| E - ISSN | : | 2738-2826 |
| P - ISSN | : | 2738-2699 |
Vol. SI-2 (2024)
Full Issue
Part I - Keynote Contributions
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Part I - Keynote Contributions
Early Modern Indirections: An Open Door to Forms and Uses of Indirect Translation
AbstractThe paper explores the role of different forms of translation in the historical movement of ideas. Its main object of study is Abraham Rogerius’ description of Hinduism, first published in Dutch in 1651 and soon translated into German and French. Both translations add material provided independently by the translator. The German version and its addenda left echoes in a German oriental novel that was, in its turn, translated. An abridgement of the French version became part of a survey of the world’s religions that was also translated in its turn and helped shape the Enlightenment. The main aim of my paper is to document the various modes of translation, adaptation and appropriation that enabled this dissemination.
ReferencesAssis Rosa, Alexandra; Piȩta, Hanna, and Bueno Maia, Rita. (Eds.). 2017. “Theoretical, Methodological and Terminological Issues Regarding Indirect Translation. An Overview.” Special Issue of Translation Studies 10 (2): 113-132. Routledge.
Baldaeus, Philippus. 1672a. “Nauwkeurige en waarachtige ontdekking en wederlegginge van de afgoderye der Oost-Indische heydenen.” In Naauwkeurige beschryvinge van Malabar en Choromandel. Amsterdam: Johannes Janssonius & Johannes van Someren, 1-188.
Baldaeus, Philippus. 1672b. Wahrhaftige ausführliche Beschreibung der berühmten Ost-Indische Küsten Malabar und Coromandel. Amsterdam: Johannes Janssonius & Johannes van Someren.
Camps, Arnulf. 2000. Studies in Asian Mission History, 1956-1998. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
Cérémonies. 1723. Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses des peoples idolâtres […]. Tôme premier. Amsterdam: J.F. Bernard.
Emmer, Piet, and Gommans, Jos. 2012. Rijk aan de rand van de wereld. De geschiedenis van Nederland overzee 1600-1800. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker.
Huddleston, Lee. 1967. Origins of the American Indians, European Concepts, 1492-1729. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Kircher, Athanasius. 1667. China monumentis, quà sacris quà profanes,…illustrata… Amsterdam: Jacob Meurs.
Kort begrijp. 1651. Een kort begrijp der heydenen religie, op de kust Kormandel, door een haeres Bramenees, (Compagnijs-tolck sijnde) aen de heer gouverneur Arnoldus Heussen overghegheven, ende in onse spraecke overgeset, sijnde van woort to woort, als volght. Delft: Michiel Stael.
Lods, Armand. 1900. “Thomas La Grue 1620-1680.” Bulletin historique et littéraire (Société de l’histoire du protestantisme français) 49: 329-34.
Martin, Dieter, and Vorderstemann, Karin. 2013. (Eds.). Die europäische Banise. Rezeption und Übersetzung eines barocken Bestsellers. Berlin: W. De Gruyter.
Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 1652. De wonderlyke reizen van Fernando Mendez Pinto. Translated by J.H. Glazemaker. Amsterdam: Jan Hendriksz & Jan Rieuwertsz.
Menne, Ursula. 2013. “Constance récompensée. Die französische Bearbeitung der Asiatischen Banise (1771).” In Die europäische Banise. Rezeption und Übersetzung eines barocken Bestsellers, edited by Dieter Martin and Karin Vorderstemann. Berlin: W. De Gruyter, 453-80.
Naaukeurige. 1728. Naaukeurige beschryving der uitwendige godsdienst-plichten, kerk-zeden en gewoontes van alle volkeren der waereldt. Deel 3. Den Haag, Amsterdam & Rotterdam: Rutgert Alberts, Hermanus Uytwerf & Jan Beman.
Parker, Kenneth. 1999. (Ed.). Early Modern Tales of Orient. A Critical Anthology. London & New York: Routledge.
Piȩta, Hanna. 2017. “Theoretical, Methodological and Terminological Issues in Researching Indirect Translation: A Critical Annotated Bibliography.” Translation Studies 10: 198-206.
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Part I - Keynote Contributions
The Rhetoric of Indirect Translation: Out from the Shadows
AbstractThis article seeks to contribute to the growing literature on indirect translation by exploring the phenomenon in the context of twentieth and twenty-first-century Russian-English translation flows. In addition to reflecting transnational networks and the cultural (and linguistic) asymmetries embedded therein, indirect translation became a defining other of "modern" translation practice, specifically, what Gideon Toury describes as the norm of directness. The first part of the paper investigates the cultural politics of relay translation in reference to two case studies: the one involving the first English translation of Dmitrii Merezhkovskii's Voskresshie bogi [Resurrected Gods], published in the early twentieth century, with Russian as the source language, and the other concerns the first English translation of Georgian dissident Levan Berzenishvili's Gulag memoir Sacred Darkness, with Russian as the intermediary language, published in the early twenty-first century. Both case studies raise the question of the relationship between relay translation and textual integrity while underscoring the persistence of the phenomenon. The second part of the paper explores the rhetoric of indirect translation in Soviet culture, as represented in theoretical works, intelligentsia discourse and works of trans-fiction, that is, fictional works featuring translators and translation. While directness claims in the pre-World War II period were used to define Soviet translation practice as superior to pre-Soviet practice, those claims were deployed in the post-War period to critique the Soviet literary bureaucracy and to expose the hypocrisy behind the official policy of "Friendship of Peoples."
ReferencesAssis Rosa, Alexandra, Hanna Pięta, and Rita Bueno Maia. 2017. Indirect Translation: Theoretical, Methodological and Terminological Issues. Special Issue of Translation Studies 10:2.
Baer, Brian James. 2022. "Censorship, Permitted Dissent, and Translation Theory in the USSR: The Case of Kornei Chukovsky.” In Translation under Communism, edited by Christopher Rundle, Daniele Monticelli and Anna Lange, 73-110. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Baer, Brian James. 2023. "Transfiction in Late Soviet Society: The Imaginary East in Semen Lipkin’s Dekada." In Transfiction and Bordering Approaches to Theorizing Translation: Essays in Dialogue with the Work of Rosemary Arrojo, edited by D. M. Spitzer and Paulo Oliveira, 94-110. London and New York: Routledge.
Berzdenishvili, Levan. 2019. Sacred Darkness. The Last Days of the Gulag, translated by Brian James Baer and Ellen Vayner. New York: Europa Editions.
Boulogne, Pieter. 2009. “The French Influence in the Early Dutch Reception of F.M. Dostoevsky’s Brat’ja Karamazovy”. Babel. 55:3. 264-284.
Boulogne, Pieter. 2011. Het temmen van de Scyth. De vroege Nederlandse receptie van F.M. Dostoevskij. Pegasus Oost-Europese Studies 17. Amsterdam: Pegasus.
Carpenter, Edward. 1896. Love’s Coming of Age: A Series of Papers on the Relations of the Sexes. Manchester: Labour Press.
Cho, Heekyong. 2017. Translation’s Forgotten History: Russian Literature, Japanese Mediation, and the Formation of Modern Korean Literature. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Chukovskii, Kornei. 1964. Vysokoe Iskusstvo. O prinstipakh khudozhestvennogo perevoda. Moscow & Leningrad, Academia.
Chukovskii, Kornei, and Andrei Fedorov. 1930. Iskusstvo perevoda. Moscow & Leningrad: Aсademia.
Chukovskii, Kornei, and Nikolai Gumilev. 1919. Printsipy khudozhestvennogo perevoda. Petrograd: Vsemirnaia Literatura.
Chukovsky, Nikolai. 2013. "The Tenth Muse (1961)," Brian James Baer (trans.). In Russian Writers on Translation. An Anthology, Brian James Baer and Natalia Olshanskaya (eds), 115-117. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Frank, Armin Paul. 1989. "Einleitung: Methodische Hinweise." In Die literarische Übersetzung. Der lange Schatten kurzer Geschichten. Amerikanische Kurzprosa in Deutschen Übersetzungen, edited by Armin Paul Frank, 1–10. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.
Gambier, Yves. 2003. "Working with Relay: An Old Story and a New Challenge." Speaking in Tongues: Language across Contexts and Users, edited by Luis Perez Gonzalez, 47-66. Valencia: University of Valencia.
Giles, Herbert A. 1884. Gems of Chinese Literature. London: Bernard Quaritch; Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh.
Hermans, Theo (1985): "Images of Translation. Metaphor and Imagery in the Renaissance Discourse on Translation." In The Manipulation of Literature. Studies in Literary Translation, edited by Theo Hermans, 103-135. London: Croom Helm.
Ivaska, Laura, Hanna Pieta, and Yves Gambier. 2023. Past, Present and Future Trends in (Research on) Indirect Literary Translation. Special Issue of Perspectives 31(5).
Khotimsky, Maria. 2011. A Remedy for Solitude: Russian Poet-Translators in the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University.
Kuang, R.F. 2022. Babel. On the Necessity of Violence: An Arcane History of the Oxford Translators' Revolution. New York: Harper Voyager.
Lipkin, Semen. 1990a. "Stranichki avtobiografii." In Dekada, V.L. Sagalova (ed.), 5-10. Moscow: Knizhnaia palata.
Lipkin, Semen. 1990b. Dekada: Letopisnaia palata. In Dekada, V.L. Sagalova (ed.), 11-179. Moscow: Knizhnaia palata.
Merezhkovskiy, Dmitri. 1902. The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci, translated by Herbert Trench. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
Merezhkovskiy, Dmitri. 1928. The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci, translated by Bernard Guerney. New York: The Modern Library.
Merezhkovskiy, Dmitri. 1902. The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci, translated by Herbert Trench and revised by Helen Gourin and Morris S. Gurin. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
Osherov, Sergei. 2013. "Several Answers to a Questionnaire from the Bulgarian Union of Translators (1980), Natalia Olshanskaya (trans.). In Russian Writers on Translation. An Anthology, Brian James Baer and Natalia Olshanskaya (eds), 129. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Pen America. 2023. "The 2023 Manifesto on Literary Translation." Available at: https://pen.org/report/translation-manifesto/
Pieta, Hanna, Laura Ivaska, and Yves Gambier. 2022. What Can Indirect Translation Do for Translation Studies. Special Issue of Target 34(3).
Pieta, Hanna, Rita Bueno Maia, and Ester Torres-Simón, 2022. Indirect Translation Explained. London and New York: Routledge.
Prado-Fonts, Carles. 2022. Secondhand China: Spain, the East, and the Politics of Translation. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Radó, György. 1975. “Indirect Translation.” Babel 21(2): 51 – 59
Ringmar, Martin. 2007. “Roundabout Routes. Some remarks on indirect translations”. Francis Mus, ed. Selected Papers of the CETRA Research Seminar in Translation Studies 2006. Accessed June 29, 2012. http://www.arts.kuleuven.be/cetra/papers
Rogerius, Abraham. 1651. Open-deure tot het verborgen heydendom. Leiden.
Tarlovskii, Mark. 1940. "Khudozhestvennyi perevod i ego portfel’." Druzhba narodov 4: 233-284.
Toury, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Tytler, Alexander Fraser. 1907. Essay on the Principles of Translation. London: J. M. Dent.
Witt, Susanna. 2013. "The Shorthand of Empire: Podstrochnik Practices and the Making of Soviet Literature. Ab Imperio 3: 155-190.
Yurchak, Aleksei. 2005. Everything Was Forever until It Was No More. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Zabolotsky, Nikolai. 2013. "Translator's Notes (1954), Natalia Olshanskaya (trans.). In Russian Writers on Translation. An Anthology, Brian James Baer and Natalia Olshanskaya (eds), 109-110. Manchester: St. Jerome.
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Part I - Keynote Contributions
On Mediated Translations of Fairy Tales
AbstractIn the present article, we regard mediated translations of fairy tales as unique recreations, making the afterlife of the original text and contributing to its variability. Our attention has been focused not so much on the equivalence of the mediated translation to the original as on the nature and main characteristics of the mediated translation as a text. The goal of this study has been to rethink the very status of indirect translations involving intralingual and intersemiotic readings of the original in our research. The survey results have demonstrated the fascinating potential of the source text to modify and transform.
ReferencesAndersen, Hans Christian. 1956. Heqiiatner yev zruytsner [Fairy Tales and Stories]. Translated by H. Harutyunian. Yerevan: Haypethrat.
Andreeva, M. (Tr.). 1912. Italyanskie skazki [Italian Fairy Tales]. Volumes 1, 2. Moskva: Izdanie Skoropechatni A.A. Levenson.
Ardizone, Sarah. 2015. “The Story of the Nutcracker-in Pictures.” The Guardian. December 24. Accessed December 10, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/books/-gallery/2015/dec/24/the-story-of-the-nutcracker-in-pictures.
Azadovski, M. K. 1936. “Istochniki skazok Pushkina” [The Sources of Pushkin’s Fairy Tales]. Vremennik pushkinskoy komissii [Chronicle of Pushkin Committee]. Vol. 1:134-163.
Conant, Martha. 1966. The Oriental Tale in England in the Eighteenth Century. London: Frank Cass & Co.
Dawood, N. J. 1973. “Introduction.” Tales from the Thousand and One Nights. Penguin Classics.
De Saint-Exupery, Antoine. 1966. Poqrik ishkhany [The Little Prince]. Translated by Saghatel Harutyunian. Yerevan: Hayastan
Doppelmeier, Yulia (Tr.). 1889-1890. Tisyachca i odna noch [One Thousand and One Nights]. Мoskva: I.N. Kushnerev i Co.
Downing, Charles. 1972. Armenian Folk-Tales and Fables. Oxford University Press.
Dumas, Alexander. 1845. Histoire d’un casse-noisette. Paris: J. Hetzel.
Filatyev, Aleksey (Tr.). 1763-1774. Tysyacha i odna noch [One Thousand and One Nights]. Moskva.
Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm. 1824. Vieux contes pour l’amusement des grands et des petits enfants [Old Tales for the Amusement of Old and Young Children]. Paris: Auguste Boulland.
Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm. 1864. Germanakan azgain arakner [German National Tales]. Translated by Yesai Ter-Grigoriants. St. Petersburg.
Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm. 1914 -1915. Grim yeghbayrneri heqyatnery [Tales of Brothers Grimm]. Translated by Hovhannes Toumanian. Vol. 1-3. Tiflis: Kovkasi hayots hratarakchakan ynkerutyun.
Grim, Jacob and Wilhelm. 1981. Heqiatner [Fairy Tales]. Translated by Amalia Ghukassian. Yerevan: Sovetakan grogh.
Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm. 1997. Mankakan heqiatner [Children’s Fairy Tales]. Los Angeles: Shirak.
Hauf, Wilhelm. 1860. “Ukhtavorq” [The Pilgrims]. Translated by Raphayel Patkanian. Hyusisapail. 1860. N 7:1-19; N 9:179-210; N 10:259-277.
Hauff, Wilhelm. 1882. Ukhtavorq [The Pilgrims]. Translated by Raphayel Patkanian. Tiflis.
Hauff, Wilhelm. 1954. Poqrik Muky [Little Muck]. Translated by Harutyun Harutyunian. Yerevan: Haypethrat.
Hoffmann, Ernst T. A. 1816. Kinder-Mährchen. Berlin: Realschulbuchhandlung.
Jivanyan, Alvard. 2020. “On an Armenian Translation of Seumus MacManus's The Old Hag’s Long Leather Bag.” Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Celtica Upsaliensia 10, edited by Aidhe O Corrain, Fionnatan de Brun and Maxim Fomin. Uppsala Universitet.
Khachatriants, Yakov. 1933. Armyanskiye skazki [Armenian Folk Tales]. Moscow- Leningrad: Academia.
Khnkoyan, Atabek (Tr.). 1914. Quyrn u yeghbayry [Sister and Brother]. Hasker, N 1:6-9.
Lang, Andrew. 1889. The Blue Fairy Book. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
Lang, Andrew. 1907. The Olive Fairy Book. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
Lang, Andrew. 1910. The Lilac Fairy Book. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
Leprince de Beaumont, Jeanne-Marie. 1756. “La Belle et la Bête.” Le Magasin des enfants [The Young Misses’ Magazine].
Macler, Frédéric. 1905. Contes arméniens. Paris: Ernest Leroux Editeurs.
MacManus, Seumas. 1900. Donegal Fairy Stories collected and Told by Seumas MacManus. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company.
MacManus, Seumas (n. d). Irlandskiye narodnye Skazki [Irish Folk Tales]. Translated by S. G. Zaymovskiy. Moskva: V.M. Sablin.
Mardrus, Charles-Joseph (Tr.). 1899-1904. Le livere des mille et une nuit [The Book of One Thousand and One Nights]. Paris: Editions de la Revue Blanche, Charpentier et Fasquelle.
Melik Adamyants (Tr.). 1899. Karenn u Maneny [Karen and Manen]. Tiflis: Hayots hratarakchakan ynkerutyun.
Milne, Alan A. 1972. Vini tukhy yev bolor bolory [Winnie-The-Pooh and All, All, All]. Translated by Vahan Grigorian. Yerevan: Hayastan.
Milne, Alan A. 2015. Vini Pu arjuky [Winnie the Pooh]. Translated by Alvard Jivanyan. Yerevan: Zangak.
Milne, Alan A. 2017. Pu Arjuky tun e karutsum [The House at Pooh Corner]. Translated by Alvard Jivanyan. Yerevan: Zangak.
Perrault, Charles. 1947. Hekyatner [Fairy Tales]. Translated by Vahe Mikaelian. Yerevan: Sovetakan grogh.
Perrault, Charles. 1980. Hekyatner [Fairy Tales]. Translated by Amalia Ghukassian. Yerevan: Haypethrat.
Pushkin, Alexander S. 1834. Skazka o myortvoy tsarevne i o semi bogatyryakh [The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights].
Pushkin, A. S. 1911. “Qnats dshkhuhin yev yot qajery” [The Sleeping Princess and the Seven Heroes]. Hasker, N5. Havelvats [Appendix]. Translated by Atabek Khnkoyan.
Rahn, Suzanne. 2000. “Ballet and Fairy Tales.” In The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales, edited by Jack Zipes. Oxford University Press, 34-39.
Rudnick, Elizabeth. 2017. Beauty and Beast. Los Angeles. New York: Disney Press.
Silvey, Anita. 1995. Children's Books and Their Creators. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Srvandstiants, Garegin. 1876. Manana [Manna]. Constantinople.
Toumanian, Hovahnnes (Tr.). 1913a. Mardakeri aghjkikn u khorhrdavor varpety. Italakan heqiat [The Ogre’s Daughter and the Mysterious Master: an Italian Fairy Tale]. Tiflis.
Toumanian, Hovahnnes (Tr.). 1913b. “Vorot tagavory” [Thunder King]. Hasker. N 9:243-246; N 10:273-276.
Toumanian, Hovhannes (Tr.). 1914. “Kakhardi qsaky” [The Old Hag’s Bag]. Hasker N 3-4:73- 78.
Villeneuve, Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de. (1740). “La Belle et la bete.” La jeune Américaine et les contes marines [The Young American Girl and the Sea Tales].
Vitali, Ilaria. 2015. “Mille et une nuits sur Seine: l’influence de la traduction de Joseph-Charles Mardrus sur l’orientalisme vestimentaire de la Belle Époque.” Meridian critic N 1, vol. 24(1):21-33.
Von Wlislocki, Heinrich. 1891. Märchen und Sagen der Bukowinaer und Siebenbürger Armenier [Tales and Legends of Armenians of Bukovina and Transylvania]. Hamburg: Verlagsanstalt und Druckerei Actien-Gesellschaft.
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Part I - Keynote Contributions
Paradigms of Mediated Translation in Armenian: An Exploration
AbstractThis paper examines four discreet issues influencing the macro-context of mediated translations into Armenian from Late Antiquity to the modern period. The first treats religious scripture, reviewing the very different contexts for the translation of the Hebrew Scriptures (5thcentury) and the Qur’ān (17th century). The second analyzes the Silk Route as a vehicle for exchange between peripheral cultures facilitating the Armenian reception of two works of Sanskrit literature. The third pursues evolving literary traditions and their textual diffusion via a case study of the Alexander Romance. Meanwhile, the fourth examines the nature of colonial experiments in the 18th-19th centuries in creating regionality within the wider process of globalization that impinged on the translation processes of communities in different parts of the Armenian oikoumene of the time with special attention to Mesrop Tałiadian’s novel Vēp Vardgisi of 1846.
ReferencesAnt‘apyan, P‘aylak. 1980. Yovasap‘ew Barałam, Patmut‘iwn ew xratk‘ Xikaray Imastnoy [Yovasap‘ and Barałam. The History and Instructions of the Sage Xikar]. Jerusalem: St. James Press.
Assis Rosa, Alexandra; Hanna Pięta, and Rita Bueno Maia. 2017. "Theoretical, Methodological and Terminological Issues Regarding Indirect Translation: An Overview." Translation Studies 10 (2):113-132.
Cowe, S. Peter. 1990-91. “The Two Armenian Versions of Chronicles, Their Origin and Translation Technique.” Revue des études arméniennes 22:53-96.
Cowe, S. Peter. 1996. “The Theological Mission of the Holy Translators.” St. Nersess Theological Review 1:13-23.
Cowe, S. Peter. 2012. “The Bible in Armenian.” In New Cambridge History of the Bible 600-1450, vol. 2, edited by A. E. Matter and R. Marsden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 143-161.
Cowe, S. Peter. 2015. “Patterns of Armeno-Muslim Interchange on the Armenian Plateau in the Interstice between Byzantine and Ottoman Hegemony.” In Islam and Christianity in Mediaeval Anatolia, edited by Andrew Peacock. Aldershot: Ashgate Publications, 77-105.
Cowe, S. Peter. 2015. “Rhetoric, Theology, and Antiochene Exegesis in the Armenian Version of Lamentations.” In Dies Academicus of the "Classe di Studi sul Vicino Oriente dell’ Accademia Ambrosiana,” edited by P.F. Fumagalli. Analecta Orientalia Ambrosiana IV, Bulzoni editore, Roma, 143-165.
Cowe, S. Peter. 2016. “Preliminary Investigation of the Earliest Extant Version of the Dialogue between Nestorian catholicos Timothy 1 and Caliph al-Mahdī.” In Sion: Mère des Églises. Mélanges liturgiques offerts au Père Charles Athanase Renoux, edited by Michael Daniel Findikyan, Daniel Galadza, and André Lossky. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 75-86.
Cowe, S. Peter. 2020. “2 Maccabees.” In Textual History of the Bible, vol. 2C (Deutero-Canonical Scriptures), edited by Frank Feder and Matthias Henze. Leiden: Brill, 163-167.
Cowe, S. Peter. 2022. “The Armenian Redaction of Esther: A Late Antique Christian Reading of a Hellenistic Jewish Text.” In IOSCS International Conference Volume, Aberdeen, edited by Wolfgang Kraus, Martin Meiser, and Michaël van der Meer. Leiden: Brill, 19-39.
Dadoyan, Seta B. 2021. “Islam in Armenian Literary Culture: Texts, Contexts, Dynamics.” CSCO subsidia, vol. 147. Leuven: Peeters.
Davt‘yan, Hayk. 1967. Hay girk‘ĕ 1801-1850 t‘vakannerin [The Armenian Book 1801-1850]. Yerevan: Ministry of Culture of the Armenian S.S.R.
Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina. 2010. Alexander Magnus Arabicus. Leuven: Peeters.
Lewis, Matthew Gregory. 1805. The Bravo of Venice. London: Hughes.
Simonyan, H. 1989. Patmut‘iwn Ałek‘sandri Makedonac‘woy [History of Alexander of Macedon]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences.
T‘ałiadian, Mesrop. 1846. Vēp Vardgisi teaṙn Tuhac‘ [Novel of Vardgēs’ Lord of Tuhik].
Tašian, Yakovbos. 1891. Usumnasirut‘iwnk‘ Stoyn-K‘alisteneay varuc‘Ałek‘sandri [Researches on Ps. Callistenes’ Life of Alexander]. Vienna: Mkhitarist Press.
Part II
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Part II
Mediated Translation between Italian and Russian Languages The Case of the Opera La forza del destino
AbstractLa forza del destino was commissioned to Giuseppe Verdi by the St Petersburg Imperial Theatres in 1861, and premiered in November 1862, at the Bolshoy Kamenny Theatre. The opera was written on a libretto by Francesco Maria Piave, and draws its subject from the Spanish drama Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino, by Ángel de Saavedra, through an Italian version by Faustino Sanseverino, and with insertions of fragments from Schiller’s trilogy Wallengstein. In this paper I analyse the genesis of the opera, considering the typical derivation of Italian operatic librettos from pre-existing literary works, a process that combines mediated and inter-semiotic translation. This allows me to show the artistic resources offered by mediated translation in the field of stage literature. On another level of discussion, given that for the Premiere Apollon Grigor’yev translated the libretto from Italian to Russian, I consider the role of translation on the reception of this subject by the local audience.ReferencesAbbiati, Franco. 1959. Giuseppe Verdi. Vol. 2. Milan: Ricordi, 1959.
Borodzich, Yu. 1862. “«Sila sud’bï». Bol’shaya opera v 4-kh deyst. Slova Franchesko Piave. Muzïka Dzh. Verdi.” [“The Power of Fate” Great Opera in 4 Acts. Libretto by Franchesko Piave. Music by G. Verdi]. Russky mir 47 (1 December 1862).
Budden, Julian. 1979. The Operas of Verdi, vol. 2, From Il Trovatore to La Forza del destino, New York: Oxford University Press.
Della Seta, Fabrizio. 1994. “‘Parola scenica’” in Verdi e nella critica verdiana.” In Studi sulla lingua della letteratura musicale in onore di Gianfranco Folena, edited by Fiamma Nicolodi and Paolo Trovato, vol. 1, Florence: Olschki, 259–86.
Frame, Murray. 2000. The St. Petersburg Imperial Theaters: Stage and State in Revolutionary Russia, 1900-1920. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland.
Frame, Murray. 2000. “‘Freedom of the theaters’: The Abolition of the Russian Imperial Theater Monopoly.” The Slavonic and East European Review 83(2):254–89.
Franco, Enrique. 1961. “Il romanticismo spagnolo, Angel Saavedra e D. Alvaro.” Bollettino quadrimestrale dell’Istituto di studi verdiani Parma-Busseto 4:71–100
Gardzonio, Stefano. 2008. “Apollon Grigor’yev – perevodchik ital’yanskikh libretto” [Apollon Grigor’yev – Translator of Libretto in Italian]. In I vremya i mesto, Istoriko-filologichesky sbornik k shestidesyatiletiyu Aleksandra L’vovicha Ospovata [Both Time and Place: Historical and Philological Collection for the Sixtieth Anniversary of Alexander L’vovich Ospovat], edited by Ronald Vroon. Moscow: Novoye izdatel’stvo, 348–57.
Gazzetta musicale di Milano, no. 37 (14 September 1862); no. 41 (12 October 1862); no. 47 (23 November 1862).
Girardi, Michele. 2000. “Un romanzo popolare «in odio del Destino».” In La forza del destino di Verdi, Turin: Teatro Regio.
Giust, Anna. 2014. Cercando l’opera russa. La formazione di una coscienza nazionale nel teatro musicale del Settecento. Milan: Feltrinelli-Amici della Scala.
Giust, Anna. 2024. La forza dell’amore, dell’odio e del destino: la ricezione russa dell’opera italiana, da Francesco Araja a Giuseppe Verdi, 1730-1862. Parma: Istituto nazionale di studi verdiani, (in press).
Godlevskaya, Marina M., and Fedosova, Yelena M. (Eds.). 2013. Ital’yanskaya opera v Sankt-Peterburge [Italian Opera in Saint Petersburg]. St Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo INIKO.
Goldin, Daniela, and Osthoff, Wolfgang. (Eds.). 2002. Verdi und die deutsche Literatur. Verdi e la letteratura tedesca. Laaber: Laaber-Verlag, 2002.
González, Javier Roberto. 2010. “Avatares verdianos de un drama romántico (Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino y las dos versiones de La forza del destino).” Revista del Instituto de Investigación Musicológica “Carlos Vega,” XXIV(24):71–99.
Gubert, Nikolay A. 1862. “«Sila sud’bï» (Opera v 4 deystviyakh. Muzïka Dzh. Verdi) [“The Power of Fate” (Opera in Four Acts. Music by G. Verdi)].” Sanktpeterburgskiye vedomosti [St. Petersburg Gazette], no. 240 (5/17 Novermber 1862).
Knyazhitsky, Bogdan. [Zinov’yev, Fyodor Alekseyevich]. 1862. “Lybopïtnïya i neobïknovennïya pokhozhdeniya Maėstro Frenetiko v Italii i Konstantinopole i sud’ba operï, napisannoy ėtim maestro” [The Curious and Unusual Adventures of Maestro Frenetico in Italy and Constantinople and the Fate of the Opera Written by This Maestro]. Iskra [the Spark], 4(43), (9 November 1862).
La forza del destino, opera in quattro atti. 1862. Musica di Giuseppe Verdi. Sila sud’bï, opera v chetïryokh deystviyakh, Muzïka Dzh. Verdi. Perevod pod muzïkal’nuyu partitsiyu Ap. Grigor’yeva. [“The Power of Fate” Open in Four Acts. Music by G. Verdi. Translated for the Musical Part of Ap. Grigoriev]. Italian edition with Russian translation [Saint Petersburg]: V Tipografii F. Stellovskago.
Lalayev, Mikhail. 1863. “Ital’yanskaya opera v Peterburge, sezon 1862-63 goda” [Italian Opera in Petersburg, season of 1862-63]. Sovremennik, vol. 94 (January-February 1863).
Luzio, Alessandro. (Ed.). 1935. Carteggi verdiani, vol. 2. Rome: Reale accademia d’Italia.
Meloni, Ilaria. 2007. “I masnadieri: Andrea Maffei mediatore tra Schiller e Verdi.” Atti della Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati, ser. 8, vol. 7:417–37.
Ob’yavleniye ob izdanii v 1863 godu (god pyaty) yezhenedel’noy politicheskoy i literaturnoy gazetï «Russky mir» s satiricheskim listkom «Gudkom» [Announcement about the publication in 1863 (year five) of the weekly political and literary newspaper “Russian World” with the satirical leaflet “Gudkom”]. St Petersburg: Stellovsky.
Rappoport, Mavriky Yakovlevich-Yakimovich. 1862. “‘Teatral’naya letopis,’ «Sila sud’bï» opera v 4-kh d., muzïka Verdi” [‘Theatrical Chronicle.’ «The Power of Fate» opera in four acts, music by G. Verdi]. Sïn otechestva [Son of the Fatherland], no. 262 (1/13 Nov. 1862).
Rescigno, Eduardo. 1981. La forza del destino di Verdi, Guida all’ascolto. Milan: Emme Edizioni.
Rostislav (Tolstoy, Feofil Matveyevich). 1845. “Pchelka, Muzïkal’nïya besedï, «Trubadur», opera Verdi” [Little Bee, musical conversations, Il Trovatore, Verdi’s opera]. Severnaya pchela [Northern Bee], no. 252 (15 November 1845).
Saavedra, Ángel de, Duque de Rivas. 1983. Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino. Drama original en cinco jornadas, y en prosa y verso. Madrid: Tomás Jordán.
Saavedra, D. Angelo, duca di Rivas. 1850. D. Alvaro o La forza del destino, dramma di D. Angelo Saavedra, Duca di Rivas. Translated by Faustino Sanseverino. Milan: Vallardi.
Saavedra, Angel de, Duque de Rivas. 1992. Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino, edición de Alberto Sánchez, Madrid: Catedra-Letras Hispanicas.
Sablich, Sergio. 2001. “La forza del destino uno e due.” In La forza e il destino, La fortuna di Verdi in Russia, edited by Maria R. Boccuni and Anna Gianotti, 23–35. Bologna: Compositori.
Schiller, Friedrich. 1857. Teatro completo di Federico Schiller. Translated by Andrea Maffei. Vol. 2, Turin: L’unione tipografico-editrice.
Serov, Aleksandr. 1862. “Verdi i yego novaya opera” [Verdi and His New Opera]. Illyustratsiya [Illustration], no. 244 (8 November 1862); no. 245 (15 November 1862).
Serov, Aleksandr N. 1895. Kriticheskiye stat’i, vol. 3 (1860-1863 gg.) [Analytical Articles, vol. 3 (1860-1863)]. St Petersburg: Tipografiya Upravleniya Udelov, 1895.
Sokal’sky, Pyotr Petrovich. 1863. “Muzïkal’nïye arabeski” [Musical Arabesques]. Sanktpeterburgskiye vedomosti [Saint Petersburg Gazette], no. 1 (1 January 1863); no. 2 (3 January 1863).
Stählin, Jacob von. 1995. Prilozheniye k gazete Sankt-Peterburgskiye vedomosti za 1738 god, chasti 17-21, 33-34, 39-49. In Teatral’naya zhizn’ Rossii v epokhe Anny Ioannovnï. Dokumental’naya khronika, 1730-1740, vïpusk I, edited by Lyudmila M. Starikova, Moscow: Radiks, 532–76.
Un abonné, “Nous recevons de Saint-Pétersbourg la lettre suivante de nos abonnés de cette ville.” Indépendance belge, no. 327 (23 November 1862).
Z. “Chronique théatrale, La forza del destino. Opéra en 4 actes. Musique de Giuseppe Verdi. Paroles de F.-M. Piave.” Journal de St-Pétersbourg, no. 243, xxxviii/6 (23 October / 9 November 1862).
Z. “Chronique théâtrale, La forza del destino. Opéra en 4 actes. Musique de Giuseppe Verdi. Paroles de F.-M. Piave, Représenté pour la première fois sur le théâtre impérial de Saint-Pétersbourg le 29 octobre (20 novembre) 1862.” Journal de St-Pétersbourg, no. 249 (2/14 November 1862).
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Part II
Strategies of Rendering Realia in Mediated Literary Translation
AbstractLiterary texts contain a variety of culture-specific elements requiring special background knowledge on the part of translators. In particular, the issue of realia translation poses certain challenges in mediated literary translation, as in this case the translator has to deal with transferring the source message into the target language through an intermediary text. The investigation is aimed at studying the notion of realia and identifying the strategies of their faithful conveyance in translation through an intermediary language. The findings of the article reveal that mediated translation may sometimes complicate the problem of ensuring adequate cross-cultural interaction between the writer and the reader, as the intermediary language inevitably interferes with this process leaving its imprints on the final target text. The corpus selected for this paper comprises the Russian translation of J.D. Salinger’s “The Catcher in the Rye”, the Armenian mediated translation from that Russian version and the Armenian translation from the original. The following methods have been applied in the present investigation: comparative analysis to find out similarities and differences in the translators’ application of various translation strategies, and the method of deductive research to study various transformations made in the process of translation to achieve equivalence in rendering realia.
ReferencesAfrouz, Mahmoud. 2022. “Factors Affecting Translation of Realia in Classical Literary Masterpieces: Access to the Previous Translations, the SL Natives, and the SL Experts.” Onomázein, 56:184–205. https://doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.56.1
Aixela, Javier Franco. 1996. “Culture-Specific Items in Translation.” In Translation, Power, Subversion edited by Román Alvarez and M. Carmen-África. Clevedon: Multilingual matters Ltd, 52-79.
Denti, Olga. 2012. Cross-Cultural Representations in Tourism Discourse: The Case of the Island of Sardinia, Aipsa.
Harvey, Malcolm. 2000. A Beginner’s Course in Legal Translation: the Case of Culture-Bound Terms. Universite Lumiere Lyon 2. France.
Leppihalme, Ritva. 1997. Culture Bumps: an Empirical Approach to the Translation of Allusions. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Lopatin, Vladimir. 2006. Rules of Russian Orthography and Punctuation, Moscow: Eksmo.
Newmark, Peter. 1998. More Paragraphs on Translation. Toronto: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Nida, Eugene. 1964. Principles of Correspondence. London. Routledge.
Salinger, Jerome David. 1951. The Catcher in the Rye. Little, Brown and Company.
Salinger, Jerome David. 1960. Nad propastyu vo rzhi [The Catcher in the Rye]. Translated by Rita Wright-Kovaleva. Moscow: Inostrannaya Literatura.
Salinger, Jerome David. 1978. Tarekani Artum-Andundi Yezrin [The Catcher in the Rye]. Translated by Amalia Ghukasyan. Yerevan: Soveetakan Grogh.
Salinger, Jerome David. 2013. Prkichy Tarekani Artum [The Catcher in the Rye]. Translated by Astghik Atabekyan. Yerevan: Antares.
Semyonov, Arkady. 2013. Teoriya perevoda [Theory of Translation]. Moscow: Academia.
Timko, Natalya. 2007. Faktor “Kultura” v Perevode [Factor “Culture” in Translation], Kursk.
Tkachuk, Tatyana. 2017. “Realia Types and Strategies of Their Translation in Frames of Cultural Translation.” In Nauchni Vestnik Mezhdunarodnogo Gumanitarnogo Universiteta, Series: Philology, 30(2). Kyiv.
Tomakhin, Gennady. 1988. Realii – Amerikanizmi. Posobiye po stranovedeniyu [Realias – Americanisms. Manual of Area Studies]. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola.
Vinay, Jean-Paul. Darbelnet, Jean. 1995. Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation. Translated by Sager & Hamel. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Vlakhov, Sergey, Florin, Sider. 1980. Neperevodimoye v perevode [The Untranslatable in Translation]. Moscow: Mezhdunarodniye Otnosheniya.
Vorobyov, Vladimir. 1997. Lingvokulturologiya: Teoriya i Praktika [Linguoculture: Theory and Practice]. Moscow: RUDN PH.
Vorobyov, Vladimir. 2008. Lingvokulturologiya [Linguoculturology]. Moscow: RUDN PH.
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Part II
Mussorgsky’s Boris Godunov in Italian: Analyzing the Influence of Michel Delines’ French Version
AbstractThis article presents a brief history of Italian rhythmical translations of Modest Mussorgsky's libretto for his opera Boris Godunov, each apparently drawing on Michel Delines’ French version from 1908. The author explores the possibility of studying the opera's reception in Italy in connection with the reception of its translations and conducts a brief comparative analysis of four Italian versions of the opera (two from 1908, one from 1909, and one from 1978) alongside both the original and the French version, using one fragment as an example. The paper also aims to draw attention to the lack of serious studies on opera translations and the translators themselves, emphasizing their role as mediators between different cultures.
ReferencesBarrandon, Céline. 2012. Ler interactions entre les compositeurs français et russes entre les années 1870 et 1930. Musique, musicologie et arts de la scène.
Bianconi, Lorenzo. 1995. “L ‘œuvre alla filologia del libretto.” Saggiatore musicale II (1):143-155.
Bonomi, Ilaria / Burono, Edoardo / Sala, Emilio (Eds). 2019. La librettologia, crocevia interdisciplinare. Problemi e prospettive. Milano: Ledizioni.
Calvocoressi, Michel D. 1934. Music and Ballet. London: Faber.
Chaliapin, Feodor I. 2016. Stranicy iz moej zhizni [Pages from My Life]. Moscow: Kniga po trebovaniju.
Dimitrin, Yuri /Stetsenko, Anna. (Eds.). 2020. Librettologija. Vosmaja nota v gamme. Saint-Petersburg: Planeta muzyki.
Giannini, Juri. 2015. “Intertestualità e memoria culturale nelle traduzioni in lingua tedesca delle opere di Mozart/Da Ponte.” Savoirs en Prisme, 4: Langue et musique, 255-276.
Gier, Albert. 2004. “Libreto Definice a perspektivy výzkumu.” In Hudební divadlo jako výzva. Interdisciplinární texty, edited by H. Spurná. Prague: Národní divadlo, 69-88.
Ladmiral, Jean-René. 2009. “L’estetica della traduzione e le sue premesse musicali.” In Della traduzione. Dall’estetica all’epistomologia, edited by A. Lavieri. Modena: Mucchi, 39-57.
Laschenko, Svetlana. 2011. “Opera Musorgskogo “Boris Godunov” na puti k scene Mariinskogo teatra (1874): fakty, geroi, versii.” Iskusstvo muzyki: teorija i istorija. 1-2. Pp. 74-129.
Lunacharsky, Anatoly. 1913. “«Boris Godunov» po–francuzski” [“Boris Godunov” in French]. Den’ № 295, October 31:6–7.
Marschall, Gotffried R. (Ed.) 2004. . La traductio des livrets: Aspects théoriques, historiques et pragmatiques. Paris: Presses de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne.
Musorgskij, Modest. 1873. Boris Godunov. Saint-Petersburg: Bessel&Co.
Musorgskij, Modest. 2002. Boris Godunov. Milano: La Scala.
Musorgskij. Modest. 1978. Boris Godunov. Italian translation by P. Faggioni and J. Semkow. Milano: Casa musicale Sonzogno.
Mussorgsky, Modest. 1908a. Boris Godounov. Opéra en quatre actes et un prologue. French version of M. Delines and Louis Laloy. Paris: W. Bessel & C’ Éditeurs.
Mussorgsky, Modest. 1908b. Boris Godunov. Drama musicale popolare I quattro Atti ed un prologo. Rhythmic translation by M. Delines and E. Palermi. Milano: W. Bessel – Sonzogno.
Mussorgsky, Modest. 1908c. Boris Godunov. Nuova traduzione italiana di G. Macchi e E. Magni. Milano: Sonzogno.
Mussorgsky, Modest. 1909. Boris Godunov. Dramma musicale popolare in 3 atti e 7 quadri. Rhythmic translation by L. Loro. Milano: Sonzogno Editore.
Ottomano, Vincenzina Caterina. 2020. La ricezione dell’opera russa tra Ottocento e Novecento in Francia e Italia. Ph.D. Thesis, Berna University.
Vasmer, Max. 1987. Etimologicheskij slovar’ russkogoja jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of Russian Language]. Moscow: Progress.
Weaver, Sarah. 2010. “Opening Doors to Opera. The Strategies, Challenges and General Role of the Translator.” Intralinea. Volume 12.
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Part II
Mediated Translation from the Perspective of Skopos Theory
AbstractSkopos approach based on the TT reader-oriented principles seeks a translation purpose, which focuses merely on the final result. It acquires a specific or additional quality when applied to the so-called “mediated” or “intermediate translation”, as the product that will function in an exact environment, becomes of vital significance for the so-called secondary translation (translation from translation) within a different/additional communicative situation. The ST once translated for a certain socio-cultural community and reencoded for an exact cultural environment undergoes additional reencoding within a different communicative situation. The present article focuses on the identification of the translation purpose and respectively translation motivated goals through intra-textual constituents within the scope of indirect translation.
ReferencesGamzatov, Rasul. 1968. “Juravli” [Cranes]. Noviy Mir. Translated by Naum Grebnyov. Accessed August 21, 2023. https://dzen.ru/a/XSC-zuoeTQCtDM44
Gamzatov, Rasul. 1969. “Juravli” [Cranes]. Krugozor. Translated by Naum Grebnyov. Accessed August 21, 2023. https://dzen.ru/a/XSC-zuoeTQCtDM44
Gamzatov, Rasul. 2017. “Juravli” [Cranes]. Translated by Yuriy Lifshits. Accessed August 26, 2023. https://stihi.ru/2017/06/21/2633
Gamzatov, Rasul. 2017. “Juravli” [Cranes]. Translated by Yuriy Lifshits. Tania-Soleil Journal. Accessed August 26, 2023. tania-soleil.com›rasul-gazmatov-zhuravli/
Gamzatov, Rasul. 2017. “Cranes.” Translator unknown. Accessed August 29, 2023. https://m.ok.ru/goodwinenglish/topic/62737562837130#РасулГамзатов #журавли #стих#дагестан #махачкала #память
Gamzatov, Rasul. 2008. “Cranes.” Translated by Semyon Vencimerov. Accessed August 29, 2023. https://www.chitalnya.ru/work/42702/
Gamzatov, Rasul. 2008. “Cranes.” Translated by Boris Anisimov. Accessed August 29, 2023. https://lyricstranslate.com/ru/zhuravli-cranes.html-1
Gamzatov, Rasul. 2011. “Krunkner” [Cranes]. Translated by Hovik Charkhchyan. Accessed August 30, 2023.
Kavkazpress. 2018. Accessed August 21, 2023. https://vk.com/@kavpress-iz-istorii-pesni-zhuravli
Pym, Antony. 1993. “On Nord’s Text Analysis.” TTR, 6(2). Accessed May 25, 2023. https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/ttr/1993-v6-n2-ttr1479/037160ar.pdf
Reiß, Katharina, and Vermeer, Hans Josef. 2013. Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained. Accessed May 25, 2023. http://traduttologiageneralenz.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/139448655/Katharina%20Reiss%2C%20Hans%20J%20Vermeer%20%20Towards%20a%20General%20Theory%20of%20Translational%20Action_%20Skopos%20Theor.pdf
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Part II
The Role of Intermediary Languages in Literary Translations from Russian into Italian: A Brief Historical Survey
AbstractOn the background of the historical development of literary translation from Russian into Italian, the present study will focus on some examples of translations made through intermediate languages. In fact, translating from an intermediary language may lead to well-known adverse effects, such as distortion of the contents or deviations from the original text, but it may also provide interesting insights about intercultural dialogue. The purpose of the work is to highlight some of the problematic areas resulting from these types of translation processes, analysing concrete examples of literary products in which the mediation, mainly through French editions, may affect the content and the form of the original text on the syntactic, semantic and stylistic plans. We will also consider to what extent the loss and gain of meaning have taken place because of such shifts. In this respect, it could be argued that in intermediary translation the employment of adaptation strategies is an important element to produce an acceptable and fluent text to the “receptor language” audience.
ReferencesAA.VV., 1979. La traduzione letteraria dal russo nelle lingue romanze e dalle lingue romanze in russo. Milano: Cisalpino-Goliardica, 362-515.
Al Shunnaq, Abdullah. 2019. “Aspects of Translating through Intermediate Languages.” Studies in Translation 5(1):123-150.
Aloe, Stefano. 2000. Angelo De Gubernatis e il mondo slavo: gli esordi della slavistica italiana nei libri, nelle riviste e nell'epistolario di un pioniere, 1865-1913. Pisa: Tipografia Pisana.
Baselica, Giulia. 2011. “Alla scoperta del “genio russo.” Le traduzioni italiane di narrativa russa tra fine Ottocento e primo Novecento.” Tradurre. Pratiche, teorie, strumenti. Spring 2011. Accessed November 10, 2023. https://rivistatradurre.it/2011/04/tradurre-dal-russo-2/
Béghin, Laurent. 2007. Da Gobetti a Ginzburg. Diffusione e ricezione della cultura russa nella Torino del primo dopoguerra. Bruxelles-Rome: Istituto Storico Belga di Roma.
Caratozzolo, Marco. 2023. “La ritraduzione dei classici della letteratura russa. Bilancio (1991-2022) e prospettive.” Studi Slavistici, XX, 1:75-94. DOI: https://10.36253/Studi_Slavis-14009
Cavaion, Danilo. 1994. Letteratura russa dell’Ottocento, in AA.VV., La slavistica in Italia. Cinquant’anni di studi: 1940-1990. Roma: Ministero per i Beni culturali e ambientali, 169-208.
Cifariello, Alessandro. 2023. “Piccolo bilancio delle traduzioni italiane dei classici della narrativa fantascientifica russa (1991-2022).” Studi Slavistici, XX, 1:129-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/Studi_Slavis-14253
Cronia, Arturo. 1958. La conoscenza del mondo slavo in Italia. Bilancio storico-bibliografico di un millennio. Padova: STEDIV.
Cronin, Michael. 2019. La traduzione nell’era digitale. Italian translation by G. Ballerini and C. Denti, Milano: Morellini Editore. [Orig. ed.: Translation in the Digital Age. London and New York: Routledge, 2013.].
De Michelis, Cesare Giovanni. 1997. “Russia e Italia.” In AA.VV., Storia della civiltà letteraria russa, 2 vol., edited by M. Colucci e R. Picchio. Torino: UTET, 689-709.
Dollerup, Cay. 2000. “Relay and ‘Support’ Translations.” In Translation in Context. Selected Contributions from the EST Congress, edited by Chesterman Andrew, Natividad Gallardo San Salvador, Yves Gambier (Granada 1998). Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 17-26.
Dollerup, Cay. 2009. Relay and Delay in Translation. Accessed November 10, 2023. http://www.cay-dollerup.dk/publications.asp.
Gallo, Giulia. 1979. “Anna Karenina: storia della prima traduzione italiana.” In AA.VV., La traduzione letteraria dal russo nelle lingue romanze e dalle lingue romanze in russo. Milano: Cisalpino-Goliardica, 26-35.
Ghini, Giuseppe. 2017. “L'eterna influenza francese.” Classici russi per il tramite del francese all'alba del Terzo millennio.” L’Analisi Linguistica e Letteraria, 25(2):159-174. Accessed November 10, 2023. https://www.analisilin¬guisti¬caelett-era¬¬ria.eu/index.php/ojs/article/view/175.
Jovanović, Mladen. 1991. “Deviation and Translation.” Languages and Cultures in Translation Theories, 4(1):83-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/037083ar
Lo Gatto, Ettore. 1921. Review of M. Gor’kij. “La mia infanzia.” L’Italia che scrive, 12. Italian translation by Kallisia. Milano: Avanti.
Marcucci, Giulia. 2022. Čechov in Italia. La duchessa d’Andria e altre traduzioni (1905-1936). Macerata: Quodlibet.
Mazzucchelli, Sara. 2006. “L’editoria milanese e le traduzioni dal russo.” Europa Orientalis, 25:279-290.
Mazzucchelli, Sara. 2007. “Le traduzioni dal russo nelle recensioni de «L’Italia che scrive» (1919-1939).” La fabbrica del libro. Bollettino di storia dell’editoria in Italia, XIII, 2:25-31.
Messina, Giuseppe L. 1949. “Le traduzioni dal russo nel 1920-1943.” Belfagor, 4(6):693-703.
Offord, Derek; Rjéoutski, Vladislav, and Argent, Gesine. 2018. The French Language in Russia. A Social, Political, Cultural and Literary History. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Popovič, Anton. 2006. La scienza della traduzione. Aspetti metodologici. La comunicazione traduttiva. Milano: Hoepli. [Orig. ed. Teória umeleckého prekladu, 1975].
Renton, Bruce. 1960. “La letteratura russa in Italia.” Rassegna sovietica, fasc. VI, 40-59.
Renton, Bruce. 1961. “La letteratura russa in Italia nel XIX secolo.” Rassegna sovietica, fasc. I, 48-80, fasc. III, 27-69, fasc. IV, 36-70 e fasc. V, 67-94.
Salmon, Laura. 2017. Teoria della traduzione. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Scandura, Claudia. 2002. La letteratura russa in Italia: un secolo di traduzioni. Roma. Bulzoni.
Sorina, Marina. 2009. La Russia nello specchio dell’editoria italiana nel ventennio fascista: bibliografia, scelte e strategie. Tesi di Dottorato di Ricerca in Letterature e Scienze della Letteratura, XX ciclo, Università di Verona.
Stroilova, Alevtina G., and Dmitriev, Nikolaj M. 2016. “Intermediary Translation in Russian and English Literary Relations: Analysis of “Night Thoughts” by E. Young in Russian Translations.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 236:131-138.
Torop, Peter. 2010. La traduzione totale. Tipi di processo traduttivo nella cultura. Milano: Hoepli. [Orig. ed. Total’nyj perevod, izd. Tartuskogo Universiteta, Tartu 1995].
Washbourne, Kelly. 2013. “Nonlinear Narratives: Paths of Indirect and Relay Translation.” Meta. Journal des traducteurs, 58(3):479-672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1025054ar
Yegorov, Oleg. 2017. “Why Was French Spoken in Russia?.” Russia Beyond. Accessed November 10, 2023. https://www.rbth.com/¬politics_and_society/-2017/05/25/why-was-french-spoken-in-russia_770185
Zaborov, Petr Romanovich. 2008. “Perevodi-posredniki v istorii russkoy literaturi” [Intermediate Translators in the History of Russian Literature]. In Russko-evropeiskie literaturnye sviazi. XVIII vek. [Russian-European Literary Relations. 18th Century], edited by P.E. Bukharkin. Saint Petersburg: Faculty of Philology and Arts of Saint Petersburg State University Publishers, 307–315.
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Part II
‘Armenianness’ in Indirect Translation of Byron’s The Prisoner of Chillon by Hovhannes Toumanian
AbstractThis paper explores the Armenian translation of Lord Byron’s the Prisoner of Chillon by
All-Armenian Poet Hovhannes Toumanian with Russian serving as an intermediary language. This research is captivating and rather responsible insomuch as it deals with the literary creations of three most eminent poets of the 19th century – Lord Byron, Vasily Zhukovsky and Hovhannes Toumanian. It is fascinating how poetry has united those three literary figures from culturally different geographical locations and how translation has disunited them. It comes as no surprise that Byron’s fine lyricism could be properly understood and passed on to target readers with such delicacy, nuance, and finesse only by Zhukovsky and Toumanian. The fact that Zhukovsky translated Byron is quite logical since the 19th century Russian literature was greatly influenced by Western literature, especially by Lord Byron. Yet, how come that a poet born and raised in a far-off mountainous region of Armenia with little to no knowledge of English decided to translate one of the masterpieces of a genius poet of “Foggy Albion”? There is one answer: the power of poetry…the power of translation! It is Zhukovsky’s translation that inspired Toumanian to take on the challenging and responsible task of translating the Prisoner of Chillon. It should be underlined that the cultural differences could not but be reflected in the Russian and Armenian translated versions. The primary purpose of my research is to shed light on some of the transformations Byron’s poem has undergone in the two-level translation process with a focus on elements of ‘Armenianness’ discernable in Toumanian’s translation.ReferencesBediryan, Petros S. 2011. Hayeren dardzvatskneri yndardzak batsatrakan bararan [Comprehensive Explanatory Dictionary of Armenian Idioms]. Yerevan: YSU Publishing.
Bernhard Jackson, Emily A. 2011. “Underground Knowledge: The Prisoner of Chillon and the Genesis of Byronic Knowing.” Romanticism. Volume 17(2):222-239.
Costa, Daniel (Ed.). “Iambic Pentameter.” In Arts & Culture, Britannica. Accessed August 25, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/art/iambic-pentameter
Dialectological Dictionary of the Armenian Language. 2001. Institute of Language after H. Acharian (“Nayiri Publishing”). Yerevan: RA NAS. Accessed September 26, 2023. http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionary¬Browser.jsp?dictionaryId=¬48&-dt=¬HY_HY&pageNumber=4
Lord Byron. 1816. The Prisoner of Chillon and Other Poems. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2021. London: Printed for John Murray, Albemarle-Street. Accessed August 25, 2023. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=dul1.ark:/13960/-t9r2257¬6n&seq=9
Sargsyan, Artem. 1991. Arevmtahayereni bararan [Dictionary of Western Armenian]. Yerevan: Arevik.
Serov, Vadim. 2003. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar’ krilatikh slov i virazheniy [Encyclopedic Dictionary of Winged Words and Expressions]. Moscow: Lokid Press.
Sukiasyan, Ashot. 2009. Hayots lezvi homanishneri batsatrakan bararan [Explanatory Dictionary of Armenian Language Synonyms]. Yerevan: YSU Publishing.
Teliya, Veronika (Ed.). 2006. Bolshoy frazeologicheskiy slovar russkogo yazika [Large Phraseological Dictionary of Russian Language]. Moscow: Ast-Press.
Toumanian, Hovhannes. 1985. Yntir Erker, hator arajin [Selected Works, Volume One]. Yerevan: Sovetakan grogh hratarkchutyun.
Toumanian, Hovhannes. 2020. Erkeri liakatar zhoghovatsu: Poemner, IV hator [Complete Collection of Works: Poems, IV Volume]. Edvard Jrbashyan (Ed.). Yerevan: Haykakan SSH GA Hratarakchutyun.
Yevgenevna, A.P. (Ed.). 1984. Slovar russkogo yazika, IV tom [Dictionary of Russian Language, IV Volume]. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Russkiy Yazik.
Zakaryan, Hovhannes, and Yurik Avetisyan. 2007. Hayots lezu: Baragitutyun [Armenian Language: Lexicology], edited by Sergey Galstyan. Yerevan: Zangak-97.
Zhukovsky, Vasily A. 1902. “Pisma V.A. Zhukovskogo k velikoy knyagine Aleksandre Feodorovne iz pervago ego zagranichnago puteshestviy v’ 1821 godu” [V.A. Zhukovsky’s Letters to Dutchess Yevgenia Fyodorovna from His Overseas Journeys in 1821]. In “Russkaya starina” ezhemesyachniy istoricheskiy zhurnal. [“Russian Antiquity” Monthly Historical Journal], 10(4-6):337-358, December 13, 1901. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya Tovarishchestva “Obshchestvennaya pol’za” №39. Accessed September 20, 2023. https://runivers.ru/bookreader/¬book579053/-#page/8/¬mode/1up
Zhukovsky, Vasily A. 1959. Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy v 4 tomakh: Tom 2: Balladi, poemi i povesti [Complete Collection of Works in 4 Volumes: Volume 2: Ballads, Poems and Tales]. Moscow: Yaziki slavyanskikh kul’tur. Accessed September 28, 2023. https://rvb.ru/19vek/zhukovsky/01text/vol2/02poems/287.htm
Zhukovsky, Vasily A. 2008. Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy v 4 tomakh, tom 4. Stikhotvoreniya 1815–1852 godov [Complete Collection of Works, Volume 4, Poems of 1815–1852]. Alexander Yanushkevich, Olga Lebedova (Eds.). Moscow: Yaziki slavyanskikh kul’tur.
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Part II
Subtitling and Dubbing in Sex and the City and And Just Like That: Mediated Perspectives from English to Italian
AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyse the Italian dubbed and subtitled translations of selected episodes from the American TV series Sex and the City and its sequel And Just Like That. The analysis delves into the translation from English into Italian of the dialogues that are imbued with cultural references. The study examines the translation choices concerning swear words and idiomatic expressions by comparing the dubbed and subtitled versions. Starting from Munday’s theories, it aims to identify critical points in translational decision-making, namely, phrases and fragments of dialogues that require particular interpretations on the part of the translator. The study attempts to determine the extent to which the approach to translation from English into Italian is target audience-oriented. Finally, by considering the concept of linguaculture, the work explores the impact of this approach on the target culture in order to compare the American and Italian linguacultures.
Keywords: Sex and the City, And Just like That, translation, critical points.
ReferencesAgar, Michael. 1994. “The Intercultural Frame.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 18(2):221-37.
Bosseaux, Charlotte. 2015. Dubbing, Film and Performance. Uncanny Encounters. New Trends in Translation Studies. Volume 16. Oxford: Peter Lang.
Chiaro, Delia. 2021. “Not in Front of the Children? An Analysis of Sex on Screen in Italy.” Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series – Themes in Translation Studies 6:255-76.
Cordoba, Sebastian. 2023. Non-Binary Gender Identity. The Language of Becoming. London and New York: Routledge.
De Marco, Marcella. 2009. “Gender Portrayal in Dubbed and Subtitled Comedies.” In New Trends in Audiovisual Translation, edited by Jorge Díaz Cintas. Bristol, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters, 176-94.
Díaz Cintas, Jorge, and Aline, Remael. 2014. Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling. London and New York: Routledge.
Filmer, Denise. 2021. “Linguistic Representations of Homosexual Identity in Bohemian Rhapsody and Rocketman across English and Italian Linguacultures.” Textus XXXIV (1 – January-April):203-27.
Harvey, Keith. 2000. “Gay Community, Gay Identity and the Translated Text.” TTR 13(1):137-65.
Hayes, Joseph J. 1976. “Gayspeak.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 62(3):256-66.
Moon, Igi. 2019. “‘Boying’ the Boy and ‘Girling’ the Girl: From Affective Interpellation to Trans-emotionality.” Sexualities 22(1-2):65-79.
Morini, Massimiliano. 2016. Tradurre l’inglese. Manuale pratico e teorico. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Munday, Jeremy. 2012. Evaluation in Translation: Critical Points of Translator Decision-making. London and New York: Routledge.
Nielsen, Harriet, Bjerrum. 2017. Feeling Gender. A Generational and Psychosocial Approach. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
Pavesi, Maria. 2005. La traduzione filmica. Aspetti del parlato doppiato dall’inglese all’italiano. Roma: Carocci.
Pérez-González, Luis. 2014. Audiovisual Translation. Theories, Methods and Issues. London and New York: Routledge.
Ranzato, Irene. 2012. “Gayspeak and Gay Subjects in Audiovisual Translation: Strategies in Italian Dubbing.” Meta 57 (2 - June):369-84.
Risager, Karen. 2005. “Languaculture as a key concept in language and culture teaching.” In The Consequences of Mobility. Linguistic and Sociocultural Contact Zones, edited by Bent Preisler, Anne H. Fabricius, Hartmut Haberland, Susanne Kjærbeck, and Karen Risager. Roskilde: Department of Language and Culture, Roskilde University, 185-96.
Risager, Karen. 2012. “Linguaculture and Transnationality. The Cultural Dimensions of Language.” In The Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication, edited by Jane Jackson. London and New York: Routledge, 101-15.
Sandrelli, Annalisa. 2016. “The Dubbing of Gay-Themed TV Series in Italy: Corpus-Based Evidence of Manipulation and Censorpship.” Altre Modernità. Numero Speciale. Ideological Manipulation in Audiovisual Translation, 124-43.
Staples, Louis. 2022. “The Re-queering of Sex and the City.” Harpersbazaar. Accessed November 6, 2023. https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-tv/a38887399/and-just-like-that-queer-evolution-essay/
Veiga, Maria José. 2009. “The Translation of Audiovisual Humour in Just a Few Words.” In New Trends in Audiovisual Translation, edited by Jorge Díaz Cintas. Bristol, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters, 158-75.
Zeng, Linxi. 2022. “The Role of Languaculture in Foreign Language Education: The Case in China.” In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. DOI: 10.2991/assehr.k.220706.148
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Part II
Literary and Cultural Enrichment in Soviet Armenia: Exploring Russian-Mediated Translation Traditions in the Soviet Era
AbstractThis paper seeks to underline the pivotal role the Russian language played in nurturing a rich educational and cultural atmosphere in Soviet Armenia. In fact, Russian greatly contributed to the shaping of the educational environment exerting immense influence on the academic progress and intellectual growth. It aims to provide insight into the translation traditions prevalent in the Soviet era where Russian assumed the crucial role of a cultural facilitator. In fact, it served as an intermediary language for not only Armenia, but also other Soviet republics making the large body of foreign literature accessible for Soviet readers. Yet, following the abolition of the Soviet regime, translation practices and methodologies experienced a sudden transformation guaranteeing the rapid transition from translations mediated by Russian to direct translation approaches. We believe this study will help shed light on the interplay of language and culture in the context of Armenian’s historic journey from the Soviet era to the present day.
ReferencesAbrahamyan, Levon. 1998. “Mother Tongue: Linguistic Nationalism and the Cult of Translation in Postcommunist Armenia.” In Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Working Paper Series. Accessed February 10, 2024. https://iseees.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/1998_01-abra.pdf
Alpatov, V. M. 2000. 150 yazikov i politika: 1917-2000. Sotsiolingvisticheskiye problemi SSSR i postsovetskogo prostranstva [150 Languages and Policy: 1917-2000. Sociolinguistic Problems of the USSR and the Post-Soviet Space]. Moscow: Craft+.
Anna Smolentseva; Jeroen Huisman, and Isak Froumin. 2018. “Transformation of Higher Education Institutional Landscape in Post-Soviet Countries: From Soviet Model to Where?” In Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education book series, edited by Jeroen Huisman, Anna Smolentseva and Isak Froumin, pp. 1-43. Accessed February 9, 2024. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-52980-6_1
Grenoble, L.A. 2003. “The Armenian SSR.” In Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Dordrecht-Boston-London.
Isahakyan, Avetik. 2015. “Haya-German ynkerutyuny ev Avetik Isahakyani gortsuneutyuny” [The Armenian-German Partnership and the Activities by Avetik Isahakyan (1914 - 1919)]. Hayots Tseghaspanutyun-100. Chanachumits Hatutsum [Armenian Genocide-100: From Recognition to Reparation] Conference Proceedings, 326-332. Yerevan: RA NAS “Gitutyun” Publishing.
Karakhanyan, Susanna. 2018. “Armenia: Transformational Peculiarities of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Higher Education System” In 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries. Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education book series, edited by Jeroen Huisman, Anna Smolentseva and Isak Froumin, 73-96. Accessed February 9, 2024. https://link.springer.com/chapter/¬1¬¬0.1007/978-3-319-52980-6_3
Osers, Ewald. 1979. “Translator’s Foreword.” In A Hundred and One Hayerens by Nahapet Kuchaki. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: “Sovetakan Grogh” Publishing House.
Sobirov, E. K. 2021. Gulchin: Izbranniye stati po tadzhikskoy leksikologii [Gulchin: Selected Articles on Tajik Lexicology]. Moscow: Institut Yazykoznaniya Ran.
Ter-Petrosyan, Levon. 1984. Hay hin targmanakan grakanutyun [Ancient Armenian Translated Literature]. Yerevan: “Sovetakan Grogh” Publishing House.
Marchesini, Irina. 2017. “Russian (1917-1918) and Armenian (1922) Orthographic Reforms. Assessing the Russian Influence on Modern Armenian Language.” Studi Slavistici, 14(1):171–190. Accessed February 10, 2024. https://core.ac.uk/-download/¬pdf/228527743.pdf
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Part II
Pragmatic Equivalence in Literary Translation
AbstractThe present paper addresses the issue of pragmatic equivalence in literary translation, which is considered to be one of the most important aspects of linguistic uniformity between the source and target texts. Pragmatic equivalence of translation is defined as the conformity of the translator’s ‘duplication’ of the content with the author’s communicative intent or the literary objective. The cross-cultural pragmatic analysis of translation equivalence carried out in the paper focuses on the interpretations of the verbal behavior of the heroes while performing speech acts. For the purpose of analysis the novel by R. Bradbury “Dandelion Wine” and its Armenian and Russian translations are chosen. The research shows that the interpretative words nominating the heroes’ verbal behavior, namely, the verbs of speaking, are culture sensitive. Therefore, in some cases the translator may diverge from the source text in order to sound authentic in the target language. The comparative analysis of the samples served as a mediated translation approach, revealing certain linguistic and culture-specific points at issue in the translation process.
ReferencesAlkston, William P. 2000. Illocutionary Acts and Sentence Meaning. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Bradbury, Ray. Dandilion Wine. Accessed August 28, 2023. https://pdfroom.com/books/dandelion-wine/ra517rEjgJO
Bradbury, Ray. 2008. Vino iz oduvanchikov [Dandilion Wine]. Russian translation by E.I. Kabalevskaya]. Moskva, Sankt Peterburg: Eksmo, Domino. Accessed August 28, 2023. https://coollib.com/b/461429-rey-duglas-bredberi-vino-iz-oduvanchikov
Bradbury, Ray. 2016. Khatutiki gini [Dandilion Wine]. Armenian translation by Z. Boyajyan. Yerevan: Antares.
Caballero, Rosario, and Paradis, Carita.2018. “Verbs in Speech Framing Expressions: Comparing English and Spanish.” Journal of Linguistics, 54(1): 45-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226717000068
Dixon, Robert Malcolm Ward. 2005. A Semantic Approach to English Grammar. New York: Oxford University Press. Accessed June 21, 2023. https://www.google.am/books/edition/A_Semantic_Approach_to_English_Grammar/5c8SDAAAQBAJ?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=semantic+typology+of+verbs&printsec=frontcover
Harding, Sue-Ann, and Cortés, Ovidi Carbonell (Eds.). 2018. The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Culture. London: Routledge.
Hartono, Rudi. 2020. Translation Techniques & Methods. Semarang, Indonesia: LPPM UNNES Press.
Honig, Hans G. 1997. “Positions, Power and Practice: Functionalist Approaches and Translation Quality Assessment.” Current Issues in Language and Society, Vol. 4: 6-34.
Komissarov, Vilen Naumovich. 1990. Teoriya perevoda (lingvisticheskiye aspekty) [The Theory of Translation (Linguistic Aspects)]. Moskva: Vishaya shkola.
Newmark, Peter. 1988. Approaches to Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall.
Nida, Eugene. 1964. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: Brill.
Paronyan, Shushanik. 2011. “Khoskayin akteri hamarzhek targmanutian mi qani usutsoghakan khndirneri shurj.” [On Some Educational Problems of Equivalent Translation of Speech Acts]. Targmanutian tesakan ev gorcnakan hartser. Gitakan hodvatsneri zhoghovatsu [Theoretical and Practical Issues of Translation. Collection of Scientific Articles]. Yerevan: YSU Publishing, pp. 53-62.
Paronyan, Shushanik. 2021. “Pragmatic Coherence and Equivalence in Literary Translation.” Translation Studies: Theory and Practice 1(1):142-154. Yerevan: YSU Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/TSTP/2021.1.1.142
Perman, Marcus. 2011. “The Challenge of Faithful Translation.” In Tsandra Foundation. Accessed April 19, 2023. https://www.tsadra.org/2011/03/26/the-challenge-of-a-faithful-translation/
Searle, John R. 1969. Speech acts. London: Cambridge University Press.
Sukiasyan, Ashot, and Galstyan, Sergey. 1975. Hayots lezvi dardzvatsabanakan bararan [Phraseological Dictionary of Armenian]. Yerevan: YSU Publishing.
Verschueren, Jeff. 1980. On Speech Act Verbs. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Verschueren, Jeff. 1999. Understanding Pragmatics. London, New York: Arnold.
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Part II
The Role of Intermediary Languages in the Development of Lexical and Grammatical Features of Borrowings: Investigating Italian and Russian Languages
AbstractThis study aims to contribute to the analysis of specific words entering a target language (TL) from a source one (SL), through intermediary languages (IL). In particular, this paper will analyse a selection of borrowings that entered Italian (TL) from Russian (SL) and vice-versa, focusing on the role played by IL with respect to the ‘features’ the borrowing shows when entering a TL. The analysis will develop over three main phases: (i) brief excursus about theoretical studies on ‘contact linguistics’; (ii) analysis on the way a selection of both direct & indirect borrowings entered, alternatively, one of the two TLs, at different lexical and grammatical levels; (iii) a case study: the Russianism ‘boiar(d)o’ entering Italian. Some conclusions will be drawn in relation to the importance of a transversal approach, both linguistic and historical, in the analysis of interference phenomena.
ReferencesAjdukovic, Jovan. 2004. Uvod u leksičku kontaktologiju: teorija adaptacije rusizama [Introduction to Lexical Contactology: Adaptation Theory of Russianisms]. Belgrado: Foto Futura.
Bezić, Maja., and Granić Ivana. 2016. Prilog Klasifikaciji slavizama u talijanskom jeziku [Contribution to the Classification of Slavicisms in the Italian Language]. Spalato: Universita di Spalato. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://hrcak.srce.hr/191367
Bezzola, Reto R. 1925. Abbozzo di una storia dei gallicismi italiani nei primi secoli (750-1300). Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung.
Bolognani, Michela. 2011. Jazikovie kontakti: zaimstvovanija ital’janskoj leksiki v russo jazike [Language Contacts: Borrowing from Italian Vocabulary into the Russian Language]. Master’s Dissertation. Moscow: Institut Lingvistiki, RGGU.
Dahmen, W.; Hengst, K., and Kramer, J. 1993 “Sur la voie d’un Etymologicum Graeco-Slavo-Romanicum.” In Actes du XXeme Congres /nternational de Linguistique et Philologie Romanes, edited by G. Hilty, (Université de Zurich, 6-11 avril 1992), Tome IV, Tiibingen-Basel, 401-417.
Fedorova, Liudmila L., and Bolognani, Michela. 2015. “Russo e italiano nei contatti linguistici: immagini riflesse.” Lingue Culture Mediazioni, 2:69-94.
Filipović, Rudolf. 1986. Teorija jezika u kontaktu. Uvod u lingvistiku jezičnih dodira [The Theory of Language in Contact: An introduction to the Linguistics of Language Contact]. Zagreb: Školska knjiga.
Galkina-Fedoruk, Evdokija; Mihailovna, Klavdija; Vasilevna, Gorškova, and Šanskij, Nikolaj Maksimovič. 2009. Sovremennij russkij jazik. Leksikologija, fonetika, morfologija [Modern Russian Language. Lexicology, Phonetics, Morphology]. Moscow: Librokom.
Gherbezza, Ettore. 2013. “Prestiti lessicali fra italiano e russo.” Russica Romana, XX:117-128.
Gherbezza, Ettore. 2018. Sugli italianismi di trafila indiretta in russo. Udine: Università di Udine.
Granić, Ivana. 2016. L’apporto slavo nel lessico italiano. Spalato: Università di Spalato. Accessed November 25, 2023. https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:172:741363
Gusmani, Roberto. 1986. Saggi sull’interferenza linguistica. Florence: Le lettere
Gusmani, Roberto. 1987. “Interlinguistica.” In Linguistica storica a cura di Romano Lazzeroni. Roma: La Nuova Italia Scientifica, 87-115.
Gusmani, Roberto. 1993. Saggi sull’interferenza linguistica. Seconda edizione accresciuta. Florence: Le Lettere.
Gusmani, Roberto. 2004. Saggi sullʼinterferenza linguistica. Florence: Le lettere.
Haugen, Eîna. 1950. “The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing.” In Language, 26:210–231. https://doi.org/10.2307/410058
Ivetić, Egidio. 2014. Un confine nel Mediterraneo. L'Adriatico orientale tra Italia e Slavia (1300-1900). Roma: Viella.
Krysin, L.P. 1968. Inojazičnie slova v sovremennom russom jazike [Borrowed Words in the Modern Russian Language]. Moscow: Nauka Publishing.
Magnani, Marco, and Triberio, Tania. 2017. “Disentangling Realia. A Lexicographic Account of Russisms in Italian.” In Mladá rusistika – nové tendencie a trendy IV [Modern Russian Studies - New Tendencies and Trends], edited by N. Cingerová, M. Danišková, M. Mikulaš. Bratislava: STIMUL.
Nicolai, Giorgio Maria. 2003. Dizionario delle parole russe che s’incontrano in italiano. Roma: Bulzoni Ed.
Orioles, Vincenzo. 1984 Su alcune tipologie di russismi in italiano. Udine: Università degli Studi di Udine.
Peželj, Karla. 2020. Scambi lessicali tra l’italiano e le lingue slave. Spalato: Universita degli Studi di Spalato. Accessed November 25, 2023. https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:172:914344
Shmelev, Dmitri N. 1977. Sovremennyj russkij jazyk: leksika [Modern Russian Language: Vocabulary]. Moscow: Prosveščenie. Accessed November 27, 2023. https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/212063
Simunković, Ljerka. 2009. I contatti linguistici italiano-croati in Dalmazia. Spalato: Società “Dante Alighieri.”
Sočanac, Lelija. 2004. Hrvatsko-talijanski jezični dodiri [Croatian-Italian Language Contacts]. Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Globus.
Torre, Esteban. 1994. Teoría de la traducción literaria. Madrid: Síntesis Print.
Vinogradov, Viktor V. 1999. Istorija slov [History of Word]. Edited by N. Ju. Švedova. Moscow.
Weinreich, Uriel. 2008. Lingue in contatto. A cura di Vincenzo Orioles. Nuova ed. Torino: UTET.
Zečević, Ivana. 2021.Gli slavismi del veneziano. Dalla storia del contatto linguistico tra Slavi meridionali e Veneziani, alla ricostruzione dell’etimologia dei prestiti linguistici. Université de Lausanne (open archive). Accessed November 28, 2023. http://serval.unil.ch
Zolli, Paolo. 1976. Le parole straniere. Seconda edizione a cura di F. Ursini, Zanichelli. Bologna.
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Part II
Intermediary Translations of Children’s Literature in Armenian Periodicals of the 19th Century
AbstractThis article is dedicated to the study of intermediary translations of children’s literature into Eastern Armenian in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Juvenile Periodicals such as Aghbyur and Hasker were prominent publications during the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century and featured a wide range of literary works, including translations of foreign literature. This study is focused on the translations of English literature, however, other languages are also considered. These periodicals, along with others, were important sources of literature and education for Armenian children. They contributed to the development of Armenian children’s literature, fostered a love for reading, and played a vital role in preserving Armenian cultural identity. Additionally, Armenian authors and educators adapted and retold European children’s stories to make them more accessible and relatable to Armenian audiences. This practice allowed for the cultural exchange of ideas and the incorporation of foreign literature into the Armenian literary landscape.
ReferencesAvanesyan, Henrik. 1981. “Matenagitutyun Hasker Amsagri” [Bibliography of Hasker]. Edited by H. Danielyan. Yerevan.
Beecher-Stowe, Harriet. 1870. Little Pussy Willow. Boston: Fields Osgood Co.
Harte, Bret. 1872. “How Santa Claus Came to Simpson's Bar.” The Atlantic Magazine. March 1872 issue, 349-357. Accessed October 15, 2023. https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/archives/1872/03/29-173/131954369.pdf
Jivanyan, Alvard. 2010. “Fransiakan mankakan grakanutyuny ruserenov mijnordavorvats hayeren targmanutyunnerum” [French Children’s Literature in Armenian Translations through Russian]. Hasker, 1:186-196. Yerevan.
Jivanyan, Alvard. 2021. “On an Armenian Translation of Seumas Macmanus’s The Old Hag’s Long Leather Bag.” Translation Studies. Theories and Practices, 1(1): 11-18. Yerevan: YSU Press.
Karapetyan, Lyudvig. 2008. “Voskedarits” minchev...21rd” [From “the Golden Ages”․․․to the 21st]. Tsitsernak, 186-187. Yerevan.
Khachatryan, F. S. 1987. “Matenagitutyun Aghbyur Amsagri” [Bibliography of Aghbyur]. Edited by H.D. Danielyan. Yerevan. Ministry of Culture of Armenian SSR. Accessed October 15, 2023. http://serials.flib.sci.am/matenagitutyun/-Aghbiur/book/index.html#page/4/mode/2up
Kipling, Rudyard. 1895. “Rasskaz iz zhizni eskimosov.” Junij Chitatel [Young Reader] Journal, no 14-15, 1899, translated by Ljubov Havkina. Accessed October 22, 2023. http://az.lib.ru/k/kipling_d_r/text_1895_quiquern-oldorfo.shtml
Kipling, Rudyard. 1895. “The Second Jungle Book.” Accessed November 01, 2023. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1937/1937-h/1937-h.htm
Ouida. 1883. Skazki dlja detej Ujda. Translated by V. Garshina; A. Karrik; V. Rancova; M. Cebrikovoj; L. Shelgunovoj. Saint Peterbourg. Accessed 15 October, 2023. http://az.lib.ru/n/nekrasowa_e_s/text_1883_uida_oldorfo.shtml
Ouida, 1889. La Strega and Other Stories. London, 131-182. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/La_Strega_and_other_stories_%28IA_lastregaothersto00ouidrich%29.pdf
Our Young Folks. 1866. An Illustrated Magazine for Boys and Girls, vol. II. Boston. Accessed October 15, 2023. https://books.google.am/books?id=7¬PQc3wYHc-VUC&hl¬=hy&pg=PP11#v=onepage&q&f=false
Roberts, Charles G. 1889. “Strayed.” In Harper’s Young People, X(505):606. Accessed October 15, 2023. https://archive.org/details/¬harpersyoungpeop0¬0newy-1889/page/606/mode/2up?q=strayed
Twain, Mark. 1901. “The Death Disk.” In Harper’s Monthly Magazine, CIV(DCXIX):19-26. Accessed October 15, 2023. https://archive.org/details/-harpers¬new01¬04various/page/18/mode/2up
Wilde, Oscar. 1888. “The Happy Prince” [Princ i lastochka]. Translated by Istochnik, 1908. Accessed October 15, 2023. https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/-Принц_и_ласточка_(Уайльд;_Сахаров)/1908_(ВТ:Ё)
