Vol. 19 No. 1 (27) (2023)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/2023.19.1
Published: 2023-05-29

Front Matter

Linguistics

  • Linguistics

    ENGLISH IDIOMS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MODAL MEANING

    Anahit Hovhannisyan
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    Abstract

    Being a multifaceted unit idioms can be studied from five angles: meaning, function, style, emotiveness and contrastive analysis. The merit of this paper lies in the fact that it attempts to analyze the evaluative functions of English idioms. The analysis is performed within the functional framework of evaluative thesis to establish evaluative semantics of idioms. Idioms operate as encoded resources for amplifying attitudinal meanings to the entities and phenomena they describe. They serve to entail multiple modal meanings intensifying the evaluative force in the text. The values are further divided according to whether the value which entails the intensification is positive, negative or dual. A special category of positive values concerns the use of positive idioms amplifying the negative attitudinal force.

    References

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    Chitra, F. (1996). Idioms and idiomaticity. USA: Oxford University Press.

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    Glucksberg, S. (2001). Understanding figurative language: from metaphors to idioms. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/¬9780-195111095.001.0001

    Halliday, M.A.K. (1994/2000). An introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed.). London: EdwardArnold/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

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    Lemke, S. L. Resources for attitudinal meaning: evaluation orientations in text semantics, Functions of Language, 5 (1) 33-56.

    Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. (2002). Oxford: Macmillan Education.

    McCarthy, M.J. (1998). Spoken language and Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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    Thomson, G. (1996). Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold/Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

    Sources of Data

    Ashword, D., Anderson-Miller, J., & Kendrick, W. (2005) The young visiters. Chicago Review Press.

    Move Heaven and Earth (n.d.). In Grammarist. Retrieved April 02, 2020.

    Clarke S. (2015, May 2) Susanna Clarke on the TV Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell: ‘My own characters were walking about!’. In The Guardian. Retrieved May 02, 2022.

    Lederer, R. (n.d). In Editor’s Corner: Richard Lederer on Numbers. Novemer 21, 2019.

    Lindsay Pearce Quotes. (n.d.). In BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved March 02, 2022.

    Lose your bearings. (2022, April 23). In The Free Dictionary, Farlex Dictionary of Idioms, Farlex, Inc. Retrieved March 09, 2023.

    Shears J. (2006, November 12). When Elton met Jake. In The Guardian. Retrieved November 12, 2022.

  • Linguistics

    VERBAL DEVIATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS

    Ning Huichun, Gevorg Grigoryan
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    Abstract

    The harnessing development of technology has drastically modified languages that people are using in all corners of the world. It is out of the question that world languages are constantly evolving to meet the needs and requirements of the society. Nowadays social media platforms have undoubtedly become an indispensable part of daily communication. Undeniably various platforms of social media attract millions of people with different ethnic, linguistic, racial and religious backgrounds to interact and take part in various discussions in blogs, microblogs, chat groups, discussion boards, forums, etc.

    Over the last 20 years Internet mediated communication has generated many grammatical structures and lexical items that need to be studied and redefined. With the advent of new technologies new linguistic deviations have emerged in social media platforms. It is no wonder that scientists are holding opposing thoughts and conflicting viewpoints of the same or similar phenomena.

    Being the most prevalent language of social media and having the highest frequency of usage on the Internet domain the English language has underwent large-scale changes and alternations. These non-standard forms are noted in all levels of language. Over the time linguistic deviations have the tendency to become standard forms. The latter may lead the English language to changes. The current article discusses the marked variations of English verbal system in contemporary English social media platforms.

    References

    AbuSa’aleek, A. O. (2015). Internet Linguistics: A Linguistic аnalysis of electronic discourse as a new variety of language. International Journal of English Linguistics. 5 (1), 135-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/-ijel.v5n1p135

    Adams, D. (2021, January 15). Understanding the impact of Internet on the language. In CCJK. Retrieved December 07, 2022.

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    Baeva, V. L. (2014) Virtualnaya Kamunikacia: klasifikacia i specifika [Virtual Communication: Classification and Special Features] «Izvestiya Saratovskovo Universiteta, Novaya Seriya, Seriya: Filasophiya. Psikhologia, Pedagogika» 14 (4), 5-10 (in Russian).

    Birner, B. (n.d.). Is English changing? In Linguistic Society of English. Retrieved December 05, 2022.

    Chung, C., & Pennebaker, J. (2007). The psychological functions of function words. In K. Fiedler (Ed.), Social communication (pp. 343–359). Psychology Press.

    Reitz, A. (2012). Social media’s function in organizations: a functional analysis approach. Global Media Journal, 5(2), 41-56.

    Crystal, D. (2003). English as a global language. (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Crystal, D. (2004). Language and the internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Crystal, D. (2008). Txtng: The gr8 db8. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Crystal, D. (2005). The stories of English. London: Penguin Books.

    Daniel, J. A. (2009). Contrastive study of net lingo in English and Korean. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, Retrieved January 05, 2023.

    Douglas, B. (1988). Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Eckert, P. (2008). Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12 (4), 453-476.

    Experts divided over Internet changes to language. (2010, January 15). In VOA. Retrieved January 07, 2023.

    Giles, H., Coupland, N., & Coupland, J. (1991). Accommodation theory: communication, context and culture. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

    Herring, S. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: linguistic, social and cross-cultural perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Co.

    Hickey, R. (2000). Dissociation as a form of language change. European Journal of English Studies, 4(3), 303-315.

    Hickey, R. (2003). Motives for language change. UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Hickey, R. (2010). The handbook of language contact. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Howard, G., Coupland, J., & Coupland, N. (1991). Contexts of accommodation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Howard, P. (Ed.) (2004). Embedded media: Who we know, what we know, and society online. SAGE Publications, Inc., https://doi.org/10.4135/978145 2229560

    Humphrys, J. (2007, September 24). I h8 txt msgs: How texting is wrecking our language. Mail Online. Retrieved November 25, 2022.

    Johnson, K. (2019, August 1). How the internet changed language—for the better. The Ringer. Retrieved November 17, 2022.

    Matras, Y. (2009). Language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Migdadi, H. F., Yunus, K., & Al.Garni, A.F. (2020). A Global view towards understanding of standard and non-standard varieties of English. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(2), 103–115. DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i2/6894

    Milroy, J., & Milroy, L. (1985). Linguistic change, social network and speaker innovation. Journal of Linguistics, 21(2), 339-384. doi:10.1017/S0022226700010306

    Obrocea, N. (2016). The concept of norm from the perspective of integral Linguistics. Professional Communication and Translation Studies, 9, 89-96.

    Pennebaker, J. (2011). The secret life of pronouns: What our words say about us. New York: Bloomsbury Press.

    Quinn, H. (2002). The distribution of pronoun case forms in English. (Doctoral thesis, Part 1). University of Canterbury. http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/4592

    Sources of Data

    auntunicorn. (2022, July 21). @auntunicorn. In Twitter. Retrieved January 05, 2023.

    Bill C. (2017, September 04). @billsplayground. In Twitter. Retrieved December 17, 2022.

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    changmute. (2018, January 23). @army_clubs. In Twitter. Retrieved December 05, 2022.

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    Counting Crows. (2015 May 04). She Don't Want Nobody Near. In YouTube. Retrieved November 27, 2022.

    Crystal, D. (2017, September 24). Breaking down the Internet’s influence on grammar and punctuation [excerpt]. Retrieved January 05, 2023.

    him. (2018, January 20). @WhyScummyWhy. In Twitter, Retrieved December 05, 2022.

    Ivesy. (2017, April 08). @ivesy_sufc95. In Twitter. Retrieved November 19, 2022.

    K H U N Z. (2014, February 14). @icecube_eater. In Twitter. Retrieved December 05, 2022.

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    LA. (2022, January 27). LA@leaveempissed00. In Twitter. Retrieved December 05, 2022.

    Lez. (2016, December 06). @saycheezpleez. In Twitter. Retrieved January 05, 2023.

    Max Johnson. (2022, July, 20). @PercReynolds. In Twitter. Retrieved December 15, 2022.

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    r/RedFloodMod. (2018, March 12). In reddit. Retrieved November 05, 2022.

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    r/trashy. (2012. June 14). In reddit. Retrieved January 05, 2023.

    r/UndertaleCringe. (2015, October 24). In reddit. Retrieved December 21, 2022.

    Sarah will be at Gallifrey One. (2022, July 18). @sourcitruslady. In Twitter. Retrieved January 05, 2023.

    small and very tiny joseph. (2017, April 08). @PseudesAkris. In Twitter. Retrieved November 12, 2022.

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    WHATAGIRLNEEDS (2017. July 07). @whatagirlneed. In Twitter. Retrieved December 05, 2022.

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  • Linguistics

    ON MODELLING OF THE CONCEPT “CRIME” VIA AUTOINTERTEXTUALITY (based on R.Dahl's writing style)

    Anahit Makaryan, Shogher Harutyunyan
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    Abstract

    The present article engages with multidimensional analysis of autointertextuality, putting forward a cognitive approach based on V. Evans’ Cognitive Model and Lexical Concepts (LCCM) Theory. Taking into consideration a variety of viewpoints introduced in the current article, reference is made to traditional and most recent approaches provided by both Russian and European scholars for the purpose of analyzing intertextuality from the cognitive point of view, putting the imperative on the mental processes occurring in the literary text. The current article explores Roald Dahl’s perception of the concept of “crime” through the prism of cognitive intertextuality. The subject matter of the article is the comprehensive analysis of the techniques employed in the literary text which can serve as prerequisites for the study of autointertextual relations. The topicality is determined by the current tendency of cognitive linguistics to interpret the literary text through the lens of semantic intertextual frames. Eventually, our research is devoted to the study of the concept of “crime” in R. Dahl’s stories in the view of intertextual domain with reference to autointertextuality.

    References

    Abdallah, E. (2021) From feminine to fatal: a feminist approach to Roald Dahl’s “Lamb to the slaughter”. Retrieved June 15, 2022.

    Allen, G. (2000) Intertextuality. London: Routledge.

    Eco, U. (1979). The role of the reader: Explorations in the semiotics of texts.

    Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Evans, V. (2006). Lexical concepts, cognitive models and meaning-construction. Cognitive Linguistics 17(4), 491-534. https://doi.org/10.1515/COG.2006.016

    Evans, V. (2009). How words mean: Lexical concepts, cognitive models and meaning construction. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Filippova, A. K. (2013). Avtointertekstualnost kak sostavljajushaja kontseptualno-jazikovoj kartini mira pisatelja (na materiale fiktsianalnikh i nefiktsianalnikh tekstov Tomasa Manna) [Autointertextuality as a Component of the Writer's Conceptual and Linguistic Picture of the World: Based on the Fictional and Non-Fictional Texts of Thomas Mann] (Thesis abstract) (In Russian) Retrieved April 09, 2022.

    Kristeva, J. (1980). Desire in language: A semiotic approach to literature and art (T. Gora, A. & A. Jardine Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press, Retrieved March 12, 2022.

    Panagiotidou, M. E. (2010). Mapping intertextuality: Towards a cognitive model. In PALA ed. International Conference: The Language of Landscapes. University of Genoa. Poetics and Linguistics Association, Retrieved March 29, 2022.

    Schwartzbach, M. (2016). Unconsciousness as a defense to criminal charges. Retrieved June 02, 2022.

    Tanusy, J. (2018). Feminism in Roald Dahl’s ‘Lamb to the slaughter’: A Semiotic analysis. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 166, 159-163.

    Whitaker, R. (2019). What and where is heaven? The answers are at the heart of the Easter story. In The Conversation () Retrieved March 12, 2022.

    Sources of Data

    Dahl, R. Lamb to the Slaughter. Retrieved February 18, 2022.

    Dahl, R. The Way Up to Heaven. Retrieved February 18, 2022.

    Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

    Lamb to the slaughter. (n.d.) In American Heritage Idioms Dictionary. Retrieved February 05, 2022.

  • Linguistics

    GENDER DIFFERENCES IN VERBAL AND NONVERBAL AGGRESSION

    Anna Knyazyan, Liza Marabyan
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    Abstract

    Gender differences permeate every aspect of human personality and appearance, and dictate how men and women should act, think and behave. Gender embodies a pattern of relations that evolves over time to define male and female, masculinity and femininity, concurrently structuring and regulating people’s relation to society. Gender decides what is expected, permitted and valued in a woman or a man in a given context. This paper discusses male and female aggression in political debates with a special focus on the recent debate held on 9th September 2021 in Canada. The analyses carried out through the methods of content, discourse and pragmalinguistic analyses, show that aggression is frequently categorized as a social behavior, and thus falls within a set of criteria depending on the roles that people occupy. In the world today, there is an increase in the use of communicative aggression, both verbal and non-verbal in the political arena. Aggression is widely applied in political communication where the main purpose is to fight the opponent and get the attention of the audience and voters. Male politicians are expected to be verbally and non-verbally more aggressive than women while female politicians perceived as less aggressive and considered to be better performers. However, this assumption remains an area of contention.

    References

    Ames, D. L., & Fiske, S.T. (2013). International harms are worse, even when they’re not. Psychological Science, 24 (9), 1755-1762.

    Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27–51.

    Baron, R. A., & Richardson, D. R. (1994). Human aggression. New York: Plenum Press.

    Bandwart, M. C. (2010). Gender and candidate communication: Effects of stereotypes in the 2008 election. American Behavioral Scientist, 54, 265–283.

    Boussalis, C., Coan, T., Holman, M., & Müller, S. (2021). Gender, candidate emotional expression, and voter reactions during televised debates. American Political Science Review, 115 (4), 1242-1257.

    Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. London: Routledge.

    Carli, L. (2001). Gender and social influence. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 725–741.

    Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66 (3), 710-722.

    Dumitrescu, D. (2016). Nonverbal communication in politics: A review of research developments, 2005–2015. American Behavioral Scientist, 60 (14), 1656–1675.

    Grebelsky-Lichtman, T., & Katz, R. (2020). Gender effect on political leaders’ nonverbal communicative structure during the COVID-19 crisis. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 17, 7776-7789.

    Grebelsky-Lichtman, T. (2015). The role of verbal and nonverbal behavior in televised political debates, Journal of Political Marketing, 15 (4), 362–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2014.959688

    Grebelsky-Lichtman, T. (2010). The relationship of verbal and nonverbal behavior to political stature: The political interviews of Israel’s Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. Journal of Political Marketing,9 (4), 229–253.

    Jordan-Jackson, F., Yang, L., Rancer, A., & Infante, D. (2008). Perceptions of males’ and females’ use of affirming and non-affirming messages in an interpersonal dispute: You’ve Come a Long Way Baby?” Western Journal of Communication, 72, 239–258.

    Knyazyan A, (2016). Male and female profanity in English anecdotes. Armenian Folia Anglistika, 12 (2), 27–37.

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/2016.12.2.027

    Lau, R., & Pomper, G. (2004). Negative campaigning: An analysis of U.S. Senate elections. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Nau, C., & Stewart, C. (2018). Effects of gender and verbal aggression on perceptions of U.S. political speakers. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 6 (1), 127–148.

    Wasike, B. (2019). Gender, nonverbal communication, and televised debates: a case study analysis of Clinton and Trump’s nonverbal language during the 2016 Town Hall debate. International Journal of Communication, 13, 251–276.

    Sources of Data

    Carpenter, L. (2021). Did Green Party leader Annamie Paul win last night’s debate? In Cult. Retrieved January 10, 2022.

    Syed, F. (2021). Annamie Paul was the unexpected hero of the leaders' debate. In Maclean’s. Retrieved January 05, 2022.

    Boisvert, N. (2021, Jun 16). Green Leader Annamie Paul says attempt to force her out driven by racism, sexism. In CBC News. Retrieved January 10, 2022.

  • Linguistics

    “ALL TRUTH IS RELATIVE” OR HOW TO NOT BE FOOLED IN THE POST-TRUTH AGE?

    Mariana Sargsyan
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    Abstract

    The term “fake news” is not a new phenomenon. Before the advent of the Internet, people read news from reliable sources which were required to adhere to strict standards of professional ethics. However, due to the ease of access to the Internet and social media there have emerged new ways of publishing, sharing and consuming news and information, in the meanwhile, the control over the quality and editorial norms have declined significantly. This has changed the way fake news is created and distributed. People now prefer to read the information on social media and other online sources. However, it is not always easy to determine which content is true and which is not. The paper argues that fake news employs specific language and graphic patterns which are meant to generate an emotional response. Knowing the language features of fake news may help readers become less susceptible to fake content. The study is built on the hypothesis that a critical analysis of how the information is represented activates a process of reasoning that helps spot fake content.

     

    References

    Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31 (2), 211-36. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211

    Bill Gates personally will profit from a COVID-19 vaccine and he owns a company that plans to implant microchips in everyone (2020, September 4). Poynter. Retrieved October 5, 2022.

    Binkowski, B. (2020, October 9). ‘My Blood IS the Vaccine’ Tweet. TruthorFiction? Retrieved October 8, 2022.

    Caldera, C. (2020, October 15). Fact check: Joe Biden called 'forces of intolerance,' not Trump supporters, the 'dregs of society'. USA Today. Retrieved October 05, 2022.

    Cantril, H. (2005). The invasion from Mars. A study in the psychology of panic. 1st edition. New York: Routledge.

    Estepa, J. (2018, May 31). Covfefe, one year later: How a late-night Trump tweet turned into a phenomenon. USA Today. Retrieved October 10, 2022.

    Fauzia, M. (2020, October 8). Fact check: Trump's antibody therapy not made from fetal stem cells but fetal-derived cells used during testing. USA Today. Retrieved October 5, 2022.

    Fox, E. (2008). Emotion science: cognitive and neuroscientific approaches to understanding human emotions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

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    Kessler, G., Kelly, M., & Lewis, N. (2017, November 14). President Trump has made 1,628 false or misleading claims over 298 days. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2022.

    Leonard A., Meban A., & Young O. (2020). What is fact-checking and why is it important? Co-inform. Retrieved October 5, 2022.

    Marcus, J. (1993). Mesoamerican writing systems: propaganda, myth, and history in four Ancient civilizations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Martel, C., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D.G. (2020). Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news. Cogn. Research 5 (47). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00252-3

    Molina, M. D., Sundar, S. S., Le, T., & Lee, D. (2021). “Fake News” is not simply false information: A concept explication and taxonomy of online content. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 180–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219878224

    Reuters Staff. (2020, October 6). Fact check: Hunter Biden's military discharge was administrative, not dishonorable. Retrieved September 30, 2022.

    The coronavirus is a “virus weapon” as lethal as Ebola. Everyone who is infected dies. (2020,January 31). Poynter. Retrieved September 30, 2022.

    The democrats are pushing for an implanted microchip in humans, and everyone to be vaccinated. (2020, October 4). Poynter. Retrieved September 30, 2022.

    @Reca. (2016, August 10). BOOM! Wikileaks confirms Hillary sold weapons to ISIS. “seen this”. Retrieved September 30, 2022.

    Post-truth. (n.d.) In Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. Retrieved September 29, 2022.

    Singh, V., Ghosh, I., & Sonagara, D. (2021). Detecting fake news stories via multimodal analysis. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 72(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24359.

    Smith, K. (2020, October 9). COVID treatment Trump touted as a “cure” was developed using cells derived from aborted fetal tissue. CBS news. Retrieved September 29, 2022.

    “WHO’s fabricated statement is being circulated through Georgian Facebook.” (2020, June 16). FactCheck. Retrieved October 4, 2022.

    Waterson, J. (2020, October 28). Six-form student revealed to be behind ‘Woolworths reopening’ fake news. The Guardian. Retrieved October 8, 2022.

  • Linguistics

    DECODING MULTIMODAL TEXTS OF MEDIA DISCOURSE

    Narine Harutyunyan
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    Abstract

    In modern print and online media, the verbal text is increasingly being replaced by a multicode material, whose verbal component is illustrated, supplemented, and multiplied by the visual component. At the same time, the value and impact of the visual component increases immeasurably: vivid images are imprinted in the mind, making a powerful effect on readers and viewers. Since most media texts being multicode, special studies of such texts have become especially relevant today. Hence, based on the descriptive, analytical, non-verbal-culturological methods of research, this article discusses the role and relationship of visual and verbal texts, the advantages of the visual code as a carrier of implicit information on the covers of periodicals. The decoding of the multimodal text from The Economist magazine demonstrates clearly that, as a rule, the non-verbal component attracts more attention and inspires more confidence in the recipient. Because the non-verbal component is quite difficult for the addressee to track consciously, the additional manipulative potential of the metaphorical image is used in the text.

    References

    B`yuzen, T. (2014). Nauchite sebya dumat` (Gerasimchik Yu.I. trans.) [Teach yourself to think]. Minsk: Poppuri. (in Russian)

    Chervinskij, M., & Zberskij T. (1981). Sistema knigi. Semiotika knigi. [Book system. Semiotics of the book]. Moscow: Kniga. (in Russian)

    Eremina, E.A. (2007). Mnozhestvennost' form pragmaticheskogo vozdeystviya angloyazychnogo mediadiskursa (Thesis Abstract) [Plurality of forms of pragmatic influence of the English-language media discourse]. Retrieved March 9, 2023. (in Russian).

    Genesis 41:17-31. In YouVersion Retrieved March 11, 2023.

    Irisxanova, O. K. (2012). Semiotika plakata v sociokognitivnom osveshhenii: lejboristy`, kapitalisty` i uglerodny`e sledy`. [Poster Semiotics in Sociocognitive Illumination: Labourists, Capitalists and Carbon Footprints]. Aktual`ny`e problemy` angliĭskogo yazy`koznaniya: sbornik nauchny`x stateĭ. Moskva: MAKS Press. (in Russian)

    Kul`pinova, E.V. Vizualizaciya informacii v obrazovatel`nom prostranstve. [Visualization of information in the educational space]. Retrieved March 9, 2023. (in Russian)

    University of the West of Scotland, UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, GOAL 2: ZERO HUNGER. Retrieved March 11, 2023

    Voloskovich, A. M. (2011). Ikonotekst kak raznovidnost` polimodal`noĭ gibridizacii. [Iconotext as a kind of polymodal hybridization]. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Lingvisticheskogo Universiteta, 5, (611), 25-35. (in Russian)

    Wojtasik, L. (1981). Psixologiya politicheskoj propagandy. [Psychology of political propaganda]. Mоscow: Progress. (in Russian)

    Sources of Data

    Holiday double issue. (2022, December 24). In The Economist. Retrieved March 6, 2023

    Putin’s botched job. (2022, February 17). In The Economist. Retrieved March 6, 2023

    Slowbalisation: The future of global commerce. (2019, January 24). In The Economist. Retrieved March 07, 2023.

Methodology

  • Methodology

    LEXICAL ERRORS IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACADEMIC WRITING

    Astghik Chubaryan, Mariam Vardanyan
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    Abstract

                                                                 

    The main focus of error analysis, a branch of applied linguistics, is investigating and studying errors that are made by second language (L2) learners. The present study is based on quantitative and qualitative analysis as well as corpus-aided analysis of lexical errors in academic vocabulary. The study aims to assist educators and teachers to develop, organize lessons or courses, which will enhance the effectiveness of academic vocabulary learning on the part of the students. Based on the results of the given research, teachers can refer to the errors in academic vocabulary, which will help them notice the gap in Academic Word List (AWL), by raising their awareness and emphasizing on certain areas of academic vocabulary. The instruments of the study were 39 essay scripts written by the AUA (American University of Armenia) first-year students majoring in English and Communications.  

     

    References

    Agustin-Llach, M. P. (2011). Lexical errors and accuracy in Foreign Language Writing. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

    Agustin-Llach, M. P. (2017). Vocabulary teaching: Insights from lexical errors. TESOL International Journal, 12(1), 63-74.

    Bardakci, M. (2016). Breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge and their effects on L2 vocabulary profiles. English Language Teaching, 9(4), 239-250.

    Coxhead, A. (2000). A new academic word list. TESOL Quarterly, 34(2), 213-238.

    Dodigovic, M., & Wang S. (2015). The misuse of academic English vocabulary in Chinese student writing. US-China Foreign Language, 13(5), 349-356.

    Dodigovic, M., Li, H., Chen, Y., & Guo, D. (2014). The use of academic English vocabulary in the writing of Chinese students. English Teaching in China, 5, 13-19.

    Dodigovic, M., Ma, C., & Jing, S. (2017). Lexical transfer in the writing of Chinese learners of English. TESOL International Journal, 12(1), 75-90.

    Gardner, D., & Davies, M. (2013). A new academic vocabulary list. Applied Linguistics, 35(3), 305–327.

    Gass, S.M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language acquisition. New York: Routledge.

    Harutyunyan, N. (2018). Lexical errors in the writing of EFL students in the Armenian context (master’s thesis). Yerevan, American University of Armenia.

    Hasan, K. Md., & Shabdin, A. A. (2016). Conceptualization of depth of vocabulary knowledge with academic reading comprehension. PASAA, 51, 235-268.

    Hemchua, S., & Schmitt, N. (2006). An analysis of lexical errors in the English compositions of Thai learners. Prospect, 21(3), 3-25.

    James, C. (1998). Errors in language learning and use. Exploring error analysis. London: Longman.

    Paltridge, B., & Phakiti, A. (2015). Research methods in Applied Linguistics. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

    Saud, W. I. (2018). Lexical errors of third year undergraduate students. English Language Teaching, 11(11), 161-168.

    Shalaby, N. A., Yahya, N., & El-Komi, M. (2009). Analysis of lexical errors in Saudi college students’ compositions. Journal of the Saudi Association of Languages and Translation, 2(3), 65-93.

Translation Studies

  • Translation Studies

    THE ESSENCE OF METAPHOR AND ITS INTERLINGUAL TRANSLATION

    Nelli Sargsyan
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    Abstract

    The present article is aimed at the investigation of the essence of metaphor, exploration of its conceptual aspect and its translation from a source language to a target language. The specific way metaphor is expressed in a work of verbal art, the manner of its use by the author have always attracted the attention of not only philologists specialized in literary studies but also translators. Having a multilayered semantic structure and being almost ubiquitously expressed in everyday life metaphors prove to be of certain value not only for linguistics but also the domains of psychology, philosophy, cognitive sciences, translation studies and many others. Their significance is paramount particularly for translation studies and translators. The objective of the present article consists in revealing the cognitive aspect of metaphor translation and the optimal methodology of accomplishing an accurate translation of metaphors from a source to a target language.

    K

     

    References

    Bowdley, B. F., & Gentner, D. (2005). The career of metaphor. Psychological Review, 112(1), 193-216. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.112.1.193

    Dagut, M., & Menachem, B. (1976). Can “Metaphor” be translated?, Babel, 22(1), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.22.1.05dag

    Fauconnier, G., & Turner, M. (2002). The way we think: Conceptual blending and the mind's hidden complexities. New York, USA: Basic Books.

    Gasparyan, S. (2021). Translation as interpretation. Cultural and Religious Studies, 9 (1), 32-46. https://doi: 10.17265/2328-2177/2021.01.004

    Geeraerts, D., & Cuyckens, H. (2007). The Oxford handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Gifford, J. (2016). In search of the best available evidence. London, UK: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.

    Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, fire and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago, USA: The University of Chicago Press.

    Lakoff, G., & Johnson M. (1981). Metaphors we live by. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.

    Mandelblit, N. (1995). The cognitive view of metaphor and its implications for translation theory. Translation and Meaning, Part 3, Maastricht, the Netherlands: Maastricht University Press.

    Ortony, A. (1979). Beyond literal similarity. Psychological Review, 86(3), 161-180.

    Remkhe, I. (2011). Yazykovaja lichnost’ perevod`ika i kognitivnyie osobennosti perevodcheskogo processa [Language personality of a translator and cognitive peculiarities of translation process]. Vestnik Cheliabynskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 24(239), 262-264. (in Russian).

    Sources of Data

    London, J. (1916). Martin Eden. London, UK: Macmillan & Co. Ltd.

    London, J. (2018). Martin Eden [I. Barsamyan, Trans.]. Yerevan, Armenia: Antares. (in Armenian)

Literature Studies

  • Literature Studies

    MANIFESTATIONS OF POSTMODERNISM IN HERMANN HESSE'S NOVEL “THE GLASS BEAD GAME”

    Ara Arakelyan
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    Abstract

    The paper attempts to consider the connections between postmodernism, aesthetics and Herman Hesse’s novel The Glass Bead Game referring to the history of the last most influential manifestation of the theoretical and aesthetic thought of the West – postmodernism, also characterized by paradoxes. Based on a number of fundamental principles of the aesthetics of postmodernism and data on the work of Hermann Hesse, the specific relations that connect Hesse’s work with postmodernism, are considered. This refers first to the ideas of the world as chaos, then aesthetic eclecticism, multiculturalism and finally game. Within the framework of the idea the world as chaos, the wide use of the concept of simulacrum in both Hesse’s and postmodernist works is considered. Aesthetic eclecticism, which is “the dominant sign of the culture of the postmodern era” (J.-F. Lyotard, I. Ilyin), is also found in Hesse’s novel in various manifestations. Multiculturalism, both as a social utopia and as an aesthetic principle, is also widespread among postmodernist aesthetes (especially L. Fiedler) and in Hesse’s novel. In the novel the East-West political and cultural dialogue also deepens. Finally, the game, being one of the stable European cultural codes, is rediscovered both in Hesse’s novel and in postmodernist aesthetics (U. Eco).

    References

    Anderson, P. (2011). Istoki postmoderna [The origins of Postmodern]. Moscow: “Teritoriya budushchego”. (in Russian)

    Bychkov, V. (2004). Estetika [Aesthetics]. Moscow: Gardariki. (in Russian)

    Deleuze, Zh., & Guattari, F. (1998). Chto takoye filosofiya? [What is Philosophy?]. St. Petersburg: “ALETEYA”. (in Russian)

    Eko, U. (2014). Grarumner “Vardi anvan” ejerin [Notes on the pages of “The Name of the Rose”]. Yerevan: Antares. (in Armenian)

    Ilyin, I. (1996). Poststructuralism. Dekonstructivism. [Poststructuralism. Deconstructivism]. Мoscow: INTRADA. (in Russian)

    Jenks, Ch. (1985). Yazik arkhitektury postmoderna [The language of Postmodern architecture]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. (in Russian)

    Kuritsyn, V. (1992). Postmodernism: Novaya pervobytnaya kul’tura [Postmodernism: new primitive culture]. Noviy mir, 2, 225-232 (in Russian).

    Lukasc, G. (1962). Die Theorie des Romans [The Theory of the Novel]. Munich: dtv.

    Tsurganova, Y. A. (2004) Zapadnoye literaturovedeniye [20th Century Western Literature Studies]. Мoscow: INTRADA. (in Russian)

    Tarnas, R. (1995). Istoriya zapadnogo myshleniya [History of the Western Thought]. Moscow: KRON-PRESS. (in Russian)

    Sources of Data

    Hesse, H. (2016). Hulunqakhagh [The Glass Bead Game]. Yerevan: Antares. (in Armenian)

    Borges, L. (1992). Yerku Arqanery yev yerku labirintosnery [The Two Kings and the Two Labyrinths]. (H. Bodukyan Trans.). Yerevan: Apolon. (in Armenian)

  • Literature Studies

    THE END OF HISTORY, THE DESTRUCTION OF THE STORY AND THE DEATH OF THE HERO IN POSTMODERN DISCOURSE

    Anush Sedrakyan
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    Abstract

    The issue of the narrative is closely linked to the formation of the universal story and the individual interpretation of it within the dimensions of time, space and action. Postmodernism demonstrates the proclivity to destroy these three dimensions, in other words, to deconstruct them. The most effective way to destroy the story, and even worse, the universal story is to deprive it of the goal, and linear development, where past, present and future are carefully outlined, and the hero envisages the end of the story as the natural, logical and supernatural consequence of his actions or even inactions.    

    References

    Barthes, R. (1977). The death of the author. Image, music, text. Essays. (S. Heath trans.). London: Fontana Press. 142-148.

    Baudrillard, J. (1992). Seduction. (B.Singer trans.). Montreal: New World Perspectives CultureTexts Series.

    Baudrillard, J. (1994). Simulacra and simulation. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.

    Camus, A. (2021). The human crisis. New York: Pegasus Books.

    Foucault, M. (2002). The archeology of knowledge (2nd ed.) London: Routledge.

    Jung, C. G. (1969). Collected works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9 (part 1): Archetypes and the collective unconscious, G. Adler & R. F. C. Hull (Eds.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

    Levitan, S., Maredia, A., & Hirschberg, J. (2018). Linguistic cues to deception and perceived deception in interview dialogues. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. Vol. 1. New Orleans: Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 1041-1950.

    Mcleod, S. (2021). Cognitive theory. New Jercy: Princeton University Press.

    Stein, M. (1999). Jung on christianity. Princeton University Press.

    Sources of Data

    Barth, J. (1972). Chimera. New York: Random House.

    Barth, J. (1994). Letters. Nebraska: Dalkey Archive Press.

    Barth, J. (1980). Lost in the funhouse:Fiction for print, tape, live voice (LF) New York: Bantam.

    Camus, A. (1984). The fall. New York: Vintage Books.

    Joyce, J. (1986). A portrait of the artist as a young man. Moscow: Prosveshcheniye.

  • Literature Studies

    LOSS OF THE SELF IN POSTMODERN DISCOURSE. DECONSTRUCTING AND RECONSTRUCTING IDENTITY

    Amalya Soghomonyan
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    Abstract

    The topic of the present article concerns the problem of deconstructing and reconstructing identity. In modernism we come across two contrary desires: the desire for a fixed identity and the desire to go beyond it. Under the concepts ‘the self’, ‘space’, ‘time’, ‘rationality’, ‘causality’, ‘society’, ‘history’ we not only mean the world, but also ourselves.

    The aim of the research is to study the alienated, absurd, existentialist anti-heroes which are all in the same position, failing to find the clear meaning of a personal, identifiable form of existence. In the postmodern age, the notion of a unique identity that used to command an aura has been lost due to the human ability to create exact reproductions. No one exactly knows what is meant by the term ‘postmodernism’. All that one knows is that it is some kind of a reaction against or an extension of modernism which ultimately turns on itself.

     

    References

    Hoffmann, G. (2005). From modernism to postmodernism: Concepts and strategies of postmodern American fiction. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi Editions BV.

    Hatfield, J. (1986). Identity as theory and method for ethnic studies. Explorations in Ethnic Studies, 9(1) 8. University of California Press.

    Pütz, M. (1987). The story of identity: American fiction of the sixties. Munchen: W. Fink

    Sypher, W. (1962). Loss of the self in modern literature and art. New York: Random House.

  • Literature Studies

    CHARACTER, CHARACTERIZATION AND DIALOGUE

    Gohar Madoyan
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    Abstract

    Text interpretation has always been a most intricate and challenging task due to various elements that work in unison to create the desired aesthetic impression on the reader.  Characters, being one of the underlying elements of fiction, make the task even more challenging since they act as “a net of voices”. The author, the narrator and the characters, that most frequently, appear as independent individuals, speak in one voice. Hence, the analysis of dialogue on the semantic and meta-semiotic levels may serve as not only an efficient tool in revealing the dynamics of a certain piece of writing, but also a means of characterization of personages portrayed. To be noted, dialogue is a widely used technique by writers to reveal the true nature of the characters indirectly. In case the reader is able to disclose the nature of the characters, he/she may get an access to the hidden intention of the author.

    References

    Barthes, R. (1977). The death of the author. Image, music, text. Essays. (S. Heath trans.).London: Fontana Press. 142-148.

    Chatman, S. (1980). Story and discourse: narrative structure in fiction and film. Ithaca: Cornell UP.

    Fořt, B. (2008). Literární postava: vývoj a aspekty naratologických zkoumání. [Literary character: development and aspects of narratological investigations]. Praha: ÚČL AV ČR

    Freud, S. (1916). Wit and its relation to the unconscious. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company.

    Garvey, J. (1978). Characterization in narrative. Poetics, 7 (1), 63-78.

    Gino F. (2015, Novermber 17). The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm. In Scientific American. Retrieved February 5, 2023.

    Iser, W. (1978). The Act of reading: A theory of aesthetic response. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP.

    Kozloff, S. (2000). Overhearing film dialogue. Ewing, NJ: University of California Press.

    Rimmon-Kennan, Sh. (1988). Narrative fiction, contemporary poetics. London: Routledge.

    Todorov, T. (1980). Reading as construction. The reader in the text: Essays on audience and interpretation. Susan R. Suleiman and Inge Crosman (Eds.). Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 67-82 https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400857111.67

    Sources of Data

    Christie, A. The mystery of the blue train. Retrieved March 2, 2023.

    Dialogue. (n.d.). In Study Smart. Retrieved February 3, 2023.

    Moliere, J. (n.d.). Tartuffe. Tr. by Jeffrey D. Hoeper Poquelin. In Project Gutenberg eBook. Retrieved February 12, 2023.

    Peaky Blinders-BBC. (2019, August 21). Cillian Murphy breaks down the rise of Tommy Shelby. [Video]. Youtube. Retrieved February 05, 2023.

    Shakespeare, W. (n.d.). Macbeth. Retrieved February 1, 2023.

    Wilde, O. (n.d.). The critic as artist. Retrieved February 5, 2023.

  • Literature Studies

    THE RULE OF POWER IN WILLIAM GOLDING’S "LORD OF THE FLIES"

    Vicky Tchaparian
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    Abstract

    The rule of power is the concept around which William Golding’s Nobel Prize Winner novel Lord of the Flies turns. It is Golding’s literary masterpiece which is translated into more than 30 languages and hailed as one of the classics of the 20th century. The novel which tells the story of a group of young boys who find themselves alone on a deserted island, develop rules and a system of organization, but without any adults to serve as a civilizing impulse. The children eventually become violent and brutal. In the context of the novel, the tale of the boys’ descent into chaos suggests that human nature is fundamentally savage. Accordingly, Golding’s boys keep on fighting and choosing one leader after another making their choices depend on the most powerful boy among them all to rule.

    William Golding himself, as an allied officer who fought in World War II, experienced the destructive effect of the war first-person. After this devastation he witnessed, he published his first novel Lord of the Flies, which symbolically expressed his thoughts on human nature, rule of power, and the constant conflict between the good and evil. The aim of this article is to reveal the fact that according to Golding in the conflict between the good and evil, man’s nature tends more toward savagery and evil. The methodology used includes basic criticism regarding the concept of good versing evil in the human nature according to philosophy as well as religion. The hypothesis that the article rests upon points out that although human beings might try to act in a good manner, yet they are often heartless evils. Thus, a human being is always in need of social rules to be tamed and is always ready to worship something/someone stronger than himself/herself until he/she is saved by the “Messiah”.

    References

    Abhenanada, S. (1899, November 19). The philosophy of good and evil. New York: Vedanta Society.

    About William Golding. (n.d.). In William Golding. Retrieved Janiuary 12, 2023.

    Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 21, 2023.

    British Empire in World War II. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved February 06, 2023.

    Golding, W. (1965). The Hot gates and other occasional pieces. London: Faber and Faber.

    Lloyd, S.A. (2001). Special issue on recent work on the moral and political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 82, 285-308

    Philosophers and scientists views on humans good and evil. (2022, February 17). Edubirdie. Retrieved May 16, 2023, Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://edubirdie.com/examples/philosophers-and-scientists-views-on-humans-good-and-evil/

    Sharma, B. (2017). Human evil and power politics: a study with reference to Lord of the flies. Smart Moves Journal IJELLH, 5(10), 12. Retrieved February15, 2023.

    Tore, F., & Sture, A. (1993). Nobel lectures, Literature 1981-1990. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co.

    White G., M. (2021, January 8). Lord of the flies symbolism in simple terms. Your Dictionary: Books and Literature. Retrieved February 06, 2023.

    –1952: The early cold war. (n.d.). In The Office of the Historian. Retrieved January 10, 2023.

    Sources of Data

    Golding, W. (1980). Lord of the flies. London-Boston: Faber and Faber Ltd.

Armenological Studies

  • Armenological Studies

    THE SCIENTIFIC AND POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TEXTBOOKS ON HISTORY (objective history vs falsification)

    Ashot Melkonyan
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    Abstract

    This article presents the process of creating new school textbooks on Armenian history in the post-Soviet years. The author emphasizes the necessity to revise a number of issues in Armenian historiography related to the ideological attitudes of the Soviet epoch. The revision of many issues by Armenian historians during the years of independence, such as periodization, the first state formations on the territory of the Armenian Highlands, the Armenian political parties, the First Republic of 1918-1920, Sovietization, etc., is reflected in the new history textbooks. The article provides examples of the distortion of Armenian and Russian history in various textbooks and emphasizes the importance of presenting the objective history in school textbooks for educating the younger generation. 

    References

    Aliev, V., Babaev, I., Jafarov, I., & Mamedova, A. (2013). History of Azerbaijan. 6th class. Baku: Takhsil.

    Arutyunyan, K.A. (2004). The participation of the Armenian people in the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People (1941-1945). Yerevan: Gitutyun.

    Barkhudaryan, V. (Ed.). (2013). History of Armenia (modern period). 8th class. Yerevan: Manmar Publish.

    Bondarenko, D. Ya., Vdovin, A. I., et al. (2009). The coverage of the common history and nations of post-soviet countries in school textbooks of newly independent states. Moscow: National Lab. of Foreign Policy.

    Constitution (Basic Law) of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia. (1922). Retrieved November 16, 2022.

    Constitution (Basic Law) of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. (1978). Retrieved November 16, 2022.

    Grigoryan, Z.T. (1978). The unification of Eastern Armenia with Russia and its historical significance. Yerevan: Hayastan.

    History of the Armenian People. (1974). Vol. V, Yerevan: ArmSSR Press.

    History of Armenia. The Middle Ages (second half of the IV century– first half of ХVII century). (2018). Vol. II, Book 1, Yerevan: Zangak Press.

    History of Armenia. Modern Times (the second half of ХVII century – 1918). (2010). Vol. III, Book 1, Yerevan: Zangak Press.

    Katvalyan, M. A., Hovhannisyan, P. O., Minasyan, E. G. et al. (2014). History of Armenia: Textbook for higher educational institutions. H. Simonyan (ed.). Yerevan: YSU Press.

    Melkonyan, A. (2017). Problems of the new periodization of the history of Armenia. Issues of Armenian Studies, 3 (12), 199-203.

    Melkonyan, A. (2018). Artsakh in the context of the Armenian statehood. A Collection of reports of the International Conference “At the Crossroads of Struggles for the Armenian Statehood”, 44-73.

    Melkonyan, A. (2022). The ancient and medieval stages of Armenian statehood. Issues in Armenian History, 1, 35-48.

    Melkonyan A. & Simonyan A. (Eds.). (2009). History of Armenia. 10th class. Yerevan: Zangak Press.

    Melkonyan, A., & Simonyan, A. (Eds.). (2010). History of Armenia. 11th class. Yerevan: Zangak Press.

    National Atlas of Armenia. (2017). Yerevan: Centre of Geodesy and Cartography SNCO.

    Pravda, 1941, August 25.

    Stepanyan, A., Safrastyan, R., & Nazaryan, A. (2003). World history. New centuries. 8th class. Yerevan: Zangak Press.

    The archive of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRE). Political Archive 1912. D. 3727. L, 16-17.

  • Armenological Studies

    LINGUO-STYLISTIC STRATIFICATION AS IDENTIFICATION OF FEMININITY IN THE NOVELS “SIRANUSH” BY SRBUHI TYUSAB AND “A GIRL’S HEART” BY SIPIL

    Naira Hambardzumyan, Siranush Parsadanyan
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    Abstract

    The paper investigates the linguo-stylistic stratifications in the novels of Western Armenian women authors of the second half of the 19th century, in particular, Srbuhi Tyusab’s Siranush (1884) and Sipil’s A Girl’s Heart (1891), as well as their characteristic features and interpenetrations. The study aims to pinpoint those stratifications as a technique of female writing through the study of the linguistic features of the novels under analysis. The problem of the research is to interpret the literary techniques and devices (comparison, metaphor, oxymoron, ellipses, morphological and syntactic means) used in the mentioned works from a new perspective, clearly highlighting the male-female worldviews and world-images in the fictional works of the female authors. The illustrative material was analyzed with an application of linguistic, literary and comparative methods observing the linguo-styistic stratifications as identification of femininity in a single domain. The mentioned novels have so far not been analysed in terms of linguo-stylistic stratification. The study is important and relevant not only from the point of view of interdisciplinarity, but also that of the analysis of women’s issues in Armenological Studies. 

    References

    Asatryan, M. (2004). Zhamanakakic hayoc lezu [The Modern Armenian language: Morphology], Yerevan. YSU Publishing hous. (in Armenian)

    Bart, R. (1994). Izbrannie raboti: Semiotika: Poetika [Selected works. Semiotics. Poetics]: Moscow: Publishing house: Progress. (in Russian)

    Kalantaryan, ZH. (2016). Grakanutyan tesutyan ardi khndirner [Contemporary issues of literary theory. Intertextuality]: Yerevan: YSU Publishing house: 330. (in Armenian)

    Khlghatyan, F. (2009). Zhamanakakic hayoc lezu. Part A [The Modern Armenian language]. Yerevan, Publishing house: Zangak-97. (in Armenian)

    Landow, G.P. (1992). Other convergences: Intertextuality, multivocality, and de-centeredness. The Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Merchant, J. (2012). Ellipsis. Syntax: An international handbook of contemporary syntactic research, (eds.) by Tibor Kiss and Artemis Alexiadou. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1-43.

    Sipil. (1891) Aghjkan my sirty. [A Girl’s Heart]. Constantinople: Tchivelekean publishing house. (in Armenian)

    Trop [Trope]. (1974). Slovar’ literaturovedcheskix terminov [Dictionary of literary terms]. In L. I. Timofeev & S. V. Turayev (Eds.). Moscow: “Prosveshcheniye”. (in Russian)

    Tyusab, S. (1884). Siranush. [Siranush]. Constantinople: Nshan K Perperean publishing house. (in Armenian)

    Williams, E., Robert, F., & Robert M. (1995). Indices and identity: Language. 3 (71).

    Arakelyan, V.D., Khachatryan A.H., & Eloyan, S.A. Zhamanakakic hayoc lezu. [Modern Armenian], Vol. 1, (1979). Yerevan, NAS RA Publishing house. (in Armenian)