Patmut'yun ev Mshakuyt'
P-ISSN: 1829-2771
Vol. 18 No. 2 (2022)
Published:
2022-12-29
Articles
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Articles
War and peace as a "text" (about problems of reading)
AbstractIn the article, war and peace are analyzed from a new research point of view. They are considered as a multi-layered text that simply does not reflect reality, but, depending on the specifics of reading and perception creates it to a certain extent. This text is often read in the context of the duality of “anti-hero and hero, evil and good”, which is due to anthropological and moral and political factors. Moreover, when reading is accompanied by the reader’s “desired deviations of vision”, the preconditions for the transformation of reality or the formation of a new reality appear.
Conditionally separating the meta- and empirical levels of the text called war, it is shown that they affect the reader in different ways. At the meta-level, war is sometimes understood as an absolute evil that should be unconditionally avoided, and peace as a desirable ideal, an absolute good, to which one should unconditionally strive. Approaches that, in the context of specific geopolitical realities, often lead to catastrophic consequences. Meanwhile, at the empirical level of this text, the war is most often read as a chain of events, a chronicle of hostilities, discourses about which can force the reader to obey various regulations of the text.
ReferencesAsmus V. (1976), Istoрija antichnoj filosofii. Moskva, “Vysshaja shkola”, 544 s. (in Russian)
Aumann Р. (2011), Momjent istiny. Analiz gjeopolitichjeskogo polozhjenija Izрailja v XXI vjekje. https://www.liveinternet.ru/users/rinarozen/post195652664/. Dostupno: 01.12.2022. (in Russian)
Bjeрdjajev N. (1952), Bjeрdjajev, Nikolaj. Ekzistjencial’naja dialjektika bozhjestvjennogo i chjelovjechjeskogo. YMCA-Press, Paрizh, 1952, 246 s. (in Russian)
Ivanov A. (2016), Moрal’nyje diljemmy i koncjeptual’nyje pрotivoрjechija tjeoрii «Spрavjedlivoj vojny», //Filosofskije nauki, № 7 (69), chast’ 2, s. 55-58. https://www.gramota.net/materials/3/2016/7-2/13.html. Dostupno: 05.12.2022. (in Russian)
K‘isinjer H. (2020), Ashkharhakarg, «Profil media», Erewan, 380 ēj. (in Armenian)
Kant I. (1966), Sochinjenija v shjesti tomax, T. 6, “Mysl’”, Moskva, 744 s. (in Russian)
Kant I. (2003), K vjechnomu miрu //Tрaktaty o vjechnom miрje /Sost. I. S. Andрjejeva i A. V. Gulyga, Sankt-Pjetjeрbuрg, Aljetjejja, s. 205-242. (in Russian)
Kant I. (2003), O рaznoglasijax mjezhdu moрal’ju i politikoj, //«Filosofija ot antichnosti do sovрjemjennosti», Eljektрonnaja bibliotjeka, OOO DiрjektMjedia Pablishing, Moskva. (in Russian)
Klauzjevic K. (2002), O vojnje, //V 2-x tomax, “AST” Moskva, Sankt-Pjetjeрbuрg, 1130 s..
Nzh’deh G. (2006), Hatěntir, Erewan, 708 ēj. (in Armenian)
Oрjexov A. (2014), «Vjechnyj miр» ili «vjechnaja vojna»? (I. Kant versus K. Klauzjevic) // Pрostрanstvo i Vрjemja, № 3(17). (in Russian)
Taрanov P. (2004), Filosofkij biogрafichjeskij slovaр’ illjustрiрovannyj mysljami, Moskva, Eksmo, 893 c. (in Russian)
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Articles
Some Observations on the Genealogical Works of Hetum of Corycus
AbstractA handwritten collection of the 13th century from Cilicia is preserved in Matenadaran. Its serial number is 1898. The prince-historian Hetum of Corycus is considered to be the one, who has ordered it. The collection presents several historical works, including four genealogical works. These materials were published by V. Hakobyan, and earlier, Gh. Alishan had considered that the author was Hetum of Corycus, bringing several arguments for that. In this article, the genealogical works and facts presented in them are compared with other materials of the collection, including the work “History of Chronicle” translated by Hetum of Corycus, as a result of which more than thirty data-repetitions and at the same time stylistic similarities are revealed. This further substantiates the fact that the originals belonged to Hetum of Corycus. At the same time, it is shown that the presentation of the genealogy of the kings in the mentioned four originals is skillfully intertwined with the recording of Armenian-Latin marriages. The genealogical works of the 1898 collection have great value as a source.
References«Ararat» amsagir, Vagharshapat, 1870, ēj 353: (In Armenian)
Alishan Gh. (1885), Sisuan, Venetig-S. GHazar, 592 ēj: (In Armenian)
Bozoyan A., SHuk‘urov Ṛ., Ter-GHewondyan V., Danielyan G. (2016), Kilikyan Hayastaně sahmanakits‘ petakan miavorneri ěnkalumnerum, Erewan, 309 ēj: (In Armenian)
Ditten Hans (1988), Hayeri teghasharzh’erě Byuzandakan kaysrut‘yan mej Hustinianos I-its‘ minch‘ew IX dar, PBH, № 1: (In Armenian)
Ekanean Ō. (2007), Mayr TS‘uts‘ak Hayerēn DZeṛagrats‘ Mashtots‘i anvan Matenatarani, khmb.` Ant‘apean P‘., K‘ēōsēean Y., GHazarosean A., T. SHahē K‘hy. Hayrapetean, h. g, Erewan, 2004 ēj: (In Armenian)
F. N. Finck, „Zeitschrift für armenische philologie″, 1902, 1-es Heft, Marburg, ēj 177-189.
Hakobyan V. (1956), Manr zh’amanakagrut‘yunner XIII-XVIII dd., h. b, Erewan, 1956, 684 ēj: (In Armenian)
Mat‘ewosyan K. (2011), Het‘um, Patmich‘ Koṛikosts‘in ew nra zh’amanakagrut‘yuně, Erewan, 111 ēj: (In Armenian)
Mutafian Claude, Hethoum de Korykos, historien arménien, un prince cosmopolite à l’aube du XIVe siècle, «Cahiers de recherches médiévales», № 1, Orléans, 1996, p. 158-176
Shewalie Mari-Anna (2013), Kilikyan Hayastani ew hogeworaspetakan miabanut‘yunneri p‘okhharaberut‘yunneri patmut‘yunits‘, frans. t‘argm.` Varuzh’an Poghosyani, Erewan, EPH hrat., 116 ēj: (In Armenian)
Ter-Petrosyan L. (2007), KHach‘akirnerě ew hayerě, h. a, Erewan, 552 ēj: (In Armenian)
Ter-Petrosyan L. (2015), KHach‘akirnerě ew hayerě, h. b, Erewan, 672 ēj: (In Armenian)
Vahram Rabuni (1859), Otanawor patmut‘iwn Ṛubeneants‘, P‘ariz, 248 ēj: (In Armenian)
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Articles
Armenian spiritual centers and their cultural activities in Georgia in the 14-15 th centuries.
AbstractThe article is devoted to the coverage of the spiritual and cultural life of the Armenian diaspora in Georgia in the 14-15th centuries. The study is based on the manuscript sources and documents of Matenadaran named after Mesrop Mashtots. An attempt is made to present the activities of the Armenian spiritual centers, the relations between the Armenian scriptoriums in Georgia and in Armenia, to clarify the personality and activities of the scripters and miniaturists. Special attention was paid to the coverage of the history of the first Armenian school operating in Tipghis.
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Arvekadze B. (1996), «Armjanskie» ili gruzinskie cerkvi v Gruzi?! https://www.allgeo.org/index.php/ru/641-bondo-arveladze-armyanskie-ili-gruzinskie-tserkvi-v-gruzii (18/7/2022): (in Russian)
Asatryan A. (2016), Moghnu Surb Gevorg ev Surb Nshan ekegheciner… (patmutyun ev taregrutyun), hrat. Mayr Ator S. Echmiadzin, 367 ej. (in Armenian)
Asatryan M. (1978), Pamjatniki srednevikovoj armjanskoj arxitektury v Tbilisi, isz-vo AN ArmSSR, 24 s. (in Armenian)
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Chanaparhordutyun i Metsn Hayastan 1858, ashxatasir. Tearn Sargsi Sanahnecvoy Jalaleanc temakal arqeps. Hayots Vrastani, Imeret̉i ev aylots, masn B, Tpkhis, I tparani Nersisean Hwgevor Dproci, ej. 517։ (in Armenian)
Eishatakaran Sanahnoy vanits (2007), ashkhatasiru. Muradyan P., Edzmiadzin, Mayr at̉or Edzmiadzini hrat., ej. 331։ (in Armenian)
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Gevorgyan A. (1988), Hay manrankarichner, Matenagitutyun IX-XIX dd., Kahire …. ej. 822.
Haghbat. chartarapetakan karutsvatcqnerը and vimakan ardzanagrutyunnerը (1960), ashxatasir. Hakobyan T. Kh., Meliq-Bakhshyan St. T., Barseghyan H. Kh. (1991), Hayastani ev Harakts shrajanneri teghanunneri bararan, ht.4, hrat. Yerevani petakan hamalsaran, 4817 ej։ (in Armenian)
Hasratyan M. (2009), Tbilisii haykakan ekeghecineri chartarapetutyuny, Edzmiatsin, ej. 67-85: (in Armenian)
Hayeren dzeragreri hishatakaranner, ZH̉D dar mas А (1301-1325) (2018), kazmoghner` Khachikyan L., Matevosyan K., Ghazaryan A., Yerevan, Mesrop mashtoci matenadaran, «Nairi» hrat., 640 ej. (in Armenian)
Hovahanavanq. ev nra ardzanagrutyunnery (1948), ashxatasir. K. Ghafadaryani, Yerevan, HSSH GA Hayastani petakan t՞angaran, 120 ej։ (in Armenian)
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Melikset-Bek L. (1958), Hin Tbilisi ev hay-vratsakan kulturakan kaperi patmutyunic, Patma-banasirakan hands, N 3, ej. 152-160։ (in Armenian)
Melikyan L. (2021), Hayots ekexetsin ev hayer.. Vrastani social-tntesakan ev qaghaqakan kyanqum (X-XIII centuries), Hayagitutyan hartser 3(24), ej. 37-49: (in Armenian)
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MM vav. 8. t̉ght̉. 252: (in Armenian)
Muradyan P. (1979), Gruzinskie piripiski i zapisi v armjanskoj rukopisi 1317 g. iz Gladzora, Kavkaz i Vizantiya, N 1, ej. 95․ (in Armenian)
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Polievtkov A. (1935), Jevropejskie puteshestvenniki XIII-XVIII vv. Po Kavkazu izd-vo «Zarya Vostoka», 152 s. (in Russian)
Sargsyan L. (2015), Manrankarich Avag (kyanqy ev dzeragrakan zharangutyuny) Banber Matenadarani, N 22 , ej. 121-136։
Simeon katʹoghikos Yrevanci (2003), Jambr, Yerevan, «Mughni» hrat. 607 ej։ (in Armenian)
Tsutsak hayeren dzeragrats masnavor andzants (1980), Banber Matenadarani, N 13, Yerevan, HSSH gitutyunneri akademiayi hrat., 298-299 ej։ (in Armenian)
Zhan Sharden, Putishestvie Shardena po Zakavkazyu v 1672-1673 gg., Perv. E.V. Baxutovoy u D.P. Nosovicha, Tiflis, 1902 g., 301 str.. (in Russian)
Zh̉e dari hayeren dzeragreri hishatakaranner Mas I (1401-1450) (1955), kazmets` Khachikyan L., Yerevan, HSSH GA hrat., 818 ej։ (in Armenian)
Zh̉E dari hayeren dzeragreri hishatakaranner h. III Yerevan (1641-1660) (1984), kazmets` Hakobyan V., Yerevan, HSSH GA hrat., 1014 ej։ (in Armenian)
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Zh̉G dari hayeren dzeragreri hishatakaranner (1950), kazmets` Khachikyan L., Yerevan, HSSH GA hrat., 987 ej: (in Armenian)
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Articles
The Evaluation of the national Struggle of the Risorgimento famous figures in '' The Mshak''
AbstractThe Italian Risorgimento, which aimed to overthrow the Austrian rule and unite Italy, found a wide response in the Armenian public thought of the time and in the periodical press. Reflecting on this, “Mshak” newspaper, the pioneer of the Armenian liberal current, highlighted the role of Risorgimento leaders Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, King Victor Emmanuel II and Count Camillo Cavour in the unification of Italy.
The newspaper calls G. Mazzini “prominent republican”, “democratic genius” and “great patriot”, who had been fascinated by the idea of freedom and union of his homeland since his student years.
In particular “Mshak” newspaper highly appreciates G. Garibaldi’s contribution to the struggle for the unification of Italy, calling him “a great Italian patriot” who immortalized his name with his services to the motherland. According to the description of the newspaper, G. Garibaldi constantly invited his compatriots to fight for freedom and showed them a personal example of “unshakable determination”.
“Mshak” characterizes King Victor Emmanuel II as “an outstanding patriot and an outstanding statesman”, a patriot and brave soldier, a king guided by the interests of the people and the state. According to the opinion of the newspaper, the king was a cautious person, he never took a decisive step, he allowed popular hero G. Garibaldi to start the struggle every time. In this way, he united Italy, which he considered the goal of his life. According to “Mshak”, Victor Emmanuel’s “name occupies a glorious place in the history of Italy”.
“Mshak” also highlights C. Cavour in the Italian liberation struggle. According to the newspaper, King Victor Emmanuel was always guided by C. Cavour’s advice and “he is beholden to him most of his successes”.
References«Mshak», 1872, 16 marti, № 11, ēj 3, 29 hunisi, № 25, ēj 2, 23 marti, № 12, ēj 3: (in Armenian)
«Mshak», 1873, 23 ōgostosi, № 32 ēj 3։ (in Armenian)
«Mshak», 1874, 13 hunisi, № 23, ēj 4, 7 noyemberi, № 44, ēj 3: (in Armenian)
«Mshak», 1875, 30 hunvari, № 4, ēj 3, 20 p‘etrvari, № 7, ēj 3, 27 marti, № 12, ēj 4, 26 hulisi, № 25, ēj 3։ (in Armenian)
«Mshak», 1876, 1 aprili, № 12, ēj 3։ (in Armenian)
«Mshak», 1878, 14 hunvari, № 1, ēj 3, 20 hunvari (1 p‘etrvari), № 5, ēj 3, 28 septemberi, № 165, ēj 1։ (in Armenian)
«Mshak», 1882, 5 hunisi, № 99, ēj 3-4, 8 hunisi, № 100, ēj 2-3, 9 hunisi, № 101, ēj 2-3, 10 hunisi, № 102, ēj 3, 12 hunisi, № 104, ēj 1, 23 hunisi, № 111, ēj 3։ (in Armenian)
Chisalberti A. (1967), Ancora sulla lettera di Mazzini a Pio IX. Scritti in memoria di A. Giuffre. Milano.
Djebiduр A․ (1995), Diplomatichskaja istoрija JEvрopy․ 1814-1878, t․ 2, Рostov-na-Donu, Gosudaрstvjennoje izdatjel’stvo inostрannoj litjeрatuрy․ 487 stр ․ (in Russian)
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Articles
Publications in the Armenian Press about the Turkish-Armenian Border Clashes (May-September 1920)
AbstractPreparing for a campaign against Armenia, M. Kemal and K. Karabekir, in May-September 1920, organized riots and clashes in the border regions of Armenia: Kars, Sarighamish, Zangibasar, Vedibasar, Olti, Surmalu. They were also largely using the human resources of Azerbaijan. The Turkish-Tatars (Caucasian Tatars), receiving funds from the Turkish central authorities, invaded Armenian settlements, destroyed, looted and killed the local Armenian residents. In order to put an end to this situation, in the summer of 1920, the Armenian military command set out to clear a number of territories from the Turks.
These events were widely covered in a number of organs of the Armenian press, among which were “Mshak”, “Yaraj”, “Zhoghovrdi Dzayn”, “Zhoghovurd” and others. Other organs mainly published the publications of these periodicals. The material presented in them shows the motives and course of the border clashes, and also provides some statistical information about the victims, wounded, as well as the ratio of forces. These publications of the Armenian press became the basis of our research. In the article, we also referred to the foreign political realities of those months, which in many cases caused border movements and clashes, as a result of which a war against RA was unleashed in 1920, which was devastating for the Armenian people, because the Armenians were deprived of a huge part of their historical motherland.
References՛՛Gayli drunk‘ě՛՛ grawwats, Yaṛaj, 16․7․1920, Ν 149, ēj 4։ (In Armenian)
«Dokumjenty vnjeshnjej politiki SSS», M. (1958), T. 2, s. 554-555, 725-726. (In Russian)
Antonyan A․ (1990), Mets ochirě, Haykakan verjin kotoratsnerě ew T‘aleat‘ p‘asha, Erewan, ēj 259-261։ (In Armenian)
Artsruni V․ (2002), Hay-tachkakan paterazmě։ Hay spayut‘iwně։ Shatakh, Erewan, 2002, 456 ēj։ (In Armenian)
Ērzrumě datarkwum ē, Yaṛaj, 22․7․1920, Ν 153, ēj 4։ (In Armenian)
Ērzrumits‘ nor oyzh’er dēpi Ōlt‘i, Yaṛaj, 3․7․1920, Ν 141, ēj 4։ (In Armenian)
Gjenocid aрmjan: Otvjetstvjennost’ Tuрcii i ob’jazatjel’stva miрovogo soobsh’jestva. Dokumjenty i kommjentaрij. Pod. Рjed. JU. G. Baрsjegov, tom 2, chast’ 1, 2003. (In Russian)
Hayer mets korust kě patchaṛen t‘urk‘eru ew t‘at‘arneru, Zh’oghovurdi dzayn, 21․7․1920, , Ν 3845 ēj 3։ (In Armenian)
K‘andwets‘ Zangibasari awazakayin orjě, Yaṛaj, 22․6․1920, Ν 129, ēj 2։ (In Armenian)
Kaṛavarakan haghordagrut‘iwn Zangibasari masin, Yaṛaj, 24․6․1920, Ν 131, ēj 1։ (In Armenian)
Kjemal’ A․, 1966, Izbрannyje рjechi i vystupljenija, Moskva, s. 99. (In Russian)
Kjemal’ M., Put’ novoj Tuрci, M. 1934, t. 3, stр. 117: (In Armenian)
Koch‘ hay zinworut‘ean ew ashkhataworut‘ean, Yaṛaj, 19․9․1920, Ν 203, ēj 3։ (In Armenian)
Mer zōrk‘eri aṛajkhaghayut‘iwně, Zh’oghovurd, 17․7․1920, Ν 115 ēj 2։ (In Armenian)
Mshak, 1․10․1920, Ν 101 ēj 2։ (In Armenian)
Mshak, 15․9․1920, Ν 90 ēj 2։ (In Armenian)
Mshak, 18․9․1920, Ν 92 ēj 2։ (In Armenian)
Mshak, 19․9․1920, Ν 93 ēj 2։ (In Armenian)
NAA, fund 200 , inv. 1, file 602, sheet 1. (In Armenian)
NAA, fund 200 , inv. 1, file 602, sheet 280. (In Armenian)
NAA, fund 200 , inv. 1,, file 486, sheet 226. (In Armenian)
Ōlt‘ii atskhahank‘erě, Yaṛaj, 29․6․1920, Ν 135, ēj 2։ (In Armenian)
Ōlt‘ii ughghut‘eamb, Yaṛaj, 3․7․1920, Ν 138, ēj 4։ (In Armenian)
P‘aṛawor yaght‘anak, Yaṛaj, 25․6․1920, Ν 132, ēj 2։ (In Armenian)
Pashtōnakan, Yaṛaj, 15․9․1920, Ν 200, ēj 1։ (In Armenian)
Ṛubēn Tēr-Minasean, Hraman Hayastani Hanrapetut‘ean zōrakanut‘ean, 1920 t‘․ yulisi 20, Erewan, N 315, Yaṛaj, 22․7․1920, Ν 153, ēj 4։ (In Armenian)
Sahakyan Ṛ․ (1970), T‘urk‘-Fransiakan haraberut‘yunnerě ew Kilikian 1919-1921 t‘t‘․, Er․, ēj 44։ (In Armenian)
Sargsyan E․ (1963), Sahakyan Ṛ․, Hay zh’oghovrdi nor shrjani patmut‘yan nengap‘okhumě t‘urk‘ patmagrut‘yan mej, Erewan, 1963, ēj 43։ (In Armenian)
Vrats‘yan S․ (1993), Hayastani hanrapetut‘yun, Erewan, ēj 447-448։ (In Armenian)
Yulisi 18-i ṛazmakan haghordagrut‘iwn, Yaṛaj, 21․7․1920, Ν 152, ēj 4։ (In Armenian)
Zangibasarě piti zinat‘ap‘ lini, Yaṛaj, 19․6․1920, Ν 127, ēj 2։(In Armenian)
Zangibasarě, Yaṛaj, 20․6․1920, Ν 128, ēj 3։ (In Armenian)
Zangibasari ankumě, Zh’oghovurd, 23․6․1920, Ν 97 ēj 1։ (In Armenian)
Zangibasari ōperats‘iayi ghekavar gndapet Shahmazeani hramanits‘, Yaṛaj, 27․6․1920, Ν 134, ēj 3-4։ (In Armenian)
Zohrabyan Ē․ (1997), 1920 t‘․ t‘urk‘-haykakan paterazmě ew terut‘yunnerě, Erewan, ēj 28։ (In Armenian)
Zōrakan haghordagrut‘iwn, Zh’oghovurd, 16․7․1920, Ν 114 ēj 3։ (In Armenian)
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Articles
Russian-Armenian Agreement of August 10, 1920 and Military-Political Position of the Representations of the European Countries in Transcaucasia and the Republic of Armenia
AbstractThe Russian-Armenian treaty of 1920 was a test for Armenia in relations with its allies. Not wanting to lose Armenia as a bulwark against Bolshevism, the Allies took this agreement is in shambles.
The policy of the Armenian government was twofold; its inclination towards the West was obvious, because on the same day the Treaty of Sevres was signed, which left its mark on the agreement of August 10.
In fact, the agreement of August 10, 1920 was one of the successful diplomatic maneuvers of the Soviet side, since with it the issue of “disputed” territories was removed from the sphere of diplomacy of the Western powers.
Actually, the European “allies” of Armenia, dissatisfied with the agreement of August 10, were interested in Armenia only as an anti-Russian shield. In such a hopeless situation, the government of the Republic of Armenia responded to the coercion of Bolshevik Russia by temporarily transferring those territories to Russia, since there was a somewhat naive hope of returning these territories in the future, which was completely excluded if they were captured by Turkey.
ReferencesAlikhanyan S. (1974), G. K. Ōrjonikidzen ew Sovetakan kargeri hastatumě Hayastanum, Erewan, «Hayastan» hrat., 248 ēj: (in Armenian)
Galoyan G․ (1999), Hayastaně ew mets terut‘yunnerě 1917-1923 t‘t‘., KHmb.՝ G. Galoyan ew urish., Erewan, HH GAA Patmut‘yan inst-t, 539 ēj։ (in Armenian)
Khurshudyan L․ (2017), Hayastani bazh’anumě 1920 t‘vakanin, Erewan, EPH hrat․, 352 ēj:
Hayastani Hanrapetut‘yuně 1918-1920 t‘t‘ (2000), (k‘aghak‘akan patmut‘yun), p‘astat‘ght‘eri ew nyut‘eri zh’oghovatsu, Erewan, HH GAA «Gitut‘yun» hrat․, 455 ēj: (in Armenian)
Hayastani Azgayin arkhiv (HAA), f. 200, ts‘. 1, g. 607, t‘. 29-31, 35-37, 149-154: (in Armenian)
HAA, f. 368, ts‘. 1, g. 18, t‘. 2, 8, 16-17, 23, 34։ (in Armenian)
Hovhannisyann Ṛ. (2005), Hayastani Hanrapetut‘yun: Hator I․ Aṛajin Tari․1918 -1919. Erewan, «Tigran Mets» hrat., 604 ēj. (in Armenian)
Hovhannisyan Ṛ. (2015), Hayastani Hanrapetut‘yun, Hator IV, Sali ew mangaghi mijew. Masnatum ew khorhrdaynats‘um, Erewan, «Tigran Mets» hrat. , 572 ēj: (in Armenian)
«Yaṛaj», 1920, 5-6 hoktemberi, Erewan: (in Armenian)
Nersisyan A. (2007), Ṛuben : [Ṛubēn Tēr-Minaseani kyank‘n u gortsuneut‘yuně] / A. Nersisean; Aṛajab.՝ A.Melk‘onean; KHmb.՝ Ē. Minasean. Erewan, Ēdit‘ Print, 394 ēj: (in Armenian)
Simonyan A. (2000), Zangezuri goyamarttě (1920-1921 t‘t‘.), Erewan, Erewani hamals. hrat., 672 ēj: (in Armenian)
Simonyan A. (2017), Zangezuri goyapayk‘arě 1917-1920 t‘t‘., A. Simonyan, - Erewan, EPH hrat., 2017, 742 ēj: (in Armenian)
Vrats‘yan S․ (1993), Hayastani Hanrapetut‘yun, Erewan, «Hayastan» hrat․, 704 ēj։ (in Armenian)
Tumanjan M. (2012), Diplomatichjeskaja istoрija Рjes¬publiki Aрmjenija. 1918-1920 gg., JEрjevan, Nacional’nyj aрxiv Aрmjenii, 404 s. (in Armenian)
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Articles
Depopulation of Vanand (Kars) Province (1920-1921)
AbstractVanand Province was one of the vital provinces of the newly independent Republic of Armenia. Kemal invasion in 1920 was tragic for the Armenian population. In the newly resettled state, the Turkish troops massacred tens of thousands of peaceful Armenian residents, including Western Armenians who survived the Genocide. A part of the Armenian population of the province was captured and annihilated. As a result of the anti-Armenian policy conducted by the Kemalians, under the threat of persecution and physical destruction by the Turkish army, the remnants of the Armenian population were forced to leave their native places, some settling in other regions of Armenia, and some in foreign countries. In difficult socio-economic conditions, the population of Kars province was deported again, facing new disasters, being massacred in Shirak province, and dying of starvation far from their homeland. The massacres of the population of Vanand province, and the repression and deportation of the Armenian population were the consistent continuation of the Armenian Genocide, perpetrated by the Turkish authorities.
ReferencesArchive
A) National Archives of Armenia (hereafter: NAA)
Fund 57, inv. 3, file 312, sheets 3, 4,10,11, 12։
Fund 114, inv. 1, file 134; inv. 2, file 27, թ․ 86; file 33, sheet 49.
Fund 131, inv․1, file 18, sheet 2.
Fund 200, inv. 1, file 602, sheet 80.
Fund 201, inv. 2, file 636, sheets 5,6։
Fund 205, inv. 1, file 689, sheet 19։
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Alek’sandryan A. (1986), Kars 1920-21, Yerevan, hrat․ «Hayasatan», 124 ej. (in Armenian)
Azat, ankakh yev miats’yal Hayastani verjin orery, hatvats Anhayt groghi oragrits’, khmb. S. Harut’yunyan, «Depi yerkir» matenashar, t’iv 9, Yerevan, 1993: //http://armenianhouse.org/armenia-diary/igdir-vardanlu.html// ditum 19.02.2020. (in Armenian)
Babalean A․ (1923), Karsi ankumy, Boston, «Hayrenik’ amsagir», t’iv 12, ej 52-68. (in Armenian)
Georg tsarray K’ristosi yev anhasaneli kamok’n Astutsoy yepiskoposapet yev kat’voghikos Amenayn Hayots’ tsayragoyn patriark’ hamazgakan nakhametsar at’vorroy Araratean Arrak’elakan mayr yekeghets’woy Srboy Kat’ughike Ejmiatsni, Ejmiatsin (1920), t’iv 12, ej 177-180. (in Armenian)
Hakhoyan V․ (2022), Karsi hayut’yan kotoratsy 1920-1921 t’t’․, Yerevan, «Hayagitut’yan harts’er», t’iv 1, ej 109-125. (in Armenian)
Hakobyan T’․, Melik’-Bakhshyan S․, Barseghyan H․ (1986-2001), Hayastani yev harakits’ shrjanneri teghanunneri barraran,Yerevani hamalsarani hratarakch’ut’yun, Yerevan. (in Armenian)
Harut’yunyan B․ (2012), Arevmtahay gaght’akanut’yuny yev hay vorbery Hayastani hanrapetut’yunum (1919-1920 t’t’․), Hayastani patmut’yan atlas, G mas, Yerevan, MANMAR, ej 24. (in Armenian)
Hayastani azgayin atlas (2008), hator B, Yerevan, «Geodeziayi yev k’artezagrut’yan kentron» POAK, Tigran Mets, 264 ej. (in Armenian)
Hayastani nahangneri nor bazhanumy (1920) Yerevan, Yaṛaj, t’iv 126, ej 2. (in Armenian)
Hayk․ akakhut’iwny p’rkelu hamar Hayastani zhoghovurdy p’rkenk’, Zhoghovurdi dzayny zhamanak (1920), K․ Polis, t’iv 664, ej 2. (in Armenian)
Haykakan harts’ hanragitaran (1996), Yerevan, 528 ej. (in Armenian)
Haykakan keank’, P’akhstakanner, (1920), K․ Polis, Zh’oghovrdi dzajn, t’iv 645, ej 2. (in Armenian)
Hayut’ean vichaky Alek’sandrapoli yev Karsi mej (1921), K․ Polis, Zh’oghovrdi dzajn, t’iv 695, ej 3. (in Armenian)
Hazarawor hay p’akhstakanner k’apastanin Vrastan (1920), K․ Polis, Zh’oghovrdi dzajn,, t’iv 667, ej 3. (in Armenian)
«Karsi marz» k’artez, HH karravarut’yann arrynt’er ansharzh guyk’i kadastri petakan komite «Geodezia yev k’artezagrut’yun» POAK, «GEOK’ART» POAK 2015 t’. (in Armenian)
Nersesyan N․ (2018), Vorbak’aghak’y, hrat․ «Zangak-97», Yerevan, 652 ej. (in Armenian)
Nersisyan M․ (2005), Hayots’ ts’eghaspanut’yan anherk’eli p’astat’ght’er, Yerevan, hrat․ HH GAA «Gitut’yun», 336 ej. (in Armenian)
Nersisyan M․, Sahakyan RR․ (1991), Hayeri ts’eghaspanut’yuny Osmanyan kaysrut’yunum, P’astat’ght’eri yev nyut’eri zhoghovatsu, Yerevan, hrat․ «Hayastan», 758 ej. (in Armenian)
Petrosyan G․ (2004), Karsi khndiry yev nra shurj tsavalvats payk’ary (1918t’․ dektember-1919t’․ april), «Banber Yerevani hamalsarani», 3 (114), Yerevan, ej 22-35. (in Armenian)
Sardaryan K․ (1990), Hamashkharhayin heghap’vokhut’yan arevelyan khach’merukum, Yerevan, «Garun», t’iv 4, ej 16-45. (in Armenian)
T’urk’ery ky jarden hayery yev ky koghopten anonts’ stats’uatsk’y (1920) K․ Polis, Zh’oghovrdi dzajn, t’iv 687, ej 3. (in Armenian)
Yerevan hasats nor p’akhystakanneri vichaky (1920), Yerevan, Yaṛaj, t’iv 249, ej 2. (in Armenian)
Yesayean A․ (1921), Gharsi ariwnot orery, Yerevan, «Komunist», t’iv 47, ej 2. (in Armenian)
Yovsep’ean G. (1982), Keank’is amenadzhbakht ory yev yerjankut’eans ropen, TPARAN KAT’VOGHIKOSUT’EAN HAYOTS’ METSI TANN KILIKIOY, Ant’ilias-Libanan, 47 ej. (in Armenian)
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Articles
The Coverage of the Issue on “The Full Knights of Glory Order of Other Nationalities Born or Having Lived and Worked in Armenia before the War” in Armenian HistoriographyThe Coverage of the Issue on “The Full Knights of Glory Order of Other Nationalities Born or Having Lived and Worked in Armenia before the War” in Armenian Historiography
AbstractArmenian people has had an active participation in the Second World War and in the Great Patriotic War and had its great contribution to the Victory against Fascism - the enemy of humanity.
More than 600 000 Armenians participated in the War, 200 000 of them passed away in the front line. 106 Armenian soldiers were awarded with the highest title of the Hero of the Soviet Union (it should be mentioned, that Azerbaijan had 43 heroes, which were mainly Kurds, Talyshs, Tatars). 26 Armenian soldiers were awarded with three degrees of Glory Order and became full knights of the Glory Order, the status of which was equal to the status of the Hero of the Soviet Union.
10 soldiers of other nationalities were also awarded with the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union, who were born or had lived and worked in Armenia before the War (5 Russians, 1 Ukrainian, Greek, Assyrian, Kurdish and Azerbaijani).
Since, different statistics on the number of the Full Knights of Glory Order have been mentioned up till now we tried to find out about it in our article. That will definitely support the tutors at schools, military institutions, and higher education institutions in their daily work and according to us, will contribute to the important task of military-patriotic upbringing of the younger generation.
ReferencesAghayan Ts., Khaleyan E., (1960), Urvagtser Sovetakan Hayastani patmut‘yan, Errord prak, Erewan, Hayk. SSṚ GA hrat, ēj 309: (in Armenian)
Aрutjunjan K. (2004), Uchastije aрmjanskogo naрoda v Vjelikoj Otjechjestvjennoj vojnje Sovjetskogo Sojuza (1941-1945), JEрjevan: Izd. «Gitutjun» NAN РA, s. 742. (in Russian)
Aрutjunjan K. (2004), Uchastije aрmjanskogo naрoda v Vjelikoj Otjechjestvjennoj vojnje Sovjetskogo Sojuza (1941-1945), JEрjevan: Izd. «Gitutjun» NAN РA, s. 748-843. (in Russian)
Aрutjunjan K․ (2005), Dokumjenty o gjeрoje Рossijskoj fjedjeрacii-moрskom ljetchikje Suрjenje Tashijevje «Vjestnik obsh’jestvjennyx nauk» (NAN РA), №2, s. 251-261. (in Russian)
Aрutjunjan K․ (2010), Uchastije aрmjanskogo naрoda v Vjelikoj Otjechjestvjennoj vojnje Sovjetskogo Sojuza (1941-1945), JEрjevan: Izd. «Zangak» NAN РA, s.110-114. (in Russian)
Aрutjunjan K. (2022), Gjeрoi Sovjetskogo Sojuza։ рusskije iz Aрmjenii (1941-1945gg․) JEрjevan: Izd-vo «Edit pрint», s. 96+8 рis. (in Russian)
Aрutjunjan K., Pogosjan G. (2010), Vklad aрmjanskogo naрoda v Vjelikoj Otjechjestvjennoj vojnje (1941-1945), JEрjevan: Izd. «Gitutjun» NAN РA, s. 841-849. (in Russian)
Barseghyan Kh. (1975), Hayrenakan mets paterazmi sovetahay patmagrut‘yuně, Erewan, HSH GA has. git. informats‘iayi sektori tpagrut‘yun, ēj 7: (in Armenian)
Girk‘ herosneri masin (1964), Erewan, HSSṚ GA hrat., 1964, ēj 363-366, 440-442: (in Armenian)
Gjeрoi Sovjetskogo Sojuza. Kрatkij biogрafichjeskij slovaр’ (1988) M.: Vojenizdat., t. 2, 1988, s. 556. (in Russian)
Gjeрoi Sovtskogo Sojuza. Istoрiko-statistichjeskij ochjeрk (1984), M.: Vojenizdat, 1984, s. 245. (in Russian)
Harut‘yunyan G. (2002), Khorhrdayin Miut‘yan hay herosneri ew P‘aṛk‘i shk‘anshani lriv aspetneri himnaharts‘ě hay patmagrut‘yan mej, Erewan, «Zangak» hrat., 95 ēj: (in Armenian)
Harut‘yunyan K․ (2017), Syunik‘i zavakneri masnakts‘ut‘yuně Hayrenakan mets paterazmin (1941-1945), Erewan, «Zangak» hrat., ēj 7-8: (in Armenian)
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Kavaljeрy oрdjena Slavy tрjex stjepjenjej (2000), Kрatkij biogрafichjesij slovaр’, M.: Vojenizdat, s. 420. (in Russian)
Kniga o Gjeрojax (1985), Jeрjevan: Izd. AN Aрmjanskij SSР, s. 6. (in Russian)
Melik‘set‘yan H. (1982), Sahakyan M., P‘aṛk‘i shk‘anshani hay aspetnerě, Erewan, «Hayastan» hrat, 120 ēj: (in Armenian)
Mnats‘akanyan A. (1975), Miasnakan shark‘erum, Erewan, «Hayastan» hrat., 446-450 ēj: (in Armenian)
Sovjetskaja Aрmjenija v gody Vjelikoj Otjechjestvjennoj vojny (1941-1945) (1975), Sboрnik dokumjentov i matjeрialov, JEрjevan: Izd. AN Aрmjanskij SSР, 1975, s. 634-636. (in Russian)
Vtoрaja miрovaja vojna. Itogi i uрoki (1985), M.: Vojenizdat, s. 212-213. (in Russian)
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Articles
Population of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast According to the All-Union Census of 1959
AbstractThe purpose of the article is to reveal the demographic characteristics of the population of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast according to All-Union Population Census of 1959. The objectives of the study are to present the size, distribution, ethnic composition, gender composition and age structure of the population of Nagorno-Karabakh according to the census data.
The study was conducted on the basis of the results of the Soviet population census, other statistical sources and special literature. Descriptive, statistical and analytical methods have been used and applied.
Studying the topic, we have come to the conclusion that the All-Union Census of 1959 showed the consequences of the military-political developments of the previous period on the demographic characteristics of the region. As a result of the Great Patriotic War, the deportation of the Armenian population (1949), the labor recruitment, mass emigration, the population of the autonomous oblast has significantly decreased compared to the pre-war period.
The ethnic composition of the autonomous oblast was predominantly Armenian․ In the period between censuses, in contrast to a significant decrease in the number and share of the Armenian, Russian and other ethnic communities of the oblast, there was a noticeable increase in the number and share of the Azerbaijani population. In accordance with the post-war demographic patterns, the female population of the oblast significantly predominated over the male. As for the age structure, a sharp decrease occurred in the age group under 15 years old and especially in the age group of 35-44 years old in comparison to the census of 1939. The 1959 census also showed the process of demographic ageing of the population of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.
ReferencesAll-Union Population Census. Vsjesojuznaja pjeрjepis’ nasjeljenija 1959 goda, Federal Archival Service of Russia, Fjedjeрal’naja aрxivnaja sluzhba Рossii, 2005, Woodbridge, 46 pp. https://www.bsb-muenchen.de/mikro/lit455.pdf (accessed 22.09.2022).
Andрjejev JE., Daрskij L., Xaр’kova T., (1998), Djemogрafichjeskaja istoрija Рossii: 1927-1959, Moskva, «Infoрmatika», 187 s. (in Russian)
Arts‘akhi hanrapetut‘yan arkhiv, f․ 142, ts‘․ 4, g․ 90. (in Armenian)
Chisljennost’ nasjeljenije SSSР po pjeрjepisi na 15 janvaрja 1959 goda po рjespublikam, kрajam, oblastjam, nacional’nym okрugam, рajonam, goрodam, posjelkam goрodskogo tipa, рajonnym cjentрam i kрupnym sjel’skim nasjeljennym mjestam (Po administрativno-tjeррitoрial’nomu djeljeniju na 1 janvaрja 1960 g.) (1960), Moskva, 262 s․ (in Russian)
Dostizhjenija Sovjetskogo Nagoрnogo Kaрabaxa za 40 ljet v cifрax. Statistichjeskij sboрnik (1963), Stjepanakjeрt, CSU SSSР Statistichjeskoje upрavljenije Nagoрno-Kaрabaxskoj Avtonomnoj Oblasti Azjeрbakdzhanskoj SSР, 171 s. (in Russian)
Itogi Vsjesojuznoj pjeрjepisi nasjeljenija 1959 goda. Azjeрbajdzhanskaja SSР (1962), Moskva, Gosstatizdat, 158 s. (in Russian)
Mamjedov K. (1982), Nasjeljenije Azjeрbajdzhanskoj SSР za 60 ljet, Baku, Azjeрbajdzhanskoje Gosudaрstvjennoje Izdatjel’stvo, 111 s. (in Russian)
Mkrtch‘yan Sh. (1985), Leṛnayin GHarabaghě Hayrenakan mets paterazmi tarinerin, Banber Hayastani arkhivneri, №1, ēj 111-127. (in Armenian)
Nagoрnyj Kaрabax za gody sovjetskoj vlasti (Kрatkaja statistichjeskaja sboрnik) (1969), Stjepanakjeрt, Statupрavljenije NKAO, 221 s. (in Russian)
Nasjeljenije Nagoрnogo Kaрabaxa, http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rnkarabax.html (dostupno: 10․06․22). (in Russian)
Poljakov JU․, ZHiрomskaja V., Aрalovjec N., ««Djemogрafichjeskoje exo» vojny». Nauchno-pрosvjetitjel’skij zhuрnal Skjepsis, https://scepsis.net/library/id_1260.html (dostupno: 10․06․22). (in Russian)
Uрovjen’ obрazovanija, nacional’nyj sostav, vozрastnaja stрuktuрa i рazmjesh’jenije nasjeljenija SSSР po рjespublikam, kрajam i oblastjam։ Po dannym vsjesojuznoj pjeрjepisi nasjeljenija 1959 goda (1960), Moskva, Gosstatizdat CSU SSSР, 38 s. (in Russian)
Vsjesojuznaja pjeрjepis’ nasjeljenija 1939 g. Рaspрjedjeljenije goрodskogo i sjel’skogo nasjeljenija oblastjej sojuznyx рjespublik po nacional’nosti i poly. Azjeрbajdzhanskaja SSР: Nagoрno-Kaрabaxskaja Avt. Obl. Goрodskoje i sjel’skoje nasjeljenije,http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rer_nac_39_gs.php?reg=25&gor=3&Submit=OK(dostupno: 22․09․22). (in Russian)
Vsjesojuznaja pjeрjepis’ nasjeljenija 1939 goda. Nacional’nyj sostav nasjeljenija рajonov, goрodov i kрupnyx sjel sojuznyx рjespublik SSSР․ Azjeрbajdzhanskaja SSР. Nagoрno-Kaрabaxskaja Avt. Obl. http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr_nac_39_ra.php?reg=760 (dostupno: 22․09․22). (in Russian)
Vsjesojuznaja pjeрjepis’ nasjeljenija 1959 g. CHisljennost’ goрodskogo nasjeljenija sojuznyx рjespublik (kрomje РSFSР), ix tjeррitoрial’nyx jedinic, goрodskix posjeljenij u goрodskix рajonov po polu, http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr59_reg2.php (dostupno: 22․09․22). (in Russian)
Vsjesojuznaja pjeрjepis’ nasjeljenija 1959 g. CHisljennost’ sjel’skogo nasjeljenija sojuznyx рjespublik (kрomje РSFSР), zhitjeljej sjel’skix nasjeljennyx punktov-рajonnyx cjentрov po polu, http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr59_reg3.php (dostupno: 22․09․22). (in Russian)
Vsjesojuznaja pjeрjepis’ nasjeljenija 1959 goda. Goрodskoje i sjel’skoje nasjeljenije oblastjej рjespublik SSSР (kрomje РSFSР) po polu i nacional’nosti․ Nagoрno-Kaрabaxskaja AO, http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/resp_nac_59.php?reg=67 (dostupno: 22․09․22). (in Russian)
Zaxaрova O., Akopjan A., Xaрchjenko V., 2002, Evoljucija рozhdajemosti v Рossii vo vtoрoj polovinje XX vjeka: Istoрija, sovрjemjennost’ i pjeрspjektivy, Pрobljemy pрognoziрovanija, № 6, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/evolyutsiya-rozhdaemosti-v-rossii-vo-vtoroy-polovine-hh-veka-istoriya-sovremennost-i-perspektivy/viewer (dostupno: 22․09․22). (in Russian)
Рossjet E. (1968), Pрocjess staрjenija nasjeljenija: Djemogрafichjeskoje issljedovanije, Moskva, Statistika, 509 s. (in Russian)
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Articles
Nerses Ashtaraketsi – Mikhail Vorontsov: New Documents about Friendship
AbstractIn Armenian historiography, there are not so many references to the friendly relations of the Catholicos of all Armenians, Nerses Ashtaraketsi with the governor of the Caucasus, Mikhail Vorontsov. It is an obvious fact that these relations, in addition to personal ones, had a pronounced pro-Armenian orientation. Moreover, the preserved documents in the archive of the famous historian and specialist in Caucasian Studies Alexander Yeritsyan, which are kept in the Matenadaran named after Mesrop Mashtots, give us the opportunity to reveal and analyze many episodes of this friendship, which undoubtedly has historical and historiographical significance. On the other side, the presented documents describe Nerses Ashtaraketsi as a statesman, his intention to use his personal ties to serve the interests of the Armenian nation.
ReferencesGagjemajstjeр A. (1845), Zakavkazskije ochjeрki, SPb. (in Russian)
Mesrop Mashtots‘i anv. Matenadaran, Alek‘sandr Erits‘yani arkhiv, t‘ght‘apanak 154, vaveragir, 391, t‘ert‘.1, vav. 392, t‘.1, vav. 394, t‘.1, vav. 395, t‘.1, vav. 396, t‘.1, vav. 397, t‘.1, vav. 399, t‘.1, vav. 400, t‘.1,2, vav. 402, t‘.1, vav. 403, t‘.1, vav. 404, t‘.1, 2, vav. 405, t‘.1, vav. 407, t‘.1, vav. 408, t‘.1, vav. 409, t‘.1, vav. 410, t‘.1, t‘ght‘. 148, vav. 63, t‘.1: (in Armenian)
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Articles
The use of Copper Trays Inhausehold in Armenia XIX -XX Centuries
AbstractSummarizing the topic and our research, on the tray, it should be noted that the trays are considered as unique examples of the Armenian culture both from an aesthetic point of view and from that of view of functional significance in everyday life.
In addition to the meaning of their daily use, the phenomenon of their ritualism, which was especially characteristic of the traditional life, is very interesting.
The rich ornament adorning the trays had a peculiar symbolic meaning and a meaning of the amulet.
As for the cultural and everyday value of the trays, which was directly related to the cultural characteristics of the given historical and ethnographic region, we can say that in each period it had different manifestations, the least studied of which is the custom of giving a tray as a gift. So i think it needs a particular research.
ReferencesAbrahamyan V. (1956), Arhestnerě Hayastanum IV-XVIII, Erewan, hrat. Haykakan SSṚ GA: (in Armenian)
Abrahamyan V. (1975), XV dari mi ezaki skutegh, Ashkhatut‘yunner Hayastani petakan patmakan t‘angarani VI, Erewan, «Hayastan» hrat.,ēj17-31: (in Armenian)
Achaṛyan H. (1946), Hayots‘ andznanunneri baṛaran, h. 3, Erewan, EPH hrat.: (in Armenian)
Aghayan Ē. (1976), Ardi hayereni bats‘atrakan baṛaran, h. 2, Erewan, «Hayastan» hrat.: (in Armenian)
Aṛak‘elyan B. (1958), K‘aghak‘nerě ew arhestnerě Hayastanum IX-XIII dd., Erewan, Haykakan SSṚ GA hrat.: (in Armenian)
Bdoyan V. (1974), Hay azgagrut‘yun, Erewan, Hayastani hamalsarani hrat.: (in Armenian)
Bdoyan V. (2014), Javakhk‘i hayots‘ azgagrut‘yuně ew zh’oghovrdakan banarvestě, Erewan, EPH hrat.: (in Armenian)
Davt‘yan S. (1966), Haykakan zh’anyak, Erewan, Haykakan SSṚ GAA hrat.: (in Armenian)
Gyozalyan G. (2001), Musa leṛan azgagrut‘yuně, Erewan, «Gitut‘yun» hrat.: (in Armenian)
Hakobyan N. (1981), Mijnadaryan Hayastani gegharvestakan metaghě IX-XIII dd., Erewan, Haykakan SSH GA hrat.: (in Armenian)
Hovhannisyan L. (2000), Kents‘aghayin ireri imastayin khmbi baṛerě grabarum, «Banber Erewani hamalsarani» 3(102), Erewan, EPH hrat., ēj 77-83: (in Armenian)
Maрutjan A. (1989), Intjeр’jeр aрmjanskogo naрodnogo zhilish’a (vtoрaja polavina XIX- nachalo XX v.), JEрjevan, Izdatjel’stvo AN Aрmjanskoj SSР. (in Russian)
Maрutjan A. (2012), Posjeljenija i zhilish’a, AРMJANJE, Moskva, рjed. Moskva nauka, stр. 205-233. (in Russian)
Mnats‘akanyan A. (1955), Haykakan zardarvest, Erewan, Haykakan SSṚ GA hrat.: (in Armenian)
Nahapetyan Ṛ. (2004), Aghdznik‘ahayeri ěntanik‘ě ew ěntanekan tsisakargě, Erewan, EPH tparan: (in Armenian)
Ōrmanyan M. (1992), TSisakan baṛaran, Erewan, «Hayastan» hrat.: (in Armenian)
Petoyan V. (2014), Sasuni azgagrut‘yuně, Erewan, «Lusakn» hrat.: (in Armenian)
Poghosyan S. (2004), Meghru avandakan tarazi tonatsisakan hamalirě, Hay zh’oghovrdakan mshakuyt‘ 12, Erewan, «Mughni» hrat., ēj 98-122: (in Armenian)
Suk‘iasyan A. (1967), Hayots‘ lezvi homanishneri baṛaran, Erewan, Haykakan SSH GA hrat.: (in Armenian)
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Articles
Issues of Exhibiting the Armenian Traditional Dwelling in the Memorial Complex of Sardarapat’s Battle, National Museum of Armenian Ethnography and History of the Liberation Struggle
AbstractIssues of exhibiting the armenian traditional dwelling in the museum of Armenian ethnography. The article focuses on peculiarities of the dwellings of the ethnic group that has lived in the Armenian Highland. Special attention is drawn to the conditions of construction of traditional folk dwellings. The peculiarities of the skylight dwellings construction and the prevalence of its two variations in the historical and ethnographic regions of Armenia are also noteworthy. Glkhatun was the main type of dwelling in the second half of the 19th -early 20th centuries.
The article also discusses the impact of the Soviet period on the traditions of house building and the main changes as a result of this impact. The role of museums in the preservation of cultural values is emphasized. The relevance and significance of exhibiting traditional houses in museums are also studied. Variants for displaying dwellings are being considered.
The article touches upon the issue of organizing an exhibition of a traditional dwelling in the Museum of Armenian Ethnography.
ReferencesBdoyan V. (1974), Hay azgagrut‘yun. hamaṛot urvagits, Erewan, EPH hrat., 286 ēj: (in Armenian)
Chantre (1893), A travers i Armenie Russe, hrat. Librairie Hachette Et Cie, 368 p. (in Franch)
Frédéric DuBois de Montperreux (1893), Voyage autour du Caucase, chez les Tscherkesses et les Abkhases, en Colchide, en Géorgie, en Arménie et en Crimée, Paris, t. III, hrat. Librairie de Gide, p. 324 . (in Franch)
Gasarjyan S. (2007), CHartarapetakan ew shinararakan terminneri ṛus-hayeren ew hay-ṛuseren bats‘atrakan baṛaran, Erewan, 576 ēj: (in Armenian)
Geworgyan L. (2014), T‘angaranayin ts‘uts‘adrut‘yunneri kazmakerpman himunk‘ner, Erewan, 120 ēj: (in Armenian)
Geworgyan L. (2016), Azgagrut‘yan t‘angaranneri dzewavorman sots‘ial-tntesakan patchaṛnerě, Gitakan ashkhatut‘yunner, XIX, Gyumri, ēj 201-209։ (in Armenian)
Griboyedov A. (1945), Cհanaparhordakan not‘er, hrat. «Haypethrat», Erewan, 94 ēj։ (in Armenian)
Il’ina M. (1964), Dрjevnjejshije tipy zhilish’ Zakavkaz’ja, Moskva, izdat. AA SSSР, 42 s. (in Armenian)
K‘senop‘on (1970), Anabasis, Erewan, HSSH GA hrat., 281 ēj։ (in Armenian)
Karakhanyan G. (2003), Hayots‘ zh’oghovrdakan mshakuyt‘ě, hanragitaran, h. A, Erewan, «Gitut‘yun» hrat., ēj 321: (in Armenian)
Lisician S. (1925), K izuchjeniju aрmjanskix kрjest’janskix zhilish’ (Kaрabaxskij kaрadam), “Izvjestija Kavkazskogo istoрiko-aрxjeologichjeskogo instituta”, Tiflis, t. IV, s. 99-100. (in Armenian)
Magelssen S. (2007), Living History Museums: Undoing History Through Performance, Scarecrow, p. 207.
Mat‘ewosyan S. (1985), Gyumrii zh’oghovrdakan chartarapetut‘yuně, Erewan, «Sovetakan grogh» hrat., 144 ēj։ (in Armenian)
Maрutjan A. (1989), Intjeр’jeр aрmjanskogo naрodnogo zhilish’a (vtoрaja polovina XIX -nachalo XX vjeka). Matjeрialy k “Kavkazskomu istoрiko-etnogрafichjeskomu atlasu”. -“Aрmjanskaja etnogрafija i fol’kloр”, vypusk 17, JEрjevan, izdat. AN SSР, 143 s. (in Russian)
Mik‘ayelyan V. (1988), Hayastani bats‘ōt‘ya t‘angaraně, «Kultur-lusavorakan ashkhatank‘», N 3-4, ēj 41-50: (in Armenian)
Mnats‘akanyan S. (1956), Hayastani gyughakan bnakavayreri chartarapetut‘yuně, Erewan, hrat. HSSṚ GA, 243 ēj։ (in Armenian)
Nahapetyan Ṛ. (2021), Haykakan zh’oghovrdakan avandakan bnakaranayin hamalirneri orosh aṛandznahatkut‘yunneri shurj, «Patmabanasirakan handes», N 3, ēj 149-171: (in Armenian)
Pushkin A. (1949), Polnoje sboрanije sochinjenij, Moskva, 437 s.. (in Russian)
Samuelyan Kհ. (1941), Hin Hayastani kulturan, h. II, Erewan, «Armfan» hrat., 342 ēj: (in Armenian)
Sargsyan L. (1890), Ayts‘ t‘urk‘ats‘ Hayastan, T‘iflis, «M.D. Ṛōtineants‘» hrat., 286 ēj: (in Armenian)
Texier Ch. (1842), Description de l'Armenie la Pers et la Mesopotamie, Paris, t. II, hrat. Librairie Hachette Et Cie, 214. (in Franch)
Vardanyan S. (1959), Haykakan zh’oghovrdakan bnakeli tneri chartarapetut‘yun, Erewan, «Haypethrat», 132 ēj: (in Armenian)
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Articles
On the Question of the Semantic-Functional Relationship between the Two Forms of the Subjunctive in Classical Armenian
AbstractIt is argued that attempts to characterize the semantic relationship between the two forms of the Subjunctive (the present subjunctive and the aorist subjunctive) in Classical Armenian as either a mood contrast or an aspect-mood contrast are not backed up by the relevant synchronic as well as diachronic linguistic data of Old Armenian. The nearly identical syntactic functions of the two forms of the Subjunctive in Classical Armenian, along with their diachronically similar morphological structure (owing to the addition of one and the same suffix *-ից to either the present stem or the aorist stem), leaves no doubt that the both forms under consideration are subjunctive-mood forms. As to the difference in the frequency of use of the two forms of the Subjunctive in Classical Armenian, it should be accounted for by the general diachronic tendency for the present subjunctive to get restricted in use and displaced gradually by the aorist subjunctive. On the other hand, a detailed contextual-semantic analysis of uses of the present subjunctive and the aorist subjunctive in Classical Armenian, clearly testifies to the original aspectual (imperfective - perfective) contrast between them. However, it is also evident that the aspectual contrast had already ceased to be conceived of as a living grammatical phenomenon in the case of the Subjunctive in Classical Armenian and therefore did not manifest itself in a regular way: in aspectual terms identical actions/events were often expressed both by the present subjunctive and the aorist subjunctive. Moreover, they could even occur side by side within one and the same sentence.
ReferencesAbeghyan M. (1974), Yerker, h. Z, Ye., hrat. HSSH GA, 848 ej. (In Armenian)
Abrahamyan A. (1976), Grabari dzeṛnark, Ye., hrat. “Luys”, 558 ej. (In Armenian)
Achaṛyan H. (1959), Liakatar kʻerakanutʻyun hayotsʻ lezvi, h․ IV, girkʻ A, Ye., hrat. HSSH GA, 594 ej. (In Armenian)
Avetisyan H. (1985), Grabari storadasakan yeghanakě yev nra ěmbṛnumě hay kʻerakanutʻyan patmutʻyan mej, “Banber Yerevani hamalsarani”, Ye’., N 1, 193-204 ej. (In Armenian)
Avetyan S. (2015), Anglereni zhamanakayin haraberaktsʻutʻyan kargi yev hayereni vochʻ iradrakan zhamanaki (yentʻa-)kargi zugadrakan kʻnnutʻyun, “Banber Yerevani hamalsarani”, Ye., N 1 (16), 38-40 ej. (In Armenian)
Avetyan S. (2022), Ardi arevelahayereni k(ə)- apaṛ’nii yev -u apaṛnii imastagortsaṛutʻayin pʻokh haraberutʻyan hartsʻi shurj, “Banber Yerevani hamalsarani. Banasirutʻyun’”, Ye., N 2, 22-35 ej. (In Armenian)
Awetikʻean G., (1815), Kʻerakanutʻiwn haykakan, Venetik, hrat. S. Ghazar, 580 ej. (In Armenian)
Bagratuni A., (1852), Hayerēn kʻerakanutʻiwn i pēts zargatsʻelotsʻ, Venetik, hrat. S. Ghazar, 744 ej. (In Armenian)
Dahl Ö. (1985), Tense and Aspect Systems, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 213 p.
Dzhahukyan G. B. (1982), Sravnitel‘naya grammatika armjanskogo jazyka, Yerevan, Izdatel‘stvo AN SSR, 274 s. (In Russian)
Garagashean A. M. (1876), Gortsnakan kʻerakanutʻiwn hay lezui, K. Pōlis, hrat. Y. Gavafean, 248 ej. (In Armenian)
Godel R. (1975), An Introduction to the Study of Classical Armenian, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 139 p.
Khachʻatryan L., Tʻosunyan G. (2004), Grabari dasagirkʻ, Ye., “Zangak-97”, 384 ej. (In Armenian)
Hambardzumyan V. (2018), Grabari dzeṛnark, Ye., “Editʻ Print’”, 436 ej. (In Armenian)
Hilpert M․ (2008), Germanic Future Constructions: A usage-based approach to language change, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 205 p.
Hovhannisyan L. (1975), Dasakan grabari bayakan zhamanakneri kiraṛutʻyuně, “Lezvi yev vochi harts‘er”, pr. III, Yer., hrat. HSSH GA, 252-319 ej. (In Armenian)
Jensen H. (1959), Altarmenische Grammatik, Heidelberg: Carl Winter. Univeritätsverlag, 224 S.
Karst J. (1901), Historische Grammatik des Kilikisch-Armenischen, Strassburg: Verlag Von Karl J. Trübner, 444 S.
Lyons J. (1977), Semantics, Vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 897 p.
Meillet A. (1913), Altarmenisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winters Univeritätsbuchhandlung, 212 S.
Meillet A. (1936), Esquisse d’une grammaire comparée de l’arménien classique, 2nde éd., Vienne: Imprimerie des PP. Mekhitharistes, 205 p.
Sampanis K․ (2017), The interplay between the future and the subjunctive mood in the diachrony of the Greek language // Lambert F., Allan R., Markopoulos Th. (eds.), The Greek Future and its History / Le futur grec et son histoire. Bibliothèque des cahiers de linguistique de Louvain, 139, Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters, 237-251 pp.
Schmitt R. (2007), Grammatik des Klassisch-Arme¬nischen mit sprach¬ver¬gleichenden Erläuterungen, 2., durch¬ge¬sehene Auflage, Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, 253 S.
Wallace D. B. (1996), Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics, Grand Rapids, Michigan։ Zondervan Publishing House, 1996, 797 p.
Wallace D. B. (2000), The Basics of New Testament Syntax, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2000, 336 p.
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Articles
Azerbaijan’s Policy Regarding Misappropriation of Armenian Cultural Heritage in the Light of International Principles (Authenticity, Integrity, Cultural Significance, Outstanding Universal Value) of Heritage Protection
AbstractThe aggressive policy of Azerbaijan towards the cultural heritage of Artsakh is not limited to destruction, demolition and physical violence against the Armenian heritage. A much more dangerous policy exists and is widely used, which, while outwardly preserving the main structure of the heritage, alienates from it the most important thing - the Armenian identity. Alienation of identity occurs through change, appropriation, Azerbaijanization, Turkification and other ways. This policy is a gross violation of the basic international principles for the protection of cultural heritage: the principles of “authenticity”, “cultural significance”, “integrity” and “exclusivity”. This way of working is also a significant obstacle to the comprehensive preservation of heritage elements, vitality, principles of naturalness and cultural habitat. By distorting historical facts, Azerbaijan neutralizes the true tradition of heritage, violates the possibility of transferring value to generations with its main function, its integrity, details, elements and attributes. The attribution of Armenian values to Caucasian Albanians, Turks or their Azerbaijaization takes away these values from their real owners, the Armenian community of Artsakh, according to whose life experience, knowledge and skills they were created and must be preserved as such. According to the international principles of heritage, its idea, the feelings it evokes, the potential of the heritage, the information it carries, can often be more than the structure itself, but Azerbaijan consistently manipulates them. The appropriated Armenian heritage is the embodiment of the creative genius of the Artsakh Armenian community and its preservation is entrusted to the Artsakh Armenian community itself, but it is purposefully constantly alienated from its native people and the whole world.
ReferencesAmbartsumian Ye. (2021), “Why Armenian Cultural Heritage Threatens Azerbaijan’s Claims to Nagorno-Karabakh, Hyperallergic, https://hyperallergic.com/614619/why-armenian-cultural-heritage-threatens-azerbaijans-claims-to-nagorno-karabakh/ . (In Armenian)
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), International court of justice , The Hague, Netherlands, No. 2021/34, 7 December 2021, https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/180/180-20211207-PRE-01-00-EN.pdf ։
Arts‘akhi mshakut‘ayin zh’aṛangut‘yan mshtaditarkum kayk‘, Ahazanger bazh’in, https://monumentwatch.org/hy/%d5%a1%d5%b0%d5%a1%d5%a6%d5%a1%d5%b6%d5%a3%d5%a5%d6%80/ ։ (In Armenian)
Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, (1999)․
Australia ICOMOS, Guidelines to the Burra charter: cultural significance, (1988), https://www.marquis-kyle.com.au/bcsignificance.htm :
Background Document on the Notion of Integrity,UNESCO, International World Heritage ExpertMeeting on Integrity for Cultural Heritage, 12‐15 March 2012, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 2012, https://whc.unesco.org/document/121725 :
Burra Charter, ICOMOS Australia, Definitions, (1981), https://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/Burra-Charter_1981.pdf ։
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, UNESCO, (1972), https://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/ ,
Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, Resolution 2391 (2021), Humanitarian consequences of the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan / Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, https://pace.coe.int/en/files/29483/html :
HH GAA haytararut‘yuně Adrbejani koghmits‘ Arts‘akhum iragortsvogh haykakan mshakut‘ayin ts‘eghaspanut‘yan tsragri veraberyal, https://www.sci.am/m/newsview.php?id=477&langid=1
HH varch‘apeti, AH nakhagahi ew ṚD nakhagahi haytararut‘yuně, 10.11.2020, https://www.primeminister.am/hy/press-release/item/2020/11/10/Announcement/ ։
International World Heritage Expert Meeting on Integrity for Cultural Heritage 12 to 15 March 2012, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, Background document on the notion of integrity prepared by The World Heritage Centre, ICOMOS, ICCROM and IUCN version of 7 march 2012, https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/events/documents/event-833-7.pdf ։
Khatchadourian L., Smith Ad., The US can help prevent the destruction of cultural heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh. Here’s how, Dec 15, 2020։
Managing Cultural World Heritage, UNESCO /ICCROM/ICOMOS/IUCN 2018, https://whc.unesco.org/document/171923 ։
Nara Document on Authenticity, ICOMOS, (1994), https://www.icomos.org/charters/nara-e.pdf :
Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention UNESCO, Intergovernmental Committee for the protection of The World Cultural and Natural Heritage, WHC. 11/01 November 2011, https://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide11-en.pdf :
Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UNESCO, Paris, Intergovernmental committee for the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage, WHC. 05/2 2 February 2005, https://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide05-en.pdf ։
Petrosyan H․ (2010), Mshakut‘ayin ēt‘nots‘idn Arts‘akhum (MZH’ bṛnayurats‘man mekhanizmě), Adrbejani petakan ahabekch‘ut‘yuně ew ēt‘nikakan ztumneri k‘aghak‘akanut‘yuně Leṛnayin GHarabaghi dem, SHushi, ēj 137-148. (In Armenian)
Rapport de la Réunion d'experts sur l'Evaluation des Principes généraux et des critères pour les propositions s'inscription de biens naturels du patrimoine mondial Parc national de la Vanoise, France, 22-24 mars 1996․
Stovel Herb (2007), Effective use of authenticity and integrity as world heritage qualiifying conditions, http://www.ceci-br.org/novo/revista/docs2007/CT-2007-71.pdf ։
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Book Review
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Book Review
H. Zh. Harutyunyan – Pertsh Sergeevich Boshnaghyan: Essays from Military, Scientific and Public-Political Activities or MEMENTO VIVERE. Yerevan, Publishing House “Limush”, 2022, 200 p.
AbstractThe review briefly presents an analysis of all the priority problems addressed by the author of the monograph H.Zh. Harutyunyan. A focus has been made on the military career of P.S. Boshnagyan and his scientific and socio-political (deputy of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia) activities. The book received our high appraisal as an extremely important work, which presents the image of a true citizen of his country, devoted to the ideals of the Motherland. It is no coincidence that the prefaces to the monograph by H.Zh. Harutyunyan were written by prominent figures of our time – Lieutenant-General M.G. Grigoryan, Dean of the Faculty of Geology and Geography M.A. Grigoryan, as well as the Director of the Center of Russian Studies at the Faculty of International Relations of YSU, deputy of the National Assembly of the RA of the 4th convocation A.V. Safaryan.
References -
Book Review
Vahram Vardanyan, Spiritual Screams in Silence, Yerevan, Publishing House “Asoghik”, 2020, 152 pages
AbstractThe review refers to Vahram Vardanyan’s work “Spiritual Screams in Silence”. This is the story of a family, representatives of which lived in several villages of the Taron region. During the Genocide, the 59 members of this family appeared in exile, as a result of which it settled in Kakavadzor village of Talin region. The work presents the documentary material, which is at the disposal of Vahram Vardanyan and the memoirs that the author heard from the surviving members of this family.
References
