Vol. 18 No. 2 (26) (2022)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/2022.18.2
Published: 2022-10-24

Front Matter

Linguistics

  • Linguistics

    THE LANGUAGE OF POWER IN POLITICAL CONFLICTS

    Anahit Galstyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    The language of power is well demonstrated in conflicting situations, especially when there is a conflict between different nations. Conflict management is not always easy: sometimes conflicts are easily resolved, sometimes the two conflicting sides want different things demonstrating their power. Power is a process of social interaction, and the relationship between the conflict participants affects the way they perceive and react to a conflict. Are the participants in a hierarchical or equal relationship? Does one tend to dominate the other? What role does power have in the discourse?

    This paper seeks to find answers to these questions and analyze the manifestation of power through language by examining media debates, political articles, interviews and speeches of political figures on Armenian – Azerbaijani and Russian – Ukrainian conflicts.

    References

    Hicks, S. (2013). How Postmodernists Use Language as a Weapon. Excerpt from Explaining Postmodernism: Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault (Expanded Edition).

    Kenzhekanova, K.K. (2015). Linguistic Features of Political Discourse. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6 (6 S2), 192-192.

    Lenski, G.E. (1966). Power and privilege: a theory of social stratification. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

    Ng, Sik H., & Fei, D. (2017). Language and Power. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/¬9780-19¬0228613.013.436

    Sassenberg, K., Ellemers, N., Scheepers, D., & Scholl, A. (2014). “Power corrupts” revisited: The role of construal of power as opportunity or responsibility. In J. Prooijen & P. Lange (Eds.), Power, Politics, and Paranoia: Why People are Suspicious of their Leaders (pp. 73-88). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/-CBO9781139565417.007

    Wodak, R. (2012). Language, power and identity. Language Teaching, 45(2), 215-233. doi:10.1017/S0261444811000048

    Sources of Data

    Aliyev claims Nagorno-Karabakh no longer exists, claims Armenia's lands. (2021, July 14). PanARMENIAN.Net. Retrieved January18, 2022.

    Aliyev Touts ‘Zangezur Corridor’ as Viable Energy Export Route. (2022, February 11). Asbarez. Retrieved February 26, 2022.

    Azadian, E.Y. (2022, February 10). Aliyev’s War on Armenian History. The Armenian Mirror – Spectator. Retrieved February18, 2022.

    Azerbaijan Announces Plans to Build Transmission Line through Armenia. (2022, February 12). PanARMENIAN.Net. Retrieved: February 24, 2022.

    Azerbaijan's Aliyev Says Ready for Nagorno-Karabakh Talks, but no Concessions (2020, October 9). Reuters. Retrieved January 5, 2021.

    Collinson St. (2022, January 21). Neither Biden nor Putin can Afford to Lose their Ukraine Standoff. CNN. Retrieved February10, 2022.

    Dixon R., Sonne P., & Nakashima E. (2022, February 22). Putin Orders Troops to Eastern Ukraine after Formally Recognizing two Moscow-backed Separatist Regions. The Washington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2022.

    Faiola, A. (2022, January 7). What Putin Wants in Ukraine. The Washington Post. Retrieved March 1, 2022.

    Ghazanchyan, S. (2021, May 11). Ombudsman Sends Aliyev’s Anti-Armenian Speeches to International Bodies. Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved September 5, 2021.

    “Go, look at yourselves in the mirror’ – President Aliyev on Controversy around Baku War Trophy Park.” (2021, May 13) The Azeri Times. Retrieved September 5, 2021.

    Killer Frost. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 10, 2022.

    Massie, G. (2022, March 11). US Treasury Imposes New Sanctions on Russia Including Family of Putin’s Spokesman. Independent. Retrieved May 5, 2022.

    Mehdiyev, M. (2019, October 5). Aliyev Says "Karabakh Is Azerbaijan and Exclamation Mark", Responding to Armenian PM’s Claims. Caspian News. Retrieved January 18, 2021.

    Mehdiyev, M. (2021, May 11). President Aliyev: Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Has Been Resolved. Caspian News. Retrieved August 10, 2021.

    Merrik, R. (2022, January 25). UK Troops will be Sent to Protect Eastern Europe if Russia Invades Ukraine, Boris Johnson Says. Independent. Retrieved March 1, 2022.

    Oelofse, L. (2022, February 19). NATO's Jens Stoltenberg Urges Russia to 'Step Back from the Brink'. DW. Retrieved May18, 2022.

    RA Ombudsman: Aliyev`s Statement on the Zangezur Corridor and Threats against the Armenian Population Prove Baku`s Genocidal Policy towards Armenians. (2021, April 21). Armenia-today. Retrieved January 5, 2022.

    Russia–Ukraine relations. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 19, 2022.

    Ukraine Conflict: What is NATO and How Has It Responded to Russia's Invasion? BBC. Retrieved March 1, 2022,

  • Linguistics

    MEDIA-POLITICAL DISCOURSE FROM A TEXTOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT

    Rafayel Harutyunyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    There are different research methods, techniques and strategies that are used to study the text. One of such methods is the method of textual analysis, a variety of study approaches used to analyze and comprehend a piece of writing. Understanding media-political texts and avoiding manipulation and information bias requires not only linguistic and extra-linguistic competence, but also awareness of different strategies.

    In the present paper, we are aimed to provide an overview of textual analysis as a research tool for studying incidents of manipulation in media news broadcasts from a textological perspective.

    References

    Belsey, C. (2013). Textual analysis as a research method. In G. Griffin (Ed.), Research methods for English studies. NED-New edition, 2, (pp. 160–178). Edinburgh University Press.

    Dijk v. T.A. (2006). Discourse and manipulation. Discourse and society, 17 (3). London: SAGE Publications.

    Frey, L., Botan, C., & Kreps, G. (1999). Investigating communication: an introduction to research methods. 2nd edition. Boston: Allyn & Bacon Publication.

    Galperin, I.R. (1977). Sylistics. Second edition. Moscow: Higher school.

    Gasparian, S., & Matevosian, A. (2011). English style in action. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press.

    Gasparyan, S., & Harutyunyan, R. (2021). Manipulative speech: a theoretical overview. Armenian Folia Anglistika, 2 (24), https://doi.org/10.46¬991/-AFA/2021.17.2.011

    Gasparyan, S.K., & Hayrapetyan, Z.S. (2020). Manipulative tactics employed by Azerbaijani authors in online media resources. Cognition, Communication, Discourse, 21, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.26565/2218-2926-2020-21-02

    Jones, R.H., Jaworska, S., & Aslan, E. (2020). Language and media. New York: Routledge.

    McKee, A. (2003). Textual analysis: a beginner’s guide. SAGE Publication, University of Queensland, Australia.

    Melkonian, A.A. (2001). Yegherni kaghakakanutyan dzevavorman akunknery: XV dari verj–1915 tvakan (Patmazhoghovrdagrakan aknark Erzrumi nahangi orinakov) [The origins of the formation of the Genocide policy: end of 15th c. to 1915 (a historical-chronological review based on the example of Erzurum)]. In P. Hovhannisian, L. Khurshudian, L. Mkrtchian, et al. (Eds.) Hayots tseghaspanutyuny (usumnasirutyunner). Yerevan: Hrazdan Publishers.

    Morgenthau, H. (1974). The murder of a nation. New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America, INC Publishers.

    Ni, P. (2015). 14 signs of psychological and emotional manipulation. Psychology Today. Retrieved June 10, 2021.

    Zulalian, M. (1995). Hayots patmutyan kheghatyurumy ardi turk patmagrutyan mej (hin yev mijin darer) [Distortions of Armenian history in modern Turkish historiography (ancient and middle ages)]. Yerevan: RAN AS Press.

    Sources of Data

    Armenian So-Called Genocide. (2015). Azvison.az. Retrieved June 22, 2022.

    Cohen, D. (2020). Trump hates you … Even if you love him. RollingStone. Retrieved June 18, 2022

    Levin, B. (2022). Report: If Donald Trump isn’t sh--ting his pants over today’s January 6 hearing, He probably should be. VANITYFAIR. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

    Mathiesen, K., Webber, E. (2022). Where’s Boris? Johnson missing in action at Biden’s climate summit. POLITICO. Retrieved June 19, 2022.

    What are conditional clauses in English? - Easy learning grammar. COLLINS. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

    Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

    Exterminate (n.d.). In The Britannica Dictionary. Retrieved June 22, 2022.

    Fawn over. (n.d.) In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

    Protest (n.d.). In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved June 29, 2022.

    Shit one’s pants. (n.d.). In Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

    So-called (n.d.). In Oxford Learner’s Dictionary. Retrieved June 22, 2022.

  • Linguistics

    A QUALITATAIVE-QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF MEDIA POLITICAL DISCOURSE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MANIPULATION

    Rafayel Harutyunyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    A survey-based qualitative-quantitative study of manipulation as a psycholinguistic phenomenon provides a good overview of statistical significance and knowledge. The use of qualitative-quantitative research methods in the current study can help us gain a more profound understanding of how people are able to perceive and detect cases of language manipulation. It appears necessary to emphasize that using the methods of qualitative-quantitative research, we can not only assess the respondents’ opinions about "manipulation”, its linguistic and extra-linguistic expression, but also accurately determine and accumulate the obtained knowledge and data about the phenomenon. The paper summarizes and concludes the results of the selected questions in the online questionary which can assist individuals in acquiring information for researches in the same or related fields.

    References

    Ahmad, Sh., Wasim, S., Irfan, S., Gogoi, S., Srivastava, A., & Farheen, Z. (2019). Qualitative v/s quantitative research. Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 6 (43).

    Enas, A., Islam, I., & Tahani, B. (2021). Understanding quantitative and qualitative research methods: A theoretical perspective for young researchers. International Journal of Research 8 (2), 71-87. https://doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-201-5-070

    Gasparyan, S., & Harutyunyan, R. (2021). Manipulative speech: a theoretical overview. Armenian Folia Anglistika, 2 (24), https://doi.org/10.46991/¬AFA/2021.17.2.011, https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/2022.18.1.009

    Gasparyan, S., & Harutyunyan, R. (2022b). The morpho-syntactic aspect of media-political discourse. Foreign Languages in Higher Education vol.26 issue 1(32), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.46991/FLHE/ 2022.26.1.027

    Nordlund, M. (2003). Linguistic manipulation: an analysis of how attitudes are Displayed in news reporting. D Extended Essay English, 27. Lulea University of Technology.

  • Linguistics

    A MULTIMODAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SARCASM IN ENGLISH MEDIA AND NEWS ARTICLES

    Astghik Chubaryan, Hayk Danielyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    With the rapid development of information technologies, the implementation of visual content has become a complementary component of social discourse, particularly in the media and news sectors. In this respect, it is increasingly important to pay huge attention to media literacy and relevant information processing. Sarcasm, one of the most widely used language choices in social discourse, can easily be a part of any media or news article. Sarcastic remarks are used for numerous reasons, namely, to indirectly express contempt, pretend an attitude, mock a situation or a person, or perhaps, they are more creative solutions to anger-provoking situations. The aim of the present research is to detect sarcastic messages in media and news articles through the multimodal markers of the discourse. The dataset analyzed to achieve the above-mentioned goal is derived from American and British media and news platforms Politico, The Guardian, and The Sun.

     

    References

    Arola, K.L., Sheppard, J., & Ball C.E. (2014). Writer/designer: a guide to making multimodal projects. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s.

    Baldry, A. (2004). Phase and transition type and instance: patterns in media texts as seen through a multimodal concordance. In K. O’Halloran (Ed.), Multimodal discourse analysis: systemic-functional perspectives (pp. 83-108). London: Continuum.

    Halliday, M. (1961). Categories of the theory of grammar. Word. 17(3). Reprinted in Full in On Grammar: Volume 1 of the Collected Works of M. Halliday. London and New York: Continuum.

    Halliday, M. (1992). Systemic Grammar and the concept of a “Science of language”. In Waiguoyu Journal of Foreign Languages, No. 2 (General Series No. 78), 1–9. Reprinted in Full in Volume 3 in The Collected Works of M. Halliday. London: Continuum.

    Halliday, M. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Edward Arnold.

    Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (1996). Reading images: the grammar of visual design. London: Routledge.

    Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Multimodal discourse: the modes and media of contemporary communication. London: Arnold.

    Lemke, J. (1998). Multiplying meaning: visual and verbal semiotics in scientific text. In J. Martin, & R. Veal (Eds.), Reading Science: Critical and Functional Perspectives on Discourses of Science (pp. 87-113). London: Routledge.

    Liu, S. (2019). A multimodal discourse analysis of the interactive meaning in public service advertisement. Journal of Advances in Linguistics, 10, 1523-1534. https://doi.org/10.24297/jal.v10i0.8196

    O 'Halloran, K. (1999). Independence, interaction, and metaphor in multimodal texts. Social semiotics, 9(3), 317-354.

    O 'Halloran, K. (1999). Towards a systemic-functional analysis of multi-semiotic mathematics texts. Social Semiotic, 124(1/2), 1-29.

    Olivier, J. (2021). Self-directed multimodal learning within a context of transformative open education. In J. Olivier, (ed.). Self-directed multimodal learning in higher education (pp. 1-49).

    Royce, T. (1998). Synergy on page: exploring inter-semiotic complementarity in page-based multimodal text. In JASFL Occasional Papers (No.1). Tokyo: Japan Association of Systemic Functional Linguistics.

    Sources of Data

    First dog on the moon. (2022, September). The Guardian. Retrieved September 26, 2022.

    Levels of multimodality within multimodal learning. (2021, January). ResearchGate. Retrieved September 23, 2022.

    Was it wrong to mock the perky boffins attempting to de-extinct the thylacine??! (2022, September 2). The Guardian. Retrieved September 26, 2022.

    Wills' grief.Prince William reveals moments of sadness ‘catch him out’ as he grieves the Queen with Princess Kate. (2022, September 22). The Sun. Retrieved September 22, 2022.

    Woohoo! Australia is punching above its weight in *checks notes* inequality! (2022, September 21). The Guardian. Retrieved September 26, 2022.

    Wuerker, M. (2022, September 2). The six stages of grief after losing an election. Politico. Retrieved September 22, 2022.

  • Linguistics

    SARCASM IN SOCIAL AND COMMERCIAL ADVERTISING: A PRAGMALINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE

    Hayk Danielyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    Modern social and commercial advertising systems devote a huge significance to the choice of the language used in various campaigns with the purpose to achieve maximum effectiveness of impact on the target audience. The current paper aims to uncover the pragmalinguistic peculiarities of language usage in attaining the above-mentioned goal through sarcasm. Linguistic and extra-linguistic levels of analysis serve as key components for detecting the sarcastic nature of the language used in social and commercial advertisements as well as their impact on conveying the non-literal meaning of the text. In the discussed samples of advertising discourse, sarcasm is demonstrated as a creative and effective form of communication in terms of delivering the intended message of the campaign. This notion greatly contradicts the traditional view toward the usage of ironic language, particularly sarcasm, since it is believed to provoke bitter and caustic effects.

    References

    Ghosh, D., Fabbri, A.R., & Muresan, S. (2018). Sarcasm analysis using conversation context. Computational Linguistics, 44(4), 755–792. https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00336

    Gottman, J.M., Silver, N., (1999). The seven principles for making marriage work. New York: Three Rivers Press.

    Huang, L., Gino, F., & Galinsky, A.D. (2015). The highest form of intelligence: Sarcasm increases creativity for both expressers and recipients. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 131, 162–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.07.001

    Kovaz, D., Kreuz, R., & Riordan, M. (2013). Distinguishing sarcasm from literal language: evidence from books and blogging. Discourse Processes, 50. https:// https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2013.849525

    Lagerwerf, L. (2007). Irony and sarcasm in advertisements: Effects of relevant inappropriateness. Journal of Pragmatics, 39(10), 1702-1721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.05.002

    McDonald, S. (1999) Exploring the process of inference generation in sarcasm: a review of normal and clinical studies. Brain and Language, 68, 486–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.1999.2124

    Miron-Spektor E., Efrat-Treister D., Rafaeli A., & Schwarz-Cohen O. (2011) Others' anger makes people work harder not smarter: The effect of observing anger and sarcasm on creative and analytic thinking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 1065-1075. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023593

    Peters, S. A. (2013). The relevance of sarcasm in resolving ambiguous references in spoken discourse. (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Carolina - Columbia). Retrieved June 26, 2022.

    Thompson, D., & Filik, R. (2016). Sarcasm in written communication: emoticons are efficient markers of intention. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12156

    Sources of Data

    Campaigns of the world. (2019, April 22). Most powerful Social Issue ads. Retrieved August 24, 2022.

    Cerejeira, T. (Mar 15, 2018). How to exploit irony in the advertisement world. Retrieved August 24, 2022.

    ConseilsMarketing. (2017, July). Les publicités les plus créatives sur la Canicule. Retrieved June 27, 2022.

    DeviantArt. (2012, June 17). No tobacco poster 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2022.

    NOVA Marketing Insights. (2018, March 15). How to exploit irony in the advertisement world. Retrieved June 27, 2022.

    Ogilvy Costa Rica. (2018, March 1). How to exceed the speed limit? [Video file] Retrieved August 12, 2022.

    The Creative Copywriter. (2013, December). 12 Juicy copywriting samples to feast your creative brain on! Retrieved June 26, 2022.

  • Linguistics

    EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LANGUAGE OF FAST FOOD ADVERTISEMENTS THROUGH J. BAUDRILLARD'S POSTMODERNISM

    Marine Yaghubyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    One of the dominant fields in the scope of advertising is Fast Food promotion. Junk food advertisements are viral on the Internet, television, billboards and among other types of advertisements. This has led to many people preferring it to other types of food. Several studies have also investigated the effects of junk food advertisements on people’s attitudes and preferences. Firstly, it creates some expectations which raise the desire to buy. Secondly, it associates purchase of these foods with some positive feelings such as satisfaction and happiness. Thirdly, it uses a certain entertaining dimension, thus, implying that purchase will boost a pleasant mood. Finally, people are not always conscious about the persuasive nature of advertising. In this connection, the present article aims to study how some linguistic techniques and devices in Fast Food advertisements call people for certain actions (purchase) and make these advertisements effective. The linguistic analysis of all advertisements carried out in the research mainly focused on defining and characterizing the linguostylistic devices used in fast food advertising, taking into consideration specific language levels such as lexicon, phonology, stylistics and grammar. The analysis demonstrates that nearly every advertisement uses rhetorical figures not depending on the thematic domain they come from.

    References

    Samuelsen, A., & Pultz, T. (2013). A cross cultural analysis of ethos, pathos and logos in advertising. Denmark: Roskilde University Press.

    Solomon, J. (1998). Masters of desire in common culture: reading and writing about American popular culture. USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

    Watson, N. (2001). Postmodernism and lifestyles (or: You Are What You Buy). In S. Sim (ed.) The Routledge companion to postmodernism. London and New York: Routledge.

    Woods, N. (2014). Describing discourse: practical guide to discourse analysis. London: Routledge Publishing.

    Yule, G. (1996). The study of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Sources of Data

    Activitat 5 Burrrgerrr King. Retrieved July 19, 2022.

    Amazon I’m lovin’ it. Retrieved July 19, 2022.

    Burger King Suriname Have It Your Way. Retrieved May 3, 2022.

    Everything that's happening in the great metro of Manila California maki Twister...It’S California Maki in a Wrap! Retrieved June 5, 2022.

    Facebook Chililime Chicken. Retrieved April 20, 2022.

    Fast Food Items Assue Lamb. Retrieved June 9, 2022.

    Fast Food Restaurants the spicy range. spice it up. 4 spicy delights to try. Retrieved July 19, 2022.

    KFC- Buffalo Toasted Twister. Retrieved July 18, 2022.

    Flickr Fruit ‘n yogurt parfait (...) fruit & maple oatmeal. Retrieved July 19, 2022.

    Flickr How long can you handle the seduction of a juicy, flame-broiled burger? The longer you lust, the more Whopper Sandwiches you get. Retrieved May 3, 2022.

    Flickr McOziie, Ozzie, Ozzie. Retrieved July 19, 2022.

    Flickr Pride of the Nation. Retrieved May 3, 2022.

    McDonald's Mac your day. Retrieved June 9, 2022.

    McDonald’s New York Classic New York Classic. Retrieved July 19, 2022.

    Mc Donald’s Parung Delicious starts right here. Retrieved July 2, 2022.

    McDonald's Unleashes America-Themed Menu in the UK Five Weeks. Five Different Tastes. Retrieved June 9, 2022.

    McFloat McFloat. Retrieved June 9, 2022.

    Must Try: KFC Cheesy Bacon Twister It’s KFC Chicken, Cheese and Baconc in a Wrap! Retrieved July 19, 2022.

    Nacho Stacker Box Meal Review Do not eat this wall post. Retrieved May 3, 2022.

    New Orleans Deluxe New Orleans Deluxe. Retrieved June 9, 2022.

    Refreshing Bites Refreshing Bite. Retrieved July 16, 2022.

    Sausage McMuffin Sausage McMuffin. Retrieved July 16, 2022.

    The thing The Thing You Want When You Order Salad. Retrieved July 19, 2022.

    WHOLE ~and then~ SOME Wholesome and Then Some... Retrieved May 3, 2022.

    Word Press.com 5 weeks, 5 destinations, 5 tastes. Retrieved July 19, 2022.

    Summer Offerings from KFC Fish in wrap – Sarap! Retrieved June 9, 2022.

  • Linguistics

    THE LINGUOPOETICS OF EPITHET IN O. HENRY’S SHORT STORIES

    Sona Haroutyunian, Amalia Haroutyunian
    View PDF
    Abstract

    It is common knowledge that reading literature in the proper sense of the word is rather difficult as it presupposes the ability of the reader not to confine one’s perception to what can be seen on the surface of the text only. The reader’s ability to go deep into the text and reveal the intention of the writer is of prime importance. Many prominent philologists both in our country and abroad have referred to this question, and their investigations have established that the real understanding of a piece of verbal creativity is a step by step process and can be achieved only gradually. This, in fact, is the underlying methodological bases of the present research which aims at studying the use of epithets in O’Henry’s short stories and their role in the linguopoetic organization of the stories. Of particular investigative interest have turned out to be The Last Leaf and The Gift of Magi.

    References

Culture Studies

  • Culture Studies

    BRITISH IDENTITY MANIFESTATIONS IN THE POSTMODERN LITERARY FRAME

    Seda Gasparyan, Nvard Yernjakyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    National identity can be traced in almost all the spheres of human habitat – cultural, institutional, political, literary, pshychological, daily routine and many others, that is both in the verbal and non verbal activities of all and each person, respectively. In this research we look upon the British identity manifestations in the post-modern multifaceted literary frame based on the English short story contexts. Given the popular approach of the marked British conventionalism, concepts and cultural artefacts, as it were, we elucidate the stories of three  contemporary women writers — A.S. Byatt; J.Gardam and D.Moggach, as a field to reveal literary reproductions of identity paradigm and its social-cultural component in view of the city of London and certain niches of its subcultures. The analysis produces challenging ideas when considering social and spatial distinctions of London’s image according to the writers’ subjective attitudes, as well as the moral of the past and present, which are portrayed by three main topics: intellectuality and erudition (the London library); arts and theatre (the National Theatre and  Shakespeare); Post-colonial reality (Pakistani shopkeeper’s British dream-home), all of them as inseparable components of British national identity. 

     

    References

    Aboulela, L. (2004). Moving away from accuracy. The European English Messenger, 13(1), 72-77.

    Byatt, A.S. (2000). On histories and stories: selected essays. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

    Berensmeyer, I. (2006). The act of oblivion: politics of remembering and forgetting in restoration England. European Journal of English Studies, 10(01), 81-86.

    Boyer, M.Ch. (1994). The city of collective memory: its historical imagery and architectural entertainments. Cambridge, Mass., London, England: MIT press.

    Castles, S., & Davidson, A. (2000) Citizenship and migration: globalization and the politics of belonging. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

    Eco, U. (1977). Semiotics of theatrical performance. The Drama Review: TDR, Vol.21, No. (1), 107-117.

    Feldman, C.F. (2001). Narratives of national identity as group narratives: Patterns of interpretive cognition. In J. Brockmeier, & D. Carbaugh (Eds.). Narrative and identity: Studies in autobiography, self and culture. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamine Publ. Company.

    Halbwachs, M. (1992). On collective memory; edited, translated, and with an introduction by Lewis A. Coser. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Hussain, Y., & Bagguley, P. (2005). Citizenship, ethnicity and identity: British Pakistanis after the 2001‘Riots’. Sociology, 39(3), 407–25.

    Kumar, K. (2003). The Making of English National Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Kumar, K. (2005). From post- indusrial to post-modern society: new theories of the contemporary world. 2nd edition. Malden: MA. Blackwell.

    Sell, J.P.A. (2004). International allusion in transcultural identity narratives. Language and Intercultural Communication, vol. 4, No 1/2, 29-38.

    Steveker, L. (2009). Identity and cultural memory in the fiction of A.S. Byatt, Palgrave MacMillan.

    Walker, J. (2006). An interview with A. S. Byatt and Lawrence Norfolk conducted by Jonathan Walker. Contemporary Literature, vol. 47, No 3, 319-342.

    Sources of Data

    Danuta, K. (2015, September 27). Jane Gardam: 'Short stories are nearer poetry than anything - They are like a conversation, a dialogue'. An afternoon with ghosts for company. The Independent. Retrieved 20 March 2022.

    Hewitt, K. (Ed.). (1994). Contemporary British stories. (1994). Oxford: Perspective Publications Ltd

  • Culture Studies

    “NEW NORMAL” OF POST-COVID AND POST-MODERN WORLD IN THE MIRROR OF THE LANGUAGE

    Narine Harutyunyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    Today humanity is going through a period of radical transformation of the world, the principles of the existence of society, economy, education, traditional values. We are witnessing giant shifts in world politics, epic battles between Good and Evil. It can be assumed that the modern society of the post-covid era is moving in the direction of "new postmodernism" and "post-capitalism".

    The world elite is trying to “recode” sociocultural reality, human existence, linguistic consciousness. With the help of new cultural concepts and linguistic signs, not only the “New Reality” is created and described, but also the “neology” of this reality.

    This article is a study of the actual problem of neologization, in the context of the above-mentioned dynamic processes occurring in the post-covid world. It is aimed at identifying and describing linguistic means reflecting the current trends of the world elite in establishing a "New World Order". To implement a "radical transformation" and to impose a "New World Order" with new values ​​and traditions, the "newspeak" of the post-pandemic era is used.

    The object of our research is new terms and concepts of the actual spheres of social life, as an important fragment of a new conceptual and linguistic picture of the world.

    Keywords: “social puppet”, neologization, New World Order, Great Reset, gender-neutral language, metamodernism,

    References

    Schwab, K. (2020). We must move on from neoliberalism in the post-COVID era. World Economic Forum. Retrieved January 19, 2022.

    Schwab, K. (2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Portfolio Penguin. 1st edition.

    Khrushheva, N. (2020). Metamodern v muzyke i vokrug nee [Modern in music and around it]. Izd.OOO Gruppa Kompanij «RIPOL klassik». Retrieved March 21, 2022.

    The industrial revolution — impact on English language. (2014). Prezi. Retrieved December 17, 2021.

    Sources of Data

    Canadian national anthem revised with gender-neutral language. (2018, February 1). NPR. Retrieved March 19, 2022.

    “Climate emergency” is the Oxford English dictionary’s word of the year. (2019, November 26). Lifegate. Retrieved February 11, 2022.

    Eco-friendly terminology. (2021, September 21). Green Eco-Friend. Retrieved March 12, 2022

    Gender neutral/non-binary parent titles. (2019, March 22). Same- Sexpaernts.com. Retrieved March 21, 2022.

    Glossary of green terms and definitions. (2009). International Association of Assembly Managers, Inc. Retrieved March 12, 2022.

    Ortega, K., & Moynihan, Q. (2019, December 29). 'Köpskam', a new Swedish 'shame of buying' trend, could spread to threaten the world's fashion market. Insider. Retrieved March 17, 2022.

    Kak jazyk reagiruet na izmenenie klimata [How langueage reacts to the climate change]. (2021, Octover 5). Plus 1. Retrieved March 07, 2022.

    Koyfman, S. (October 9, 2019). Here are 20 new words that wouldn’t exist without climate change. Babbel Magazine. Retrieved March 09, 2022.

    Only 2020 could bring us words like these. (2020). Grist. Retrieved March 18, 2022.

    Oxford English corpus. (2022). Academic. Retrieved March 12, 2022.

    The Oxford English corpus. (2022). Sketch Engine. Retrieved March 12, 2022.

Translation Studies

  • Translation Studies

    METAPHORIC COVID NEOLOGISMS AND THEIR TRANSLATION PECULIARITIES

    Naira Gasparyan, Marianna Ohanyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    The present paper examines the translatability of English metaphoric neologisms into Armenian in COVID discourse and investigates certain translation strategies used to deal with the problem, which, if not solved, will result in unexpressive translations leading to inefficient communication. The research focuses on the translation peculiarities of the new concepts (often expressed metaphorically) which form a new layer of medical disease terminology of the global vocabulary. Words used in COVID discourse need to be treated with care and responsibility since the usage of COVID neologisms fuels tension and creates distortion in public mind and, thus, causes panic and improper conduct. The results achieved through the application of the methods of induction and deduction prove that the translation of such terms serves to better understand the sender’s message (although there are cases of ambiguity due to some hidden extra-linguistic basis) and discloses the fact that in the postmodern COVID period metaphor and metaphoric neologisms in healthcare, business and global media communication are coined quickly as a result of radical social changes, an unprecedented amount of “polluted” information, negative attitudes towards vaccination campaigns and false conspiracy narratives. Both English and Armenian metaphoric neologisms highlight the various aspects of the mentioned social response.

    References

    Baudrillard, J. (2019). Jean Baudrillard – Postmodernism. Media Studies @ Guilsborough Academy. Retrieved January10, 2022.

    'Hate-wear' and 'sadwear': fashion's new names for lockdown. (2021, 17 January). The Guardian. Retrieved February 09, 2022. Lecercle Jean-Jacques. (1990). The Violence of Language. London; New York: Routledge.

    Lyotard, J.-F. (1979). The Postmodern condition. Retrieved February 09, 2022

    Niska, H. (1998). Explorations in translational creativity: Strategies for interpreting neologisms. Workshop paper, 8th Aug, Stockholm University. Retrieved February 09, 2022.

    Schaeffner, C. (2004a). Metaphor and translation: Some implications of a cognitive approach. Journal of Pragmatics, 36(7):1253-1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2003.10.012

    Schaeffner C. (2004b). Political Discourse Analysis from the point of view of Translation Studies. Journal of Language and Politics, 3(1):117-150. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.3.1.09sch

    Newmark, P.A. (1988). Text Book of Translation. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo: Prentice Hall.

    Herberg, D. (1988). Stand und Aufgaben der Neologismenlexikographie des Deutschen [Status and tasks of the neologism lexicography of German]. In G. Harras (Ed.): Das Wörterbuch - Artikel und Verweisstrukturen. (Düsseldorf: Schwann) (= Sprache der Gegenwart 74; IDS-Jahrbuch 1987) 265-283.

    Oganyan, M., & Gasparyan, N. (2022). Znachenie metaforicheskogo neologizma v diskurse [The meaning of metaphoric neologism in discourse]. In I.I Klimov, M.E. Konurbaev, & N.A. Kozlovtsev (eds) Pandemija-22: Prepodavanie, analiz, diskurs v estestvennom mnogoobrazii inostrannyh jazykov (127-137pp.) Moscow: RU Science

    Parianou, A., & Kelandrias, P. (2002). Special terms: conditions and requirements for their creation and development. Proceedings of the International Conference Translating in the 21st century. Aristotelio of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Arts, 27-29 September.

    Stein, R.A., (2011). Super-spreaders in infectious diseases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 15 (8), 510-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ijid.2010.06.020.

Literature Studies

  • Literature Studies

    THE OTHERNESS OF TREES: FACTNESS AND FICTION IN RECENT NARRATIVES OF ARBOREAL SURVIVAL

    John A Stotesbury
    View PDF
    Abstract

    The primary intention of this article is to explore some of the ways in which present-day readers, living in an age of increasing awareness of ecological change, interact with the concept of the “tree” as it appears in a variety of discourses: children’s fiction, TV documentary, scholarly writing, popularising ecological discourse, and recent mainstream Anglophone fiction, most notably that of the Turkish-British novelist Elif Shafak, whose The Island of Missing Trees (2021) features a sentient tree as a prominent narrator. The primary concern of this article is then to discuss some of the ways in which fictional texts have been augmented by popularising, fact-based discourses, most notably by the use of anthropomorphism, which supposedly permits the reader to “imagine” the existence of the arboreal Other. Inevitably, given the range of discursive sources, the findings are in part conflictual, although all can be seen to contribute in different ways to the current human-centred re-imagination of the perceived fraught relationship that exists between the natural world and the human being.

    References

    Bell, M. (2021). The tree of life: D.H. Lawrence, Peter Wohleben [sic] and Richard Powers. Open Edition Journals, Études Lawrenciennes, 53/2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.4000/lawrence.2540.

    Ceurstemont, S. (2016, October 29). Trees have an inner life like ours, claims bestseller. New Scientist. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

    Charles, R. (2021, November 16). In Elif Shafak’s “The Island of Missing Trees”, a surprising narrator makes sense of surreal events”. The Washington Post. Retrieved July 05, 2022.

    Halla, T., Karhunkorva, R, Laine J.M & Leena P. (2021). Human-forest relationship in Finland. In E. Johann, J. Kusmin, &J. Woitsch (Eds). European forests: Our cultural heritage (pp. 169-188). Proceedings of the International Conference European Forest Heritage, IUFRO, Institute of Ethnology CAS, Prague. Retrieved June 28, 2022.

    Ho, O. (2021, August 28). Elif Shafak’s “The island of missing trees” rooted in love and loss”. Book Review. The Straits Times.

    Kieselbach, J. (2020, January 25). Herr Wohlleben vermittelt kein Wissen, sondern betreibt Unterhaltung. Interview with Torben Halbe. Der Spiegel. Retrieved July 05, 2022.

    Kingsland, Sh. E. (2018, August 27). Facts or fairy tales? Peter Wohlleben and the Hidden Life of Trees. Book Review. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 99 (4) https://doi.org/10.1002/bes2.1443.

    Lusher, T. (2016, September 12). The man who thinks trees talk to each other. The Guardian. Retrieved June 28, 2022.

    Moor, R. (2021, June 10). The German forester who wants the world to idolize trees. The New Yorker. Retrieved June 16, 2022.

    Pitfalls of anthropomorphism: the hidden life of trees. (2019, May 12). In The Odd Website. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

    Powers, R. (2018). The Overstory. New York: Norton.

    Pedunculate Oak 'Dąb Józef' in the palace park, Wiśniowa, Subcarpathian, Poland. (n.d.) In Monumental Trees. Retrieved June 21, 2022.

    Shafak, E. (2007). The bastard of Istanbul. London: Viking/Penguin.

    Shafak, E. (2019). 10 minutes 38 seconds in this strange world. London: Viking/Penguin.

    Shafak, E. (2021). The island of missing trees. London: Viking/Penguin.

    Silverstein, S. (n.d). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopaedia. Retrieved June 12, 2022.

    Silverstein, S. (1964, renewed in 1992). The giving tree. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.

    The giving tree. (n.d). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopaedia. Retrieved June 12, 2022.

    Surviving the holocaust: uncovering secret hideouts. (2022, January 26). DW Documentary [Video file]. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

    Thorpe, A. (2005, November 26). Listen to the trees. Review of The secret life of trees, by Colin Tudge. The Guardian. Retrieved June 28, 2022.

    Wohlleben, P. (2015). The hidden life of trees. (J. Billinghurst, trans.). London: William Collins.

Armenological Studies

  • Armenological Studies

    TYPOLOGY OF FEMALE CHARACTERS IN THE NOVELS OF WESTERN ARMENIAN FEMALE AUTHORS

    Naira Hambardzumyan, Siranush Parsadanyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    The aim of the research is to explore the typology of female characters in the works of female writers Srbuhi Tyusab, Sipil and Zapel Yesayan in the context of social transformations in the Ottoman Empire of the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. A comparative analysis of female characters in the novels Mayta (1883), Siranush (1884), Araksia or the Governess (1887) by Tyusab, A Girl’s Heart (1891) by Sipil, and Gardens of Silihtar (1935) by Zapel Yesayan has been attempted from the perspectives of literary and sociological studies. The data are analysed with the application of the graph-based semantic representation method. The actuality of the research lies in its interdisciplinarity, according to which mutual connections are created between literary studies, sociology and computer science. The selection of these works as research data is accounted for by their volume, variety of characters, simplicity of plots and little branching. All the main characters in all the novels are females. All the novels were written around the same time period (the 1880s-1900s) and bear characteristics of a romantic novel, except Zapel Yesayan’s autobiographical novel Gardens of Silihtar written in 1935. Despite the year the novel was written, in it Yesayan describes the same period (the end of the 19th century) reflected in Tyusab’s and Sipil’s novels.

    References

    Beauvoir, S.De. (1956). The second sex. (H.M. Parshley trans. and ed.). London: Jonatan Cape: 701.

    Ericson, P. (2016). Investigating different graph representations of semantics, Sixth Swedish Language Technology Conference (SLTC), Umeå University (17-18 November). Retrieved August 05, 2022.

    Zherebilo, T.V. (2010). Slovar' lingvisticheskih terminov [Dictionary of linguistics terms]. Fifth revised edition. Nazran: Piligrim LLC, 486.

    Kandiyoti, D. (1988). Bargaining with patriarchy: Gender & Society. 2 (3): 274-290.

    Koller, A., Oepen, S. & Sun, W. (2019). Graph-based meaning representations: Design and processing. Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts, 6-11. Retrieved August 05, 2022.

    Hambardzumyan N. (2013). Text ev Meknutyun [Text and Interpretation]. Yerevan. Tir. 177 p.

    Vu, B.; Knoblock, & C.A., Pujara, J. (2019) Learning semantic models of data sources: Using probabilistic graphical models. WWW’19 (May 13–17). USA, San Francisco: 1944-1953.

    Sources of Data

    Tyusab, S. (1981). Yerker: Mayta. [Compositions: Mayta]. Yerevan: Sovetakan Grogh publishing house: 552. (in Armenian)

    Tyusab, S. (1884). Siranush. [Siranush]. Constantinople: Nshan K Perperean publishing house: 408. (in Armenian)

    Tyusab, S. (1925). Araksia kam varzhuhin. [Araksia or the Governess]. Constantinople: Arev publishing house: 287. (in Armenian)

    Sipil. (1891) Aghjkan my sirty. [A Girl’s Heart]. Constantinople: Tchivelekean publishing house: 246. (in Armenian)

    Yesayan, Z. (2018). Silihtari partezner. [Gardens of Silihtar]. Yerevan: Antares publishing house: 200. (in Armenian)