Vol. 1 No. 1 (1) (2021)

View Vol. 1 No. 1 (1) (2021)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/TSTP/2021.1.1
Published: 2021-06-30

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Articles

  • Articles

    Translating Terminology of Media Texts Dealing with Art and Culture (in German-Russian Texts)

    Albina Boyarkina
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    Abstract

    This article discusses the problems of translating Russian-German  media texts related to culture and art. In the descriptions of artistic works and their impact, we find a large amount of emotional-expressive vocabulary, adjectives, extended metaphors and comparisons, and on the level of syntax-a large number of parallelisms or emotional reversals, which cause certain difficulties in the process of translation. However, sometimes translating special terminology is no less difficult, specially when terms are new and do not have established equivalents recognized by the scholarly community or even when, rarely though, terms are used with ironic nuances. In this case translators resort to transliteration or borrowing. However, the use of calques in the translation of new terminology leads to violations of the norms of the target language and inaccuracies in the transfer of meaning.Professional jargon acquires additional contextual meaning, which is not always detected and appropriately rendered by the translator. Translation of texts containing terms in culture and art  requires consult with a specialist in the field, who will be able to interpret the terminological meaning of the lexical unit and help translate it accurately.

    References

    Boyarkina, Al'bina. 2014. Klangschlüssel Gugo Rimana: o perevode avtorskogo termina. Muzyka. Tekst. Perevod: materialy mejdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferencii. 11 oktober 2014. Sankt-Peterburg: SPbGU, Fakul'tet iskusstv; Ed. Boyarkina, A.V. SPb.: Fakul'tet iskusstv SPbGU. p. 16-25.

    Boyarkina, Al'bina. 2015. O muzykal'nyh terminah v pis'mah V.A. Mocarta: problemy perevoda. Nemetskaya filologiya v Sankt-Peterburgskom gosudarstvennom universitete. p. 161-171. Sankt-Peterburg: Izdatel'stvo Sankt- Peterburgskogo universiteta.

    Komissarov, Vilen N. 2011. Sovremennoe perevodovedenie. 2-e izdanie. Moscow: R. Valent

    Kutina, Lidiya L. 1964. Formirovanie yazyka russkoi nauki (terminalogiya matematiki, astronomii, geografii v pervoi treti XVIII veka). Mowcow, Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka".

    Leichik, Vladimir M. 1973. Terminy-sinonimy, dublety, ekvivalenty, varianty. Aktual'nye problemy leksikologii i slovoobrazovaniya. Vyp. 2, p. 103–107. Novosibirsk.

    Leichik, Vladimir M. 1991. Termin i nauchnaya teoriya. Nauchnyi i obshchestvenno-politicheskii tekst. p. 20-26. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka".

    Lotte, D. S. 1982. Voprosy zaimstvovaniya i uporyadocheniya inoyazychnyh terminov i terminoelementov. Moscow: Izdate'stvo "Nauka".

    Superanskaya, A. V., Podol'skaya N.V., Vasil'eva, N.V. 2012. Obshchaya terminologiya: Voprosy teorii. Moscow: Liberkom.

  • Articles

    On an Armenian Translation of Seumas Macmanus’s ‘The Old Hag’s Long Leather Bag’

    Alvard Jivanyan
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    Abstract

    MacManus’s The Old Hag’s Long Leather Bag is a unique text in terms of style in the first place. The study of its translation into Armenian is of interest since it is the very first Irish folk tale translated into Armenian. As many renderings of folktales of the time it is an indirect translation mediated by the Russian version. The translation of each particular folktale is of interest, however a number of features of the text, which are held to be resulting from the translator’s individual style are in fact conditioned by the nature of the translated text as a distinct text type.

    References

    Аarne, Antti. 1928. The Types of the Folktale. A Classification and Bibliography, translated and enlarged by Stith Thompson. Folklore Felllows Communications. No. 74. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.

    Crofton Croker, Thomas. 2011 [1828]. Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland. Vol. II. Glastonbury: The Lost Library.

    Dolezel, Lubomir. 1998. Heterocosmica: Fiction and Possible Worlds. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins UP.

    Downing, Charles. 1972. Armenian Folk-Tales and Fables. Oxford University Press.

    Holbek, Bengt. 1987. Interpretation of Fairy Tales: Danish Folklore in a European Perspective. Folklore Fellows Communication. No 239. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.

    Jivanyan, Alvard. 2007. The Fairy Tale as an Archetext. Yerevan: Zangak.

    Jivanyan, Alvard. 2012. “Metamorphosis as a Major Fairy-tale Trope in Irish and Armenian Fairy Tales.” In Ireland and Armenia: Studies in Language, History and Narrative. Journal of Indo- European Studies Monograph Series 61. (eds.) Maxim Fomin, Alvard Jivanyan and Séamus Mac Mathúna, 247-265. Washington D.C.

    Mac Manus, Seumas. 1915 [1900]. “The Old Hag’s Long Leather Bag.” In Donegal Fairy Stories Collected and Told by Seumas MacManus. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company.

    Propp, Vladimir. 2001 [1968]. Morphology of the Folktale. University of Texas Press.

    Uther, Hans-Jörg. 2004. The Types of the International Folktale. A Classification and Bibliography. Folklore Fellows Communications. No.284. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.

    Zipes, Jack. 1979. Breaking the Magic Spell: Radical Theories of Folk and Fairy Tales. Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Grim, Yakob ev Vilhelm. 1908. Antar tnaky. 2, 61-65. Hasker.

    Grim, Yakob ev Vilhelm. 1914. Kakhardi qsaky, Irlandakan heqiath. 3-4, 73-78. Hasker.

    Afanas'ev, Georgii. 1907. Istoriya Irlandii. Sankt-Peterburg: Brokgauz-Efron.

    MakManus, Seamus. 1910. Irlandskie skazki (perevod Zaimovskogo, S.G.). Moscow: V.M.Salbin.

    MakManus, Seamus. 1910. Garbun-Krivulka: irlandskaya skazka (perevod Zaimovskogo, S.G.). Moscow: V.M.Salbin.

    Silant'ev, Igor'. 2004. Poetika motiva. Moscow: Yazyki slyavyanskoi kul'tury.

  • Articles

    The Contrastive Study of the Conjunction ‘and’ in English and Armenian

    Anahit Hovhannisyan
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    Abstract

    In linguistics the structuring role of conjunctions is emphasized, whereas its pragmatic and contrastive study is often foregrounded. Conjunction may be prerequisite for contrastive study.

    The present research is mainly aimed at establishing semantic – functional characteristics of the conjunction “and”, as well as identifying its equivalents in Armenian translation. In other words only one translation direction is investigated, namely English to Armenian. The merit of this research lies in the fact that the study of conjunction from contrastive perspective reveals structural similarities and dissimilarities of the source language and the target language.

    Contrastive study can be used to get new insights into syntax and the findings of this analysis can prove to be useful in such fields as comparative grammar, pragmatics, second-language teaching, etc.

    References

    Aarts, Bars. 2001. English Syntax and Argumentation. 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave.

    Aidinlou, Nader Assadi, and Elnaz Reshadi. “A Comparative Study of the Use of Conjunctions and References in Electronic Mails vs. Paper- based Letters.” In Journal of Language Teaching and Research. Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 611-615, 2014. Print.

    Anward, Jan, Edith Moravcsik, and Leon Stassen. 1977. “Parts of Speech: A Challenge for Typology.” In Linguistic Typology 1, 167-183.

    Ariel, Mira. 2008. Pragmatics and Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Blakemore, Diane, and Robin Carston. 1999. “The Pragmatics of ‘and’ Conjunctions. The Non-narrative Cases.” In UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 5, 277-298.

    Chalker, Sylvia. 1996. Collins Cobuild English Guides 9: Linking Words. London: HarperCollins.

    Halliday, M.A.K., and R. Hans. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman.

    Hertwig, Ralph, Björn Benz, and Stefan Krauss. 2008. The Conjunction Fallacy and the Many Meanings of ‘and.’ Elsevier Print, 97 Language Sciences.

    Jeffries, Lesly. 2006. Discovering Language. New York: Palgrave. MacMillan.

    Koshevaya, Irina. 1982. The Theory of English Grammar. Moscow: Prosvesheniye.

    Leech, Geoffrey, and Jan Svartvik. 1994. A Communicative Grammar of English. London. New York: Longman.

    Lehman, Ch. 1991. “Predicate Classes and Participation.” In Partizipation. Das sprachliche Erfassen von Sachverhalten, 183-239. Tübingen: G. Narr.

    Leung, Carrie. 2005. A Comparison of the Use of Major English Conjunctions by American and Hong Kong University Students. Lund: Lund University Press.

    Maugham, Somerset. 1937. The Theatre. New York: Doubleday, Doran.

    Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Applications. London/New York: Routledge.

    Payne, John. 1985. “Complex Phrases and Complex Sentences.” In Language Typology and Syntactic Description. II. Complex Consturctions. (ed.) Shopen, 3-41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Pons Bordería, Salvador. 2001. Connectives/Discourse Markers: An Overview. Quaderns de filologia. Estudis literaris. Vol. VI. 219-243.

    Quirk, Charles Randolph, Wrenn, Charles Leslie. 1977. An Old English Grammar. London: Methuen’s Old English Library.

    Schiffrin, Deborah. 1988. Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Twain, Mark. 1997. The Prince and the Pauper. London: Penguin Classics.

    Wilde, Oscar. 1891. The Picture of Dorian Grey. London: Penguin Classics.

    Moem, Somerseth․1985. Thatron. Yerevan: "Sovetakan grogh" hratarakchuthyun.

    Tven, Mark. 1980. Arqayazny yev aghqaty. Yerevan: "Sovetakan grogh" hratarakchuthyun.

    Uayld, Oskar. 2012. Dorian Greyi dimankary. Yerevan: "Edith Print" hratarakchuthyun.

    Aleksandrova, Ol'ga, Komova, Tat'yana. 1998. Sovremennyi Angliiskii Yazyk: Morfologiya i Sintaksis. Moscow: Izd. Akademiya.

    Ivanova, I.P., Burlakova, V.V., Pocheptsov, G.G. 1981. Teoreticheskaya Grammatika Sovremennogo Angliiskogo Yazyka.Mowcow: Vysshaya Shkola.

    Studiopedia.su. 2014. Notional and Functional Parts of Speech. https://studopedia.su/14_19874_Notional-and-functional-parts-of-speech.html.

  • Articles

    Locales and Interlanguage Communication

    Andrei Achkasov
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    Abstract

    Traditional approaches fail to grasp the essential drivers and turns of interlingual communication in a wide context of current technological, marketing and economic processes. New scenarios of cross- and interlanguage information distribution, prevalence of functionality, timeliness, relevance, predictability, relevance and marketing function of selling texts over standards of quality, do not comply with any types of equivalence and adequacy. The concept of ‘locale’ is used in a variety of research, including Translation and Localization Studies, Marketing, Sociology, Political Science, etc., and allows to identify new variables, qualities and functions of interlanguage communication, embedded into technologically and economically driven processes of content and products distribution. Such parameters of locales as purchasing power, size, stronger or weaker communicative potential of languages, etc., account for asymmetries in interlingual communication and provide for the conceptualization of new patterns of content production and consumption across languages.

    References

    Adams, Nicole Y. 2013. Diversification in the Language Industry: Success Beyond Translation. NYA Communications.

    Bateman, John A., Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen and Licheng Zeng. 1999. “Multilingual Natural Language Generation for Multilingual Software: a Functional Linguistic Approach.” In Applied Artificial Intelligence, 13, no. 6: 607–639. DOI:10.1080/088395199117289.

    Bernal-Merino, Miguel Á. 2015. Translation and Localisation in Video Games: Making Entertainment Software Global. New York: Routledge.

    Bielsa, Esperança and Susan Bassnett. 2009. Translation in Global News. New York: Routledge.

    Budin, Gerhard. 2006. “Localization.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. 2nd ed., 290–291. Oxford: Elsevier.

    Cronin, Michael. 2013. Translation in the Digital Age. London and New York: Routledge.

    Cronin, Michael. 2006. Translation and Identity. New York: Routledge.

    Diakopoulos, Nicholas. 2019. Automating the News: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Media. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Esselink, Bert. 2000. Practical Guide to Localization. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Fairman, Gabriel. Oct 17, 2019. “What Is Transcreation? And Is It Better Than Translation?.” In The Bureau Works. [Blog]: https://resources.bureauworks.com/what-is-transcreation-and-is-it-better-than-translation-fc (Accessed May 27, 2020).

    Giddens, Anthony. 1981. A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism: Volume 1, Power, Property and the State. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Haberstroh, Bethany. October 14, 2015. “Content Localization: What It Means & Why You Need It.” In Ennveritasgroup [blog]: https://enveritasgroup.com/campfire/content-localization-what-it-means-why-you-need-it/ (Accessed May 27, 2020).

    Jiménez-Crespo, Miguel A. 2013. Translation and Web Localization. London: Routledge.

    Lewis, Seth C and Oscar Westlund. 2015. “Actors, Actants, Audiences, and Activities in CrossMedia.” In News Work. Digital Journalism, 3, no 1, 19–37.

    McDonough Dolmaya, Julie. 2018. “The Politics of Localization.” In Routledge Handbook of Translation and Politics. (eds.) Evans Jonathan and Fruela Fernández, 343–357. London: Routledge.

    Meer, Jaap van der. 2019. “Translation technology – Past, Present and Future.” In The Bloomsbury Companion to Language Industry Studies. (eds.) Erik Angelone, Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow and Gary Massey G., 285–310. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

    Meiert, Jens Oliver. 2020. The Web Development Glossary: About 2,000 Key Terms for Developers. Leanpub.

    O’Hagan, Minako, David Ashworth. 2002. Translation-Mediated Communication in a Digital World. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    O’Hagan, Minako, Carmen Mangiron. 2013. Game Localization. Translating for the Global Digital Entertainment Industry. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Pym, Anthony. 2004. “Propositions on Cross-Cultural Communication and Translation.” In Target. 16 no. 1: 1–28. DOI:10.1075/target.16.1.02pym.

    Pym, Anthony. 2004b. The Moving Text – Localization Translation, and Distribution. Amsterdam, Philadelphia P.A.: John Benjamins.

    Schäffner, Christina. 2012. “Rethinking Transediting.” In Meta: Journal of Translators 57, no. 4 (Winter 2012), 866–883. DOI:10.7202/1021222ar.

    Schäler, Reinhard. 2009. “Localization.” In Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation Studies. 2nd edition. (eds.) Mona Baker and Gabriela Saldanha. London, New York: Routledge: 157–161

    Sandrini, Peter. 2005. “Website Localization and Translation.” In MuTra. Challenges of Multidimensional Translation: Conference Proceedings. EU-High-Level Scientific Conference Series, 131–138.

    Spinzi, Cinzia. 2018. “The Wheres, Whats and Whys of Transcreation.” In Translation or Transcreation? Discourses, Texts and Visuals. (eds.) Cinzia Spinzi, Alessandra Rizzo and Marianna Lya Zummo, 1–14. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Wright, Sue Ellen. 2015. “Language Codes and Language Tags.” In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology. (ed.) Chan Sin-Wai, 536–549. Routledge.

  • Articles

    Lexical and Grammatical Peculiarities of Accounting Texts and Their Translation

    Anush Movsisyan
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    Abstract

    The present article deals with the peculiarities of translating accounting texts and the challenges translators are frequently faced with. The study is of theoretical and practical importance. The challenges while translating accounting texts are presented in the form of examples analyzing both grammatical and lexical peculiarities of such texts. The examples of both the source (SL) and target (TL) languages are extracted from IFRSs (International Financial Reporting Standards).

    References

    Baker, Mona. 1998. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Routledge.

    House, Juliane. 1977. A Model for Translation Quality Assessment. Tübingen: Narr.

    International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and International Accounting Standards (IASs). 2007. Approved by the IASB. Glossary of Terms.

    Longman Business English Dictionary. 2007. London: Pearson ESL.

    Nida, Eugene. 1964. Towards a Science of Translating. Leiden: E.J.Brill

    Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.

    Reiss, Katharina. 1971. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Übersetzungskritik: Kategorien und Kriterien für eine sachgerechte Beurteilung von Übersetzungen. Munich: Hueber.

    Yang, Xiaoyan. 2010. “Transformational Technique of Parts of Speech in Translation of English in Economics.” In Time Education, (9), 85-87.

  • Articles

    A Pragmatic-Based Approach to Translation: Mi Dai?/Dammi! And Дай! In the Parallel Russian-Italian Corpus

    Daniele Artoni
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    Abstract

    This essay focusses on how the knowledge of cross-cultural pragmatics can provide a theoretical background for the translation practice, especially in the search for equivalent functions. This study concentrates on the Russian and the Italian languages and on the speech act of requesting, in that not only is request amongst the most frequent speech acts, but also it is realised in different ways in the two target languages. In particular, whereas imperative is a common strategy used in Russian requests, its presence is restricted to informal bilateral requests in the Italian-speaking contexts.

    In order to investigate how the imperative is distributed in requests translated from Russian into Italian and vice versa, and whether such translations are appropriate from a pragmatic perspective, in our study we have analysed the occurrences of the imperative request “give (me)!” in Russian (дай!) and Italian (dammi!) in the parallel Russian-Italian corpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language.

    References

    Baker, Mona. 1992. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Routledge.

    Berger, T. 1997. “Alte und neue Formen der H.flichkeit im Russischen: eine korpusbasierte Untersuchung h.flicher Direktiva und Kommissiva.” In Slavistische Linguistik. (eds.) P. Kosta and E. Mann, 9-29. Munich: Otto Sagner.

    Betsch, М. 2003. “Questions as Indirect Requests in Russian and Czech.” In Meaning through Language Contrast. Vol. 2. (eds.) K. M. Jaszczolt and K. Turner, 277-99. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Blum-Kulka, S., J. House, and G. Kasper. 1989. Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Advances in discourse processes. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Brehmer, B. 2006. “Beri eščë ogurčik! Diminutiva und H.flichkeit im Russischen.” In Die Welt der Slaven 51(1), 23–48.

    Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness. Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Bruti, S. 2006. “Cross-cultural pragmatics: the Translation of Implicit Compliments in Subtitles.” In The Journal of Specialized Translation 6, 185-197.

    Dorodnych, A. 1995. “A Study of Requests in English, Russian and Ukrainian.” In Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics 30, 55–63.

    Goffman, Erving. 1967. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Interaction. New York: Double Day Anchor Books.

    Hervey, Sándor G. J. 1998. “Speech Acts and Illocutionary Function in Translation Methodology.” In The Pragmatics of Translation. (ed.) Leo Hickey, 10-24. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    House, Juliane. 1997. Translation Quality Assessment. A Model Revisited. Tübingen: Narr.

    Ogiermann, Eva. 2009. “Politeness and In-directness across Cultures: A Comparison of English, German, Polish and Russian Requests.” In Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behaviour, Culture 5, 189–216.

    Márquez-Reiter, R. 2000. Linguistic Politeness in Britain and Uruguay: A Contrastive Study of Requests and Apologies. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Benjamins.

    Mills, Margaret H. 1992. “Conventionalized Politeness in Russian Requests: a Pragmatic View of Indirectness.” In Russian Linguistics 16, 65–78.

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    Rossi, Giovanni. 2012. “Bilateral and Unilateral Requests: The Use of Imperatives and mi X? Interrogatives in Italian.” In Discourse Processes 49 (5), 426–458.

    Rue, Y. J., and G. Q. Zhang. 2008. Request Strategies: A Comparative Study in Mandarin Chinese and Korean. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Benjamins.

    Saxena, Anju. 2002. “Request and Command in Kinnauri: The Pragmatics of Translating Politeness.” In Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 25, 185–193.

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  • Articles

    Metamorphosis in Fairy Tale Translation: Lingucognitive Perspective

    Diana Hayroyan, Irina Mkhitaryan
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    Abstract

    The present article is an attempt to study and reveal linguocognitive properties of metamorphosis in line with its translation. The data analysis of this research is carried out on the fairy tale “At the Back of the North Wind” by Scottish fairy tale writer George MacDonald. Theoretical framework keenly touches upon Local translation strategies suggested by Chesterman and model of metamorphosis by Moskvichova. The article meticulously outlines the stylistic and cognitive nature of metamorphosis through which conversion of the transformative into the transformed along with compelling explication of the reasons for the change- its cause- and verb markers/predicates sum up the concept of conversion and transformation.

    References

    Chenetier, Marc. 1992. “Metamorphoses of the Metamorphoses: Patricia Eakins, Wendy Walker, Don Webb.” In New Literary History 23, 383-400. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Chesterman, Andrew. 1997. Memes of Translation: The Spread of Ideas in Translation Theory. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.

    Carpenter, Humphery, and Mari Prichard. 1995. The Oxford Companion of Children’s Literature. New York: OUP.

    Jakobson, Roman. 1990. “Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances.” In On Language by Roman Jakobson, 115-133. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Jivanyan, Alvard. 2007. The Fairy Tale as an Archetext. Yerevan: Zangak-97.

    Kövecses, Zoltan. 2004. Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture and Body in Human Feeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Mandelblit, Netanyahu. 1995. “The Cognitive View of Metaphor and its Implications for Translation Theory.” In Translation and Meaning, part 3, 483-495. Maastricht: Universitaire Press.

    Mikkenon, Kai. 1996. “Theories of Metamorphosis: From Metatrope to Textual Revision.” In Style 30.2, 309-340. PDF file.

    Massey, Irving. 1976. The Gaping Pig: Literature and Metamorphosis. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Lakoff, George, and Johnson Matthey. 1980. Metaphors We Live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Le Guern, Michel. 1981. “La metamorphose poetique: Essai de definition.” In Poethiques de la metamorphose by G. Demerson, 27-36. Saint-Etienne: Publications de l' Universite de Saint-Etienne.

    Todorov, Tsvetan. 1975. The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre. New York: Cornell University Press.

    Tomlinson, Charles. 1983. Poetry and Metamorphosis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    MacDonald, George. 1994. At The Back of the North Wind. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Classics.

    Arutyunova, Nina D., J'urinskaya, Marina A. 1990. Teoriya Metafory. Moscow: Progress.

    Moskvicheva, Oksana. 2015. "Metamorfoza v angliiskih poeticheskih tekstah XIX-XX vekov: lingvosemioticheskii i lingvokognitivnyi aspekty". Kognatsiya, kommunikatsiya, diskurs. No 11, 87-108: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nzfcmobtXEbzSIbVYEot2yecJWv8cW2p/view

    Rozental', Ditmar. 2013. Spravochnik po stilistike Russkogo Yazyka. Moscow: Airis-Press.

  • Articles

    Translations of the Thousand and One Nights in Georgia and Their Adaptations in Georgian Folklore

    Elene Gogiashvili
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    Abstract

    Translation is one of the ways in a process of adaptations of fairytales of foreign origin. From this perspective, it is very important to consider literary sources in the study of oral narrative materials. The large numbers of the folktales has a rich literary tradition and some plots of the folktales come from the literature, spread and interpreted by folk narrators. This article focuses on Georgian folktales related to the stories from “The Thousand and One Nights”, and compares the types of international folktales, such as ATU938 The Tale of the King Who Lost His Kingdom, ATU976 Which was the noblest act?, ATU930A The Predestined Wife, ATU561 Aladdin, ATU35 Ali Baba. The review of these tales reveals to us information about not only Georgian folktales related to “The Thousand and One Nights” but also the unique relationship between oral tradition and literate production.

    References

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    Uther, Hans-Jörg. 2004. The Types of International Folktales. A Classification and Bibliography. Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Part 1. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.

    Wardrop, Marjory (translator). 1894. Georgian Folk Tales Translated by Marjory Wardrop. London: David Nutt in the Strand.

    Hahanov, Aleksandr. 1901. Ocherki po istorii gruzinskoi slovestnosti. Vypusk 3. Literatura XIII-XVIII vv. Moscow: Universitetskaya tipografiya.

    Marr, Nikolai. 1895. "Gruzinskii izvod skazki o treh ostroumnyh brat'yah iz Rusudaniani". Vostochnye zametki. Sankt-Peterburg, 221-259.

  • Articles

    Abbreviations in English Shipbuilding Terminology and Their Translation into Romanian

    Floriana Popescu
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    Abstract

    Abbreviations represent a substantial element in the English and Romanian word stock as well as in their shipbuilding terminologies. This paper is an analysis of the English abbreviations and their Romanian versions in an attempt to assess the availability of the latter language to shipbuilding Anglicisms. The research mainly consisted in the creation of a data bank to comprise the abbreviations that occur in English shipbuilding glossaries, dictionaries and lexicons and whose versions were included in similar Romanian lexicographic works. A first step in this project was the determination of the meanings assigned to the notion of abbreviation, which has been described to convey rather controversial meanings in English lexicology. The translational perspective of this approach was constructed on the concepts of foreignization and domestication, advanced by Venuti in the mid 1990’s. Our analysis was designed to highlight the English touch on the vocabulary of the Romanian shipbuilding terminology, at the same time disregarding both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of this influence. These aspects were waived because terminologies, like any other compartment of languages, are vivid organisms in a continual strive to develop, enrich and expand.

    References

    Bankole, Adetola. 2006. “Dealing with Abbreviations in Translation.” In Translation Journal: http://accurapid.com/journal/38acronyms.htm (Accessed April 2, 2020).

    Bejan, Nicolae. 1982. English for Specific Purposes, English Terms in Shipbuilding and ESP Features and the Teaching of ESP. Oregon: Oregon University Press.

    Bejan, Nicolae. 1984. Dicționar naval englez-român. Galați: Tipografia Universității din Galați.

    Bibicescu, Gh. 1971. Lexicon maritim englez-român. Bucureşti: Editura Ştiinţifică.

    Chapman, de, Frederick H. 1820. A Treatise on Ship-building with Explanations and Demonstrations. Cambridge: J. Smith, Printer to the University.

    Gerzymich-Arbogast, Heidrun. 2008. “Fundamentals of LSP Translation.” In LSP Translation Scenarios. (eds.) Heidrun Gerzymich-Arbogast, Gerhard Budin and Gertrud Hofer, 7-64. Wiesbaden: ATRC Group.

    Ginzburg, R.S, S.S. Khidekel, G.Y. Knyazeva, and A.A. Sankin. 1979. A Course in Modern English Lexicology, Moscow: Visshaya Shkola.

    Ionescu, Anca. 2019. The Language of Naval Architecture in Translation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation defended at “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Romania.

    Kennedy, Chris, and Rod Bolitho. 1984. English for Specific Purposes. London: Macmillan.

    Lăcătuş, Vasile, Valentin Popescu, and Iulia Dobrea-Brugge. 2018. O istorie ilustrată a Şantierului Naval. An Illustrated History of the Shipyard (bilingual edition). Galaţi: Galleria Creative Shop.

    MacBride, James D. 1921. A Handbook of Practical Shipbuilding with a Glossary of Terms. New York: D. van Nostrand Co.

    Mackay, Ronald, and Allan Mountford (eds). 1978. English for Specific Purposes. A Case Study Approach. London: Longman.

    Maftei, Carmen, and Floriana Popescu. 2005. “A Linguistic Description of Shipbuilding and Maritime English.” In Annals of “Dunarea de Jos University” of Galati. Fascicle XIII. Language and Literature, 23 (24), 147-156.

    Bosseaux, Charlotte. 2012. “The Translation of Song.” In The Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies. (eds.) Kirsten Malmkær and Kevin Windle, 185-194. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Miller, Gary D. 2014. English Lexicogenesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Mills, Watson E. 1990. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Macon Georgia: Mercer University Press.

    Păltănea, Paul. 1994. Istoria oraşului Galaţi de la origini pâna la 1918. [A History of the Town of Galaţi from Its Origins to 1918]. Galaţi: Porto-Franco.

    Pease, Forrest F. 1918. Modern Shipbuilding Terms Defined and Illustrated. Philadelphia and London: J.P. Lippincott Company.

    Plag, Ingo. 2003. Word Formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Popescu, Floriana. 2005. “Anglicisms in the Romanian Shipbuilding Specialized Terminology.” In Romanian Journal of English Studies, 3, 160-3.

    Popescu, Floriana. 2007. “Translating Shipbuilding and Maritime Eponyms.” In Discursul intelectual la raspantiile istoriei. [The Intellectual Discourse at the Crossroads of History]. (ed.) Simona Antofi. Galaţi: Europlus.

    Popescu, Floriana. 2009. “Translating ESP Eponyms into Romanian.” In Perspectives in Translation Studies. (ed.) Floriana Popescu, 110-30. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Popescu, Floriana. 2016. “English for Naval Architecture Purposes (ENAP), English for Shipbuilding Purposes (ESBP) and English for Maritime Purposes (EMP) – A terminologically-related Triad.” In Mircea cel Batran” Naval Academy Scientific Bulletin, XIX, (2), 529-32.

    Popescu, Floriana. 2019. A Paradigm of Comparative Lexicology. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Popescu, Floriana. 2019. “Paronyms and Other Confusables and the ESP Translation Practice.” In Annals of “Ovidius” University of Constanta, Romania. Philology Series, 30 (1), 220-32.

    Rongre, Yohanis, and Noer J. Saleh. 2018. “Word-Level Translation Techniques in Medical terms from English into Indonesian.” In ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies on Humanities. Vol. 1, No 1, 66-75.

    Sullivan, Eric. The Marine Encyclopaedic Dictionary. 4th edition. London: Lloyd’s of London Press Ltd.

    Taggart, R. 1980. Ship Design and Construction. New York: S.N.A.M.E.

    Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London and New York: Routledge.

    Young, Arthur. 1863. Nautical Dictionary, 2nd ed. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green.

    Zakhir, Marouane. 2009. “Translation Procedures.” The Translation Theories: From History to Procedures. (ed.) Zainurrahman, 114-120. Personal Journal of Philosophy of Language and Personal Education.

  • Articles

    Intercultural Conflict in the French Translation of Hrant Matevosyan's Novel “Autumn Sun”: Curses and Blessings

    Gayane Sargsyan
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    Abstract

    The objectives of this article are to relive the problems of translation of “culturemes”. In our research we focus on cultural translation, especially the issue of cultural inequivalences or losses occurring in the translation of curses and blessings in Hrant Matevosyan’s novel “Autumn Sun”.

    References

    Cuciuc, Nina. 2011. Transfert de culturemes. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

    Ladmiral, Lipiansky. 1995. La Communication interculturelle. Paris: Armand Colin.

    Matevosyan, Hrant. 1994. Soleil d’Automne. Paris: Albin Michel.

    Mounin, George. 1995. Les Belles Infidèles. Paris: Presse Universitaire Lille.

    Pergnier, Maurice. 1993. Les Fondements sociolinguistiques de la traduction. Paris : Les Belles Lettres.

    Harutyunyan, Sargis. 1975. Anets'qi ev orhnanqi j'anry hay banahyusut'yan mej. Yerevan: Haykakan SSH GA hrat.

    Mat'evosyan, Hrant. 2005. Ashnan arev. Yerevan: Wskan Yerevantsi.

  • Articles

    Criteria for Evaluating Literary Translation: Mixing the Eternal and the New

    Irina Alexeeva
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    Abstract

    Today the criteria for evaluating translations of literary texts combine vast practical experience, insights of the translation theory and the demands set by the contemporary society for the translation of literature. The article describes the stages of developing literary translation criteria and offers the integrative multicomponent model which comprises aesthetic information, text unity, dominant style features and their frequency, diachronic distance, translator’s individual style, literary norm of the receiving language and specificity of the social expectations. The above-listed components are considered crucial in the analysis of the present-day and past translations, as well as in the study of two-step translation method via the mediating language.

    References

    Ammann, Margret. 1990. “Anmerkungen zu einer Theorie der Übersetzungskritik und ihrer praktischen Anwendung.” In TEXTconTEXT. Vol. 5, 209-250.

    Broek, Raymond van den. 1985. “Second Thoughts on Translation Criticism. A Model of Its Analytic Function.” In The Manipulation of Literature. Studies in Literature Translation. 54-62. London/Sydney: Croom Helm.

    Reiss, Katharina. 1971. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Übersetzungskritik. Kategorien und Kriterien für eine sachgerechte Beurteilung von Übersetzungen. München: Hueber.

    House, Juliane. 1997. Translation Quality Assessment: A Model Revisited. Tübingen: Narr.

    Kazakova, Tamara. 2006. Hudojestvennyi perevod: v poiskah istiny. SPb.: Izdatel'stvo SPbGU.

    Mihailova, Irina. 2007. Yazyk niderlandskoi poezii i problemy poeticheskogo perevoda. Monografiya. SPb.: Izd-vo SPbGU.

    Toper, Pavel. 2000. Perevod v sisteme sravnitel'nogo literaturovedeniya. Moskva: Nasledie.

    Fedorov, Andrei. 2002. Osnovy teorii perevoda (Lingvisticheskie problemy). Moscow: Vyshaya shkola.

    Fedorov, Andrei. 1981. Iskusstvo perevoda i jizn' literatury. Leningrad: Lenizdat.

  • Articles

    Memory and Note-Taking as Key Elements in Consecutive Interpretation

    Nare Jabaghyan
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    Abstract

    While the world is striding into a new age of not only technological advancement, but also international interaction, the increased necessity and demand for interpretation and professional interpreters make it a challanging specialty. Unlike in written translation, during oral interpretation the received information is not “material”. The quality of the oral translation largely and mainly depends on the characteristic features of the speech and the translator’s competence, as well as his personal and mental (psychological) aspects. It goes without saying that besides good knowledge of both source and target languages, good and trained memory and note-taking are the most crucial elements in interpretation, as they can be effective and practical for the interpreter’s multifaceted work.

    References

    Baddeley, Alan D., and Graham Hitch. 1974. “Working Memory.” In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). (ed.) G. H. Bower. New York: Academic Press.

    Garretson, Deborah A. 1981. “A Psychological Approach to Consecutive Interpretation.” In Meta Journal des traducteurs. Vol. 26(3) September. Montréal: Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal.

    Gile, Daniel. 1995. Basic Concepts and Models in Interpreter and Translator Training. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Harris, Brian, and Bianca Sherwood. 1978. “Translating as an Innate Skill.” In Language Interpretation and Communication. (eds.) Gerver D., and W.H. Sinaiko. Oxford and New York: Plenum.

    Hopper, Carolyn H. 2010. Practicing College Learning Strategies. Belmont: Wadsworth.

    Kellogg, Ronald T. 2003. Cognitive Psychology. London: Sage Publications.

    Visson, Linn. 2002. Praktikum po sinhronnomu perevodu s russkogo yazyka na angliiskii. Moscow: R.Valent.

    Min'yar-Beloruchev, Ryurik. 2005. Zapisi v Posledovatel'nom perevode. Moscow: Prospekt-AP.

    Rybnikov, Nikolai. 1930. Pamyat', ee psihologiya i pedagogika. Moscow-Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo.

    Fomin, Serei K. 2006. Posledovatel'nyi Perevod. (Angliiskii yazyk) Kniga studenta. Moscow: AST: Vostok-Zapad: https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7143.

  • Articles

    Ideology in Polish Translations of Anglo-American Literature

    Paweł Marcinkiewicz
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    Abstract

    Ideology has always influenced translation, yet this fact became a topic of scholarly research only in the 1990s. The working of ideology in literary translations most often manifests itself as a conflict of value systems. From vast reservoir of foreign sources, the native axiology absorbs values that it needs to sustain its culture. It is not a coincidence that Anglo-American literature, propagating ideas of democracy and individual freedom, became popular in Poland in the first half of the nineteenth-century when Poland did not exist as a state. Only a century later, American literature was the most popular of all foreign literatures in pre-1939 Poland. World War II changed this situation, and the Soviet-controlled apparatchiks favored translations that were “politically correct.” Yet, because of their connections with earlier revolutionary movements, avant-garde Anglo-American writers were often published during the communist regime, for example Virginia Woolf, whose novels were standardized to appeal to the tastes of popular readers. After Poland regained independence in 1989, the national book market was privatized and commercialized, and avant-garde literature needed advertising to get noticed. Cormack McCarthy’s novels were translated into Polish on the wave of popularity of the Coen brothers movie based on No Country for Old Men. The two Polish translations of McCarthy’s novel try to sound like a typical hard-boiled realistic fiction. This is where the ideology of consumerism meets the ideology of communism: literature is a means to sustain – and control – a cultural monolith, where all differences are perceived as possible threats to social order.

    References

    Albert, Andrzej. 1991. Najnowsza historia Polski [The most recent history of Poland]. 1918-1980. London: Puls.

    Bloom, Harold. 2009. Bloom’s Modern Critical Views: Cormac McCarthy. New edition. New York: Infobase Publishing.

    Bryk, Robert. (Trans.). 2008. To nie jest kraj dla starych ludzi [This is no country for old men] by Cormac McCarthy. Warszawa: Prószyński i S-ka.

    Celzada-Pérez, Maria. 2014. Introduction. Apropos of Ideology. Translation Studies on Ideology – Ideologies in Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge. Kindle edition. Location 59-468.

    Dombska, Anna. 2011. “Ograniczenia wolności prasy w PRL.” Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne [“Limitations of press freedom during communist regime in Poland.” In Law-economical studies, t. LXXXIV. Łódź: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe, 79-100.

    Dworkin, Craig, and Kenneth Goldsmith. 2011. Against Expression. Evanston: Northwestern UP.

    Fawcett, P.D. (1998). “Ideology and Translation.” In The Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. (ed.) Mona Baker, 106-111. New York: Routledge.

    Fordoński, Krzysztof. 2016. Rynek przekładu literackiego w Polsce. Bardzo subiektywna i cząstkowa próba opisu dwóch dekad [The market of literary translations in Poland. A very subjective and incomplete description of last two decades]. Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/1135768/Rynek_przek%C5%-82adu_literackiego_w_Polsce (Accessed May 12. 2020).

    Jarniewicz, Jerzy. 2012. Gościnność słowa. Szkice o przekładzie literackim [Hospitality of the Word. Essays on literary translation]. Kraków: Znak.

    Klinger, Krzysztof. Translator. 1962. Do latarni morskiej [To the lighthouse] by Virginia Woolf. Warszawa: Czytelnik.

    Lefevere, André. 1992. Translating Literature. Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context. New York: The Modern Language Association of America.

    Leonardi, Vanessa. 2007. Gender and Ideology in Translation. Frankfurt am Mein: Peter Lang.

    McCarhy, Cormac. 2005. No Country for Old Men. London: Picador.

    Miłosz, Czesław. 1983. The History of PolishLiterature. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Montgomery, Michael, and Ellen Johnson. 2007. The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. Vol. 5. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    Perloff, Marjorie. 1999. The Poetics of Indeterminacy: Rimbaud to Cage. Evanston: Northwestern UP.

    Solomon, Susan. 2013. New Writing: Modernism, Punctuation, and the Intermedial Text. Connecticut: University of Connecticut.

    Sudół, Robert. (Trans.). 2014. To nie jest kraj dla starych ludzi [No country for old men] by Cormac McCarthy. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie.

    Tabakowska, Elżbieta. 1998. “Polish Tradition.” Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. (ed.) Mona Baker, 523-531. New York: Routledge.

    Tołczyńska-Dietrich, Krystyna. 1975. “American Literature in Polish Translation.” In The Polish Review. Vol. 20, No. 4, 117-129.

    Woolf, Virginia. 1996. To the Lighthouse. London: Penguin Books.

    Venuti, Lawrence. 2004. The Translator’s Invisibility. London & New York: Routledge.

    Żmigrodzki, Zbigniew. 2002. Cenzura PRL: Wykaz Książek Podlegających Niezwłocznemu Wycofaniu [The list of book to be immediately withdrawn from circulation] 1.x.1951 R. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Nortom.

  • Articles

    Methodology for the Evaluation of Machine Translation Quality

    Ani Ananyan, Roza Avagyan
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    Abstract

    Along with the development and widespread dissemination of translation by artificial intelligence, it is becoming increasingly important to continuously evaluate and improve its quality and to use it as a tool for the modern translator. In our research, we compared five sentences translated from Armenian into Russian and English by Google Translator, Yandex Translator and two models of the translation system of the Armenian company Avromic to find out how effective these translation systems are when working in Armenian. It was necessary to find out how effective it would be to use them as a translation tool and in the learning process by further editing the translation.

    As there is currently no comprehensive and successful method of human metrics for machine translation, we have developed our own evaluation method and criteria by studying the world's most well-known methods of evaluation for automatic translation. We have used the post-editorial distance evaluation criterion as well. In the example of one sentence in the article, we have presented in detail the evaluation process according to the selected and developed criteria. At the end we have presented the results of the research and made appropriate conclusions.

    References

    Callison-Burch, Chris, Cameron Fordyce, and Philipp Koehn. Evaluation of Machine Translation: http://www.mt-archive.info/ACL-SMT-2007-Callison-Burch.pdf.

    Denkowski, Michael, and Alon Lavie. Choosing the Right Evaluation for Machine Translation: an Examination of Annotator and Automatic Metric Performance on Human Judgment Tasks: https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~alavie/papers/AMTA-10-Denkowski.pdf.

    Nagao, Makoto, and Mori Shinsuke. A New Method of N-gram Statistics for Large Number of n and Automatic Extraction of Words and Phrases from Large Text Data of Japanese: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/¬download?¬doi=10.¬1.1.¬57.84-16&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

  • Articles

    Alexander Pushkin's Winter Evening in Armenian and English Translation

    Ruzanna Ghazaryan, Ishkhan Dadyan
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    Abstract

    This research dwells upon prominent Russian writer Alexander Pushkin’s poetry in light of translation. More specifically, one of Pushkin’s most famous poems – “Winter Evening” has been selected to be analyzed with regard to its translation in Armenian and English. This study aims to reveal the major challenges that the translators have faced while rendering the poem from Russian into Armenian and English as well as to disclose the discrepancies that exist between the original and the translated texts. Also, an attempt will be made to identify the major lexical, grammatical, stylistic and syntactic shifts that have occurred in the translation process in order to assess the degree of translation accuracy and pinpoint whether or not the translated texts impact the target-language readers to the same extent as the original.

    References

    Bassnett, Susan. 1994. Translation Studies. Revised edition. London and New York: Routledge.

    Gentzler, Edwin. 1993. Contemporary Translation Theories. London and New York: Routledge.

    Pushkin, Alexander. 2002 The Complete Works of Alexander Pushkin. Vol. 3. Lyric Poems: 1826-1836. London: Milner and Company.

    RuVerses.com. A. Pushkin: Winter Evening. Cecil Maurice Bowra (trans.): https://ruverses.com/alexander-pushkin/winter-evening/9161/.

    Pushkin, Aleksandr S. 1974. Sobranie sochenenii: V 10-i tomah. Tom vtoroi. Stihotvoreniya 1825-1836 godov. (primech.) T. Tsyavlovaskoi. Moscow: Москва: Художественная литература.

    T'umanyan, Hovhannes. 1985. Yntir erker erku hatorov. Hator arajin. (khmb.) R.M. Muradyan. Yerevan: "Sovetakan grogh" hratarakchutyun.

    Hakobyan, Gayane. 2010. "Pushkini "Dzmerva irikuny" banasteghts'ut'yan t'umanyanakan t'argmanut'yan teqstabanakan verluts'ut'yun". Banber Yerevani hamalsarani. Hayagitut'yun, 132.1, 46-54. Yerevan:EPH.

  • Articles

    Pragmatic Coherence and Equivalence in Literary Translation

    Shushanik Paronyan
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    Abstract

    The topic of the present paper concerns cultural translation and focuses on the cross-cultural aspect of pragmatic equivalence. It is based on the hypothesis that the pragmatic framework of the literary work, i.e.  the deliberate choice of  tied verbal actions and the interpretations of these actions, forms  an important slot in the overall structure of cultural context and displays the artistic literary idea of the writer.  Hence the research work clearly shows that literary translation should adequately transmit the intentions and ideas encoded in the original text to the readers from the respective culture. The cross-cultural pragmatic analysis of the speech act sequences and reporting words carried out on the material of a literary work in English and its Armenian translation has enabled us to determine that the violation of pragmatic coherence of the source text distorts the cultural context planned by the author.

    References

    Ahearn, Laura M. 2012. Living language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology. USA: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Barker Chris, and Dariuzs Galasinski. 2001. Cultural Studies and Discourse Analysis. London: Sage.

    Bassnett, Susan. 2002. Translation studies. London: Routledge.

    Bharati, Bhasha. 2018. “Understanding the Relationship between Translation and Culture.” In Translation Agency: https://bhashabharati.medium.com/understanding-the-relationship-between-translation-and-culture-92e58803bffb (Accessed: Feb. 8, 2021).

    Bingqian, Wang. 1995. The Science of Cultural Translation. Tianjin: The Press of Nankai University.

    Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, House, Juliane, and Kasper Gabriele. 1989. Cross-cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex.

    Borkowski, Jan. 2014. “What is the Cultural Context of a Literary Text?” in Journal of Literary Theory Online: http://www.jltonline.de/index.php/¬reviews/-article/view/631/1540 (Accessed: February 25, 2021).

    Bradbury, Ray. 1983. Farenheit 451 and Short Stories. Moscow: Raduga Publishers.

    Cultural Context. at Quora.com: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-meaning-of-cultural-context (Accessed: February 25, 2021).

    Darnell, Regna. 2001. “Translation.” In Key Terms in Language and Culture. (ed.) A. Duranti, 248-251. USA: Blackwell Publishing.

    Dixon, Robert. 2005. A Semantic Approach to English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Geng, Xiao. 2013. “Techniques of the Translation of Culture.” In Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 3:6, 977-981. Academy Publisher. DOI:10.4304/tpls.3.6.977-981.

    Goddard Cliff, and Anna Wierzbicka. 2007. “Discourse and Culture.” In Discourse as Social Interaction. (ed.) T.A. van Dijk, 231-258. Los Angeles, London: Sage Publications.

    Goodenough, Ward H. 1981. Culture, Language, and Society. Menlo Park, CA.: Cummings.

    Larson, Mildred. 1998. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-language Equivalence. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

    Maitland, Sarah. 2017. What is Cultural Translation? London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.

    Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall.

    Newmark, Peter. 1991. About Translation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Paronyan, Shushanik, and Bekaryan, Lilit. 2013. “Verbalization of Interpersonal Conflict in Fiction.” In Studia Filologica: Filologichni Studiya Zborniknaukovikh prats. 2, 60-66. Kiev: Kievskiy Universitet Imeni B. Grichenka.

    Paronyan, Shushanik. 2018. “Language Elements of Foreign Culture in the Narrative: A Pragmatic Approach.” In: “Հայագիտության հարցեր» հանդես 1:13.” 153-165. Երևան: ԵՊՀ հրատ.

    Riley, Philip. 2007. Language, Culture and Identity. London: Continuum.

    Samovar, Larry A., Richard E. Porter, and Edwin R. McDaniel. 2009. Communication between Cultures. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

    Shaw, Daniel R. 2012. “The Translation Context: Cultural Factors in Translation.” In Translation Review, 23(1), 25-29: https://doi.org/10.1080/073748-36.1987.10523398 (Accessed: February 24, 2021).

    Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London and New York: Routledge.

    Verschueren, Jef. 1999. Understanding Pragmatics. London: Edward Arnold.

    Waard, Jan de, and Eugene A Nida. 1986. From One Language to Another: Functional Equivalence in Bible Translation. Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Publishers.

    Wenhua, Wang. 2000. Differences and Translation. Changsha: The Press of Zhongnan University.

    Wierzbicka, Anna. 2003. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: The Semanitcs of Social Interaction. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

    Wilson Andrew. 2009. Translators on Translating: Inside the Invisible Art. Vancouver: CCSP Press.

    Yunxing, Li. 1998. Cultural Factors in Translation. Perspectives, 6:2:175-182: DOI: 10.1080/0907676X.1998.9961334 (Accessed: February 25, 2021).

    Bredber, Rey. 2016. Farenhyt' 451. (t'argm.) L.Haroyan. Yerevan: Zangak.

    Paronyan, Shushanik. 2011. Lezvach'anachoghut'yun ev diskurs. Yerevan, EPH hrat.

    Paronyan, Shushanik. 2014. "Artalezvakan lezvamshakut'ayin gorts'onneri dery banavor t'argmanut'yan gorts'ynt'atsum". T'argmanut'yuny vorpes gitakan usumnasirut'yan ararka ev mijmshakut'ayin p'okhnert'ap'antsman mijots git. hodv. j'ogh., 45-52. Yerevan, YPH hrat.

    Paronyan, Shushanik, T'amoyan, Nare. 2016. "Qaghaqavarut'yan kargy ev neroghut'yun haytsely". Banber Yerevani hamalsarani 1, 68-81. Yerevan: YPH hrat.

  • Articles

    Comparative Investigation of English and Armenian Compound Patterns (based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's Novel “The Great Gatsby” and Its Armenian Translation)

    Sirarpi Karapetyan
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    Abstract

    The novel “The Great Gatsby” by F. Scott Fitzgerald published in 1925 is one of the timeless classics of world literature which was investigated from different linguistic perspectives. Its vocabulary is abundant in compound words with a variety of morphological, syntactic, semantic peculiarities. In this paper, we aim at studying compound words in “The Great Gatsby” to illustrate their patterns in English and Armenian. We have investigated the compounds from the morphological-categorial point of view, from the perspective of the syntactic relations between their constituent parts. We have also briefly touched upon some of their semantic features. At the same time, a close attention was paid to the different ways in which compound patterns were translated into Armenian. The study of the main target of the paper is based on Sona Seferyan's translation of the novel “The Great Gatsby” into Armenian. A lot of examples of both synthetic (closed) and analytical (juxtaposed) compounds have been picked out. In Armenian within synthetic compounds we differentiate between those with a linking element, e. g. “աշխարհամարտ” (where “ա” is the linking element) and the ones without а linking element, e. g. “արևելք”. We assume that the peculiarities of compounds revealed in this paper will have significance not only for the description of their characteristic features but also for the general typological characterization of the languages under study.

    References

    Adams, V. 1973. An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation. London: Longman.

    Andrews, A., and E. Maksimova. 2010. Russian Translation: Theory and Practice. London and New York: Routledge.

    Baker, M. 2011. In other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. 2nd ed. London and New York: Routledge.

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    Fitzgerald, F. S. 2019. The Great Gatsby. Yerevan: Edit Print.

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