Patmut'yun ev Mshakuyt'
P-ISSN: 1829-2771
Vol. 16 No. 2 (2021)
Published:
2021-12-31
Articles
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Articles
Armenian-Turkish Relations during the Years of independence of the RA
AbstractA comprehensive examination of the relevant facts in the article shows that Turkey was one of the first to recognize the independence of Armenia, but no diplomatic relations were established between the countries, since Ankara presented the Armenian authorities some preconditions: not to mention the 1915 Armenian Genocide, to renounce claims officially, to put pressure on to stop the struggle for Nagorno-Karabakh, to recognize the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Azerbaijan. At the same time, Turkey demanded that the Republic of Armenia refrain from actions contrary to the interests of Turkey and in any way neutralize the anti-Turkish activities of the Armenians of the Diaspora. The Republic of Armenia rejected these preconditions and requirements, which are incompatible with the international practice. Turkey, in its turn, took a pronounced anti-Armenian position, unilaterally closing the border with Armenia, continuing to keep Armenia in a blockade. Therefore, it is no coincidence that Turkey's approaches to normalizing relations with Armenia were largely conditioned by the achievements of the Armenian armed forces in Artsakh, because the more obvious these successes, the tougher Turkey's position towards Armenia became. This manifested itself during the liberation of Karvachar (early April 1993) by the armed forces of Armenia, after which Turkey not only closed the border, but also began to accumulate troops near the border with Armenia, but Russia's sharp reaction deterred Turkey from further actions. We consider it appropriate to mention that during the period under discussion, such an approach of Turkey to the issue of normalizing relations with Armenia posed a serious threat to our national security. Analyzing the influence of the economic factor of mutual interest in the Armenian-Turkish relations, it was emphasized that no matter how favorable the development of economic relations with Armenia is for Turkey, Armenia is not of serious interest for Turkey in terms of its economic development. Some activation does not give us grounds to characterize this as a serious breakthrough in the normalization of the Armenian-Turkish relations. Therefore, it is no coincidence that, given a certain perspective of the Armenian-Turkish economic cooperation, the Turkish side tried to create the illusion of some progress in the Armenian-Turkish relations with the Armenian leadership, thereby prompting the Armenian leadership to convince the diaspora to stop encouraging the process of the international recognition of the Armenian Genocide. This circumstance, of course, also testifies to the impact of the process of the international recognition of the Armenian Genocide on the Armenian-Turkish relations. As for the economic factor, the fact that the Armenian leadership did not properly analyze in previous period the initiatives of the Turkish side to intensify economic contacts between the two countries, did not even catch the moment that the economic factor and the Turkish version of the solution to the Karabakh conflict were combined. Meanwhile, with the preconditions put forward, Turkey tried to make Armenia its servant, and through it to dictate its will to the Armenians of the Diaspora. Concerning the Armenian-Turkish contacts at the level of non-governmental organizations, it was noted that the activities of such organizations were initially doomed to failure due to the extremely opposite views of the parties. The leadership of the Republic of Armenia at that time, being aware of such contacts, however, did not properly analyze their possible positive and negative consequences both for the Republic of Armenia and for the Diaspora: it did not express a clear position on this issue.
Meanwhile, the subsequent course of the events showed that Turkey, using the presence of such contacts, tried to move the issue of the Armenian Genocide from the political sphere to the sphere of scientific and public discussions, once again striving to stop the process of the international recognition of the Armenian Genocide.
By and large, the same goal was pursued by the slogan "zero problems with neighbors" put forward by the Turkish leadership, which, despite the specific steps taken, does not lead to the normalization of the Armenian-Turkish relations. Thus, sometimes positive glimpses in the policy of the Turkish leadership in the relations with Armenia can be explained by various geopolitical interests of Turkey, in particular, the issue of joining the European Union.
Specific facts have proved that even the fact of signing the famous Zurich Protocols on October 10, 2009 could not force Turkey to fulfill its obligations, to refuse to put forward preconditions for the establishing diplomatic relations with Armenia.
Analyzing the content of the Zurich Protocols, it was noted that this does not fully meet the vital interests of all Armenians, since certain provisions of the protocols, especially the provision on mutual recognition of borders, make it senseless to continue the process of the international recognition of the Armenian Genocide, as well as steps to be taken to overcome consequences.
Particular attention was paid to the fact that during the period under discussion a new phenomenon was observed in the process of the international recognition of the Armenian Genocide: some European countries are adopting laws criminalizing the denial of the genocide, some of which cannot be called finalized, which also affects the process itself in future. Summing up the results of the efforts of the second president of Armenia to normalize the Armenian-Turkish relations, it was emphasized that they, like during his predecessors, did not lead to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, and Turkey, in fact, got one more chance to show the world its "passionate desire" to settle relations with Armenia.
Presenting the Centennial of the Armenian Genocide and the further process of recognition in the context of the Armenian-Turkish relations, the article draws special attention to the fact that on the eve of the Centennial of the Armenian Genocide, official Turkey does not change its policy of denial of the Armenian Genocide, nevertheless, it makes some changes into the strategy. The meaning of such changes was the theses put forward by Erdogan and Davutoglu about "common grief" and "fair memory". It was emphasized that such a new manifestation of Turkish denial was no less dangerous, since it was an attempt to equate "executioner" with "victim". It was further noted that this approach of Turkey did not give tangible results, since in the context of the Centennial of the Armenian Genocide, the process of the official recognition and condemnation of the Armenian Genocide by various countries and authoritative international organizations continued. The fact that after the adoption of the resolution on the Centennial of the Armenian Genocide in the Armenian realities the issue of transferring the Genocide to the legal field, in addition to the recognition of the Genocide, and the improvement of the international law, introducing a new wording - “patricide”, was not ignored. In this regard, it was emphasized that the implementation of such an idea, although welcomed, would require tremendous efforts and energy. In addition, the idea was noted that the possibility of implementing these provisions will be much greater if Armenia becomes one of the influential "players" in the region, dictating its own rules of the game. As for the further efforts of the Armenian authorities to establish diplomatic relations between the two countries, it is obvious that it was not endlessly possible to endure Turkey's destructive approach to this issue. Consequently, the speech of the President of the Republic of Armenia on September 20, 2017 at the UN General Assembly was the first logical step towards the abolition of the Zurich Protocols by the Republic of Armenia, a process that came to its logical conclusion on March 1, 2018 by the decree of the President of the Republic of Armenia “On the termination of the procedure for establishing the Armenian Turkish relations”.
Not only did Turkey not establish diplomatic relations with Armenia, but 100 years after the Turkish-Armenian war, on September 27, 2020, it made an attempt to forcefully resolve its precondition on the Artsakh question. Through the direct instigation and support to “fraternal” Azerbaijan, it unleashed the war against the Republic of Artsakh and the Republic of Armenia, and, through military aggression, about 75% of the territory of the Republic of Artsakh was captured, not only 7 previously liberated regions, but also Hadrut and Shushi. Not satisfied with all this, on the advice of the same Turkey, Azerbaijan, in May 2021, invaded the sovereign territory of the independent Republic of Armenia, creating a real threat to the existence of the Armenian statehood, a real "threat to the security of the Armenian people", trying to connect Azerbaijan and Turkey through the so-called Zangezur corridor through Nakhichevan for the implementation of the long-standing program of Pan-Turkism.
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Articles
The Process of Ideological Transformation Society in Soviet Armenian in 1930-1980
AbstractThe article analyzes the process of development of Armenian studies in Soviet Armenia and the ideological transformations of society under its influence in 1930-1980. The question is considered in the context of the changes that took place in the socio-economic and domestic political life of the Soviet society in the mentioned historical period.
The manifestations of national thinking and mentality that were identified on the basis of Armenian studies in the previous period, during the two post-war decades, themselves turned into new achievements in the field of Armenian studies. History, which has received a national image, has become personified, and the understanding of the awareness of national identity has deepened even more.
The discussion of episodes of the struggle for national liberation, as well as the discussion of forbidden topics of the Armenian Genocide, has matured into Armenian political thought, and the beginning of political Armenian studies has been laid.
Armenian studies during this period contributed to the motivation of the society for the national struggle.
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Articles
Armenian Public Opinion on the Irish National Movement of the 1840s
AbstractThe Irish National Movement of the 1840s received a wide reflection in the Armenian periodicals of the time. According to reports in the European press, they were well aware of the political, social and religious events taking place in Ireland. They considered the main reasons for the Irish national movement to 1847 unprecedented famine of 1847, the repeal of the Anglo-Irish "Act of Union" in 1800, the existence of an independent parliament, the emancipation of the Catholic Irish. The Irish national movement was mostly covered by the Armenian national-conservative current periodicals. Among them, the "thoughtful, far-sighted" editors and journalists of the Mkhitaryans’ weekly "Europe" in Vienna with "European-style and skills" from an impartial position covered the Irish struggle. According to them, in the conditions of famine, epidemic and misery, the Irish company "Ripil" and the organization "Young Ireland" tried to abolish the union peacefully, but failed and rebelled. According to the Mkgitaryans’ "Multi-Novel" magazine in Venice, the Irish wanted to completely break the English yoke and become a sovereign country.
According to the Tbilissian Armenian political-philological weekly "Tbilissi", the Irish lost their freedom by uniting with England, and had been suffering a lot since that day. The official newspaper of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople, calling the Irish movement a riot, comes to conclusion that the "Young Ireland" "freedom-loving company", inspired by the victory of the February Revolution in France, is making every effort to achieve freedom by armed means.
The Smyrna-Armenian "Arshaluys Araratyan", realizing the aspirations of the Irish for national independence, understands that the "Ripil" company tries to achieve the political freedom of Ireland in a constitutional way. The paper advocated for the Irish to achieve this in a peaceful and thoughtful way, without violence and riots.
The Indian-Armenian "Azgaser" and "Azgaser Araratyan" periodicals in their brief publications criticized the British colonial policy and the violence against the Irish. They believe that the Irish want to get rid of the British yoke by establishing an independent republic to rule their country. "Patriotic Araratyan" mocks the cowardice of the Irish rebels, because of which "the mountain gave birth to a mouse".
The National Movement of the Irish in its public discourse praised the great figures of the Armenian democratic current Michael Nalbandyan and Matteos Mamuryan. M. Nalbandyan condemns Britain's policy in Ireland, whose freedom-loving people deserve sympathy. He blames the British authorities for strongly condemning the Irish rebels seeking independence. M.Mamuryan believes that England abolished the Irish parliament and reserved all rights to Catholics. He mourns the catastrophic situation in Ireland, which is constantly being oppressed by the British. He considers rebellion to be the only way out of this situation for the Irish.
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Defenders of the Denial of the Armenian Genocide
AbstractIndividuals make a noteworthy contribution to Turkey's policy of denial of the Armenian Genocide. M. Perincek is distinguished by his activities regarding this issue. A feature of his activities is the promotion of the Eurasian Union between the Russian Federation, Turkey and Azerbaijan to resist Western influence, weaken the role of the Armenian factor, which will allow the Turkic countries to participate actively in the modernization process.
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Articles
Interethnic Developments and the Entente States in Transcaucasia after the October 1917 Revolution
AbstractUntil 1917, the national-political parties did not raise the strategic question of state autonomy and independence in terms of political perspective by any national-political force of Transcaucasia, but only the acquisition of broad autonomy within the Russian Empire. There were similar programs in Western Armenia in the form of ARF projects. It was not a national priority for the political forces of Transcaucasia, which was due to the geopolitical situation and was dictated by it.
Until 1917, there was a similar concept in Transcaucasia among the Georgian socialist-federalists, which was annulled by the declaration of Georgia's independence, giving rise to the promotion of nationalist-state programs. From the point of view of ideological and political perspective, the fundamental provision on the right of nations to self-determination proposed by V. Lenin, which even if it had electoral elements, played an activating role for the Transcaucasian parties. Nevertheless, it was acceptable for both the national periphery and the nationalist forces created there, and in particular for the National Democrats led by Ilya Chavchavadze, although in practice it solved another global problem - the collapse of the Russian superpower, which was another good opportunity for Germany, which lost the war. It was also a good opportunity to bring the enemy countries closer and to choose a new political perspective. In fact, the idea of the process of creating one's own statehood became relevant.
From the point of view of revealing these perspectives, some Georgian political nominations, "political notes" on the national issue are remarkable, in which the conceptual bases of the demarcation of the territorial borders of the Caucasus states are presented, with which the nationalist circles of the Georgian society agreed. In them, the "principle of real allocation" was sharply and purposefully criticized, under the protection of which the Armenian side stood in the position of that principle of territorial demarcation, which led to the borders being drawn on the basis of the national composition of the population.
It should be noted that these issues were important from the moment when the issue of expulsion of Armenians from Turkey became on the agenda from the first divisions of Armenia, and in particular from the administrative divisions undertaken by Justinian I and the strategy of destroying the Armenian ministerial dynasty. All this was followed by the Arabs, whose further manifestation was the donation of the Armenian kingdom of Ani by Hovh․ Smbat to the emperors of the Macedonian dynasty of Armenian descent in Byzantium, after which the Turkish period began. This stage of history was the most brutal, during which the Turkish authorities, with their constant kidnapping of young ladies, girls and children, their policy of depriving Armenians of conscription and the destruction of potential troops, Kurdishization and other anti-Armenian actions, at the same time they expelled Armenians from the plains to the mountains, and already taking advantage of the Russian-Turkish wars, the Turkish ethnos inadvertently "contributed" to the movement of Armenians from Western Armenia to the Caucasus Mountains.
The rapid disintegration of the Caucasian front in the days of the October 1917 coup and the unprecedented unleashing of Turkish-Muslim aggression and expansion into the Caucasus Mountains on the background of the Armenian population fleeing the settlements of Western Armenia. One of the most striking examples of this situation was the events in Shamkhor in 1918, which some Russian scholars and advisers even presented as a fact when "a group of Muslims attacked a fleet full of soldiers, seizing their weapons and then killing several hundred "defenseless Russians". The number actually reached several thousand. Some even describe these events as the "death penalty".
According to various publicists, especially in Georgia, believed that the issue of delimitation of the Caucasus states should be based on three principles: economic, ethnographic and historical. According to these views, only Georgians and Azeris, who lived in large numbers within their states, had enough space to form a de facto independent state. To the regret of the Armenians, this form of settlement has given rise to many disputes and the Armenian territory can be created only if all disputes are resolved in favor of the Armenians, omitting both economic and historical beginnings, and if the population of the respective states is not questioned. In any case, the interests of other nations living in those states will be violated.
The Republic of Armenia already seemed to have a reliable sponsor (represented by the British), from whom diplomatic and military support was expected. However, it can be said that the Armenian side had high unjustified hopes for the help expected from the victorious states in favor of resolving the issue of Armenia's borders and sovereignty, in which the allies instilled false hopes in the friendly Armenian people, which conditioned Armenia's failures in foreign policy. Particularly in foreign policy calculations and sampling, which was facilitated by the Allied paper-declarative statements.
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Activity of Azerbaijani Islamists in the Caucasus and in the Middle East
AbstractAt the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century the reforms that began in Muslim countries have had an impact on the rise of a new wave of Islamic extremism in Muslim-populated parts of the world, including the Caucasus region, particularly Azerbaijan.
In this regard, the activity of Islamic extremism is visible in Azerbaijan and the active involvement of Azerbaijani Islamists in the Caucasus and the Middle East.
This article examines the activity of Azerbaijani Islamists, the reasons for the activity, their practical applications, the scope of actions, dangers and threats in the Caucasus and the Middle East. These manifestations are especially visible among Sunni Azeris.
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The Reflection of Psychological Influence of Hamidian Massacares in Arpiar Arpiaryan's Novelette "The Crimson Offering"
AbstractThe article focuses on the psychological influence of the Hamidian massacres occurred in 1894-1896 and its political motives in A. Arpiaryan's novel "The Crimson Offering". It was noticed that in 1894-1896 due to the first genocide, the problem of a new type of literary character, who underwent mental and psychological trauma has not been examined. Hence, in the novel “The Crimson Offering” A. Arpiaryan created such personages, which were reflected as two complementary, but antithetical characters in the face of Ter Husik and Hayrapet Efendi.
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Diplomatic Relations Between Georgia and the USA During the First Period of the Presidency of Mikhail Saakashvili (2004-2007)
AbstractThe article is devoted to the study of diplomatic relations between Georgia and the United States during the first period of the presidency of Mikhail Saakashvili in Georgia in 2004-2007. The history of the formation, strengthening and deepening of diplomatic relations between the countries, developments in domestic and foreign policy, as well as diplomatic successes achieved as a result of frequent meetings of high-ranking officials of the two countries have been highlighted in details. The foreign policy approaches of the US President George W. Bush’s administration to Georgia, in particular, from the Rose Revolution to the end of 2007, as well as the problems that arose for Armenia as a result of the changes that took place in Georgia, have been identified and studied. The specifics of President Bush’s visit to Tbilisi (May 2005), expected changes in the region and Georgia’s tendencies to become an “exporter” of democracy have been comprehensively considered. The role and significance of bilateral documents signed by the parties have been analyzed. Various facts have been considered that have contributed to the development of bilateral and multilateral diplomatic relations between Georgia and the United States. Particular attention has been paid to identifying the real reasons for the deterioration of diplomatic relations between Georgia and the Russian Federation. A special attention has been paid in the article to the study of the goals of the US financial and active support for holding fair and transparent snap elections in Georgia.
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On Some Features of Convergent and Multimedia Journalism in the Republic of Armenia
AbstractSummary
The article deals with the features of the formation of convergent and multimedia journalism in Armenia. The outspread of the "convergent journalism" was connected with the integration processes of information and communication means (traditional forms of mass media and computer technologies), which made it possible to send information through various channels (analogue - auditory, visual, print and digital). Necessary factors for the formation of the multimedia space in addition to the parallel use of various channels of information dissemination are interactivity (the involvement of the recipient of information and interaction in the information and communication process with him) and “creative synthesis of new forms and methods of the journalist's activity in contrast to the mechanical fusion of different communication channels inherent in convergent journalism”. An overview of the Armenian media involvement in the Internet and the “synergy of multimedia” is also presented in the article.
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The Situation in Northeastern Armenia in the First Quarter of the 18-th Century
AbstractAfter the Persian-Ottoman Wars from the 17th century to the 1730's a favorable environment for peaceful construction and economic development was created in Northeast Armenia. As a result, some population immigration was observed here from other sides of Armenia.. New monasteries and churches were built in the region. Situation changed when the Sefevids began to weaken in the latter part of the century. For the preventation the destruction of empire the Safavid government imposed heavier taxes, which made the lives of the population unbearable. Turkey and Russia begun to take advantage of the opportunity. In parallel the settlements of northeastern Armenia began to be plundered by lezgins. Their troops regularly crossed the Kur River and destroyed the Armenian settlements. This actions were inspired by Turkey, because they wanted to made their further invasion eaisyer. The Ottoman Empire, agreed with the Russian side, was able to occupy the entire region in 1725. These events made a huge difference to the demographic image of the region.
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Interests and Contradictions between Turkey and Russia in the South Caucasus in New Geopolitical Realities (2010-2016)
AbstractThe purpose of the article is to analyze the interests and contradictions between Russia and Turkey in the South Caucasus, which have been aggravated in many aspects by the influence of the Syrian and Ukrainian crises. In these circumstances, Azerbaijan became a key player for Ankara, which allowed the latter to gradually move on its interests in the region. Meanwhile, the formation of the EAEU with the participation of Armenia (without any preconditions on its end) negatively affected the latter’s factor, first of all, for Moscow as an ally. On top of it, Turkey and Azerbaijan, contrary to the interests of Armenia, significantly strengthened their geopolitical factors before Russia, against the backdrop of West’s political and economic sanctions against Moscow.
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The Etymology and Origins of the Name Nakhichevan from the Historical Sources
AbstractIn the south Caucasus there are many geographical names that are very old and have survived until now. One of the very old and important geographical names is the name of ancient city in Nakhichevan. It is the regional name which is important from the point of the history. Names are part of the identity and historical originality of the peoples of the lands. The aim of this study is to examine the origin of the historical name of Nakhichevan and the various forms of this word. Among the historical sources there is information about Nakhichevan word. But these sources are very limited and most importantly are associated with myths and legends. The name of Nakhichevan with its long history has been accompanied by changes in the south Caucasus and generally in Persian history. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the different sources since ancient time until now. It also assesses the information which is among, Armenian, Greek, Jewish historians or recent researches.
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Peculiarities, Results and Consequences of the Repatriation of the Lebanese-Armenians (1946-1949)
AbstractIn the studies devoted to the Great Repatriation in Armenian historiography, the repatriation of Lebanese-Armenians in 1946-1947, the results and consequences of which simultaneously caused inspiration and disappointment, has not yet been the subject of a separate investigation by any researcher. So far, it has not been the subject of a separate study. This article, giving an importance to the peculiarities of the Lebanese-Armenian community, comprehensively highlights the main shortcomings and omissions that have become an obstacle to the full and effective implementation of the process. The geography of the placement of repatriated Lebanese-Armenians is being clarified. In parallel, the contributions of repatriates to the economy, demography, urban planning and scientific and cultural life of Soviet Armenia are also put forward. The bulletins, letters and publications in a number of archival documents and periodicals, which were gathered up and analyzed, were of primary importance for the research.
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The Armenian Community of Uruguay
AbstractThe following paper represents the story of Uruguay’s Armenian community formation from the very first establishment of Armenian community to present days. This article discusses handful of significant patriotic manuals, which were carried out by Armenian community of Uruguay.
The article consists of five parts; the first part represents the initial establishment of Armenian community, some chronological calculations, the main reasons and prerequisites for the establishment of Armenian community. The second part represents the formation of Armenian community. Then it speaks about the educational, socio-political structures that function within the community and about manuals carried out by cultural centers, which have a huge impact on the preservation of Armenian Identity.
The goal of this paper is to raise the awareness of the importance of Armenian community in the context of Homeland – Diaspora relationship.References -
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Meeting of Catholicos of All Armenians Matteos II Izmirlyan with Russian Emperor Nicholas II
AbstractThe tragedy in Adana in 1909 was planned by the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire and in these terrible days Nicholas II published a manifesto according to which the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Matteos Izmirlyan became the Catholicos of All Armenians, after which the Catholicos, arriving in Russia, immediately went to St. Petersburg to meet with the Russian emperor, where he voiced the problem of Western Armenians, noted that he didn’t believe that the pogroms of Armenians could stop in the Ottoman Empire. In our opinion, Matteos II had an information that the Young Turks were behind the tragedy in Adana.
We can state that during the meeting of Nicholas II and Matteos II, there was no mention of the problems of Eastern Armenians, only the problem of Western Armenians was touched upon, where the Catholicos raised the issue of mass pogroms, but the information that reached us didn’t mention support and sponsorship from the Russians.
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Manifestations of Ethnic Identity and Historical Memory in the Armenian Festival and Ritual Culture
AbstractThe research conducted in the context of the connection between the Armenian festival and ritual culture, ethnic identity and historical memory gave an opportunity to make certain final conclusions:
- The spread of festivals is largely due to national characteristics, one of the manifestations of which is ethnic identity and the historical memory expressed in them.
- Ethnic identity and historical memory are mainly reflected in the traditional Armenian festival and ritual complex.
- The manifestations of ethnic identity and historical memory reflected in the festivals are especially evident in the communities of Armenian Diaspora.
- The historical memory also refers to the neighboring ethnic communities that shared the fate of the forced displacement, thus reflecting the friendly traditions.
- One of the manifestations of ethnic identity is the preservation of traditional Armenian rituals in foreign and non-Christian environments.
- The preservation of the Vardavar festival in Hamshen is very remarkable. Generations of Islamized Hamshen Armenians almost do not know the history of this holiday today, but continue to celebrate it, considering it a tradition from their ancestors.
- In my view, the participation of Muslims in traditional Armenian festivals testifies to their Armenian roots.
- The historical memory help Armenians preserve the agricultural-festival traditions of former cradle in their new settlements, in spite of their unfavorable climatic conditions.
- National ceremonies dedicated to the memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide are also connected with the historical memory. It is closely connected with the eternal memory of the Armenian martyrs, the ideology of the Armenian identity and national unity.
- Traditional Armenian festivals are most common among those for whom Armenia is considered as their homeland.
- If the first generation of migrants from Armenia still preserves national traditions, then these traditions are doomed to be forgotten among the next generations.
- The Church and the family are the main actors in the preservation of traditional festivals and rituals in the modern Armenian diaspora. Unlike in Armenia, there are almost no pan-national shrines, which are, in this context, the most important components of the presservation of historical values and the manifestation of historical memory and ethnic identity.
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Articles
Peculiarities of Project-Based Learning
AbstractNew forms, methods and technologies of educational activities inevitably arise in the learning process, developing the language thinking, the speech abilities of students, forming stable cognitive structures that eventually become self-governing.
The project-based learning technology is one of such modern learning technologies, which, as a synthesis of a number of research, problematic and creative methods, and sequences of certain actions of students, is carried out to accomplish the advanced task.
The main goal of the given technology is to give students an opportunity to independently acquire knowledge in the process of solution of practical tasks. The technology of project-based learning is grounded on the formation of the student's cognitive, collaborative, research skills, the formation and development of critical thinking, the ability to orient in the information space, to compare facts, and independently formulate their own knowledge.
The use of the project-based learning technology gives an opportunity to acquire knowledge, form skills through planning specific tasks and their independent performance. In this case, the teacher takes on the role of a developer, a coordinator, an expert and an advisor. The visible and published work is the result of the project-based learning technology.
The stages of implementation are the formulation of the problem, the formation of a working group (groups), the division of labor, the independent work of groups, separate persons, research, the ongoing discussion of the received results, the presentation of the performed work (the form of presentation is determined in advance: video materials, photos, an article or an original), the evaluation of the works of students (by teacher and students) and the planning of further work.
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