Sciences, 12, 27-36.

    Demir, O. (2017). The fate of Hatay province between Turkey and Syria. Jurnalul de Studii Juridice, (1-2), 37-46.

    Eghiayean, B. (1975). Contemporary history of the Armenian catholicosate of Cilicia in 1914-1972. Antelias: Publishing house of the Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia.

    Hale, W. (2013). Turkish foreign policy since 1774. New York, NY: Routledge

    Hovhannisyan, E. (2022). The restoration of the Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia after exile. Quaestio Rossica, 10 (4), 1274–1287, https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.4.728.

    Kevorkian, R. The Armenian Genocide: A complete history. London: I. B. Tauris.

    Martirosyan, A. (2021). Franco-Turkish relations in 1920-1939. Yerevan: Lusakn, 53-55.

    Gushagchean. M. (Ed.) (1970). Memorial book of Musa dagh. Beirut

    Nersissean, A. (2015). Movses Ter-Galustean. Yerevan: Edit print.

    Sanjian, A. (1956). The Sanjak of Alexandretta (Hatay): Its impact on Turkish-Syrian relations (1939-1956). Middle East Journal, 10 ( 4), 379-394.

    Shemmassian, V. (2015). The Musa Dagh Armenians: A socioeconomic and cultural history 1919-1939. Beirut: Haigazian University Press.

    Shemmassian, V. (2022). The Armenian protestant church in Musa Dagh 1919-1939. Haygazian Armenological Review, 42(2), 73-96.

    Shemmassian, V. L. (2023). The Armenian apostolic church in Musa Dagh in 1919-1939. Haygazian Armenological Review, 43(2), 277-320.

    Stepanyan, Kh. (2014). Ruben Ter-Minasyan’s article on the Sanjak of Alexandretta. Bulletin of Armenian Archives, 122, 277-288.

    Ter-Minasyan, R. (2023). Armenia and the geopolitical situation in the region. Yerevan: Lusakn.

    The Archives of the Holy See of Cilicia. Vol. 22, List. 1, Book 196, p․ 8, See also, The National Archives of Armenia, Stock․ 430, List 1, Doc. 802, page 8.

    The Archives of the Holy See of Cilicia. (1999). Correspondence between the Catholicoses Sahak B and Babken A, N 1, Antelies․

    The National Archives of Armenia, Stock․ 1394, List 1, Doc. 224, p․ 1.

    Varzhapetean, S. (1983). Hayere Libananum [Armenians in Lebanon]. Vol. IV, Ferlon: Rosekeer Press.

    Sources of Data

    The Hask (1932), N2, Appendix, Official Report at the Episcopal Assembly of Holy See of Cilicia

    The Hask (1939). N4

    The Hask (1940). N2

    The Zion (1940). N1 Jerusalem, cover

    The Zion (1939). N 9 Jerusalem, cover

    The Heradzayn (1939, August 19). N147

    The Zartonq (1940, October 2). N916, Beirut

    The Hask (1940). N 6,7,8

    The Hask (1939). N 7-8

    The Hask (1938). N 7-8

    The Hask (1941). N7-8

    The Hask (1939). N 9-10

    The Hask (1939). N 11-12

  • Armenological Studies

    THE THEME OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE IN THE IRANIAN DISCOURSE

    Karen Mkrtchyan
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    Abstract

    The theme of the Armenian Genocide in Iranian discourse has been significantly influenced over decades by various factors, including events organized by the Armenian community itself, as well as scholarly works such as monographs and studies authored by Iranians. In this article, we explore how responses to the commemoration of the 85th to 92nd anniversaries of the Armenian Genocide have shaped the narrative within the Iranian discourse, preceding and following the 90th anniversary. The Armenian community in Iran has actively contributed to this discourse through organizing events commemorating the genocide. These events serve not only as memorials but also as platforms for educating Iranian society at large about the historical realities and implications of the genocide. Additionally, Iranian authors have made contributions to the academic understanding and discussion of the Armenian Genocide through their scholarly works. Monographs and individual studies by Iranian researchers have provided insights into various aspects of the genocide, including historical contexts, political implications, and cultural repercussions. The responses to the anniversaries of the Armenian Genocide in Iran reflect evolving attitudes and perspectives over time. From initial silences and denials to more open acknowledgments and discussions, the discourse within Iranian speech has seen shifts influenced by both internal and external factors.

    References

    Arakelian, G. (2019). Mohammadali Forughin yev Hayots tseghaspanutyune, Mohammadali Forughi va qoshtare aramane [Mohammadali Forughi and the Armenian Genocide]. Yerevan: Institute of History: NAS RA Press. (in Armenian & Persian)

    Badalyan, G. (2011). Iran hanragitaran [Iran: Encyclopedia]. Yerevan: Heghinakayin press. (in Armenian)

    Baiburtian, V. (2013). Irani hay hamaynqe. Ardi himnakhndirner [The Armenian community of Iran. Actual issues]. Yerevan: Lusakn Press. (in Armenian)

    Baiburtian, V. (1999). Irann aysor [Iran today], Yerevan: NAS RA Press. (in Armenian)

    Baiburtian, V. (2005). Parsik patmabannere Hayots tseghaspanutyan masin [The Persian historians about the Armenian Genocide]. “Mihr” Journal, 2 (53), 24-31. Yerevan. (in Armenian)

    Iskandaryan, G. (2005). Irani dirqoroshume Hayots tseghaspanutyan nkatmamb, [Armenian Genocide and the position of Iran]: The Countries and peoples of the Near and Middle East (Vol. XXIV), (pp. 101-110). Yerevan, Institute of Oriental Studies, NAS RA: Zangak-97. (in Armenian)

    Jamalzadeh, M. (1350). Mošahedate šaxsie man dar jange jahanie avval [My personal thoughts on World War I]. Geneva. (in Persian)

    Lazarian, J. (2012). Iranahayots hanragitaran [Encyclopedia of Iranian Armenians]. Yerevan: “VMV-Print” Press. (in Armenian)

    Mkrtchyan, S. (2018). Pantyurqakan hosanqnere zhamanakakits Iranum [The Pan-Turkish currents in contemporary Iran]. Yerevan: Edit print. (in Armenian)

    Mkrtchyan, K. (2023). Hay-iranakan haraberutyunnere 1991-2005 tvakannerin [Armenian-Iranian relations (1991-2005)]. Yerevan: Institute of History: NAS RA Press. (in Armenian)

    Mkrtchyan, K. (2020). Hayots tseghaspanutyan tarelitsneri hishatakume Irani hay hamaynqum 2000-2003 tvakannerin [Commemoration anniversaries of the Armenian Genocide in the Armenian community of Iran 2000-2003]. The problems of the History of Armenia (Collection of scientific articles), 21, 120-130.

    Rayin, I. (1999). Hayeri kotoratsnere, [Armenian massacres]. Yerevan: “Hayastan” Publishing house. (in Armenian)

    Sources of Data

    Aprilyan Yegherni 85-amyaki vogekochman araroghutyun yev dzernarkner Tavrizum [Ceremonies and activities commemorating the 85th anniversary of the April Yeghern Day in Tabriz]. (2000, June 1). Alik daily, 01.06.2000, 114(18051), 4. (in Armenian)

    Aprilyan Yegherne iranakan mamulum [The April Yeghern in the Iranian press] (2006, April 30). Alik daily, 82 (19704), 3. (in Armenian)

    Aprilyan dzernarkneri sharan [A series of April events] (2004, April 21). Alik daily, 73 (19135), 1 - 3. (in Armenian)

    Artavazd Baghumiani yeluytn Islamakan khorhrdaranum [Artavazd Baghumian’s speech in the Islamic Parliament] (2000, May 4). Alik daily, 92 (18029), 3. (in Armenian)

    Atrpatakani hayots Temakan khorhrdi pashtonakan handipume doctor Shahamatniayi het [The official meeting of the Armenian Diocesan Council of Atrpatakan with Dr. Shahamatnia] (2005, January 2). Alik daily, 1 (19344), 4. (in Armenian)

    Basiri, M. (2006), Aprili 24-n u mer voghbali ashkharhe [April 24 and our sad world]. Alik” daily, 82 (19704), 6. (in Armenian)

    Dzernarkner nvirvats Mets Yegherni 86-amyakin [Events dedicated to the 86th anniversary of the Mets Yeghern]. (2001, April 30). Alik daily, 83 (18305), 3-6. (in Armenian)

    Dzernarkner nvirvats Mets Yegherni 86-amyakin [Events dedicated to the 86th anniversary of the Mets Yeghern]. (2001). Alik daily, 81 (18303), 1. (in Armenian)

    Dzernarkner nvirvats Mets Yegherni 86-amyakin Nor Jughayum [Events dedicated to the 86th anniversary of the Mets Yeghern in Nor Jugha] (2001, May 13). Alik daily, 93 (18315), 5-6. (in Armenian)

    Dzernarkner nvirvats Mets Yegherni 86-amyakin Shahinshahrum [Events dedicated to the 86th anniversary of the Mets Yeghern in Shahinshahr] (2001, May 15). Alik daily, 94 (18316), 3. (in Armenian)

    Eliazian, A. (2007, April 23) HUSK-i ashkhatanqner kochvats Hay Dati ev Hayots tseghaspanutyan tchanachman, [The works of HUSK, called Armenian Cause and the recognition of the Armenian Genocide]. Alik daily, 74 (19974), 4 -14. (in Armenian)

    Haghordagrutyun Tehrani Hayots Temakan khorhrdi gortsuneutyan (8 marti ar 7 hunisi 2005 t.) [Report on the activities of the Armenian Diocesan Council of Tehran from March 8 to June 7, 2005]. (2005, June 23). Alik daily, 123 (19466). (in Armenian)

    Haravayin iranahayutyan patgamavor Zhorzhik Abrahamyane yev mtavorakan Kave Bayatn Spahani petakan hamalsaranum [Southern Iranian Armenian deputy Mr. Zhorzhik Abrahamian and intellectual Kave Bayat at Isfahan State University]. (2001, April 22). Alik daily, 77 (18299), 1. (in Armenian)

    Hayots tseghaspanutyune datapartogh zhoghovrdakan mets qaylarshav [A great popular march condemning the Armenian Genocide] (2003, April 26). Alik daily, 78 (18861), 1. (in Armenian)

    Hayots tseghaspanutyan 88-amyakin nvirvats dzernarkneri sharan [A series of events dedicated to the 88th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide]. (2003, April 26). Alik daily, 78 (18861), 1 - 4. (in Armenian)

    Hayots tseghaspanutyan masin film herustatesutyan 4-rd kayanits”, [A film about the Armenian Genocide from TV Station 4] (2001, May 20). Alik daily, 98 (18320), 1. (in Armenian)

    Hayots Mets Yegherni 85-amyaki aritov dasakhosutyun Spahani petakan hamalsaranum [A lecture on the occasion of the 85th anniversary of the Armenian Mets Yeghern at Isfahan State University] (2000, May 14). Alik daily, 100 (18037), 3. (in Armenian)

    Hayots tseghaspanutyune yev parskeren mamule, tseghaspanutyun ev moracutyun [Armenian Genocide and the Persian Press, Genocide and Oblivion] (2004, May 5). Alik daily, 83 (19145), 3- 6. (in Armenian)

    Hayots tseghaspanutyune yev parskeren mamule [The Armenian Genocide and the Persian press]. (2004, May 12). Alik daily, 89 (19151), 3. (in Armenian)

    Hayots Mets Yegherni 91-rd tarelitse nshogh handznakhmbi handipume temakal arajnordi het [The meeting of the committee celebrating the 91st anniversary of the Armenian Mets Yeghern with the Diocesan Leader]. (2006, April 6). Alik daily, 64 (19686), 1-10. (in Armenian)

    Hayots tseghaspanutyan masin aknark iranakan herustatesayin filmum [On the Armenian Genocide in an Iranian TV movie] (2008, July 8). Alik daily, 135 (20310), 1 -8. (in Armenian)

    Hayots Mets Yegherni 91-rd tarelitsin nvirvats dzernark parsik hyureri masnaktsutyamb [Event dedicated to the 91st anniversary of the Armenian Genocide with the participation of Persian guests] (2006, April 19). Alik daily, 74 (19696), 1. (in Armenian)

    Hayots Mets Yegherni 92-rd tarelitsin nvirvats tehranahay miutyunneri dzernarkner est tvakanneri [Events of Tehran-Armenian associations, according to dates, dedicated to the 92nd anniversary of the Armenian Mets Yeghern]. (2007, April 14). Alik daily, 2007, 66 (19966), 5. (in Armenian)

    Hayots tseghaspanutyan 93-rd tarelitsin nvirvats banakhosakan yev gegharvestakan dzernark parsik hraviryalneri hamar Nor Jughayum [Speech and artistic workshop dedicated to the 93rd anniversary of the Armenian Genocide for Persian guests in Nor Jugha]. (2008, May 8). Alik daily, 88 (20263), 7. (in Armenian)

    Hayots Mets Yegherni 93-rd tarelitsin nvirvats tehranahay miutyunneri dzernarkner est tvakanneri [Events of Tehran Armenian associations dedicated to the 93rd anniversary of the Armenian Mets Yeghern, according to dates]. (2008, April 15). Alik daily, 70 (20245), 5. (in Armenian)

    Hogemtavor arzhekneri korust [“Loss of spiritual values”]. (2002, April 29). Alik daily, 85 (18586), 1. (in Armenian)

    “HUSK” hastatutyan parskeren hratarakutyunnere Hayots tseghaspanutyan 90- amyaki artiv [“HUSK” Institution’s Persian publications on the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide]. (2005, April 23). Alik daily, 76 (19419), 12. (in Armenian)

    Hyusisayin iranahayutyan patgamavor Gevorg Vardanyane Islamakan khorhrdaranin yev karavarutyane dimets tchanachelu Hayots tseghaspanutyan iroghutyune [George Vardanian, Deputy of the Northern Iranian Armenians, appealed to the Islamic Parliament and the Government to recognize the reality of the Armenian Genocide]. (2005, April 19). Alik daily, 73 (19416), 1. (in Armenian)

    Dasakhosutyun yereko irantsi mtavorakanneri, hasarakakan-qaghaqakan demqeri nerkayutyamb, nvirvats hayots pahanjatirutyan 86-amyakin [A lecture evening in the presence of Persian intellectuals, public and political figures, dedicated to the 86th anniversary of the Armenian claim]. (2001, April 18). Alik daily, 74, 1. (in Armenian)

    Iranakan mamule yev hayots tseghaspanutyune [The Iranian press and the Armenian Genocide]. (2001, May 13). Alik daily, 93 (18315), 3. (in Armenian)

    Irani mamuli andradardze Aprilyan Yegherni 88-amyakin [Iranian press coverage of the 88th anniversary of the April Yeghern Day]. (2003, May 7). Alik daily, 87 (18870), 3 - 6. (in Armenian)

    Iranahay patgamavorneri handipume Tavrizi aghotapet ayatollah Shabestarii het [The meeting of the Iranian-Armenian deputies with the head of prayer of Tabriz, Ayatollah Shabestari]. (2006, May 18). Alik daily, 97 (19719), 1 - 10. (in Armenian)

    Irani hay yerespokhannere Antiliasi mej [Iranian Armenian deputies in Antelias] (2006). Hask journal, 6, 674-675. (in Armenian)

    Iranahayutyune patrastvum e Yegherni 90-amyake nshelu hamar [Iranian Armenians are preparing to celebrate the 90th anniversary of Yeghern]. (2005, March 14). Alik daily, 56 (19399), 1-12. (in Armenian)

    Iranahayutyune krkin angam ir khurneram sharqerov, anvhat u miahamur pahanjatirutyan hraparakum [Iranian-Armenians once again with their huge ranks, undisturbed and united, in the square of demand]. (2004, April 25). Alik daily, 75 (19137), 1- 8. (in Armenian)

    Iranahayutyune ir khrokht dzayne miatsrets hayashkharhi pahanjatirakan dzaynin [Iranian-Armenians joined their brave voice to the demanding voice of the Armenian world]. (2007, April 25). Alik daily, 75 (19975), 1. (in Armenian)

    Islamakan khorhrdaranum hyusisayin iranahayutyan patgamavori yeluyty Hayots Mets Yegherni aritov [The speech of the deputy of Northern Iranian Armenians in the Islamic Parliament on the occasion of the Armenian Genocide]. (2007, April 22). Alik daily, 73 (19973), 1. (in Armenian)

    Islamakan khorhrdarani Rashti patgamavor. “Im tsavaktsutyunnern em pokhantsum Hayots Mets Yegherni artiv hay zhoghovrdin” [Deputy of Rasht of the Islamic Parliament. “My condolences to the Armenian people”]. (2006, April 13). Alik daily, 70 (19692), 1. (in Armenian)

    Lala. (2006, May 10). Banakhosakan yev gegharvestakan yereko petakan pataskhanatuneri, usutsichneri yev usanoghneri hamar, [Speech and artistic evening for government officials, teachers and students]. Alik daily, 90 (19712), 4. (in Armenian)

    Linenq khohem u zgast [Let’s be prudent and vigilant]. (2001). Araks weekly, 14-15, (97-98), 6. (in Armenian)

    Mets Yegherni 85-amyaki vogekochman araroghutyunner [Events dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the Mets Yeghern]. (2000, May 4). Alik daily, 92 (18029), 1. (in Armenian)

    Mets Yegherni 86-amyaki aritov miutyunneri mijotsov kazmakerpvats nerqin dzernarkner Tehranum [On the occasion of the 86th anniversary of the Mets Yeghern, internal initiatives organized by associations in Tehran]. (2001, April 13). Alik daily, 71 (18293), 7. (in Armenian)

    Mets Yegherni 87-amyak [87th anniversary of the Mets Yeghern]. (2002, April 4). Alik daily, 2002, 77 (18578), 1. (in Armenian)

    Mets Yegherni 88-amyak [88th anniversary of the Mets Yeghern] (2003, April 21). Alik daily, 76 (18859), 1. (in Armenian)

    Mets Yegherni 92-rd tarelitci aritov Tehrani hayots temi kentronakan handznakhmbi tsragrere est handznakhmbi atenapeti [The plans of the Central Committee of the Armenian Diocese of Tehran on the occasion of the 92nd anniversary of the Mets Yeghern, according to the Chairman of the Committee]. (2007, April 4). Alik daily, 63 (19963), 1 - 8. (in Armenian)

    Mets Yegherni 91-rd tarelitcin nvirvats dzernark parsik handisatesi hamar Nor Jughayum [Event dedicated to the 91st anniversary of the Mets Yeghern for the Persian audience in Nor Jugha]. (2006, April 30). Alik daily, 82 (19704), 1. (in Armenian)

    Mets Yegherni vogekochman tsragrer [Commemoration programs of the Mets Yeghern]. (2008, April 17). Alik daily, 72 (20247), 1 - 5. (in Armenian)

    Mets Yegherni vogekochman aritov [On the occasion of commemoration of the Mets Yeghern]. (2005, April 18). Alik daily, 72 (19415), 1. (in Armenian)

    Mets Yegherni 90-amyaki aritov [On the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the Mets Yeghern]. (2005, April 21). Alik daily, 75 (19418), 1 -4. (in Armenian)

    Mets Yegherni 90-amyaki aritov hay lernagnatsnery nvatshetsin Kolon Bastaki gagate [Armenian Mountain climbers conquered the Kolon Bastak’s peak, on the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the Mets Yeghern]. (2005, May 3). Alik daily, 82 (19425), 5. (in Armenian)

    Nakhagah Ahmadinezhade verahastatets Hayots tseghaspanutyune datapartelu ir nakhentrakan dirqoroshume [President Ahmadinejad reaffirmed his pre-election opinion of condemning the Armenian Genocide] (2005, October 31). Alik daily, 230 (19573), 1. (in Armenian)

    Nayiri” miutyan lernagnatsutyan khumbe nvatchets Abak gagaty nvirvats aprili 24-in”, [The Mountain climbing group of “Nairi” association conquered the Abak peak, dedicated on April 24], “Alik” daily, 02.05.2006, № 83 (19705), p. 7. (in Armenian)

    Norin Srbutyune yndunets Irani despany [His Holiness received the Iranian Ambassador]. (2006). Hask, 6, 677. (in Armenian)

    Parsik anvani groghe Hayots tseghaspanutyan masin [The Persian famous writer about the Armenian Genocide]. (2005, April 25). Alik daily, 77 (19420), 5. (in Armenian)

    Parskeren mamuli andradardz [Persian-language Press Review]. (2004). Alik daily, 75 (19137), 8. (in Armenian)

    Parskeren dasakhosutyun nvirvats Mets Yeghernin [Persian lecture dedicated to the Mets Yeghern]. (2001), Araks weekly, 14-15 (97-98), 7. (in Armenian)

    Parskeren mamule yev Hayots tseghaspanutyune [The Persian Press and the Armenian Genocide] (2004, May 9). Alik daily, 86 (19148), 3. (in Armenian)

    Sargsyan, S. (2006). Aprilian khorhurd [April council]. Alik daily, 7 (19699), 2. (in Armenian)

    Spahani petakan hamalsaranum dardzyal artsartsvets Hayots tseghaspanutyan teman [The subject of the Armenian Genocide was again discussed at the Isfahan State University] (2002). Alik daily, 85 (18586), 1. (in Armenian)

    Tahlile Rooz” oraterti andradardzy Hayots tseghaspanutyan 92-rd tarelitsin [“Tahlile Rooz” daily newspaper’s reference to the 92nd anniversary of the Armenian Genocide] (2007, June 7). Alik daily, 108 (20008), 4. (in Armenian)

    Tahmazian, Y. (2005, June 10). Mijmiutenakan khorhrdazhoghov nvirvats Hayots tseghaspanutyan 90-amyakin Nor Jughayum [Inter-Union Conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide in Nor Jugha]. Alik daily, 65 (19408), 4. (in Armenian)

    Tasnyak hazaravor tehranahayer irents boghoqi dzayny miatsrin hayashkharhi pahanjatirutyan dzaynin [Tens of thousands of Tehran Armenians joined their voice of protest to the demands of the Armenian world]. (2005, April 25). Alik daily, 82 (18583), 1 - 4. (in Armenian)

    Tasnyak hazaravor iranahayer aprili 24-in masnakcecin boghoqi qaylarshavneri ev tsuytseri [Tens of thousands of Iranian-Armenians participated in a protest march and demonstrations on April 24]. (2000, April 4). Alik daily, 85 (18022), 1. (in Armenian)

    Tasnyak hazar hayordineri boghoqi tsuytsy Tehrani poghotanerum”, [The protest demonstration of tens of thousands of Armenians in Tehran’s Avenues] (2006, April 23). Alik daily, 78 (19700), 1-8. (in Armenian)

    Tehranahayutyune krkin angam ir khrokht dzayne miatsrets hayashkharhi pahanjatirakan dzaynin [The Armenians of Tehran once again added their brave voice to the demanding voice of the Armenian world] (2001, April 25). Alik daily, 79 (18301), 1-2. (in Armenian)

    Tehrani miutyunneri tsragrere [Tehran’s Associations Programs] (2005, April 14). Alik daily, 69 (19412), 6. (in Armenian)

    “Veraproghnere kvkayen”-e parskerenov [“The survivors will testify” in Persian” [2008, May 24]. “Alik” daily, 101 (20276), 5. (in Armenian)

    “Yes, misht el kasem, vor hay zhoghovurdy yerakhtaget e u azniv”. Hartsazruyts Ahmad Nurizadei het ir nor hratarakutyunneri aritov [“I will always say that the Armenian people are grateful and noble”: Interview with Ahmad Nourizadeh on the occasion of his new publications]. (2008, May 24). Alik daily, 101 (20276), 4- 6. (in Armenian)

    “Yerbeq chenq kaskatsum, vor Irani azniv petutyuny amenayn achalrjutyamb hskum e ays katsutyune”, - haytararets Atrpatakani Hayots temi arajnordy, [“We never doubt that the noble state of Iran is vigilantly monitoring this situation”, declared the leader of the Armenian Diocese of Atrpatakan]. (2006). Alik daily, 44 (19666), 1 - 10. (in Armenian)

    Iranian va nasl e qeshi armanian, az foruhgi ta hoseinan [Iranians and the Armenian genocide, from Forughi to Hosseini].(2024). Retrieved November 31 (in Persian)

    Nasl e qeshi ya terazhedi ye bozorge aramane dar sal e 1333/1915 [Genocide or Armenian Great tragedy 1915 /1333]. Retrieved November 31, 2024. (in Persian)

  • Armenological Studies

    REGIONAL MEETING OF THE ARMENIAN REVOLUTIONARY PARTY IN CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1919

    Khachatur Stepanyan
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    Abstract

    The article offers a historical analysis of the regional meeting of the Constantinople Branch of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), held between June and August 1919. This gathering was particularly significant as it marked the first regional meeting in Constantinople since 1915. The agenda was wide-ranging and thorough. Key reports were presented by the ARF’s Responsible Authority, the Central Committee, and various organizational bodies, reviewing their activities over the preceding period. A major portion of the meeting focused on internal organizational matters, including revisions to the party’s Statute, structural reforms, and issues related to trade unions, cooperatives, and labor organizations. The discussions also addressed the party’s relationships with neighboring countries, other political parties, the Armenian Patriarchate, national institutions, and the Turkish state. Special emphasis was placed on future propaganda strategies, particularly the role of the Azatamart newspaper. The meeting concluded with preparations for the upcoming 9th ARF General Meeting and the election of a new Central Committee to guide future initiatives.

    References

    Armenian Revolutionary Federation Archives, Part 4, F 884, D 14.

    Armenian Revolutionary Federation Archives, Part 4, F 884, D 25.

    Stepanyan, Kh., & Martirosyan, L. (2021). 1920t’ HH ankakhutyan pokharutyan masin orenqy yev dranits bkhogh qaylery Hayastanum yev Vrastanum [1920. The law on the RA Independence Loan Act and the resulting steps in Armenia and Georgia]. Collection of the History Museum of Armenia: Materials of the conference dedicated to the 30th anniversary of independence of Armenia, 288-293. (in Armenian)

    Tasnapetean, H. (1988). Hay heghapokhakan dashnaktsutyune ir dzevavorumits minchev 10-rd endhanur zhoghove [The Armenian Revolutionary Federation from its formation to the 10th general congress. Athens: Droshak. (in Armenian)

  • Armenological Studies

    THE HEROIC BATTLE OF MUSA DAGH ACCORDING TO THE TESTIMONIES OF THE EYEWITNESS-PARTICIPANTS AND THE COMMANDMENT OF FRANZ WERFEL

    Verjine Svazlian
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    Abstract

    As a part of the Armenian nation, the Musa Dagh people, in particular, have felt the necessity of regeneration of the national statehood, its meaning and value, particularly following the fall of the 300-year-old flourishing statehood of Cilicia and during the 600 years of absence of power. The Musa Dagh people, who were forged and had gained sagacity in the heroic battles for survival, have formulated their feat very concisely: “Freedom is on the tip of the rifle,” (Svazlian 2015, p. 207) that is to say, freedom can be obtained only by the force of arms, which is followed by “Freedom is on the tip of the flag,” (Svazlian 2015, p. 207) that is to say, statehood is the guarantee of freedom.

    References

    Alboyajian, A. (1941). Patmutyun hay gaghtakanutean [History of the Armenian emigration] ( Vol. I). Cairo: Sahak-Mesrop. (in Armenian)

    Andreassian, T. (1935). Zeytuni taragrutyune yev Svedio apstambutyune [The exile of Zeytun and the rebellion of Svedia]. Aleppo: Armenian Evangelical Association of America. (in Armenian)

    Andreassian, T. (1967). Svediayi barbare [The dialect of Svedia]. Yerevan: AS ASSR. (in Armenian)

    Galoustian, G. (1934). Marash kam Germanik yev heros Zeytun [Marash or Germanik and heroic Zeytun]. New York: Central Administration of Marash Compatriotic Union, US. (in Armenian)

    Goushakjian, M. (1970). Antioki ev sherjakayits patmutyun. Hushamatean Musa Leran. [History of Antioch and its environs. Memorial book of Musa Dagh]. Beirut: Jebel Musa Compatriotic Union. (in Armenian)

    Gyouzelian, G. (2001). Musa Leran azgagrutyun [The ethnography of Musa Dagh]. Yerevan: Gitutyun. (in Armenian)

    Keleshian, M. (1949). Sis-Matean [Sis-Register]. Beirut: Hay Jemaran. (in Armenian)

    Svazlian, V. (1984). Musa Ler. Hay azgagrutyun ev banahyusutyun [Musa Dagh. Armenian ethnography and folklore] (Vol.1). Yerevan: AS ASSR. (in Armenian)

    Svazlian, V. (1994). Kilikia: Arevmtahayots banavor avandutyune [Cilicia: The oral tradition of the Western Armenians]. Yerevan: Gitutyun. (in Armenian)

    Svazlian, V. (2011). The Armenian Genocide: testimonies of the eyewitness survivors. Yerevan: Gitutyun.

    Svazlian, V. (2015). The heroic battle of Musa Dagh: testimonies of the eyewitness survivors. Yerevan: Gitutyun. (in Armenian & English)

    Werfel, F. (1964). Musa leran karasun ory [The forty days of Musa Dagh]. Yerevan: Hayastan. (in Armenian)

  • Armenological Studies

    THE HISTORY OF THE FILM VERSIONS OF FRANZ WERFEL’S NOVEL“THE FORTY DAYS OF MUSA DAGH”AND THE DENIAL OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

    Siranush Galstyan
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    Abstract

    Giving a thorough assessment to Franz Werfel’s novel The Forty Days of Musa Dagh, its relevance and historical-political significance, the article presents the attempts of film adaptation of the given novel, which has a  remarkable literary value. At the same time, we have focused on the obstacles, which have appeared in this process. It is known from the history of cinema that in 1935 our famous compatriot Ruben Mamoulian (1897-1987), who was considered the heavy artillery of Broadway and Hollywood in those days, received an offer to make a film based on this novel at the The Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Studio. However, under the unprecedented Turkish pressure on the American government, the film adaptation process was suspended. Decades later, in 1982, the novel was adapted into a movie by the Armenian Diaspora. The producer of the film was John Kurkjian, and the director – Sarky (Sargy) Mouradian (1931-2022). Back in the Soviet years, in 1985, Musa Dagh was also staged in the Armenian TV Theater. The directors of the five-part performance were Grigor Chalikyan and Herbert Gasparyan. The historical event on Mount Musa that formed the basis of the novel about the heroic struggle of Armenians against the Turks was also included in one of the last episodes of The Promise (dir. Terry George, 2016). The article also emphasizes the problem of denial of the Armenian Genocide, which had its actual expression and consequences in cinema.

    References

    FCVideo New. (2016, January 18). Epic Denied: Depriving the Forty Days of Musa Dagh - FCVideo New. Retrieved June 29, 2024.

    Mahler Werfel, A. (1958). And the bridge is love. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.

    Mazierska, E. (2011). European Cinema and Intertextuality: Hisory, Memory and Politics. UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Minasian, E. (1986-87). The forty years of Musa Dagh: The film that was denied. Journal of Armenian Studies, 3 (1-2), 121-132.

    The Genex. Natalie Portman as the main character in the film about the Armenian Genocide. (2013, February 11). Panorama.am. Retrieved June 29, 2024.

    New Armenian Genocide film to be screened in 2015. (2013, February 11). Tert.am. Retrieved June 29, 2024.

    Thomas, B. (1969). Thalberg: life and legend. New York: Garden City.

    Welky, D. (2006, March 1). Global Hollywood versus national pride: the battle to film the forty days of Musa Dagh. Film Quarterly, 59 (3). Retrieved June 29, 2024.

  • Armenological Studies

    THE GENOCIDE OF ARMENIANS: A VIEW FROM INSIDE AND OUTSIDE

    Naira H. Gasparyan
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    Abstract

    This research aims to provide a fresh perspective on the Armenian Genocide by examining eyewitness accounts, missionary reports based on factual evidence, and reflections from official humanist organizations dating back to the 1890s. The research applies various universal approaches, including Gregory H. Stanton's 10 stages of genocide and the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) approach focusing on identity transformation, analysis of the linguistic material through consideration of extra-linguistic factors. The paper argues that global education on genocide, particularly the Armenian Genocide, is crucial for individuals to confront the truth and foster cooperation without animosity. This multidisciplinary study emphasizes that the condemnation of genocide by global organizations is a necessary human response, that genocidal behavior should be recognized as an established illegal stage, and that the terminology and narrative of genocide should be taught at the university level to achieve prevention. The study of the historical reality and linguistic material through implementing the cognitive-linguistic, linguo-stylistic and cultural-linguistic methods presupposes a careful text selection and juxtaposition. The article demonstrates how examining the conflict between old and modern viewpoints can advance genocide education and prevention. This constitutes the novelty of the research.

     

     

     

     

    References

    Alloul, H., & Markey, R. (2016). Please deny these manifestly false reports: Ottoman diplomats and the press in Belgium (1850-1914). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 48 (2), 267-292.

    Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after great adversity? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20.

    Cushman, T. (2003). Is Genocide preventable? some theoretical considerations. Journal of Genocide Research, 5(4), 523–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623¬5203200¬0149486

    Danieli, Y. (1998). Intergenerational legacies of trauma: Multiple perspectives and dilemmas. In Y. Danieli (Ed.), International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma (pp. 3–27). Plenum Press.

    Davis, L. A. (1989). The slaughterhouse province. An American diplomat’s report on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917. New York: Aristide D. Caratzas.

    Deringil, S. (2009). The Armenian question is finally closed: Mass conversions of Armenians in Anatolia during the Hamidian massacres of 1895–1897. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 51(2), 344 –371, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417509000152

    Destexhe, A. (1995). 1994-1995. The third Genocide. Foreign Policy, 9. https://doi.org/10.2307/1149436

    Destexhe, A. (1995). Rwanda and Genocide in the twentieth century (A.Marschner Trans.). New York: New York University Press.

    Gasparyan, N. (2016). Analysis and interpretation of Genocide related terms. Armenian Folia Anglistika 12(2 (16), 139-150. https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/¬2016.12.2.139

    Gasparyan, N. (2017). Hayn u Hayastany otarneri achqerov [Armenianans and Armenia through the eyes of a foreigner]. Yerevan: YSU Press.

    Gasparyan, N., & Gasparyan, S. (2021). The Buxtons’ Missionary Visit to Armenia. Il viaggio in Armenia Dall’antichità ai nostri giorni. (Journey to Armenia. From Antiquity to the Present Day), Eurasiatica 17, Venice: Edizioni Ca’Foscari. http://doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-497-4.

    Gasparyan, S., Paronyan, Sh., Chubaryan, A., Muradyan, G. (2016). Raphael Lemkin’s draft convention on genocide and the 1948 UN convention. A comparative discourse study. Yerevan, YSU Press.

    Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stresss. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/000¬3066¬X.44.3.513.

    Mayerson, D. (2014). On the path to Genocide: Armenia and Rwanda reexamined. New York: Berghahn.

    Mayersen, D. (2018). The 1895-1896 Armenian Massacres in Harput. Études Arméniennes Contemporaines, 10. https://doi.org/10.4000/eac.1641. Retrieved October 2, 2024.

    Mayersen, D. (2022). Armenian Resistance to the Hamidian Massacres. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, 16 (2), 68–88. https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.16.2.1812

    Poghosyan, V. (2014). Echoes of The Armenian massacres of Cilicia in 1909 in the Times. Yerevan, YSU publications, pp. 144-168.

    Pogosyan, V. (2015). E'jer Hayots tseghaspanut'yan patmut'yan & patmagrut'yan [Pages on the history and historiography of the Armenian Genocide. Yerevan: YSU publications.

    Rummel, R. (1994). Democide vs Genocide. Which is what? Retrieved August 4, 2024.

    Rummel, R. (1994). Death by government: Genocide and mass murder since 1900 (1st ed.). New York: Routledge.

    Rummel, R.J. (1997). Power kills. Democracy as a method of nonviolence. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

    Rummel, R. (1997). Statistics of democide charlottesville. Hawaii.edu. Retrieved October 25, 2024.

    Şeker, N. (2013). Forced population movements in the Ottoman Empire and the early Turkish Republic: an attempt at reassessment through demographic engineering. European Journal of Turkish Studies, 16. https://doi.org/10.4000/ejts.4396

    Stanton, H.G. (1996). The eight stages of Genocide. Retrieved February 9, 2025.

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  • Armenological Studies

    INTERNATIONAL ATTITUDE TO CULTURAL GENOCIDE PREVENTION IN NAGORNO-KARABAKH: A LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE

    Mariam Khazhakyan
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    Abstract

    The present study is an attempt to examine the tragic consequences of genocides in general, with a particular focus on cultural genocides. Cultural genocide, though not explicitly identified in international law, represents a profound and insidious form of destruction aimed at eradicating the cultural, religious, and social foundations of a group. The cultural genocide in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh), the destruction of its cultural legacy, continues to demand urgent attention. Hence, we aim to highlight the true picture of cultural genocide through a prosodic and linguistic analysis of speeches – both written and spoken – by prominent American and European politicians. The purpose is to underscore the critical importance of preserving cultural identities and to advocate for the formal recognition of cultural genocide in international law. Acknowledging both physical and cultural genocides allows for a more comprehensive strategy for preventing and responding to the destruction of communities and their unique legacies. Combining historical research with prosodic analysis of political speeches delivered between 2020 and 2023, this article explores how vocal elements such as intonation, stress, and rhythm reflect global attitudes toward the cultural erasure of Nagorno-Karabakh. The findings reveal that these speech patterns often mirror geopolitical positions – some conveying urgency, others indifference – shaping public awareness and political engagement. The study calls for the equal recognition of physical and cultural genocides to ensure the full protection of vulnerable groups and stronger mechanisms for international accountability.

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  • Armenological Studies

    BOOK REVIEW: “WESTERN ARMENIAN AND DIASPORAN WOMEN WRITERS” BY NALBANDIAN (Yerevan, Edit Print, 2020)

    Naira Hambardzumyan, Lili Karapetyan
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