Vol. 3 No. 2 (6) (2023)

View Vol. 3 No. 2 (6) (2023)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/10.46991/TSTP/2023.3.2
Published: 2023-12-25

Full Issue

Articles

  • Articles

    Stereotypical Representations of Siberia in Seventeenth Century Translations

    Anastasiia Carisio
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    Abstract

    This paper demonstrates the sociocultural impact of translation by examining reports about Siberia from foreign travelers and writers in the seventeenth century. The main research method is from Jerzy Bartmiński, who founded the Ethnolinguistics School of Lublin, and his cognitive approach (Bartmiński 2009). The current study is a continuation of our extensive research related to the stereotypes that represent colloquial images of Siberia and the Cognitive Definition of Siberia among Spanish speakers on the Iberian Peninsula. This is based on linguistic units found in Spanish corpora spanning from 1736 to 2014. The aim of this paper is to trace how the translation of works by scientists who wrote about Siberia in the seventeenth century contributed to the penetration of stereotypical ideas about this region into different cultures, particularly within Spanish culture.

    References

    Alekseev, Mijail P. 1941. Sibir’v izvestijax inostrannyx putešestvennikov i pisatelej. Vvedenie, teksty i kommentarii. XIII-XVII vv [Siberia as Reported by Foreign Travelers and Writers. Introduction, Texts, and Comments. XIII-XVII Centuries]. Irkutsk: Irkutsk Regional Publishing House.

    Bartmiński, Jerzy, and Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska, Stanisława. 1996-2021. Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych [Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols]. Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS.

    Bartmiński, Jerzy, and Zinken, Jörg. (Eds.). 2009. Aspects of Cognitive Ethnolinguistics. London: Equinox Publishing Ltd.

    Bartmiński, Jerzy. 2013. “The Cognitive Definition as a Text of Culture.” In The Linguistic Worldview edited by Adam Głaz, David S. Danaher and Przemysław Łozowski. London: De Gruyter Open Poland, 161–180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/9788376560748.p2.

    Bartmiński, Jerzy. 2018. “In the Circle of Inspiration of Anna Wierzbicka: The Cognitive Definition - 30 Years Later.” Russian Journal of Linguistics, 22 (4): 749–769. DOI: 10.22363/2312-9182-2018-22-4-749-769.

    Bernárdez, Enrique. 2008. El lenguaje como cultura. Madrid: Alianza.

    Carisio, Anastasiia. 2020. “The Linguistic Image of the World and Image Schemas: An Attempt at Their Delimitation and Comparison.” Complutense Journal of English Studies 28: 219–228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/cjes.67041

    Carisio, Anastasiia. Forthcoming. “Cultural Conceptualization of SIBERIA in Spanish corpora.” In Past in Present: (Re)conceptualized Tradition across Languages and Cultures, edited by Judit Baranyine Koczy, Veronika Szelid. Singapore: Springer.

    Mierzwińska-Hajnos, Agnieszka. 2013. “Jerzy Bartmiński’s Linguistic Worldview Meets the Western Cognitive Tradition: the Semantics of Polish and English Plant Names.” In The Linguistic Worldview, edited by Adam Głaz, David S. Danaher and Przemysław Łozowski. London: De Gruyter Open Poland, 387–416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/9788376560748.p4

    Moréri, Louis, Coignard, Jean Baptiste, Desmarets, Duflos, Claude, and Real Colegio de Cirugía de San Carlos (Madrid). 1725. In Le Grand Dictionnaire Historique Ou Le Mélange Curieux De L'histoire Sacrée Et Profane Nouvelle et derniere edition revûe, corrigée et augmentée ed. A Paris: chez Jean Baptiste Coignard.

    Pajares Infante, Eterio. 1996. “La teoría de la traducción en el siglo XVIII.” Livius 8:165-174.

    Putnam, Hilary. 1975. “The Meaning of ‘Meaning’: Mind, Language and Reality.” Studies in the Philosophy of Science 7:131–192.

    Real Academia Española: Banco de datos (CORDE) [en línea]. Corpus diacrónico del español. [Diachronic Corpus of Spanish]. Accessed November 9, 2023. http://www.rae.es

    Real Academia Española: Banco de datos (CREA) [en línea]. Corpus de referencia del español actual. [Corpus of Reference of Actual Spanish]. Accessed November 9, 2023. http://www.rae.es

    Real Academia Española: Banco de datos (CORPES XXI) [en línea]. Corpus del Español del Siglo XXI (CORPES) [Corpus of the Spanish of the XXI Century]. Accessed November 9, 2023. http://www.rae.es

    Roig, Carmen. 1994. “Le rôle du français dans l’esprit de quelques “Ilustrados” espagnols: Feijoo, Jovellanos et Capmany.” Documents pour l'histoire du français langue étrangère ou seconde. Regards sur l’histoire de l’enseignement des langues étrangères, 14: 35–44.

    Roig Morras, Carmen. 1995. “La traducción científica en el siglo XVIII: problemas y soluciones” In V encuentros complutenses en torno a la traducción, edited by Rafael Martín-Gaitero. Madrid: Editorial Complutense, 431–437.

    Scientific Software Development GmbH [ATLAS.ti 22 Mac]. 2022. Obtenido de https://atlasti.com.

    Sharifian, Farzad. 2017. Advances in Cultural Linguistics. Singapore: Springer.

    Tolstaja, Svetlana. 2015. “Ètnolingvistika Eži Bartmiń’skogo.” Obraz mira v tekste i rituale [Ethnolinguistics of Jerzy Bartmiński. The Image of the World in Text and Ritual]. Moskva: Russkij fond sodejstvija obrazovaniju i nauke.

    Vera Camacho, Juan P. 1960. Historia de una comarca: (pasado y futuro de la Siberia extremeña). Revista de Estudios Extremeños 16, 1:193–210.

    Wierzbicka, Anna. 2013. “Polish Zwierzęta ‘Animals’ and Jabłka‘Apples’: an Ethnosemantic Inquiry.” In The Linguistic Worldview edited by Adam Głaz, David S. Danaher and Przemysław Łozowski. London: De Gruyter Open Poland, 137–159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/9788376560748.p2.

  • Articles

    The Cognitive Approach to the Semantics of the Russian Verbal Prefix Pere-: A Useful Contribution to Consecutive Interpreting?

    Filippo Bazzocchi
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    Abstract

    The cognitive approach to the semantics of Russian verbal prefixes (RVPs) defines each of their meanings by virtue of a visual cognitive configuration. Since the process of note-taking in consecutive interpreting (CI) calls for the use of symbols that must be clear, evocative, and unambiguous, the aim of this work is to test whether configurations for RVPs can be effectively repurposed as CI symbols, as a way to help interpreters provide more precise translations of Russian prefixed verbs into a target language. In particular, we will focus on the meaning <TRANSFER> of the RVP pere- in the context of Russian→Italian CI. We will analyze examples of Russian texts that will be translated into CI symbols, using RVP configurations for pere-verbs; on the basis of that, these symbols will in turn be translated into Italian. This way, we hope to provide some useful guidelines for the visual language of CI symbols, so as not to alter the meaning of Russian prefixed verbs when interpreting into Italian.

    References

    Amato, Amalia. 2021. “L’annotazione in interpretazione consecutiva.” Interpretare da e verso l’italiano. Didattica e innovazione per la formazione dell’interprete, a cura di Mariachiara Russo. Bologna: Bononia University Press, 3-18.

    Bezkrovna, Lyubov, Landa, Kristina, and Polidoro, Sara. 2021. “Interpretare tra russo e italiano.” Interpretare da e verso l’italiano. Didattica e innovazione per la formazione dell’interprete, a cura di Mariachiara Russo. Bologna: Bononia University Press, 267-288.

    Endresen, Anna. 2014. Non-Standard Allomorphy in Russian prefixes: Corpus, Experimental, and Statistical Exploration. Tromsø: The Arctic University of Norway.

    Iacobini, Claudio. 2004. “Prefissazione.” La formazione delle parole in italiano, a cura di Maria Grossmann e Franz Rainer. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 97-163.

    Janda, Laura. 1986. A Semantic Analysis of the Russian Verbal Prefixes za-, pere-, do-, and ot-. München: Slavistische Beitrage.

    Janda, Laura, Endresen, Anna, Kuznetsova, Julia, Lyashevskaya, Olga, Makarova, Anastasia, Nesset, Tore, and Sokolova, Svetlana. 2013. Why Russian Aspectual Prefixes Aren’t Empty. Prefixes as Verb Classifiers. Bloomington: Slavica Publishers.

    Russo, Mariachiara. 1999. “Sviluppo morfologico del codice dell’interpretazione consecutiva.” Interpretazione simultanea e consecutiva. Problemi teorici e metodologie didattiche, a cura di Caterina Falbo, Mariachiara Russo e Francesco Straniero Sergio. Milano: Hoepli, 245-272.

    Straniero Sergio, Francesco. 1999. “Interpretazione consecutiva: modalità enunciativa e modalità di presa di note.” Interpretazione simultanea e consecutiva. Problemi teorici e metodologie didattiche, a cura di Caterina Falbo, Mariachiara Russo e Francesco Straniero Sergio. Milano: Hoepli, 299-339.

    Tichonov, Aleksandr. 1971. Prefiksy i prefiksal’nye glagoly v semnadcatitomnom akademičeskom slovare russkogo jazyka. Samarkand: Russkoe slovoobrazovanie.

  • Articles

    Contextual Frames of Reference in the Translation of George Orwell’s Animal Farm to Kiswahili

    Jill Laventor Itieba, Benard Mudogo, David Barasa
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    Abstract

    This paper seeks to establish the cognitive contextual frames of references (CFRs) in the translation of George Orwell’s Animal Farm from English to Kiswahili. The source text “Animal Farm” and the target text "Shamba la Wanyama" were used to gather the study's data. The paper offers insights on how CFRs can be employed in literary translation to domesticate the target text so that it is relevant to the target language audience. Specific word and phrase meanings were deduced from sentences of both the source text and the target text. The analyzed data revealed that the translator used organizational category shifts, textual category shifts, communicational category shifts, and socio-cultural category shifts. The most common CFRs in the Kiswahili translation of Animal Farm were found to be communicational category shifts. The target text is made relevant to the audience through such manipulations.

    References

    Baker, Mona. 1992. In Other Words a Coursebook on Translation Studies. London: Routledge.

    Bell, Emma, and Bryman, Alan. 2007. "The Ethics of Management Research: An Exploratory Content Analysis." British Journal of Management, 18(1): 63-77.

    Berman, Sidney. 2014. "Cognition and Context in Translation Analysis: Contextual Frames of Reference in Bible Translation." Journal for Contextual Hermeneutics in Southern Africa, 113(1): 1-12.

    Catford, John Cunnison. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Croft, William; Cruse D. Alan. 2004. "Frames, Domains, Spaces: The Organization of Conceptual Structure." Cognitive Linguistics, 7-39.

    Evans, Vyvyan; Green, Melanie. 2018. Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.

    Geeraerts, Dirk. 2006. "Cognitive Linguistics: Basic Readings." In A rough Guide to Cognitive Linguistics, 1-28, edited by M. D. Gruyter. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

    Gordon, Ian. 2013. Controlled Breeding in Farm Animals. Elsevier.

    Gutt, Ernst-August. 2000. "Translation as Interlingual Interpretive Use." The Translation Studies Reader, 376-396. New York: Routledge.

    Khachula, Anet Aromo; Mandilah, Lucy; Mudogo, Bernard Angatia. 2021. "Levels of Equivalence in Interpreter-Mediated Sermons from English into Luhya Varieties." International Journal of English Language Studies, 3(5): 26-30.

    López, Ana Maria Rojo. 2002. "Applying Frame Semantics to Translation: A Practical Example." Meta Journal des traducteurs, 47(3): 312-350.

    Makutoane, T.J., Naudé, J.A. 2009. "Colonial Interference in the Translations of the Bible into Southern Sotho." Acta Theologica, 2009(sup-2): 79-94.

    Matthews, Roger; Briggs, Daniel. 2008. "Lost in Translation: Interpreting and Implementing Anti-Social Behaviour Policies." In ASBO Nation, 95-108. Policy Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56687/9781847423511-006

    Mazrui, Alamin. 2017. "Cold War Translation in the East African Context: Reception and Responses" In Translation Studies Beyond the Post Colony, edited by Kobus Marais and Ilse Feinauer, 73-93. UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Mudogo, B. A. 2018. "Baker’s Strategies in Translation: A Lexico-Semantic Analysis of Four Luhya Dialects: Lukabras, Lwisukha, Luwanga and Lukhayo in Informative Text." The African Journal of Education and Social Sciences (AJESS). Vol 3: 71-85.

    Nida, Eugene A. 1975. Componential Analysis of Meaning. An Introduction to Semantic Structures. The Hague: Mouton.

    Orwell, George. 2021. Animal Farm and 1984. Fusion Books.

    Orwell, George. 1967. Shamba la Wanyama. Translated by Fortunatus F. Kawegere. Nairobi: East

    African Publishing House.

    Sperber, Dan, and Wilson, Deirdre. 2002. "Pragmatics, Modularity and Mind‐Reading." Mind & Language, 17(1‐2): 3-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/-1468-0017.00186

    Toury, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

    Wendland, R. Ernst. 2014. Contextual Frames of Reference in Translation. A Coursebook for Bible Translators and Teachers. Manchester, UK & Kinderhook: St.Jerome Publishing.

    Wendland, R. Ernst. 2008. Finding and Translating the Oral-Aural Elements in Written

    Language: The Case of the New Testament Epistles. Lewiston-Queenston-Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press.

    Wendland, R. Ernst. 2010. "Framing the Frames: A Theoritical Framework for the Cognitive Notion of 'Frames of Reference'." Journal of Translation, 6(1): 27-50.

    Wendland, R. Ernst, and Wilt, Timothy. (Eds.). (2008). Scripture Frames and Framing: A Workbook for Bible Translators. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA.

  • Articles

    Lost in “Transl-Hation”: Exploring the Impact of Machine Translation as an Intermediary Tool in Detecting Armenian Hate Speech

    Lilit Bekaryan
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    Abstract

    As the pervasive spread of hate speech continues to pose significant challenges to online communities, detecting, and countering hateful content on social media has become a priority. Social media platforms typically use machine translation to identify the hateful content of the posts made in languages other than English. If this approach works effectively in identifying explicit hateful content in languages that are predominantly used on social media, its effect is almost insignificant when it comes to Armenian.

    The present research investigates the effectiveness of machine translation as an intermediary tool in accurately identifying and addressing instances of Armenian hate speech posts retrieved from social networking websites. The study of hate speech posts and comments made by Armenian users in Armenian helps identify that it is often the absence of intricate cultural and linguistic nuances, as well as insufficient contextualized understanding, that impede with hate speech detection in Armenian.

    References

    Chiang, David. 2007. “Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation.” Computational Linguistics 33 (2), 201-228.

    Hootsuite. 2022. 2022 Digital Trends Report. Accessed January 10, 2023. https://www.hootsuite.com/resources/digital-trends

    Huang, Chiao Ling, Zhang, Sining, and Yang, Shu Ching. 2020. “How Students React to Different Cyberbullying Events: Past Experience, Judgment, Perceived Seriousness, Helping Behavior and the Effect of Online Disinhibition.” Computers in Human Behavior, 110, 106338.

    Hutson, Elizabeth. 2016. “Cyberbullying in Adolescence”. Advances in Nursing Science, 39(1): 60-70.

    Joinson, Adam N. 2001. “Self-Disclosure in Computer-Mediated Communication: The Role of Self-Awareness and Visual Anonymity.” European Journal of Social Psychology 31: 177–192.

    Koehn, Philipp, Och, Franz J., and Marcu, Daniel. 2003. “Statistical Phrase-Based Translation.” Proceedings of the 2003 Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg: Association for Computational Linguistics, 48-54. Accessed 15 November, 2023. http://aclweb.org/anthology-new/N/N03/N03-1017.pdf.

    Meta. No Language Left Behind. Accessed January 12, 2023. https://ai.meta.com/research/no-language-left-behind/

    Plato. 2017. “The Republic” (B. Jowett, Trans.) Green World Classics. (Original work published in 375.)

    Suler, John. 2003. “The Psychology of Cyberspace”. Accessed 1 September, 2023. www.rider.edu/suler/psycyber/ psy-cyber.html

    Suler, John. 2004. “The Online Disinhibition Effect.” CyberPsychology & Behavior. 7 (3): 321–326.

    The Guardian, March 11, 2022. Accessed 14 September, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/mar/11/facebook-and-instagram-let-users-call-for-death-to-russian-soldiers-over-ukraine

    Udris, Reinis. 2014. “Cyberbullying among High School Students in Japan: Development and Validation of the Online Disinhibition Scale.” Computers in Human Behavior, 41: 253-261.

    Wachs, Sebastian, Wright, Michelle F., and Vazsonyi, Alexander T. 2019. “Understanding the Overlap between Cyberbullying and Cyberhate Perpetration: Moderating Effects of Toxic Online Disinhibition.” Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 29(3): 179-188.

    Willard, Nancy E. 2007. Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. Champaign: Research Press.

    Wu, Sheng, Lin, Tung-Ching, and Shih, Jou-Fan. 2017. “Examining the Antecedents of Online Disinhibition.” Information Technology & People, 30(1): 189-209.

  • Articles

    Translating Trauma Narratives: The Case of Sepetys’ Novel “Between Shades of Gray” and Its Cinematic Adaptation Titled “Ashes in the Snow” by Markevicius (2018)

    Loreta Ulvydiene Huber
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    Abstract

    The twentieth century witnessed an abundant number of traumatic events related to dark history, like exiles and repressions by the Soviet regime in Lithuania in 1940-1953. In a single week of June 1941, the Soviets exiled 2% of the entire Lithuania’s population, while the total number reached nearly 14%. At the time, when it was allowed to speak about the unspeakable events of travelling to and surviving imprisonment in different concentration camps, numerous important works of various genres were published.

    The first historical novel in English - Between Shades of Gray - was written in 2011 by Ruta Sepetys, the daughter of a Lithuanian refugee. The novel was translated into 30 languages. In 2018 Marius A. Markevicius adapted the novel into a film titled “Ashes in the Snow.”

    The aim of the research is to discuss trauma and its reflection in literature and cinema, focusing on translation as screen adaptation. The novelty of the paper lies in the topic of (re)focalization when dealing with screen adaptation in relation to collective or personal traumas embodied in literary works. The concepts of conventional translation and adaptational translation by Henrik Gotlieb (2017: 52) are also discussed. The analysis of trauma is based on Cathy Caruth’s ideas who defines traumatic memories as non-verbal, so filmmakers have to find a way to express trauma when language becomes inaccessible and inadequate (Caruth 1996: 3-6).

    Gerard Genette’s three types of focalization, -  zero, internal and external, - as well as visible and invisible narrator in the story, offer a new approach to the study of audiovisual translation from the perspective of screen adaptation according to the external and internal position of the focalizer in the narrative: perceptual, psychological and ideological.

    References

    Balaev, Michelle. 2014. Contemporary Approaches in Literary Trauma Theory. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Beevor, Antony. 2014. The Second World War. London: W&N.

    Caruth, Cathy. 1996. Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Chaume, Frederic. 2012. Audiovisual Translation: Dubbing. London: Routledge.

    Genette, Gerard. 1988. Narrative Discourse Revisited. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.

    Gottlieb, Henrik. 2017. “Semiotics and Translation.” In The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies and Linguistics. New York: Routledge.

    Jakobson, Roman. 1959. “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation.” In On Translation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harward University Press.

    Lapugean, Mirela. 2015. “Speaking about the Unspeakable: Trauma and Representation.” British and American Studies, Vol. 21: 85-91. Accessed February 13, 2023.

    Markevicius, Marius (Director). 2018. Ashes in the Snow. IMDbPro.

    Rimmon-Kenan, Shlomith. 1983, 2002. Narra¬tive Fiction: Contemporary Poetics. London and New York: Routledge.

    Sepetys, Ruta. 2011. Between the Shades of Gray. ‎Penguin Young Readers Group.

  • Articles

    Teaching Languages in the Digital Age: Incorporating Machine Translation

    Marina Karapetyan
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    Abstract

    The paper discusses the issue of detrimental usage of automated machine translation platforms in foreign language education settings and, in the view of steady advances in translation technology, proposes reconsidering language teaching and learning practices to adjust them to the new reality. It also exposes some of the machine translation limitations and formulates strategies for integrating translation apps into the conventional classroom activities and home assignments. As an anticipated result, university students are expected to minimize the abuse of translation apps, which will lead to more consistent academic progress.

    References

    Anderson, Don D. Fall 1995. “Machine Translation as a Tool in Second Language Learning.” CALICO Journal, Vol.13, No 1: 68-97. Accessed September 12, 2023. https://bit.ly/3skY0cF

    Carré, Alice, Kenny, Dorothy, Rossi, Caroline, Sánchez-Gijón, Pilar, and Olga Torres-Hostench. 2022. “Machine Translation for Language Learners.” In Machine Translation for Everyone: Empowering Users in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, edited by Dorothy Kenny, 187-207. Berlin: Language Science Press.

    Dickens, Charles. David Copperfield. Accessed August 6, 2023. https://bit.ly/43Ij8Xc

    Karapetyan, Marina. 2022. “Building the Culture of Academic Integrity in an ESP Classroom.” Foreign Languages in Higher Education, Vol. 26, No 2 (33): 83-94. Yerevan: YSU Press.

    Kenny, Dorothy. 2022. “Human and machine translation.” In Machine Translation for Everyone: Empowering Users in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, edited by Dorothy Kenny, 23–49. Berlin: Language Science Press.

    Tickner, Ann J. 1992. Gender in International Relations. Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. New York: Columbia University Press. 7.

    Urlaub, Per, and Eva Dessein. 2022. “Machine Translation and Foreign Language Education.” In Front. Artif. Intell. 5:936111. Accessed August 6, 2023. https://bit.ly/47CphaB

    Zhu, Xiaomin. 2020. “Machine Translation in Foreign Language Learning Classroom – Learners’ Indiscriminate Use or Instructors’ Discriminate Stance.” English Linguistics Research, Vol. 9, No 4. Accessed August 4, 2023. http://elr.sciedupress.com

  • Articles

    A Study of Communication Miscarriage in News Translations

    Muhammad Aliyu Sajo, Muhammad Zayyanu Zaki
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    Abstract

    Translation of messages from one language to another has been a daunting task to translators. There has been observed problems in communicating messages through translation especially from English to Hausa on the broadcast media in Sokoto, Nigeria where the electronic media (radio and television) mostly use the two languages to transmit messages to diverse audiences. Such audiences rely heavily on the translated news messages to respond to certain issues contained in the messages. The aim of this paper is to study some English-Hausa news translations on the Rima Radio Sokoto medium. The objectives are to: determine whether or not there is communication miscarriage in news translation in the radio medium, examine the nature of the translation in the medium, and determine how translation errors if any, can be addressed. Qualitative research method was employed via identification, description and interpretation of ten (10) extracts of news translation from English into Hausa, which form the data for the study. Among the findings of the study were that: there were numerous errors in the translation as identified in the data analysed and that, the errors identified were those of misrepresentation of forms, poor vocabulary and use of direct translation method where it was inappropriate. From the findings, it was recommended that the errors of communication miscarriage can be addressed through training and retraining of translators. It can therefore, be concluded that application of various theoretical concepts to the study of translation appears relevant in assessing translation as well as in carrying out better translation of messages to avoid communication miscarriage.

    References

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    Nida, Eugene A. 2006. Theories of Translation. 4(1):11-14. Pliegos de Yuste.

    Rima Radio. 2008. News Bulletins: English and Hausa. Sokoto State Broadcasting Corporation.

    Rima Radio. 2021. News Bulletin: English and Hausa. Sokoto State Media Corporation.

    Sajo, Muhammad Aliyu. 2022. “On the Problem of Translating Some University Administrative Terms: A Systemic Functional Approach.” A paper presented at a departmental seminar, Department of English Language, Sokoto State University, Sokoto.

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    Yakasai, Hafeez Muhammad. 1994. Figurative Language in English-Hausa Translations: A Communicative Approach. M.A. Dissertation, Department of Nigerian Languages, Bayero University, Kano.

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    Zaki, Muhammad Zayyanu; Sajo, Muhammad Aliyu; Ogboji, John. 2021. “Role of a Translator as a Gap-filler in Communication with Reference to Françoise Balogun.” Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.1, Issue.11, November 2021: 9-21.

  • Articles

    Visual Interpretation of Film Translation

    Thérèse Eng
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    Abstract

    Which references are considered necessary for understanding and empathy in visual interpretation of translated feature films? This is the starting point for this article on audiovisual translation and visual interpretation. Visual interpretation is a scientifically relatively unexplored field of research that can be linked to both cognitive science, semiotics, and audiovisual translation. Just over a decade ago, there was little or no research into visual interpretation in Sweden or the Nordic countries. The first Swedish research initiatives started in the form of workshops in sight interpretation organized by Jana Holsanova, Mats Andrén and Cecilia Wadensjö (2010-2014) and resulted in a report on sight interpretation (Holsanova et al. 2016). The task of the visual interpreter is to select and describe relevant information such as events, environments, people, characters and their appearance, facial expressions, gestures, and body movements in television programs, cinema, or theater performances by giving verbal descriptions of visual scenes to evoke vivid mental images and audience empathy. Visual interpretation should contribute to our understanding and convey impressions and mood. It is a so-called intermodal translation, because the visual interpreter transfers content from image to words (Jakobson 1959; Reviers 2017). Through the language, those who listen should be able to follow along in the action. But they should not only know what is happening, but also be able to laugh at the same time as everyone else, understand why a certain sound occurs when it is heard and know who is doing what. It is thus about a completion of what is missing in the multimodal interaction (Holsanova 2020: 4). According to professional visual interpreters, the aim is to use a neutral voice to be clear, concise, and descriptive, so that the target group can imagine what something looks like with the help of internal images. In today’s rapid technological development, we also want to reflect on the opportunities and challenges of automated visual interpretation and translation, using ChatGPT.

    References

    Holsanova, Jana. 2020b. “Uncovering Scientific and Multimodal Literacy through Audio Description.” Journal of Visual Literacy, Special Issue 39(3). DOI: 10.1080/1051144X.2020.1826219

    Holsanova, Jana. 2020a. Att beskriva det som syns men inte hörs. Om syntolkning. Humanetten, 44 (2020): 125-146. DOI: 10.15626/hn.20204406

    Holsanova, Jana, Johansson, Roger, and Lyberg-Åhlander, Viveka. 2020. “How the Blind Audiences Receive and Experience Audio Descriptions of Visual Events.” - a project presentation. Book of Extended Abstracts. 3rd Swiss Conference on Barrier-free Communication, 39-41.

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