Banber Erevani hamalsarani. P'ilisop'ayut'yun, hogebanut'yun.
| E - ISSN | : | 2738-2621 |
| P - ISSN | : | 1829-4553 |
Vol. 17 No. 2(50) (2026)
Full Issue
PHILOSOPHY
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PHILOSOPHY
Sociocultural Profile of the Transhumanist Person
AbstractToday, humanity finds itself at a boundary line where the classical limits of existence are being reshaped. By altering the environment, humans also transform themselves, facing the threat of civilizational self-destruction. Biomedical achievements disrupt the model of reason by which, since the time of I. Kant, the human being was defined as a finite and self-conscious entity. His question, "What is a human?" is evolving today into a new existential inquiry: "What is a post-human?"
The ontological horizon of the transhumanist person implies not only the overcoming of biological boundaries but also a radical reimagining of human identity. The concept of the "death of man" is transformed not into a final loss, but into a new starting point—a possibility of existence where the human is no longer alone in their relationship with the world. The issue of the post-human raises a crucial question: at the threshold of this new ontological horizon, do we face an existential end or an unfinished possibility?
Discussing the concerning aspects of a transhumanist future and presenting the unpredictable risks, as well as the social and ethical consequences of biomedical and technological interventions, the author concludes that projects for human enhancement are fraught with numerous challenges and dangers. Therefore, without ensuring fair and accessible institutional oversight, and without a comprehensive study of the legal, moral, and especially existential perspectives of these projects, potential technological errors could lead to the deepening of social inequality and the irreversible loss of the existential richness of being and identity.
ReferencesМамардашвили М., Проблема человека в философии // О человеческом в человеке, М., 1991./ Problema cheloveka v filosofii // Mamardashvili M., O chelovecheskom v cheloveke, M., 1991.
Мамардашвили М., Как я понимаю философию, М., Прогресс, 1990./ Mamardashvili M., Kak ya ponimayu filosofiyu, M., Progress, 1990
Արո Քրիստիան, Տրանսհումանիզմ, Փիլիսոփայական դիտարկումներ։ Թարգմանությունների ժողովածու / Թարգմ․ Վ․Ա․ Միրզոյան/, Եր․, Մեկնարկ, 2025:
Bostrom N. A, History of Transhumanist Thought // Journal of Evolution and Technology. 2005. Vol. 14. No. 1. P. 1–25. – URL: https://nickbostrom.com/papers/history.pdf
Ranisch, Sorgner Introducing Post- and Transhumanism // Ranisch R., Sorgner S.L. (Eds.) Post- and Transhuman ism: An Introduction. – Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2015.
Поппер К., Логика и рост научного знания, М.: Прогресс, 1983./ Popper K., Logika i rost nauchnogo znaniya, M.: Progress, 1983./
Յուվալ Նոյ Հարարի, Homo Deus. Ապագայի համառոտ պատմություն /Թարգմ. Լիանա Զաքարյան/ Newmag, Եր., 2020:
Гиренок Ф.И., Основные принципы дигитальной философии // Философия хозяйства. 2018. № 6․/Girenok F.I., Osnovnyye printsipy digital'noy filosofii // Filosofiya khozyaystva. 2018. № 6․
Фукуяма Ф., Наше постчеловеческое будущее: Последствия биотехнологической революции, М.: АСТ, 2004/ Fukuyama F., Nashe postchelovecheskoye budushcheye: Posledstviya biotekhnologicheskoy revolyutsii, M.: AST, 2004
Haraway D., A Cyborg Manifesto, 1985.
Бодрийяр Ж., Прозрачность зла, М., “Добросвет”, 2000./ Bodriyyar ZH., Prozrachnost' zla, M., “Dobrosvet”, 2000.
Braidotti R., The Posthuman. Cambridge, UK, Polity Press, 2013.
Ֆուկո Մ., Բառերն ու բաները, /Թարգմ. Ա. Մինասյան/, Եր., ԵՊՀ, 2019:
Agamben Giorgio, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Левинас Э., Избранное: Тотальность и Бесконечное, М., Центр гуманитарных инициатив, 2024./ Levinas E., Izbrannoye: Total'nost' i Beskonechnoye, M., Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2024.
Նիցշե Ֆ․, Այսպես խոսեց Զրադաշտը, / թարգմ. Ս. Հովսեփյան/, Եր., ԵՊՀ հրատ., 2012
Фромм Э., Анатомия человеческой деструктивности, М., Республика, 1994:/ Fromm E., Anatomiya chelovecheskoy destruktivnosti, M., Respublika, 1994:
Хайдеггер М., Время и бытие: Статьи и выступления М., Республика, 1993./ Hajdegger M., Vremâ i bytie: Statʹi i vystupleniâ M., Respublika, 1993.
Гиренок, Ф. И., Патология русского ума. Картография дословности. М., Аграф, 1998,/ Girenok, F. I., Patologiya russkogo uma. Kartografiya doslovnosti. M., Agraf, 1998
Jaspers K., Vernunft und Existenz. Groningen, 1935.
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PHILOSOPHY
“Path Dependence” in the Socio-Cultural Context of Armenian Institutional Development
AbstractThe collapse of the Soviet Union triggered an unprecedented wave of institutional transformations across the post-Soviet space, predicated on the assumption that liberal-democratic frameworks would automatically catalyze socio-cultural modernization. However, the decades-long "transition" has revealed a profound structural asymmetry: while formal institutions were successfully adopted, the "cultural codes" and social memory underlying public life remained tethered to a paternalistic past. Armenia provides a stark illustration of this phenomenon, where persistent path dependence has induced a state of institutional "lock-in," often rendering democratic reforms merely decorative.
The article argues that transcending this developmental inertia necessitates a radical form of institutional engineering targeting the society's existential foundations. In this framework, the "Real Armenia" concept is analyzed as an attempt to deconstruct traumatic memory and pragmatically reconfigure national identity. Concurrently, the study identifies the challenges that leave this concept existentially vulnerable. The author posits that the erosion of traditional pillars of ontological security and the resulting responsibility overload can provoke public resistance and a retreat into passive paternalism. The conclusion suggests that overcoming "path dependence" is most viable by converting historical traumas into state-building resources and fostering a civic agency where the state is perceived as the definitive environment for individual security and self-actualization.
ReferencesՀարությունյան Է․, Ընկալման էկզիստենցիալ համատեքստի ապականումը․ մարդը «վիրտուալ տափաստաններում»// Բանբեր Երևանի համալսարանի. Փիլիսոփայություն, Հոգեբանություն, 2025, N 3:
Հարությունյան է․, Ազգային ինքնություն և կյանքի մշակույթ, Եր․, 2004 , էջ 54։
Ղարագուլյան Ա․, Ձեռքբերովի անօգնականությունը որպես հետխորհրդային իրականության սոցիոմշակութային ախտանիշ //Բանբեր Երևանի համալսարանի. Փիլիսոփայություն, Հոգեբանություն, 2016 № 1, էջ 51։
Սողոմոնյան Գ․, Սպառողական հոգեկերտվածք․ էկզիստենցիալ նկատառումներ // Բանբեր Երևանի համալսարանի. Փիլիսոփայություն, Հոգեբանություն, 2025, N 3, էջ 24։
Бодрияр Ж., Симулякр и симуляции, М․, 2015, էջ 20:/ Bodriyar ZH., Simulyakr i simulyatsii, M․, 2015, ēǰ 20/
Бауман З., Текучая современность, Питер, 2008։/ Bauman Z., Tekuchaya sovremennost', Piter, 2008։/
Аузан А.A., Культурные коды экономики, М.:АСТ, 2025, էջ 7:/ Auzan A.A., Kul'turnyye kody ekonomiki, M.:AST, 2025, ēǰ 7/
Schein E., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 4th ed., San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 2010, էջ 69։
Mahoney J., Path Dependence in Historical Sociology, 2000.
David P., Clio and the Economics of QWERTY, 1985
North D., Institutions, institutional change and economic performance, Cambridge University Press, 1990, էջ 3-4։
Hofstede G., Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations, 2nd ed., Thousand Oaks, 2001, էջ 79, 145։
Atanesyan A., Traumatic past and the politics of memory: what should be and should not be the armenian approach?// Journal of Sociology: Bulletin of Yerevan University, 2024, N2, էջ 15։
Seligman M., Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death, W.H. Freeman, 1975:
Langer E., The Psychology of Control, 1983:
Giddens A., Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford University Press. 1991:
Inglehart R., & Welzel C., Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge University Press, 2005
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PHILOSOPHY
The Theoretical Model of Aesthetic Emotion Formation and Its Manifestations in Adolescence
AbstractThe problem of forming aesthetic feelings is one of the pivotal directions of modern pedagogy and art psychology, as it is directly linked to the development of an individual's value system, emotional culture, and world perception. Especially during adolescence, a period when self-awareness, emotional experience, and an aesthetic attitude toward reality are actively being shaped, the theoretical substantiation of the structure and mechanisms of aesthetic feelings acquires particular significance.
The article presents a theoretical model for the formation of aesthetic feelings, revealing their core components, structural integrity, mutual interrelationships, and developmental logic during adolescence. The proposed model allows for a systematic interpretation of the process of emergence and realization of aesthetic experience, emphasizing the sequence of perception, emotional response, aesthetic evaluation, and the formation of aesthetic needs. Within this process, the influence of musical rhythm and sonic structure on the synchronization of human physiological and psychological systems plays a pivotal role. The model accounts for both the arousal of basic emotions and the formation of complex, "refined" aesthetic experiences, which are fundamental for enriching the adolescent's inner world and manifesting the originality of their aesthetic taste.
References1. Andreeva I.N. - Emotsionalnyy intellekt: issledovaniya fenomena. Voprosy psikhologii. 2006. № 3 (in Russian) https://elib.psu.by/bitstream/123456789/32473/1/78-87.pdf
2. Bodaleva. A.A. – V mire podrostka․ M.: Prosveshcheniye, 1980. – pp. 16—28. (in Russian)
3. Bychkov V.V. Estetika: uchebnik. M.: KNORUS, 2012. — p. 92 (in Russian)
4. Daniel Goleman, R. Boyatzis, Annie McKee. Emotsionalnoye liderstvo. Iskusstvo upravleniya lyudmi na osnove emotsionalnogo intellekta. M, Alpina Biznes Buks, 2005. pp. 266—269 (in Russian)
5. Dragunova T.V. Podrostok. – M.: Pedagogika, 1976. – 260 p. (in Russian)
6. Izard C.E. Psikhologiya emotsiy, per. s angl. SPb., 1999. pp. 31, 32-34 (in Russian)
7. Kagan M. S. Lektsii po marksistsko-leninskoy estetike. LGU, 1971. p. 87 (in Russian)
8. Kant I. Kritika sposobnosti suzhdeniya / I. Kant. – Soch., v 6-ti t. – T. 5. M., 1966. - p. 212 (in Russian)
9. Kant Immanuel: 1724-1804 The Critique of Judgment was originally published in Prussia in 1790, p. 59-60
10. Konstantinov M. A. - Koleso emotsiy Plutchika: kak podruzhit'sya so svoimi chuvstvami. Article. (in Russian) https://www.b17.ru/article/koleso_emotion_konst/
11. Kuznetsova T.V. «Esteticheskoye» kak universalnaya kategoriya estetiki // Estetika kak obraz zhizni. M., 2013. p. 193 (in Russian)
12. Malevinskiy S.O., Akhmadzai S.A. - Esteticheskie otsenki i ikh yazykovoe vyrazhenie, “Kulturnaya zhizn Yuga Rossii” № 3 (70), 2018. p. 129 (in Russian)
13. Mariya L. - Emotsionalnyy otklik: chto eto, vidy, metody izmereniya i prakticheskoye primeneniye. Article. (in Russian) https://edprodpo.com/blog/psychology/emotsionalnyy-otklik/
14. Oprosnik metodiki «Shkala emotsionalnogo otklika» A. Megrabyana i N. Epshteyna, 2000 g. (in Russian) https://psychologos.ru/articles/view/oprosnik-metodiki-shkala-emocionalnogo-otklika-a.-megrabyana-i-n.-epshteyna
15. Timerbayeva L. A. - Emotsionalnyy intellekt, Moskovskiy gorodskoy pedagogicheskiy universitet, Moskva (Rossiya), 2016 g. p. 275 (in Russian)
16. Tsybulevskaya Anna Vasilyevna EMOTIVNYY ARGOTICHESKIY LEKSIKON. Dissertatsiya na soiskaniye uchonoy stepeni kandidata filologicheskikh nauk, Stavropol – 2005, pp. 26, 31, 39-40 (in Russian)
17. Voevodin A.P. - Esteticheskaya otsenka. Uchenye zapiski Tavricheskogo natsionalnogo universiteta im. V.I. Vernadskogo, Seriya «Filosofiya. Kulturologiya. Politologiya. Sotsiologiya». Tom 23 (62). 2010. № 2. pp. 32-33 (in Russian)
18. Vygotskiy L.S. Sobr. soch.: V 6 t. T. 2. M.: Pedagogika, 1982. p. 21 (in Russian)
19. Yuldashev, L. G. Esteticheskoye chuvstvo i proizvedeniye iskusstva / L. G. Yuldashev. – M. : Mysl, 1969. p. 152 (in Russian)
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PHILOSOPHY
The Development of Fallibilism in the Philosophy of Charles Peirce
AbstractThe article examines the reasons, arguments, critiques of earlier epistemological positions, and the developmental tendencies of fallibilism in the philosophy of Charles Peirce. Peircean fallibilism is primarily the result of recognizing and attempting to overcome the limitations of the subject’s cognitive capacities and the methods of inquiry, which is most evident in Peirce’s critique of Cartesian dogmatic-fundamentalist views and methodological skepticism. It can be argued that the formation and development of Peirce’s fallibilism rest on three key principles: (1) the rejection of the method of universal and arbitrary doubt, (2) the acceptance of the requirement of moderate doubt grounded in sufficient reason, and (3) the renunciation of the demand for absolute epistemological foundations of knowledge and belief. Although this epistemological stance leads to the recognition of the fallibility of all knowledge and cognitive capacities, it reconceptualizes inquiry, and particularly scientific inquiry, as a communal and intersubjective dynamic process that can mitigate subjectivity and foster the growth of knowledge, while preventing the ossification of beliefs and knowledge within cognition. According to the author, Peirce’s fallibilism is a moderate epistemological position that avoids dogmatism, fundamentalism, infallibilism, and radical skepticism, thereby rejecting maximalist demands and conceptual limitations placed upon knowledge.
References1. Brown M., Science and experience: a Deweyan Pragmatist Philosophy of Science, UC San Diego, 2009.
2. Chysogonus O., Peirce’s fallibilism: A thematic analysis and the revisitation of the origins of fallibilism, AMAMIHE: Journal of Applied Philosophy, ISSN: 1597 – 0779, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2021, p. 18-35.
3. Cooke E., Peirce, Fallibilism, and the Science of Mathematics, Philosophia Mathematica, 11(2), 2003, pp. 158–175.
4. Frankfurt H., Peirce’s Notion of Abduction // Journal of Philosophy, 55, 1958, pp. 593–596.
5. Haack S., Descartes, Peirce and the cognitive community // The Monist, vol. 65, no. 2, 1982, pp. 156–181.
6. Haack S., Fallibilism and Necessity // Synthese, vol. 41, no. 1, 1979, pp. 37-63.
7. Hatfield G., René Descartes // The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), Summer 2024 edition, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/descartes/ (Accessed: 01.09.2025)։
8. Peirce C.S., Collected Papers, ed. C. Hartshorne, P. Weiss, and A. Burks, Harvard University Press, Volume 1-8, Cambridge, 1931-1958.
9. Peirce C.S., Philosophical Writings of Peirce, Dover Publications, New York, 1955.
10. Peirce C. S., Some consequences of four incapacities // The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, vol. 2, no. 3, 1868, pp. 140–157.
11. Pojman L. P., What can We Know? An introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, Belmont: Wadsworth, 2001.
PSYCHOLOGY
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PSYCHOLOGY
The Interrelationship Between Time Perspective and Attitude Toward Illness in Individuals with Cancer
AbstractCancer diseases are among the most significant problems in modern medicine and psychology due to their widespread prevalence, severe course, rapid progression, and multifaceted impact on various spheres of human life. A cancer diagnosis is often accompanied by intense psychological stress, anxiety, uncertainty, and changes in perceptions about the future. In this context, the study of attitudes toward illness and time perspective becomes particularly important, as these factors are directly related to the patient’s emotional state, psychological adjustment, quality of life, and processes of meaning-making.
Within the framework of this study, the characteristics of time perspective in individuals with cancer, the forms of attitudes toward illness, and the interrelations between them were examined. In addition, attention was paid to identifying gender differences and analyzing their psychological characteristics. The results of the analysis revealed that there is a relationship between the characteristics of time perspective and the forms of attitudes toward illness among individuals with cancer. At the same time, gender differences were identified both in time perspective and in attitudes toward illness. In particular, men demonstrated a lower level of future orientation and more pronounced anxious and paranoid tendencies in their attitudes toward illness. Women, in contrast, showed stronger future orientation, social activity, and ergopathic attitudes toward illness.
ReferencesВагайцева, М. В., Чулкова, В. А., Карпова, Э. Б., & Леоненкова, С. А. (2015). Психологиче-ские исследования в онкологии. Психология. Психофизиология, 8(3), 28–35. / Vagaytseva, M. V., Chulkova, V. A., Karpova, E. B., & Leonenkova, S. A. (2015). Psikhologicheskie issledovaniya v onkologii. Psikhologiya. Psikhofiziologiya, 8(3), 28–35.
Козлова, Н. В., & Андросова, Т. В. (2010). Социально-психологическое сопровождение он-кологических больных. Вестник Томского государственного университета, (335), 142–147. / Kozlova, N. V., & Androsova, T. V. (2010). Sotsialno-psikhologicheskoe soprovozhdenie onkologicheskikh bolnykh. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, (335), 142–147.
Семиглазова, Т. Ю., Ткаченко, Г. А., & Чулкова, В. А. (2016). Психологические аспекты ле-чения онкологических больных. Злокачественные опухоли, (Спецвыпуск 1), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.18027/2224–5057–2016–4s1-54–58 / Semiglazova, T. Yu., Tkachenko, G. A., & Chulkova, V. A. (2016). Psikhologicheskie aspekty lecheniya onkologicheskikh bolnykh. Zlokachestvennye opukholi, (Spetsvypusk 1), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.18027/2224-5057-2016-4s1-54-58
Харьковский, А. Н. (2015). Представления детей о болезни и их опосредующая роль в тера-певтической работе с болеющими детьми. Национальный психологический журнал, 3(19), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2015.0300 / Kharkovskiy, A. N. (2015). Predstavleniya detey o bolezni i ikh oposreduyushchaya rol v terapevticheskoy rabote s boleyushchimi det'mi. Natsionalnyy psikhologicheskiy zhurnal, 3(19), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2015.0300
Anagnostopoulos, F., & Griva, F. (2012). Exploring time perspective in Greek young adults: Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and relationships with mental health indicators. Social Indicators Research, 106, 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9792-y
Ashley, L., Marti, J., Jones, H., Velikova, G., & Wright, P. (2015). Illness perceptions within 6 months of cancer diagnosis are an independent prospective predictor of health-related quality of life 15 months post-diagnosis. Psycho-Oncology, 24, 1463–1470. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3812
Shtrahova, A. V., & Arslanbekova, E. V. (2011). Motivational component of the internal picture of the disease as a factor of adherence to therapy in patients with somatic diseases with a vital threat. Bulletin of the South Ural State University, Series “Psychology”, 29(246), 76–82.
Wagner, C. V., Semmler, C., Power, E., & Good, A. (2010). What matters when deciding whether to participate in colorectal cancer screening? The moderating role of time perspective. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 15(1), 20–30.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271–1288.
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PSYCHOLOGY
Hypermentalizing and the Problem of the Opacity of Mental States
AbstractMentalization, the ability to understand and interpret one’s own and others’ behavior in terms of underlying mental states, is a fundamental concept in contemporary clinical psychology. This work conceptualizes hypermentalizing not as an excess of mature mentalization, but as a manifestation of an infantile psychic organization. It is proposed that hypomentalizing and hypermentalizing are not opposite poles, but two different expressions of the same structural failure: the inability to tolerate the opacity of another person’s mental reality. The theoretical analysis integrates perspectives from mentalization theory, psychoanalysis, and phenomenological psychopathology. It is argued that hypermentalizing is structurally linked to prementalizing modes, magical and paranoid thinking, and intolerance of uncertainty. The work further emphasizes that the defining feature of mature mentalization is not greater certainty about another person’s mind, but the capacity to maintain a “not-knowing stance” and tolerate the partial unknowability of the other’s inner world. Consequently, hypermentalizing is defined as a rigid and partially reality-disconnected form of mentalization characterized by pseudo-certainty and reflecting features of an early, infantile organization of the psyche.
ReferencesAllen J. G., Fonagy P., Bateman A. (2008). Mentalizing in Clinical Practice. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bateman A., Fonagy P. (2016). Mentalization-Based Treatment for Personality Disorders: A Practical Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bateman A., Fonagy P. (2017). Mentalization-Based Treatment. In B. J. Sadock, V. A. Sadock, & P. Ruiz (Eds.), Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
Bion W. R. (1970). Attention and Interpretation: A Scientific Approach to Insight in Psycho-Analysis and Groups. London: Tavistock Publications.
Britton R. (1998). Belief and Imagination: Explorations in Psychoanalysis (The New Library of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 31). London: Routledge.
Buhr K., Dugas M. J. (2002). The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(8), 931-945.
Clemmensen L., van Os J., Skovgaard A. M., Væver M., Blijd-Hoogewys E. M. A., Bartels-Velthuis A. A., Jeppesen P. (2014). Hyper-Theory-of-Mind in Children with Psychotic Experiences. PLoS ONE, 9(11), e113082.
Duschinsky R., Foster S. (2024). Mentalizing and Epistemic Trust: The Work of Peter Fonagy and Colleagues at the Anna Freud Centre. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ensink K., Normandin L., Target M., Fonagy P., Sabourin S., Berthelot N. (2015). Mentalization in children and mothers in the context of trauma. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(2), 203-217.
Fonagy P., Gergely G., Jurist E., Target M. (2002). Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. New York: Other Press.
Fonagy P., Luyten P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1355-1381.
Fonagy P., Luyten P., Allison E., Campbell C. (2016). Reconciling psychoanalytic ideas with attachment theory. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment (3rd ed., pp. 780-804). New York: Guilford Press.
Fonagy P., Target M. (1996). Playing with Reality: I. Theory of Mind and the Normal Development of Psychic Reality. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 77(2), 217-233.
Freud S. (1909/1955). Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 10). London: Hogarth Press.
Freud S. (1913/1955). Totem and Taboo. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 13). London: Hogarth Press.
Isaacs S. (1948). The Nature and Function of Phantasy. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 29, 73-97.
Karterud S. (2015). Mentalization-Based Group Therapy (MBT-G): A Theoretical, Clinical, and Research Manual. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Keats J. (1958). The Letters of John Keats (H. E. Rollins, Ed., Vol. 1). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Luyten P., Campbell C., Allison E., Fonagy P. (2020). The Mentalizing Approach to Psychopathology: State of the Art and Future Directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16, 297-325.
Sass L. A. (1992). Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, Literature, and Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Sass L. A., Parnas J. (2003). Schizophrenia, Consciousness, and the Self. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(3), 427-444.
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PSYCHOLOGY
Motivational and Psychological Determinants of Students' Psychological Safety Depending on Birth Order
AbstractThe article examines psychological safety as one of the key preconditions for positive personality development. It encompasses not only the individual’s subjective experiences and life history but also the systems of activity within which a person functions, learns, and develops while striving for self-realization.
The study of students’ psychological safety requires consideration of factors related to the higher education system, which serves as an environment facilitating learning and socialization.
Within the framework of this research, particular attention is given to the relationships between components of psychological safety, hardiness, and motivational characteristics of students, both in the educational process and in relation to birth order within the family. This factor significantly influences the development of basic trust in the world, self-confidence, and overall personality formation.
The findings reveal statistically significant differences in psychological safety and motivational indicators among students depending on their birth order position within the family. Significant differences were found between the scores of only children and siblings. Older children demonstrated higher levels of resilience and responsibility, reflecting their family background and early family interactions. Single children were characterized by higher motivation scores, while younger siblings had lower scores on some parameters, highlighting their desire for psychological comfort. For all participants, the "Family" component, closely linked to emotional well-being and personal stability, plays a special role in the psychological security construct.
ReferencesЛабунская В. А., Психология личности. Учебное пособие / под ред. проф. П. Н. Ермакова — М.: Эксмо, 2007 — 653
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Шлыкова Н.Л. Психологическая безопасность субъекта профессиональной деятельности: дис. ... д-ра психол. наук. М.: РГБ, 2005 332 с.
Мурадян Е., В. Папоян. Образовательная система с точки зрения обеспечения психологической безопасности личности студента. издательство: НИЦ "Социосфера",; Ереван; Пенза; Колин Количество страниц: ; 44-49. Год издания: 2012 г
Проблемы психологической безопасности личности: теоретические и экспериментальные исследования/ Р.Агузумцян, С.Амирян, В.Папоян и др - Ереван, Изд-во ЕГУ, 2013, с. 11-17
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PSYCHOLOGY
Comprehensive Methodology for Assessing Cumulative Stress and Ways of Overcoming in Post-War Armenia
AbstractModern psychological thought has long since moved beyond the simplistic perception of stress as a mere “one-time blow.” Today, we are dealing with a reality where stress is not an event, but a layered memory and a factor that depletes a person’s vital forces, as well as burdens or consumes the body’s resources. For Armenia, this problem has the most vulnerable and strictly targeted recipients: our compatriots forcibly displaced from Artsakh. This is a society for which stress began with the decades-long uncertainty of “no war, no peace,” passed through the horrors of a 44-day war, the nightmare of a pandemic, the humiliation of a prolonged blockade, and ended (or perhaps entered a new phase) with complete displacement.
This study is a unique attempt to understand this “distress square,” which in scientific literature is commonly called “cumulative stress.” This phenomenon is defined as the result of multifactorial negative influences, where each new stressor not only adds to the previous one, but also qualitatively changes the structure of psychological resilience. In the study, cumulative stress is considered not only in the light of local experience, but also in the light of global methodological parallels.
Thus, the purpose of this article is to present the theoretical and methodological foundations of the research carried out within the framework of the grant program dedicated to the issue of cumulative stress, as well as the intermediate results and practical outcomes of the experimental stage.
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Захарова Н. М., Цветкова М. Г. (2020). Психические и поведенческие нарушения у мирного населения региона, подвергшегося локальным военным действиям. Психология и право. Том 10, № 4, с. 185-197. DOI: doi:10.17759/psylaw.2020100413
Финогенова, Т. А., Березина, Т. Н., Литвинова, А. В., Рыбцов, С. А. (2023). Влияние разных видов стресса на биопсихологический возраст. Современная зарубежная психология, 12(3), 41-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2023120304
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20;
Bonanno, G. A. (2005). Resilience in the Face of Potential Trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 135-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00347.x
Chen, W., Hall, B. J., et al. (2017). Pre-migration and post-migration factors associated with mental health in humanitarian migrants in Australia and the moderation effect of post-migration stressors: findings from the first wave data of the BNLA cohort study // Lancet Psychiatry. Published online February 1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30032-9
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E. et al. (2018). More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, Vol. 49, 146-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001
Haight, B. L., Peddie, L., Crosswell, A. D. et al. (2023). Combined effects of cumulative stress and daily stressors on daily health. Health Psychology, 42(5), 325-334. DOI: doi: 10.1037/hea0001281
Hazer, L., Gredebäck, G. (2023). The effects of war, displacement, and trauma on child development․ Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10:909․ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02438-8
Hooberman, J., Rosenfeld, B., Rasmussen, A. & Keller, A. (2010). Resilience in Trauma‐Exposed Refugees: The moderating effect of coping style on resilience variables. Am J Orthopsychiatr., 80, 557-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01060
Hovhannisyan, S․, Yaramishyan, V. (2025). Specific features of assessing stress factors contributing to the accumulation of psychological tension. / Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific Conference on "The Current Issues in theoretical and applied psychology", Yerevan, YSU press, p. 317-320. // URL: http://publishing.ysu.am/files/The_Current_Issues_In_Theoretical_and_Applied_Psychology.pdf
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Oviedo, L., Seryczy´nska, B., Torralba, J., Roszak, P., Del Angel, J., Vyshynska, O., Muzychuk, I., Churpita, S. (2022). Coping and Resilience Strategies among Ukraine War Refugees. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 13094. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013094
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Vogel, J. M., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2014). Family resilience after disasters and terrorism: Examining the concept. In R. Pat-Horenczyk, D. Brom, & J. M. Vogel (Eds.), Helping children cope with trauma: Individual, family and community perspectives (pp. 81–100). // URL: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-44051-005
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Young, E. S., Doom, J. R. et al. (2021). Life stress and cortisol reactivity: An exploratory analysis of the effects of stress exposure across life on HPA-axis functioning. Development and Psychopathology, 33(1), 301-312։ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419001779
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PSYCHOLOGY
The Relationship Between Tendencies in the Development of Emotional Burnout Syndrome and Personality Accentuation in Emergency-Related Activities (a Case Study of Emergency Physicians, Rescuers and Military Sappers)
AbstractA stable moral and psychological state of a specialist operating under conditions involving emergency situations constitutes a key prerequisite for effective professional performance. Finding oneself in emergency conditions is a major psycho-emotional factor for a specialist, which contains elements of risk to his or her life. It has a fairly strong effect on a person's body and psychological system, forcing them to adapt to the rapidly changing conditions of life. Over time, these specialists develop the necessary psychological qualities associated with moral, psychological, and physical burdens, which in turn determine the effectiveness of overcoming work-related difficulties. At the same time, prolonged stress and high levels of responsibility may contribute to the depletion of emotional resources, a decline in professional motivation, and the development of burnout syndrome. From an applied perspective, special importance has been given to the relationship between burnout syndrome and personality accentuation for the purpose of maintaining specialists’ psychological health and identifying risk groups. Certain types of personality accentuations may function both as protective factors and as vulnerability-enhancing factors, shaping the specific patterns of response to stressful situations. The findings of the study may serve as a basis for the development of preventive programs, the refinement of tools for assessing professional and psychological suitability, and the enhancement of professional effectiveness. The scientific analysis of this issue is important not only at the theoretical level but also at the practical level, contributing to the maintenance of psychological well-being among specialists operating under emergency conditions.References1. Միրզոյան Վ., Միքայելյան Մ. Մասնագիտական դեֆորմացիայի տեսակներն ու դրա վրա ազդող սոցիալ-հոգեբանական գործոնները, ՎՇՈւ Գիտական Աշխատությունները (Թիվ 3), Վանաձոր, 2022:
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PSYCHOLOGY
Why (Not) Engage: Perceived Limits of Civic Agency and Barriers to Participation in Armenia
AbstractThe aim of the article is to discuss, from a socio-psychological perspective, the perceived limits of influencing developments in the country and the barriers to civic engagement among youth in post-revolutionary and post-war Armenia. Both theory and social practice suggest that perceived opportunities of participating in social change and influencing social reality have practical implications for actual (non)participation, which, in turn, feeds back to the construction of that reality. Given the civic participation decline within the complex conditions of post-war uncertainty, the study of perceived engagement barriers and limits is key to identifying and fostering meaningful forms of collective agency and civic participation. The analysis is based on focus group interviews conducted in Yerevan and four regions of Armenia in 2024. The findings reveal structural (supra-individual), group(community)-level, and individual-level factors through which participants interpret their own (non)engagement.
ReferencesԷմիրբայեր, Մ., Միշե, Ա. (2024). Ի՞նչ է գործականությունը։ Ս. Մանուսյան (Կազմ. և խմբ.), Անհատը և հանրայինը․ տեքստեր փոխհարաբերության մասին: Սոցիոսկոպ ՀԿ։ էջ 181–229:
Մանուսյան, Ա., Խալաթյան, Մ., Մարտիրոսյան, Ս. (2025, օգոստոսի 13). Ի՞նչ անել, երբ հին ակտիվիզմը չի աշխատում․ ռադիկալացնել ժողովրդավարությունը: Սոցիոսկոպ ՀԿ։ https://socioscope.am/archives/4591 (դիտվել է՝ 22.05.2026)
CRRC Հայաստան. (2024). Բարոմետր 2024. Հասարակական կարծիքի ուսումնասիրություն. Երևան: https://caucasusbarometer.org/am/cb2024am (հասանելի է 22.05.2026)
IRI (2026). Հանրային կարծիքի ուսումնասիրություն. Հայաստանի առկա բնակչություն. Երևան:https://www.iri.org/resources/public-opinion-survey-residents-of-armenia-february-2026/ (դիտվել է 22.05.2026)
Archer, M. S. (2013). The Ontological Status of Subjectivity: The Missing Link Between Structure and Agency, in Contributions to social ontology, pp. 17–31. Abingdon: Routledge. DOI:10.4324/9780203083107-4
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Bandura, A. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(3), pp. 75–78. DOI:10.1111/1467-8721.00064
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), pp. 77–101. DOI:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Davis, D.W. and Silver, B.D. (2004). Civil Liberties vs. Security: Public Opinion in the Context of the Terrorist Attacks on America. American Journal of Political Science, 48, pp. 28-46. DOI:10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00054.x
Fritsche, I., Jonas, & E. & Kessler, T. (2011), Collective Reactions to Threat: Implications for Intergroup Conflict and for Solving Societal Crises. Social Issues and Policy Review, 5, pp. 101-136. DOI:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01027.x
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