Vol. 2 No. 2 (4) (2022)

View Vol. 2 No. 2 (4) (2022)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/TSTP/2022.2.2
Published: 2022-12-20

Full Issue

Articles

  • Articles

    Armenian Folk Tales Translated: A Chronological Approach

    Alvard Jivanyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    The present article deals with direct and mediated translations of Armenian folk and fairy tales presented in chronological order. Our research includes a number of major collections of Armenian tales told in non-Armenian milieux and recorded in languages other than Armenian. The collectors of these tales have apparently functioned both as recorders and translators.  It is to be noted that there exist no printed versions of the mentioned tales in Armenian. The study and systematization of translated tale collections are important for making the Armenian material more distinct and identifiable for folklore and fairy-tale scholars.   

     

     

     

    References

    Blackwell, Alice Stone. 1898. “Introduction.” In A. G. Seklemian. The Golden Maiden and Other Folk Tales and Fairy Stories Told in Armenia. Cleveland and New York: The Helman -Taylor Company.

    Chalatianz, Grikor. 1887. Märchen und Sagen aus Armenien. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Friedrich.

    Chalatianz, Grikor. 2018. Märchen und Sagen aus Armenien. Zenodot Verlagsgesellschaft.

    Chalatianz, Grikor. 2019. Märchen und Sagen aus Armenien. Berlin: Henricus Edition Deutsche Klassik.

    Dorofeev, Georgiy. 1897. Kavkazskiye skazki i predaniya [Legends and Folk Tales of Caucasus]. Tiflis.

    Downing, Charles. 1972. Armenian Folk-Tales and Fables. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane. 1890. The Women of Turkey and Their Folklore. London: David Nutt.

    Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane. 1915. Ottoman Wonder Tales. London: A. and C. Black LTD.

    Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane. 2012. Ottoman Wonder Tales. Hardpress Publishing.

    Gatsuk, Vladimir. 1903-1905. Skazki Kavkaza: Zhemchuzhnoe ozherelye [Folk Tales of Caucasus: A Pearl Necklace]. Vol. 1-8. Moscow: Publishing house of A.S. Panifidina.

    Ghanalanian, Aram. 1950. Hay zhoghovrdakan heqiatner [Armenian Folk Tales]. Yerevan: Haypethrat.

    Hay zhoghovrdakan heqiatner [Armenian Folk Tales]. 1962. Comp. by A. Nazinian. Vol. III. Yerevan: ASSR Academy of Sciences.

    Haykuni, Sargis. 1901. Zhoghovrdakan vep ev heqiat [Legends and Fairy Tales]. EAZH, vol. B. Moscow-Vagharshapat.

    Hoogasian-Villa, Susie. 1966. 100 Armenian Tales and Their Folkloristic Relevance. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

    Ketcheyan, Leon. 2012. Contes Arméniens: l’Oiseau d’Émeraude. Paris: L’ecole des loisirs.

    Khachatriants Yakov. 1930. Armyanskiye skazki [Armenian Folk Tales]. Leningrad: Academia.

    Khachatriants Yakov. 1933. Armyanskiye skazki [Armenian Folk Tales]. Moscow-Leningrad: Academia.

    Khalatiants Grigor. 1885. Obshchiy ocherk armyanskikh skazok. Sbornik materialov po etnografii izdavayemyj pri dashkovskom etnograficheskom muzee pod redaktsiyey V. F. Millera [A General Outline of Armenian Folk Tales. Dashkov Museum Collection of Ethnographic Materials ed. By V. F. Miller]. N 1, Moscow.

    Khalatiants, Grigor. 1897. “O nekotorykh lyubimeyshikh motivakh armyanskikh skazok.” Bratskaya pomoshch postradavshim v Turtsii armyanami. [“On Some Common Motifs of Armenian Folk Tales.” Fraternal Assistance to Armenians who have suffered in Turkey]. pp. 688-702. Moscow.

    Lalayan, Yervand. 1914-1915. Margaritner hay banahyusutyan [Pearls of Armenian Folklore], vol. 1-3. Tbilisi-Vagharshapat.

    Lang, Andrew. 1907. The Olive Fairy Book. London: Longmans, Green & Co.

    Lang, Andrew. 1910. The Lilac Fairy Book. London: Longmans, Green & Co.

    Lynch Henry Finnis Blosse. 1901. Armenia: Travels and Studies, vol. II. London, New York: Longmans, Green & Co.

    Macler, Frédéric. 1905. Contes arméniens. Paris: Ernest Leroux Editeurs.

    Macler, Frédéric. 1911. Contes et légends de l’Armenie. Petite bibliothèque arménienne. Ernest Leroux.

    Nahmad, H. M. 1967. The Peasant and the Donkey: Tales of the Near and Middle East. London: Oxford University Press; New York: H. Z. Walck.

    Navasardiants, Tigran. 1882–1890. Hay zhoghovrdakan heqiatner [Armenian Folk Tales]. 10 volumes, Tiflis.

    Seklemian, A. G. 1898. The Golden Maiden and Other Folk Tales and Fairy Stories Told in Armenia. Cleveland and New York: The Helman-Taylor Company.

    Seklemian, A. G. 2009. The Golden Maiden and Other Folk Tales and Fairy Stories Told in Armenia. Cornell University Library, 2009.

    Seklemian, A. G. 2018. The Golden Maiden and Other Folk Tales and Fairy Stories Told in Armenia. London: Forgotten Books.

    Seklemian, A. G. 1893. “The Youngest of the Three: Armenian Fairy Tales.” Journal of American Folklore, 6, pp. 50-152.

    Seklemian, A. G. 1897. “Тhe Wicked Stepmother: An Armenian Folk-tale.” Journal of

    American Folklore, 10, pp. 135-142.

    Srvandstiants, Garegin. 1876. Manana [Manna]. Constantinople.

    Srvandstiants, Garegin. 1978. Manana. Hamov-Hotov [Manna. With Flavour and Fragrance].

    Works, vol. I, Yerevan: ASSR Academy of Sciences.

    Surmelian, Leon. 1968. Apples of Immortality. Folktales of Armenia. California: University of California Press.

    Surmelian, Leon. 1991. Armenische Märchen und Volkserzählungen: gesammelt und herausgegeben von Leon Surmelian. Aus dem Englischen übertragen von Zora Shaked. Insel Verlag.

    Tashian, Hakobos. 1892. “Pukovinayi yev Transilvanioy hayots zruytsnery.” [The Tales of Bukovian and Transylvanian Armenians]. Handes amsorya, N 1, pp. 22-23.

    Tchéraz, Minas. 1912. L'Orient inédit: légendes et traditions arméniennes, grecques et turques. Recueillies et traduites par Minas Tchéraz. Paris: Ernest Leroux.

    Wingate, Jane. 1910. “Armenian Folk Tales.” Folkore, Vol. 21, Issues 2-4.

    Wingate, Jane. 1911. “Armenian Folk Tales.” Folkore, vol. 22, Issues 1; 3; 4.

    Wingate, Jane. 1912. “Armenian Folk Tales.” Folkore, vol. 23, Issue 1; 2.

    Wlislocki, Heinrich von. 1891. Märchen und Sagen der Bukowinaer und Siebenbürger

    Armenier. Hamburg: Verlagsanstalt und Druckerei Actien-Gesellschaft.

    Wlislocki, Heinrich von. 2016. Märchen und Sagen der Bukowinaer und Siebenbürger Armenier. Melbourne: Leopold Classic Library.

  • Articles

    The Language of Translation (Analysis on Language-Discourse Relations and Translatorial Attitudes)

    Davit Sahakyan, Gurgen Karapetyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    The paper discusses the translatorial attitudes to language applied by the translator during the process of translation. It views two types of 'language'- "language and its discourses" (language proper) and "discourses and its language" (langue), respectively ascribing them as prescriptivist and descriptivist approaches to interlingual transfer and argues that a solely prescriptivist approach to any text based on the linguistic material of the language without considering the larger discourse wherein the text is portrayed delimits or alters the original content and leads to aberrations from the source context and discourse. The paper posits that much higher levels of inter-lingual and inter-discursive equivalence can be accomplished by the translators when descriptivism and prescriptivism as translation approaches are applied in a combined (successive, and not amalgamated) form. The paper substantiates the complementarity of these two by using the indivisibility and unexclusiveness of the plains of content and expression further elaborated in the stranding of "language" and "discourse" as a single genetic ladder allowing endless transfer and interaction between the two. The paper then goes on to discuss the relationship between "language" and "language" (discourse) by offering a combined, complex approach to translation.

    References

    Berman, Antoine. L'épreuve de l'étranger: culture et traduction dans l'Allemagne romantique: Herder, Goethe, Schlegel, Novalis, Humboldt, Schleiermacher, Hölderlin, tr. M. Nichanian (2017)

    Gödel, K. "On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems, tr. B. Meltzer, with a comprehensive introduction by Richard Braithwaite." (1931).

    Jakobson, Roman. "On linguistic aspects of translation." In On translation, pp. 232-239. Harvard University Press, 2013.

    Korzybski, Alfred. Science and sanity: An introduction to non-Aristotelian systems and general semantics. Institute of GS, 1958.

    Luther, M. "Sendbrief vom Dolmetschen. transl. Gary Mann revised by Michael D. Marlowe An open letter on translating." (2003).

    Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber. The theory and practice of [Biblical] translation. Brill, 1969.

  • Articles

    W. Saroyan’s “Dear Greta Garbo” from the Perspective of Pre-translation Analysis

    Gayane Gasparyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    Pre-translation text analysis is considered a mandatory phase of translation process to achieve an effective result within the scope of cross-cultural communication. It leads to proper understanding of the ST message and reduces the mode of its misinterpretation in the TT. The pre-translation analysis of W. Saroyan’s “Dear Greta Garbo” allows to determine extra-textual environment, the text is created in and intra-textual elements, which put the author’s intention into effect. These key aspects of pre-translation analysis lead to the identification of local and global coherence, which creates mutual understanding of communicants both inside and outside the text. Despite several differences in two versions of the translation by O. Slobodkina and A. Ohanyan, they do not seriously deviate from the ST corresponding units and do not lose the pragmatic/cognitive value of the original. In both versions in terms of communicative/functional aspect of the impact on the Russian speaking readership the situation described in the story is easily revealed: the Russian speaking receptor undergoes definitely the desired impact and the translators achieve basically the translation targeted cognitive and emotional goals.   

    References

    Ayupova, Roza. 2014. “Pretranslation Text Analysis as a Part of Translation Process”. Science Direct, Procedia and Behavioral Sciences, 136 (213-216) www.sciencedirect.com

    Boldyrev, Aleksandr & Krapivkina Olga. 2018. “Predperevodcheskiy analiz teksta, kak uslovie adekvatnogo perevoda teksta”. http://spr.fld.mrsu.ru/2018/01/predperevodcheskijj-analiz-teksta-kak-uslovie-adekvatnogo-perevoda/

    Brandes, Margarita & Provotorov, Valeriy. 2001. “Predperevodcheskiy analiz teksta”. Moskva: Izdatelstvo “NVI thesaurus”.

    Gasparyan, Gayane. 2020. “Pre-translation Text Analysis as an Essential Step to an Effective Translation”. International Journal of English Studies (Armenian Folia Anglistika) 1(21) № 16 Yerevan. (117-129).

    Mirzoeva, Lyudmila. 2013. “K probleme rassmotreniya ocenochnogo plana teksta v ramkakh predperevodcheskovo analiza”. GISUP Philological Sciences, (41-44). http://irbisnbuv.gov.ua/cgibin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&IMAGE_FILE_DOWNLOAD=1&Image_file_name=PDF/phs_2013_1_13.pdf

    Tareva, Elena. 2011. “Cross-Cultural Interpretation as the Strategy for Pre-Translation Text Analysis”. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities and Social Sciences. 10 (2011 4) (1473-1480). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/cross-cultural-interpretation-as-the-strategy-for-pre-translation-text-analysis

    Nord, Christiane. 2005. “Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation-oriented Text Analysis”. Rodopi. Amsterdam – New York, NY. https://books.google.ru/books?id=HaHTZ2IxIX4C&hl=ru

    Nord, Christiane. 2006. “Translating as a Purposeful Activity: A Prospective Approach”. TEFLIN Journal, Volume 17, Number 2, Augus

    https://kupdf.net/download/christiane-nord-translation-as-a-purposeful-activity_59050164dc0d60dc64959e9d_pdf

    Nord, Christiane. 2019. (1997/2018) “Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained”. Meta. Journal des traducteurs Translators’ Journal. 2 éd. Abington/New York: Routledge.

    https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/meta/2019-v64-n2-meta05184/1068209ar.pdf

    Pym, Antony. 1993. “Compte rendu de [Christiane Nord. Text Analysis in Translation.

    Theory, Method, and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation-Oriented

    Text Analysis. Translated from the German by Christiane Nord and Penelope

    Sparrow”]. TTR, 6(2), 184–190. https://doi.org/10.7202/037160ar

    https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/ttr/1993-v6-n2-ttr1479/037160ar.pdf

    Safary, Saeid. 2015. “Pre-Translation: A Step-by-Step Guide”

    https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/pre-translation-step-guide-saeed-safari-%D8%B3%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C

    Saroyan, William. 1975. “Dear Greta Garbo”. Selected Short Stories. Progress Publishers. Moscow.

    Saroyan, William. 2014. “Dorogaya Greta Garbo” (translated by Ohanyan, Aram). https://mognb.ru/books/1307931-dorogaya-greta-garbo/read

    Saroyan, William. 2019. “Dorogaya Greta Garbo” (translated by Slobodkina, Olga).

    http://lit.lib.ru/s/slobodkina_o/gretagarbo.shtml

    Van Dijk, Teun & Kintsch, Walter. 1988. “Strategii ponimania svyaznogo teksta”. Novoe v zarubejnoy lingvistike. Vypusk XXIII. Progress. Moskva.

  • Articles

    Translating the Symbols of Triduum

    Taras Shmiher
    View PDF
    Abstract

    The aim of this paper is to apply tools of cognitive poetics for exploring poetics of religious hymns in the mentality of contemporary Polish, Ukrainian and English speakers. The texts under study are hymns from Triduum which is a very special time within Roman Catholic Passiontide. The Latin originals as well as Polish, Ukrainian and English translations are used to show how conceptual imagery transforms in the perceptive process, which is located between the ancient text and today’s views. The process is even more complicated when these texts are interpreted by Orthodox and Greek Catholic believers. Although the biblical prototexts remain the same, the rite has elaborated their own theological hermeneutics which mostly coincide with the primary sacred language, i.e. Latin. It is also interesting to testify if a language, whose nation has mostly belonged to a different Christian – liturgical and theological – tradition, can recode all semantic features and values.    

    References

    Alcock, Joan. 2006. Food in the Ancient World. xxxii: 276. Westport, Connecticut; London: Greenwood Press.

    Cohen Imogen, and Olga Fischer. 2015. “Iconicity in Translation: Two Passages from a Novel by Tobias Hill.” In Iconicity: East Meets West, 163-184, (eds.) M. K. Hiraga, W. J. Herlofsky, K. Shinohara and K. Akita. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Dummelow, J. R. 1978. A Commentary on the Holy Bible by Various Writers. New York: Macmillan.

    Dalby, Andrew. 2003. Food in the Ancient World from A to Z. London; New York: Routledge.

    Divine. 1974. The Divine Office: The Liturgy of the Hours according to the Roman Rite, 3 vols. London; Glasgow: Collins; Sydney: E. J. Dwyer Co; Dublin: Talbot.

    Freeman, Margaret. 2009. “Minding: Feeling, Form, and Meaning in the Creation of Poetic Iconicity.” Cognitive Poetics: Goals, Gains, and Gaps 5(5):169-196, (ed.) G. Brône, J. Vandaele. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

    Harrison, Chloe, and Peter Stockwell. 2014. “Cognitive Poetics.” In The Bloomsbury Companion to Cognitive Linguistics, (eds.) J. Littlemore and J. R. Taylor, pp. 218-233. London: Bloomsbury.

    Horace. 1942. Horace Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica, xxx, 509 p. (Eng. trans.) H. Rushton Fairclough. London: William Heinemann;Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

    Liturgia. 1977. Liturgia horarum: iuxta ritum romanum, vol. 2. Tempus Quadragesimae, Sacrum Triduum Paschale, Tempus Paschale. Editio typica, decima impressio. Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana.

    Liturgia. 1982-1988. Liturgia godzin: codzienna modlitwa Ludu Bożego [The Liturgy of the Hours: The daile Prayer of the Lord’s People]. 4 vols. Poznań: Pallottinum.

    Liturgy. 1975-1976. The Liturgy of the Hours: According to the Roman Rite. 4 vols, prep. by the International Commission on English in the Liturgy. New York: Catholic Book Publ. Co.

    Liturhiya. 2007. Liturhiya hodyn: skorochena versiya [The Liturgy of the Hours: Abridged Version; transl. from Latin and Polish into Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Katolytskyi media-tsentr.

    Małaczyński, Franciszek. 1985. “Wydawanie ksiąg liturgicznych w języku polskim.” Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny. 4/5:321-331.

    Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. 20 vols. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Oxford Latin Dictionary. 1968. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Ryken, Leland, James C. Wilhoit, and Tremper Longman III. 1998. Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. XXI. Leicester: InterVarsity Press.

    Sinha, Chris. 2007. “Cognitive Linguistics, Psychology, and Cognitive Science.” The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, (eds.) D. Geeraerts and H. Cuyckens, pp. 1266-1294. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Slovnyk ukrayinskoyi movy [A Dictionary of the Ukrainian language]. 2010–. 20 vols. Kyiv: Naukova dumka.

    Słownik języka polskiego [A Dictionary of the Polish language]. 1958-1969. 11 vols. Warszawa: PWN.

    Tsur, Reuven. 2009. “Metaphor and Figure-Ground Relationship: Comparisons from Poetry, Music, and the Visual Arts.” Cognitive Poetics: Goals, Gains, and Gaps, (eds.) G. Brône, J. Vandaele, pp. 237-277. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

    Velykyi. 2019 Velykyi tyzhden: Nedilia strastei Hospodnikh. Sviate paskhalne trydennia [The Holy Week: The Week of the Lord’s Passions. Holy Paschal Triduum]. Lviv.

  • Articles

    Translations of English Children’s Literature in the Armenian Periodicals in India

    Varduhi Baloyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    Translations had a significant role both in the popularization of Eastern Armenian and the establishment of literary and cultural ties between the Armenian community and the British. The purpose was to further the international outlook, understanding and emotional experience of foreign environments and cultures, on the one hand, next was to make more literature available to children and to contribute to the development of the readers’ set of values.

    It should be noted that literary relations first of all contributed to the emergence of bilingual dictionaries. Shmavonian published an English-Armenian dictionary which was intended “for the entertainment of studious children” (Mkhitaryan 2016:81).

    19th century was marked by social political changes and created conditions for the development of new Armenian literature which was so important for shaping the mind set and behavior of the Armenian children. Thus, Armenian translators translated literature in connection with social and economic forces.

    The Armenian printing business in India operated for a century and published almost 200 books, booklets and more than ten periodicals. In this article some translations published in Azdarar (The Intelligencer, 1794, Madras), Azgaser (the Patriot, 1845, Calcutta), Azgaser Araratian (Patriot Araratian, 1848. Calcutta), and Hayeli Kalkatian (Mirror of Calcutta, 1820, Calcutta) are examined.

    References

    Addison, Joseph. 1870. Addison’s Essays from the Spectator. London: William Tegg. https://books.google.am/books?id=sVvakdU5cKQC&hl=hy&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false

    Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China and Australasia. 1822. “Brief Account of the Armenian Press.” Vol. 14, pp. 347-349.

    Aslanian, Maro. 1982. “Russoyi angliatsi hetevordy “Azdarari” ejerum” [the English Follower of Rousseau in the Columns of “Azdarar”]. Historical-Philological Journal, vol. 3: 96-109. Yerevan: the Armenian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

    Aslanian, Maro. 1985. Angliatsi heghinakner Addisoni and Steeli patmvatsqnery “Azdararum” [Short Stories by English Writers Addison and Steele in “Azdarar”], vol. 1:160-168. Yerevan: the Armenian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

    Aslanian, Sebouh. 2014. Port Cities and Printers: Reflections on Early Modern Modal Global Culture 1512-1800. Vol. 7: 51-93. Accessed August 13, 2022. https://history.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/17.aslanian- libre.pdf

    Avdalian, Hovhannes. 1858. Speech by Mr. Hovhannes Addressed to the Board Members of Armenian Philanthropic Society, pp. 31-33. Venice, St. Lazzaro.

    Azdarar. 1795. Vol. 7, pp. 143-144.

    Bakhchinyan, Artsvi. 2015. “The Activity of Armenian Merchants in International Trade.” Regional Routes, Regional Roots? Cross-Border Patterns of Human Mobility in Eurasia, no. 14, pp. 23-29. Accessed August 27, 2022. https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/rp/publications/no14/14-03_Bakhchinyan.pdf

    Baladouni, Vahé, and Margaret Makepeace. 1998. “Armenian Merchants of the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries: English East India Company Sources.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge, vol. 88(5): 281-294, https://doi.org/10.2307/1006664. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

    Chaudhuri, Supriya. 2012. “The Bengali Novel.” The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture. (eds.) Vasudha Dalmia and Rashmi Sadana, pp. 101-123. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Day, Thomas. 1822. The History of Little Jack. London: Dean & Son.

    Govindarajan, Vinita. 2017. Paper Trail: How the World’s First Armenian Journal Emerged in Madras in 1794. Accessed August 24, 2022. https://scroll.in/magazine/845597/paper-trail-how-the-worlds-first-armenian-journal-emerged-in-madras-in-1794

    Hussain, Ruquia. 2010. “Armenian Renaissance and Safavid Peace.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 71, pp. 921–27. Accessed September 15, 2022. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147560.

    Hussain, Ruquia. 2013. “Armenian Merchants in India Trade from French Sources.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 74 , pp. 269–76. Accessed 3 Sep. 2022. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158825

    Mkhitaryan, Margo. 2016. Hayeren arajin parberakany ev nra khmbagiry [First Armenian-Language Periodical and Its Editor]. Yerevan: YSU Publishing House.

    Morley, Henry. 1891. The Spectator. A New Edition Reproducing the Original Text Both as First Issued and as Corrected by its Authors with Introduction, Notes, and Index, vol. 1. London: G. Routledge & Sons.

    Patterson, Sylvia Wiese. 1969. The Influence of Rousseau’s ‘Emile’ upon the Writers of Children’s Books in the Late Eighteenth Century. The Florida State University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

    Porteus, Beilby. 1850. A Summary of the Principal Evidences for the Truth and Divine Origin of the Christian Revelation. Edinburgh:po A. and C. Black.

    Sanjian, Ara. 2012. Celebrating the Legacy of Five Centuries of Armenian-Language Book Printing, 1512-2012. Michigan: University of Michigan-Dearborn.

    Seth, Mesrovb. 1937. Armenians in India, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day: A Work of Original Research. Madras: Asian Educational Services.

    Vasset, Sophie. 2019. “Robinson Crusoe and the Aesthetic of Survival.” Études anglaises, vol. 72, pp. 225-240.

    Wolff, Joseph. 1837. Researches and Missionary Labours among the Jews, Mohammedans, and Other Sects. Philadelphia, O. Rogers. Accessed September 17, 2022. https://www.loc.gov/item/31008997/