| E - ISSN | : | 3045-3100 |
| P - ISSN | : |
Vol. 1 (2022): SPECIAL ISSUE: AMERICAN STUDIES
Full Issue
International Relations
-
International Relations
European energy security in the context of the U.S. external energy policy
AbstractThe article discusses the main aspects of European energy security and the U.S. perspectives (engagement and interests). Therefore, the brief theoretical framework of energy policy and energy security is presented in the beginning through summarizing and generalizing a number of theoretical definitions. Afterwards, on the base of relevant statistical data analysis and summarizing the main contemporary issues towards ensuring European Union’s (EU) energy security are referred to: lack of own fuel and energy resources (particularly in the face of growing demand), predominance of imported energy in the overall structure of energy consumption (external energy dependence), the large share of a limited number of external energy suppliers. In the context of the above mentioned issues and challenges, the main priorities and ways of U.S. involvement and contribution to European energy security are revealed, grouped and analyzed in a systemized manner: supporting the further regional diversification of the EU’s energy import, legislative, institutional and financial support, providing with direct energy alternatives (particularly, liquefied natural gas), etc.
ReferencesAustvik, O. G., 2018. Concepts of Geopolitics and Energy Security. International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE), www.iaee.org/en/publications
Cherp, A. (convening lead author et al), 2012. Energy and Security, chapter 5
https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/energy-and-security
Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative. 2022. Green Finance and Development Center https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/
Energy imports, net (% of energy use), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.IMP.CONS.ZS
Energy production and imports. 2020. Eurostat https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Energy_production_and_imports
Energy Security. International Energy Agency (IEA) , https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-security
Energy security in the EU's external policy. 2020. In-depth analysis, European Parliamentary Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/210517/EPRS_IDA(2020)649334_EN.pdf
Estimated number and diversity of supply sources, 2020. European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, https://aegis.acer.europa.eu/chest/dataitems/214/view
European Energy Security: Options for EU Natural Gas Diversification. 2020. Congressional Research Service (CRS), Report for Congress https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42405/27
EU imports of energy products-recent developments. 2021. Eurostat https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=EU_imports_of_energy_products_-_recent_developments#Main_suppliers_of_natural_gas_and_petroleum_oils_to_the_EU
EU-U.S. LNG Trade, 2022. European Commission https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/eu-us_lng_trade_folder.pdf
Jones M., Jones R., Woods M., Whitehead M., Dixon D., Hannah M., 2015. An Introduction to Political Geography: Space, Place and Politics. Routledge, 2nd edition.
Morningstar, R., Simonyi, A., Khakova, O., Markina, I., 2019. European Energy Security and Transatlantic Cooperation: A Current Assessment. Atlantic Council Global Energy Center www.atlanticcouncil.org
REPowerEU: Joint European action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy. 2022. European Commission press corner https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_1511
Shedding Light on Energy in the EU: a Guided Tour of Energy Statistics. 2021. Eurostat.
Yergin, D., 2006. Ensuring Energy Security. Foreign Affairs, 85 (2) https://users.metu.edu.tr/utuba/Yergin.pdf
-
International Relations
The U.S. energy diplomacy challenges in the condition of world energy markets transformation (South Caucasus vector)
AbstractThe article considers the key aspects of the US energy diplomacy in the context of the transformation of the global energy market at the present stage. The main strategic documents of the U.S., affecting the problems of energy security and energy strategy, are studied. The features of the concepts of "energy dominance" (Trump) and "energy independence" (Nixon) are presented from the point of view of their implementation in the context of modern political and economic challenges. The structure of the U.S. energy balance is considered, which made it possible to determine the level of dependence on external supplies of hydrocarbon raw materials, especially oil. The priorities of the U.S. in the hydrocarbon market (both natural gas and oil) and renewable energy are studied through the prism of the climate agenda (in particular, the 2015 Paris agreement). Special attention is paid to the issues of liquefied natural gas (LNG) export from the U.S., especially towards European markets. The key risks and challenges of US energy diplomacy in the context of the conflict in Ukraine as well as geopolitical confrontation with Russia are identified. The US energy strategy in the South Caucasus is considered. The main features of the U.S. energy cooperation with Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan in the context of geopolitical challenges are revealed.
ReferencesA National Security Strategy For a New Century. The White House. October. 1998
Blank S. (2021) What the Biden Administration Can and Should do in the South Caucasus. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program Joint Center. URL: https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13661-what-the-biden-administration-canand-should-do-in-the-south-caucasus.html
Boersma T., Johnson C. U.S. Energy Diplomacy (2018). Columbia SIPA. Center On Global Energy Policy. URL: https://energypolicy.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/pictures/CGEPUSEnergyDiplomacy218.pdf
Boltuc S. (2022). Gli interessi dell’Iran nel Caucaso. SpecialEurasia. P. 25-26.
Cohen S. B. (2015). Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations. Third Edition. Rowman & Littlefield. P. 37-54.
Davtyan V. (2018). New World Energy Order: The Obstacles to the Golden Age of American Energy Dominance. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(4), 157-168.
Energy Policies of IEA Countries. United States. 2019 Review. September 2019. URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-policies-of-iea-countries-united-states-2019-review
Energy Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation. Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2019, No. 216. URL: http://www.scrf.gov.ru/security/economic/energy_doc/
Energy Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation. Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2019 No. 216. URL: http://www.scrf.gov.ru/security/economic/energy_doc/
H.R.1453-European Energy Security and Diversification Act of 2019. URL: https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1453?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22H.+R.+83%22%5D%7D
Hongyuan Yu (2018). The U.S. Withdrawal From the Paris Agreement: Challenges and Opportunities for China. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies. 04:02, p. 281-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740018500100
Joint Statement by President Biden and President von der Leyen on European Energy Security. June 27, 2022. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/27/joint-statement-by-president-biden-and-president-von-der-leyen-on-european-energy-security/
Ladislaw S., Tsafos N. (2019). Energy Spheres of Influence. Center for Strategic and International Studies. URL: https://www.csis.org/analysis/energy-spheres-influence
Ladislaw S., Tsafos N. (2020). Race to the Top. The Case for a New U.S. International Energy Policy. Center For Strategic and International Studies. URL: https://www.csis.org/analysis/race-top-case-new-us-international-energy-policy
National Security Strategy of the United States of America. December 2017. URL: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf
Ravikumar, A.P., Bazilian, M., Webber, M.E. (2022). The US role in securing the European Union’s near-term natural gas supply. Nat Energy, 7, p. 465–467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01054-1
Renewable Energy // USAID. URL: https://www.usaid.gov/climate/renewable-energy
Renewing America’s Advantages. Interim National Security Strategic Guidance. March 2021. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NSC-1v2.pdf
Rumer E., Sokolsky R., Stronski P. (2017). U.S. Policy toward the South Caucasus: Take Three. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. P. 3-4.
Rumer E., Sokolsky R., Stronski P. (2017). U.S. Policy toward the South Caucasus: Take Three. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. URL: https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/05/31/u.s.-policy-toward-south-caucasus-take-three-pub-70122
The Biden Plan for a Clean Energy Revolution and Environmental Justice. URL: https://joebiden.com/climate-plan/
The Long-Term Strategy of the United States. Pathways To Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions By 2050. November 2021. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/US-Long-Term-Strategy.pdf
The National Security Strategy of the United States. The White House. September. 2002.
U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer. Congressional Research Service. March 16, 2021. URL: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46723
USAID Climate Strategy 2022-2030. April 2022. URL: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USAID-Climate-Strategy-2022-2030.pdf
Zabakhidze M., Gabriadze I., Beradze R., Khishtovani G. (2019). Connectivity, Trade and Financial Integration of the South Caucasus Via the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 111, 3-9.
-
International Relations
The Southern Gas corridor and the US policy in the South Caucasus
AbstractThe article analyzes the US policy in the South Caucasus in the context of implementing the "Southern gas corridor" project. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 the energy geopolitics has been one of the critical pillars shaping the US regional policy in the South Caucasus. The US strategic goal was to facilitate the transportation of Caspian oil and gas to the European markets circumventing Russia. The US played a vital role in fostering the construction of Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan oil and Baku - Tbilisi - Erzurum gas pipelines. Since the mid-2000s, the US has put significant efforts to launch the "Southern gas corridor," which envisaged the transportation of Azerbaijani gas to the European market through the Transanatolian and Trans-Adriatic gas pipelines. The southern gas corridor became operational in late December 2020 and would provide 10 billion cubic meters of gas to Italy, Bulgaria, and Greece annualy. Even though Azerbaijan does not possess sufficient gas reserves to challenge Gazprom positions in Europe, the US views the Southern gas corridor project as a significant contribution to the establishment of alternative energy transportation routes to Europe, perceiving this within the prism of evolving great power competition between the US, Russia, and China
ReferencesYears After the “Contract of the Century”: The Implications for Caspian Energy, https://www.caspianpolicy.org/25-years-after-the-contract-of-the-century-the-implications-for-caspian-energy/
A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1996, https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=444939
Agreement between the republic of Turkey and the Azerbaijan republic concerning the delivery of Azerbaijan natural gas to the republic of Turkey, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/country-sites/en_az/azerbaijan/home/pdfs/legalagreements/gov-agreements/sha_eng_intergov_azerbaijan_turkey_intergovernmental_agreement.pdf.
America and Azerbaijan: Five Reflections on the Contract of the Century, https://www.the-american-interest.com/2019/10/03/america-and-azerbaijan-five-reflections-on-the-contract-of-the-century/
Bucharest Summit Declaration, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_8443.htm.
Bush: Georgia 'beacon of liberty', https://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/05/10/bush.tuesday/.
Caspian-Mediterranean Oil Pipeline Launched In Baku, https://www.rferl.org/a/1058992.html
Ceyhan Ceremony Inaugurates BTC Pipeline, https://www.rferl.org/a/1069835.html.
Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment”, Foreign Affairs, America and the World, 1990/91 Vol. 70, N 1,
Commission and Azerbaijan sign strategic gas deal, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_11_30.
Decision No 1364/2006/EC օf the European Parliament and Of The Council of 6 September 2006, laying down guidelines for trans-European energy networks and repealing Decision 96/391/EC and Decision No 1229/2003/EC, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006D1364&from=EN.
Douglas Brinkley, Democratic Enlargement: The Clinton Doctrine, Foreign Policy, No 106, (Spring, 1997), pp.110-127.
EU signs Nabucco deal with Azerbaijan and Turkey, https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-signs-nabucco-deal-with-azerbaijan-and-turkey/.
EU-US Energy Council discusses energy diversification and climate change, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/news/eu-us-energy-council-discusses-energy-diversification-and-climate-change_en.
H. Res 1035 - Expressing opposition to the completion of Nord Stream II, and for other purposes, https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/1035/text.
Joint Statement EU-US Energy Council, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_14_2341.
Nabucco project fails, placed by Trans Adriatic Pipeline project, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/nabucco-project-fails-placed-by-trans-adriatic-pipeline-project/235841.
National Energy Policy, Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group, May 2001, http://www.wtrg.com/EnergyReport/National-Energy-Policy.pdf
National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, February 1995, https://www.airforcemag.com/PDF/DocumentFile/Documents/2009/nss1995_020195.pdf
New Gas Pipeline from Central Asia Feeds China, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/world/asia/15pipeline.html.
President Bush's Second Inaugural Address, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4460172, Thomas Carothers, US Democracy Promotion during and after Bush, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2007, https://carnegieendowment.org/files/democracy_promotion_after_bush_final.pdf .
Russia’s Troop Withdrawal From Georgia: The Start of a New Friendship?, https://eurasianet.org/russias-troop-withdrawal-from-georgia-the-start-of-a-new-friendship
Security Council Imposes Additional Sanctions on Iran, Voting 12 in Favour to 2 Against, with 1 Abstention, https://www.un.org/press/en/2010/sc9948.doc.htm
Shah Deniz II Final Investment Decision Announced in Baku, https://www.csis.org/analysis/shah-deniz-ii-final-investment-decision-announced-baku
South Caucasus Pipeline (SCP), Georgia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, https://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/south-caucasus-pipeline-scp-georgia-turkey-azerbaijan/
Southern gas corridor Advisory council joint press statement, 12 February 2015, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/default/files/documents/Southern%20Gas%20Corridor%20Advisory%20Council.pdf.
Statement on Upcoming Ukrainian Elections, https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/11/20041118-2.html, CRS Report for Congress, Ukraine’s political crisis and U.S Policy Issues, February 1, 2005, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RL32691.pdf
The Baku – Tbilisi – Ceyhan pipeline: Oil window to the west, edited by S. Frederick Starr and Svante E. Cornell, Central Asia - Caucasus Institute, 2005, https://www.silkroadstudies.org/resources/pdf/Monographs/2005_01_MONO_Starr-Cornell_BTC-Pipeline.pdf
The New START Treaty and Protocol, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2010/04/08/new-start-treaty-and-protocol
The Russo-Ukrainian gas dispute of January 2009: a comprehensive assessment, https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG27-TheRussoUkrainianGasDisputeofJanuary2009AComprehensiveAssessment-JonathanSternSimonPiraniKatjaYafimava-2009.pdf
Third Line of Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline Launched, https://www.rferl.org/a/third-line-of-central-asia-china-gas-pipeline-launched/25407101.html.
Trans Adriatic Pipeline enters operational phase, https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/news-events/newsroom/trans-adriatic-pipeline-enters-operational-phase
Turkey and Azerbaijan mark completion of TANAP pipeline to take gas to Europe, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-energy-tanap-idUSKBN1Y40CP
U.S.-CASPIAN ENERGY POLICY: PROMOTING SOVEREIGNTY AND PROSPERITY, https://clintonwhitehouse5.archives.gov/textonly/WH/EOP/NSC/html/nsc-14.html
U.S.-EU Energy Council, https://www.energy.gov/ia/international-affairs-initiatives/us-eu-energy-council
U.S.-Russia Relations: “Reset” Fact Sheet, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/us-russia-relations-reset-fact-sheet.
US Energy Secretary Bodman Hails Opening of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline, https://www.energy.gov/articles/us-energy-secretary-bodman-hails-opening-baku-tbilisi-ceyhan-pipeline
US pushes for EU energy diversification, https://www.politico.eu/article/us-pushes-for-eu-energy-diversification/
Выступление и дискуссия на Мюнхенской конференции по вопросам политики безопасности, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034.
Rapid response: The Southern Gas Corridor opens today, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/energysource/rapid-response-the-southern-gas-corridor-opens-today/.
US Ambassador: Southern Gas Corridor places Azerbaijan in the forefront of energy security for many of our allies and partners, https://apa.az/en/xeber/foreign-news/us-ambassador-southern-gas-corridor-places-azerbaijan-in-the-forefront-of-energy-security-for-many-of-our-allies-and-partners-357504
European Energy Security: Options for EU Natural Gas Diversification, Congressional Research Service, February 2020, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42405
«Դարի պայմանագրի» մասին ավելի մանրամասն տես, The contract of the century – a national strategy for success, https://www.bp.com/en_az/azerbaijan/home/who-we-are/operationsprojects/acg2/the-contract-of-the-century---a-national-strategy-for-success.html.
-
International Relations
United States-Iran Relations: Security Implications for Armenia and Beyond
AbstractThis study is a comparative analysis of the United States - Iran relations and the resultant security and geo-economic implications on Armenia and beyond. It deals with the fundamentals of regional security and geopolitical and economic imperatives of the United States, Iran, and Armenia. Notwithstanding a solid rationale for mutually beneficial economic and political partnership, the Iranian nuclear issue and the relations of enmity between the United States and Iran have generated mutual mistrust making the reconciliation initiatives difficult. Hence, the paper takes into consideration the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The normalization of the US-Iran relations will fundamentally transform the regional security architecture. The issue is of crucial relevance for Armenia. The paper utilizes the materialist and constructivist framework of the Copenhagen School of Security Studies, par excellence the Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT), to contextualize both the geostrategic ideas and practices. The empirical starting point for this study is the fact that Iran – with its vast energy reserves, huge export potential, and key geopolitical location in Eurasia – has the potential to become a regional stabilizer and significantly diminish the geopolitical and geo-economic challenges of the wider region opening a myriad of opportunities for Armenia as a transit route to Europe. Effectively this can happen with the US-Iran rapprochement. This comprehensive perspective allows us better understand the structure of regional security and prospects of stability vis-à-vis grand geopolitical designs.
References“Erdogan's Remarks In Baku Provoke Strong Reaction From Iran,” Iran International, 11 Dec 2020, accessed May 31, 2021, https://iranintl.com/en/world/erdogans-remarks-baku-provoke-strong-reaction-iran.
“Iran summons Turkish ambassador over Erdogan’s poem on territorial integrity,” The Tehran Times, December 11, 2020, accessed May 31, 2021, https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/455644/Iran-summons-Turkish-ambassador-over-Erdogan-s-poem-on-territorial.
“Iran: Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on the one year anniversary of the JCPOA,” Council of the EU, 14/07/2016, Press release 436/16, Foreign affairs & international relations, accessed May 31, 2021, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/07/14-hr-declaration-year-anniversary-jcpoa/.
“Iran-Armenia Bilateral Relations,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, accessed May 31, 2021, https://www.mfa.am/en/bilateral-relations/ir.
“Iran-Armenia Bilateral Relations,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia.
“Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action,” Vienna, 14 July 2015, The U.S. State Department, accessed May 31, 2021, https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/tfs/spi/iran/jcpoa/index.htm .
“Oil Reserves by Country,” Worldometer, accessed June 31, 2021, https://www.worldometers.info/oil/oil-reserves-by-country/; “Natural Gas Reserves by Country,” Worldometer, https://www.worldometers.info/gas/#gas-reserves.
“Text of President Bush's 2002 State of the Union Address,” Jan. 29, 2002, The Washington Post, accessed May 31, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/transcripts/sou012902.htm .
“Trade between Iran, Armenia can reach $1b annually: Minister,” IRNA, accessed May 31, 2021, https://en.irna.ir/news/84200385/Trade-between-Iran-Armenia-can-reach-1b-annually-Minister.
Allin, Dana H., and Steven Simon, The Sixth Crisis: Iran, Israel, America and the Rumors of War (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 3-4.
Avdaliani, Emil, “New Iranian Government and South Caucasus,” The Caucasus Watch, 29 Jun 2021, accessed June 31, 2021, https://caucasuswatch.de/news/3906.html .
Bahgat Gawdat (ed.), Energy Security: An Interdisciplinary Approach (Washington: Wiley, 2011).
Brzezinski Zbigniew, The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership (New York: Basic Books, 2004).
Brzezinski Zbigniew, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives (New York: Basic Books 1997).
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, and Robert M. Gates, Iran: Time for a New Approach. Report of an Independent Task Force Sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2004).
Buzan, Barry, and Ole Waever, Regions and Powers: the Structure of International Security. Cambridge Studies in International Relations: 91 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
Cornell, Svante E., Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethno political Conflict in the Caucasus (London and New York: Taylor & Francis E-Library, 2005); Uwe Halbach, “Oil and the Great Game in the Caucasus: The “Caspian Region” as the Geopolitical Rediscovery of the 1990s.” In: IFSH (ed.), OSCE Yearbook 2004 (Baden-Baden 2005), pp. 275-285.
Derghoukassian, Khatchik, “Balance of Power, Democracy and Development: Armenia in the South Caucasian Regional Security Complex,” Universidad de San Andres (Argentina) and AIPRG, Working Paper No. 06/10, January, 2006, pp. 1-18.
Donette, Murray, US Foreign Policy and Iran: American–Iranian Relations since the Islamic Revolution (London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2010);
Dorrien, Gary, Imperial Designs: Neoconservatism and the New Pax Americana (New York and London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005).
Fereydoun Hoveyda, The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution (London and Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003).
Fukuyama, Francis, America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006).
Fukuyama, Francis, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: The Free Press, 1992); Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
Gasparyan, Arman, “Iranian Energy Policy towards the South Caucasus from the Perspective of Neo-Liberalism Theory,” Spectra, 3(1) February 19, 2014. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21061/spectra.v3i1.293.
Giragosian, Richard, “Armenia as a bridge to Iran? Russia won’t like it,” Al Jazeera, 30 Aug 2015, accessed May 31, 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/8/30/armenia-as-a-bridge-to-iran-russia-wont-like-it.
Hakobyan, Tatul, “Iran and Armenia Are Disappointed with Russia: Manouchehr Mottaki’s Unplanned Visit to Yerevan,” HETQ.am 20 Feb 2006, accessed May 31, 2021, https://hetq.am/en/article/10031.
Harout Harry Semerdjian, “Christian Armenia and Islamic Iran: An Unusual Partnership Explained,” THE HILL 01/14/13, Washington DC: Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., accessed May 31, 2021, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/276961-christian-armenia-and-islamic-iran-an-unusual-partnership-explained.
Howard, Roger, Iran Oil: The New Middle East Challenge to America (New York: I.B.Tauris, 2007).
Hunter, Shireen T., Iran’s Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order (Santa Barbara, California: Praeger - An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, 2010).
Jennifer Welsh, The Return of History: Conflict, Migration, and Geopolitics in the Twenty-First Century (The CBC Massey Lectures: House of Anansi Press, 2016).
Landler, Mark, “Trump Abandons Iran Nuclear Deal He Long Scorned,” May 8, 2018, The New York Times, accessed May 31, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/world/middleeast/trump-iran-nuclear-deal.html .
Mahbubani Kishore, The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World (New York: PublicAffairs, 2013).
Mahbubani, Kishore, The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East (New York: Public Affairs, 2008); Justyna Szczudlik-Tatar, “China’s New Silk Road Diplomacy,” Polish Institute of International Affairs, Policy Paper No. 34 (82), December 2013.
Marie, Joseph J. St. and Shahdad Naghshpour, Revolutionary Iran and the United States Low-intensity Conflict in the Persian Gulf (Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate, 2011), pp. 183-196.
Mearsheimer John J., “Reckless States and Realism,” International Relations, Vol. 23/2 (2009): 242-243.
Mearsheimer, “Imperial by Design,” pp. 32-33. Sasan Fayazmanesh, The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars, and the Policy of Dual Containment (New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008).
Mearsheimer, John J., “Imperial by Design,” The National Interest, N. 111, January/February 2011.
Mirzoyan, Alla, Armenia, the Regional Powers, and the West: Between History and Geopolitics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
Moniquet, Claude and William Racimora (ed.), The Armenia-Iran Relationship: Strategic Implication for Security in the South Caucasus Region (European Strategic Intelligence & Security Center (ESISC), January 2013).
Motamedi, Maziar, “Why did President Erdogan’s poem infuriate Iranians?” Al Jazeera, 13 Dec 2020, accessed May 31, 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/13/why-did-erdogans-poem-infuriate-iranians.
Mousavian, Seyed Hossein, and Shahir ShahidSaless, Iran and the United States: An Insider’s View on the Failed Past and the Road to Peace (New York and London: Bloomsbury, 2014).
Overholt, William H., Asia, America, and the Transformation of Geopolitics (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
Parsi, Trita, Treacherous Alliance: the Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States (New Haven And London: Yale University Press, 2007).
President Obama calls for 19% cut in economic aid to Armenia,” NEWS.am 14.02.2012, accessed May 31, 2021, https://news.am/eng/news/93192.html.
Rinna Anthony, “Yerevan’s Choice: Armenia and its Integration into the Eurasian Customs Union,” Iran and the Caucasus 18 (Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2014).
Semerdjian, Harout Harry, “Christian Armenia and Islamic Iran: An Unusual Partnership Explained,” Foreign Policy Journal, Jan 19, 2013, accessed May 30, 2021, https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/01/19/christian-armenia-and-islamic-iran-an-unusual-partnership-explained/.
Spykman, Nicholas J., The Geography of the Peace (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1944), p. 41.
Tashjian, Yeghia, “Armenia and India’s Vision of “North-South Corridor”: A Strategy or a “Pipe Dream”?” The Armenian Weekly, March 24, 2021, accessed June 30, 2021, https://armenianweekly.com/2021/03/24/armenia-and-indias-vision-of-north-south-corridor-a-strategy-or-a-pipe-dream/.
The E3/EU+3 includes the European 3: France, the United Kingdom, Germany together with the European Union (EU) plus the United States, Russia, and China.
Yepremyan, Tigran, “Armenia Within the Complex of ‘Overlapping Authority and Multiple Loyalty’: Security Challenges,” In: The European Union and The Eastern Partnership: Security Challenges. Ed. Vasile Cucerescu, Carlos E. Pacheco Amaral, Ioan Horga [et al.]. Supplement to Eurolimes Journal, 2018, pp. 227-241.
Yepremyan, Tigran, “The Geopolitical Dimension of the Eastern Partnership: An Alternative to Solution.” European Studies Journal, № 10, Eastern Partnership: Self-Determination and Geopolitics / Geoculture (II), 2017, pp. 89–108.
Yepremyan, Tigran, “Why Europe should care about Nagorno-Karabakh: A Civilisational and Geopolitical Perspective,” New Eastern Europe - A bimonthly magazine dedicated to Central and Eastern European Affairs, November 3, 2020. Accessible at: https://neweasterneurope.eu/2020/11/03/why-europe-should-care-about-nagornokarabakh-a-civilisational-and-geopolitical-perspective/?fbclid=IwAR2DVCvc9du_HZ0UFh5RIXHZrUXhy9A4pn5ycnlS2aFEPDfSujgw8bW7yE .
Zarifian, Julien, “Christian Armenia, Islamic Iran: Two (Not So) Strange Companions Geopolitical Stakes and Significance of a Special Relationship,” Iran and the Caucasus 12 (2008).
-
International Relations
The Impact of Turkish domestic social-political factors on Turkish-US relations: Feeding conspiracy and anti-Americanism
AbstractBesides international structural factors, Turkish domestic level variables and socio-political processes are also essential for Turkish foreign policy transformation. The article considers current unprecedented crisis in Turkish-US relations in the context of Turkish social-political processes. In the general trend of securitization of Turkish foreign policy anti-Westernism and anti-Americanism in Turkey are in progress, which is the outcome of discursive hegemony of the ruling AKP. On the one hand, anti-Americanism and the demonization of USA’s image gives Erdogan a useful tool in conservative, nationalist support mobilization in the country. On the other hand, he tries to impose Turkey’s image in the international realm as an assertive power of resistance against the Western hegemony in the Islamic world․
ReferencesAslı Aydıntaşbaş, Kemal Kirişci, The United States and Turkey, Friends, Enemies, or Only Interests? The Center on the United States and Europe at Brookings, Turkey project Project Paper, Number 12, April 2017.
Ilhan Uzgel, Turkey’s Double Movement: Islamists, Neoliberalism and Foreign Policy, (in Turkey’s New State in the Making: Transformations in Legality, Economy and Coercion, Ed. P. Bedirhanoğlu, Ç. Dölek, F. Hülagü and Ö. Kaygusuz, London: Zed Books, 2020, p. 67-68.
Müge Aknür, Civil-Military Relations During the AK Party Era: Major Developments and Challenges, Insight Turkey, Vol.15, No. 4, 2013, pp. 142-143.
Jenny White, Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2013.
Mark Haas, The Clash of Ideologies: Middle Eastern Politics and American Security (New-York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
Koray Caliskan, Explaining the end of military tutelary regime and the July 15 coup attempt in Turkey, Journal of Cultural Economy, Vol. 10, No.1. 2017.
Burak Bilgehan Özpek & Nebahat Tanriverdi Yaşar, Populism and foreign policy in Turkey under the AKP rule, Turkish Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2018.
Hakan Yavuz, Nostalgia for the Empire: The Politics of Neo-Ottomanism (New-York: Oxford University Press, 2020).
Özlem Demirtaş-Bagdonas, A poststructuralist approach to ideology and foreign policy: Kemalism in the foreign policy discourse (Budapest: Central European University, 2008).
Hakan Yavuz, “Turkish-Israeli Relations Through the Lens of the Turkish Identity Debate”, Journal of Palestinian Studies 27, no. 1 (Autumn, 1997).
Ali Dayıoğlu, Nur Köprülü, “Turkey’s new identity revisited and its Islamist reflections in North Cyprus”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 19, No. 4 (2019).
Erdogan Places Blame for Protests оn International Conspiracy, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2013/06/erdogan-gezi-conspiracy-taksim-governance-authoritarian-akp.html
Ihsan Yilmaz & Galib Bashirov, The AKP after 15 years: emergence of Erdoganism in Turkey, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 9, 2018, p. 1821-22.
Erdem Aytac, Ezgi Elci, Populism in Turkey, in Populism Around the World: A Comparative Perspective, ed. Daniel Stockemer, Springer 2018.
Mehmet Ümit Necef, Conspiracy theories and Occidentalism as an essential part of Turkish political culture, https://www.sdu.dk/-/media/files/om_sdu/centre/c_mellemoest/videncenter/artikler/2017/necef+article+december+17.pdf, pp. 3-4.
Mehmet Ümit Necef, Conspiracy theories and Occidentalism as an essential part of Turkish political culture, Center for Mellemostudier, December 2017, https://www.sdu.dk/da/forskning/c_mellemoeststudier/forskning/publications/-/media/cda7596f1d95476d9becaa458e10da35.ashx
Kamal A. Beyoghlow, Turkey and the United States on the brink: implications for NATO and the US-Turkish strategic and military partnership, U.S. Army War College Press, January 2020, pp. 27-29.
Ahmet Akkaya, From Military Tutelage to Nowhere: on the Limitations of Civil-Military Dualism in Making Sense of the Rise of Authoritarianism in Turkey in the 2010s, in (Turkey’s New State in the Making: Transformations in Legality, Economy and Coercion, Ed. P. Bedirhanoğlu, Ç. Dölek, F. Hülagü and Ö. Kaygusuz, London: Zed Books, 2020, p. 195-197.
Ibrahim Karagül, “ABD Türkiye için düşman ülkedir. Bir gün, binlerce insan İncirlik’i de kuşatır..,”, Yeni Safak, Ocak 26, 2018, https://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/ibrahim-karagul/abd-turkiye-icin-dusman-ulkedir-bir-gun-binlerce-insan-incirliki-de-kusatir-2043139.
Siri Neset, Turkish foreign policy: structures and decision-making processes, CMI Report, 2019, https://www.cmi.no/publications/6854-turkish-foreign-policy-structures-and-decision-making-processes.
Լ. Հովսեփյան, Թուրքիայի արտաքին և անվտանգային քաղաքականության փոխակերպումները․ վերագնահատելով Հայաստանի անվտանգության մարտահրավերները, «Հայկական բանակ», 4 (98) 2018, էջ 34-39․
Alper Kaliber & Esra Kaliber, From De-Europeanisation to Anti-Western Populism: Turkish Foreign Policy in Flux, The International Spectator, The International Spectator, 2019, Vol. 54, No. 4, p. 9․
Stephen J. Flanagan, F. Stephen Larrabee, Anika Binnendijk, Katherine Costello, Shira Efron, James Hoobler, Magdalena Kirchner, Jeffrey Martini, Alireza Nader, Peter A. Wilson, Turkey’s Nationalist Course, Implications for the U.S.-Turkish Strategic Partnership and the U.S. Army, Santa Monica, RAND Corporation 2020, pp. 38-39․
Michael Georgy, Mert Ozkan, Conspiracy theories flourish after Turkey's failed coup, Reuters, July 27, 2016, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-conspiracy-idUSKCN1071XZ.
ABD'den Türkiye'ye darbe girişimi açıklamaları uyarısı, BBC News-Turkçe, 17 Temmuz, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-36819160
Nedim Şener, ‘15 Temmuz’u FETÖ ABD ile yaptı’, Hürriyet, Şubat 04, 2021, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/nedim-sener/15-temmuzu-feto-abd-ile-yapti-41732285.
ABD Dışişleri'nden Soylu'nun iddiasına yanıt: '15 Temmuz'da ABD'nin rolü olduğu iddiası gerçek dışı ve sorumsuzca', BBC News-Turkçe, 05 Şubat, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-55944373.
Ayla Ganioglu, Coup row haunts Turkish-US ties, Al-Monitor, February 16, 2021, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/02/turkey-majority-believes-us-is-involved-in-2016-coup-attempt.html
Barkey says pro-NATO generals purged, Turkey-Alliance relations could shift, Turkish Minute, February 6, 2017, https://www.turkishminute.com/2017/02/06/video-barkey-says-pro-nato-general-purged-turkish-nato-relations-will-shifted/.
Top US generals' coup remarks hamper relations with Turkey, TRT World, July 29, 2016 https://www.trtworld.com/mea/top-us-generals-coup-remarks-hamper-relations-with-turkey-153311.
Jen Kirby, The US-Turkey trade spat, explained, Vox, August 15, 2018, https://www.vox.com/world/2018/8/15/17687928/turkey-united-states-tariffs-lira-andrew-brunson
Dorian Jones, Erdogan Accuses US of 'Political Coup Attempt', https://www.voanews.com/europe/erdogan-accuses-us-political-coup-attempt.
Idris Bal, The Turkish Model and the Turkic Republics, Perceptions. Journal of International Affairs, Vol. III, No. 3, September - November 1998.
Meliha Benli Altunisik, The Turkish Model and Democratization in the Middle East, Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1-2, 2005, pp. 45-46.
Asli Aydintaşbaş, Kemal Kirişci, The United States and Turkey, Friends, Enemies, or Only Interests? The Center on the United States and Europe at Brookings, Turkey project Project Paper, Number 12, April 2017, p. 2.
Sinan Ulgen, Redefining the U.S.-Turkish Relationship, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Working paper, July 2021, https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Ulgen_US-Turkey_final.pdf
Max Hoffman, Flashpoints in U.S.-Turkey Relations in 2021, Center for American Progress Report, January 2021, https://americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Flashpoints-In-USTurkey-Relations-1.pdf.
Ibrahim Karagül, “ABD Türkiye için düşman ülkedir. Bir gün, binlerce insan İncirlik’i de kuşatır..,”, Yeni Şafak, Ocak 26, 2018, https://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/ibrahim-karagul/abd-turkiye-icin-dusman-ulkedir-bir-gun-binlerce-insan-incirliki-de-kusatir-2043139.
Լևոն Հովսեփյան, “Թուրքական արդի քաղաքական-անվտանգային խոսույթի երկու պարադիգմներ՝ Սևրի սինդրոմ և Ազգային ուխտ․ խոսույթից քաղաքականություն, Բանբեր Երևանի համալսարանի 3 (33): 2020, էջ 17-30։
Jennifer Schaffer, The Turkish Missile Crisis: The Root of Anti-American Sentiment in Turkey, https://medium.com/meddah-a-u-s-turkey-storytelling-project/the-turkish-missile-crisis-the-root-of-anti-american-sentiment-in-turkey-6e7258e8975.
Ömer Taşpınar, The Anatomy of Anti-Americanism in Turkey, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/taspinar20051116.pdf․
Nur Bilge Criss, A Short History of Anti-Americanism and Terrorism: The Turkish Case, Journal of American History, Vol. 89, No. 2, September 2002․
Ömer Taşpınar, The Anatomy of Anti-Americanism in Turkey, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/taspinar20051116.pdf․
Onat, Ismail; Cubukcu, Suat ; Demir, Fatih ; Akca, Davut, Framing anti-Americanism in Turkey: An empirical comparison of domestic and international media, International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1 June 2020, pp. 139-157․
Ibrahim Karagül, ABD Türkiye için düşman ülkedir. Bir gün, binlerce insan İncirlik’i de kuşatır.., Yeni Şafak, 26 Ocak, 2018, https://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/ibrahim-karagul/abd-turkiye-icin-dusman-ulkedir-bir-gun-binlerce-insan-incirliki-de-kusatir-2043139․
Ihsan Dağı, Turkey’s division between East and West, https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/democracy-and-society/turkeys-divided-public-between-the-west-and-russia-5886/.
Pinar Tremblay, Anti-Americanism reaches new peak in Turkey, Al-Monitor, August 21, 2017, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2017/08/turkey-united-states-anti-americanism-reaches-new-highs.html․
Richard Wike, Bruce Stokes, Jacob Poushter and Janell Fetterolf, The tarnished American brand, Pew Research Center Report, June 26, 2017, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/․
Türk Dış Politikası Kamuoyu Algıları Araştırması, 4 Temmuz 2019, https://www.khas.edu.tr/sites/khas.edu.tr/files/inline-files/CTRS-TDP-2019.pdf․
Türk Dış Politikası Kamuoyu Algıları Araştırması, 17 Haziran 2020, https://www.khas.edu.tr/sites/khas.edu.tr/files/inline-files/DPA2020_BASIN%5B1%5D_0.pdf․
O. Taşpınar, “What fuels anti-Americanism in Turkey?”, Ahval, December 11, 2017, https://ahvalnews.com/us-turkey/what-fuels-anti-americanism-turkey․
-
International Relations
The influence of ethnic interest groups on U.S. foreign policy: the case of Armenian diaspora
AbstractOf the specific groups that have had an impact on the American foreign policy the ethnic interest groups are the oldest and, arguably, the most influential foreign policy lobby. The present study seeks to understand ethnic interest groups and their influence on U.S. foreign policy. The article addresses how diaspora groups can affect U.S. foreign policy debate and influence the policy abroad, using the Armenian-American diaspora community as a case study. The study examines why and how the Armenian ethnic interest groups influence U.S. policy. The discussion focuses on the specifics of Armenian lobbying institutions in the United States, the main goals and lobbying agendas, as well as mechanisms of influence on the United States’ foreign policy.
ReferencesA resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that it is the policy of the United States to commemorate the Armenian Genocide through official recognition and remembrance, S.Res.150-116th Congress (2019-2020), Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-resolution/150/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22armenian%22%5D%7D&r=2&s=3.
According to various sources (Office of the High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs, Republic of Armenia: Armenian Diaspora Communities, United States of America, 2022, Retrieved from http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/3/usa.
Affirming the United States record on the Armenian Genocide, H.Res.296 - 116th Congress (2019-2020), Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/296.
Ambrosio Th, and Y. Shain, Diaspora Communities: Influencing U.S. Foreign Policy, drafted by Channa Threat, June 23, 2003, Retrieved from https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/diaspora-communities-influencing-us-foreign-policy.
Ambrosio Th., “Ethnic Identity Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy.” In: Thomas Ambrosio (ed.), Ethnic Identity Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy, Westport, Connecticut, London: Praeger, 2002.
Armenian Assembly of America, Policy Agenda, 2022, Retrieved from https://www.armenian-assembly.org/policyagenda; Armenian National Committee of America, About ANCA, 2022, Retrieved from https://anca.org/about-anca/profile/
Armenian National Committee of America, Action Alerts, Retrieved from https://marchtojustice.org/action-alerts
Armenian National Committee of America, ANCA Position Papers: Cutting U.S. Aid to Turkey, 2001, Retrieved from https://www.anca.org/resource_center/position_papers.php
Armenian National Committee of America, Senate Votes to Allow Presidential Waiver of Section 907, Under Pressure from State Department, Senate Rejects Calls from Armenian American Community and President Robert Kocharian to Maintain Section 907 in its Current Form, 2001, Retrieved from https://anca.org/press-release/senate-votes-to-allow-presidential-waiver-of-section-907/
Armenian National Committee of America, U.S. House Raises Alarm Over Biden Waiver of Section 907 Restriction on U.S. Aid to Azerbaijan, Retrieved from https://anca.org/press-release/u-s-house-raises-alarm-over-biden-waiver-of-section-907-restriction-on-u-s-aid-to-azerbaijan/
Bass F., “U.S. ethnic mix boasts German accent amid surge of Hispanics”, Bloomberg, 2012, March 05, Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-03-06/u-s-ethnic-mix-boasts-german-accent-amid-surge-of-hispanics.htm; United States Census Bureau, Ancestry: 2000. 2000 Census Brief, Issued June 2004, Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf
Both Barbara Boxer and Robert Menendez Placed “hold” on Bryza’s Nomination, NEWS.am, 2010, September 23, Retrieved from https://news.am/eng/news/31922.html
Brzezinski Z., “A Dangerous Exemption: Why Should the Israel Lobby Be Immune from Criticism?”, Foreign Policy, 155(July/Aug), 2006.
Congressional Caucus on Armenian Issues, Retrieved from https://cqrcengage.com/aaainc/caucus
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act. (2022). H.R. 4373 – 117th Congress (2021-2022): Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act 2022. July 29, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/4373/text
Freedom Support Act, S 2532 – 102nd Congress (1991-1992): Freedom Support Act, Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/senate-bill/2532/text
Gregg H., Divided they Conquer: The success of Armenian Ethnic Lobbies in the United States. (MIT Working Paper No. 13, 2002), , Retrieved from MIT website: https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/97604/13_divided.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Hill F., Pipeline Dream in the Caucasus, (SDI Project, 1996, Caucasus and Caspian Seminar Transcripts), Retrieved from https://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/2369/pipeline_dreams_in_the_caucasus.html
Humanitarian Aid Corridor Act, S-2378-103rd Congress (1993-1994): Humanitarian Aid Corridor Act. Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/senate-bill/2378?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Foreign%5C%5C%22%2C%22Relations%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=45
McCormick J., “Ethnic interest groups in American Foreign Policy” in James M. McCormick (ed.), The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence. Sixth Edition. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2012.
Mejlumyan A., “Armenia diaspora faces waning influence on Turkey, Azerbaijan negotiations”, Eurasianet, Jun 22, 2022, Retrieved from https://eurasianet.org/armenia-diaspora-faces-waning-influence-on-turkey-azerbaijan-negotiations.
Menendez, Sen, Introduces Amendment to Revoke U.S. Presidential Waiver of Section 907 Restrictions on U.S. Aid to Azerbaijan, Armenianweekly, 2021, November 04, Retrieved from https://armenianweekly.com/2021/11/04/menendez-introduces-amendment-to-revoke-us-presidential-waiver-of-section-907-restrictions-on-us-aid-to-azerbaijan/
MFA of the Republic of Artsakh, The recognition of independence of the Republic of Artsakh, 2022, Retrieved from https://www.nkr.am/en/international-recognition-of-karabakh
Shain Y., Marketing the American Creed Abroad: Diasporas in the U.S. and Their Homelands. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Statement by President Joe Biden on Armenian Remembrance Day, The White House, Statements and Releases, April 24, 2021, Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/24/statement-by-president-joe-biden-on-armenian-remembrance-day/
Tölölyan Kh., “Elites and Institutions in the Armenian Transnation”, Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 9 (1), 2000, pp. 107–136.
United States Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs) the exact number of Armenian-Americans living in the United States varies greatly from 308,000 to 2 million.
-
International Relations
The Major Trends in Armenia’s Foreign Policy-Making and the Macro-Regional Priorities of Russia and the United States: 2018-2020
AbstractThe article examines the main trends and transformations in the foreign policy of the Republic of Armenia in conjunction and in the context of the macro-regional interests of the US and the Russian Federation, the influence of structural and situational factors on some aspects of Armenia's foreign policy. In particular, the main drivers and structural circumstances that predetermined the preservation and sustainability of the long-term foreign policy of the Republic of Armenia are reflected, with a certain shift in political and discursive emphasis in relations with the two largest players in the South Caucasus. The focus is also on some problematic aspects related to changes in the general approaches of Russia and the United States in the post-Soviet space.
ReferencesAglyan V., The Republic of Armenia (Chapter 2) in The Foreign Policies of the CIS States: A Comprehensive Guide, ed. D. Degtyarev, K.Kurylev, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2019, pp.52-54.
Aglyan, V., Policy Convergence Issues within Hierarchical International Systems: on some aspects of the Russian-Armenian Defense and Security Partnership, «21st CENTURY», No 1 (19), 2016, pp. 23-37.
https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29870090.html, 09 April, 2019.
https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2018/10/09/cmf_yerevan/8611, accessed 12.09.2021
Interim National Security Strategic Guidance, The White House, March 2021, President J.R.Biden, Jr.
Karabakh Conflict Still Unresolved, Insists U.S. Envoy, N. Ghalechian, 13.09.2021, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31458019.html
Kopirkin: Russia’ military presence in Syunik is strengthened, 12.06.2021, https://armeniasputnik.am/20210612/syuniqum-rusakan-razmakan-nerkayutyunn-ujexacvac-e-kopirkin-27896967.html
Markedonov S., Suchkov M., Russia and the United States in the Caucasus: cooperation and competition, Caucasus Survey, 2020, Feb., pp.5-6.
Merkel Concludes Visit to Caucasus; During Armenia Visit Calls Ottoman-Era Killings Of Armenians ‘Heinous Crimes’, The Armenian Mirror Spectator, 30.08.20218
National Security Concept of the Republic of Armenia, July 2020, p.18 [https://www.mfa.am/filemanager/security%20and%20defense/Armenia%202020%20National%20Security%20Strategy.pdf]
Paronyan H., Elamiryan R., Armenian Foreign Policy between Eurasian and European integration models, Eastern Journal of European Studies, vol.12, iss.1, June 2021, pp.270-271.
Putnam R. D., Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games, International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Summer, 1988), pp. 427-460.
Renewed Great Power Competition: Implications for Defense - Issues for Congress, August 3, 2021, Congressional Research Service, R43838.
Rumer E., Sokolsky R., Stronski P., U.S. Policy Toward the South Caucasus: Take Three, May, 2017, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace [https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/05/31/u.s.-policy-toward-south-caucasus-take-three-pub-70122]
Russia asks its shipping companies to focus on transit potential of Nagorno Karabakh, Armenpress, August 17, 2021.
Russia: Foreign Policy and U.S. Relations, Congressional Research Service, April 15, 2021, p.25-29.
World War III is on its way in the form of hybrid warfare - Nikol Pashinyan’s Interview to German ARD TV Channel, accessed 12.09.2021, https://www.primeminister.am/en/interviews-and-press-conferences/item/2020/11/07/Nikol-Pashinyan-interview-ARD/
В Ереване отозвались об обсуждениях отзыва генсека ОДКБ Хачатурова, 28.07.2018, https://www.interfax.ru/world/622965.
Интервью заместителя Министра иностранных дел Российской Федерации А.Ю. Руденко газете «Известия», опубликованное 10 февраля 2021 года.
Пашинян заявил об опорных пунктах российской военной базы на юге Армении, РИА Новости, 3 мая, 2021.
