Vol. 13 No. 1 (37) (2022)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:D/2022.13.1
Published: 19.04.2022

International Relations

  • International Relations

    Relations of the Republic of Armenia with Georgia on the Eve of the Constantinople and Berlin Negotiations (May-June 1918)

    Gegham Petrosyan
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    Abstract

    The article examines in details the fact that on the eve of the negotiations of the countries of the Central Powers in Constantinople and Berlin, related to the republics of Transcaucasia, the relations of the Republic of Armenia with its direct neighbors, Georgia and Azerbaijan, were unstable, uncertain and contradictory, due to their different political goals, orientation and territoriality. Particular attention was paid to the fact that after gaining independence by the three peoples of Transcaucasia, a very favorable situation arose for Georgia and Azerbaijan. The direction of their foreign policy was also clear. Germany protected the interests of Georgia, and the Ottoman Turkey protected the interests of Azerbaijan, in both cases to the detriment of the Republic of Armenia.

    References

    РГ ВА, ф. 39720, оп. 1, д. 49, л. 1-4.

    РГ ВА, ф. 39720, оп. 1, д. 49, л. 2.

    РГ ВА, ф. 39720, оп. 1, д. 49, л. 5.

    Сакартвелось Республика՚՚, Тифлис, 8 июля, 1918.

    Դարբինեան Ռ., Ռուսական վտանգը, Երևան, 1991:

    ՀԱԱ, ֆ. 4033, ց. 6, գ. 295, թ. 31, ֆ. 198, ց. 1, գ. 15, թ. 18, ֆ. 223, ց. 1, գ. 113, թ. 27, ֆ. 276, ց. 1., գ. 96, թ. 125-126:

    ՀԱԱ, ֆ. 198, ց. 1, գ. 15, թ. 43:

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    ՀԱԱ, ֆ. 200, ց. 1, գ. 498, թ. 40, թ. 48:

    «Հայերի կոտորածները Բաքվի և Ելիզավետպոլի նահանգներում 1918-1920 թթ.», կազմ. Ս. Միրզոյան, Ա. Ղազիյան, Երևան, 2003:

    «Հայրենիք» ամսագիր, Բոստոն, 1935, փետրվար, № 4:

    «Հայրենիք» ամսագիր, Բոստոն, 1957, փետրվար, № 2:

    Մելքոնյան Ա., Ջավախքը 19-րդ դարում և 20-րդ դարի առաջին քառորդին, Երևան, 2003:

    «Վէմ» ամսագիր, Փարիզ, 1938, № 1:

    Քաջազնունի Հովհ., Բաց նամակ Z-ին. Թուրքիա՞, թե՞ Ռուսաստան, Երևան, 1990:

  • International Relations

    The 44-Day War in Nagorno Karabakh and South Caucasus Geopolitical Role Transformation Processes

    Alen Gevondyan
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    Abstract

    44-Day War in Nagorno Karabakh dramatically changed the geopolitical role of the South Caucasus Region. If previously there was some kind of delicate balance of power in the region, this War changed it. The new one has not been settled yet. The article analyzes and assesses the
    chain of factors which make an impact on the geopolitical role of the region and achievement of the regional balance. Particularly, we analyze the regional conflicts, the energetic-communication role of the South Caucasus, the methods of change of power and foreign policy doctrines of the regional states, as well as the changed roles of the Russian Federation and Turkey.

    References

    Հայկական բանակի զոհերը (մարտական և ոչ մարտական) 1994-ի մայիսյան զինադադարից ի վեր, February 15, 2020, http://www.aniarc.am/2020/02/15/about-2000-victims-since-1994-2020/.

    «Маленькая Армения» в Грузии, или что представляет из себя Самцхе-Джавахетия? https://iwpr.net/ru/global-voices/malenkaya -armeniya-v-gruzii-ili-chto-predstavlyaet-iz-sebya-samckhe-dzhavakhetiya.

    Этнический состав населения Грузии по данным всеобщих переписей http://www.demoscope.ru/ weekly/ 2017/0723/comments/comm3.html.

    Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Ազգային անվտանգության ռազմավարություն, https://www.gov.am /am /National-Security-Strategy/.

    Заявление Президента Азербайджанской Республики, Премьер-министра Республики Армения и Президента Российской Федерации, 10 ноября 2020 года, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64384.

    Ваге Давтян, Энергетика Армении, Азербайджана и Грузии: Прогноз на 2022 год, https://eurasia.expert/ energetika-armenii-azerbaydzhana-i-gruzii-prognoz-na-2022/.

    Caspian Policy Center (CPC), https://twitter.com/caspiancenter/status/1255593675008151553.

    Ильгар Велизаде, Разблокировка путей сообщения на Южном Кавказе пойдет на пользу всем, https://ccbs.news/ru/article/3423/.

    Армения и Азербайджан очертили границы отношений, https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4640957 12.01.2021.

    The Fight For Nagorno-Karabakh: Documenting Losses On The Sides Of Armenia And Azerbaijan

    https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2020/09/the-fight-for-nagorno-karabakh.html.

    Опубликован полный текст Шушинской декларации, подписанной между Азербайджаном и Турцией, https://www.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/ 3440708.html? fbclid=IwAR3lReRWajigORsNF9Dx-T9u9TRNzq7glS95f-2EeuwMc2tXXA2VJdjSleM, 16 июня 2021.

  • International Relations

    National Brand of Armenia in the Context of Public Diplomacy

    Ruzanna Airapetova
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    Abstract

    The purpose of the article is to determine the development trend of the national brand of Armenia. In its turn, the research is tasked with studying the influence and place of national branding in the public diplomacy of the state, the possibilities of national branding to resist negative stereotypes and form positive associations about
    the country. In the course of the study, it was defined that the results of national branding
    contribute to a positive impact on the development of public diplomacy, which in its turn affects the expansion of branding opportunities. In its turn, the absence of the implementation of the national brand leads to restrictions in the implementation of foreign policy. The article makes an attempt to define an effective brand for Armenia in the context of brand identity. Through the method of case studies, the article presents an
    analysis of each particular stage of development. Solving the issues of positioning the country, the study presents the concepts of “brand”, “image” and “reputation”. The interrelation of these concepts lies in the fact that image and reputation are the derivative result of the activities of national branding. The research presents theoretical approaches of international experts to the formation of a national brand. Based on the
    approaches studied, there are reputational factors that influence the formation of an image: emotional, resource and power.

    References

    Anholt S., Brand New Justice. The upside of Global Branding. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.

    Anholt S., Places. Identity, Image and Reputation. Palgrave MacMillan, 2010.

    Armenia Pavillion// EXPO Dubai 2020, https://www.expo2020dubai.com/en/understanding-expo/participants/country-pavilions/armenia.

    Buhmann A., Measuring Country Image. Theory, Methods, and Effects. Springer, 2015.

    Capacity Development Strategy and Plan for the Organic Agriculture Sector in Armenia, 2017.

    GK Tribe Global. Shedding light on a small country with huge potential // https://gkbrand.com/blog/shedding-light-on-a-small-country-with-huge-potential.

    https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/23/business/business-when-nations-need-a-little-marketing.html.

    Qu Y., Dillman Carpentier F.R. Practicing Public Diplomacy by Doing Good: Examining the Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility on Country Reputation // International Journal of Strategic Communication, 2021.

    The Economist’s country of the year 2018// The Economist https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/12/22/the-economists-country-of-the-year-2018.

    Василенко И. А., Имидж России: концепция национального брендинга // Проблемный анализ и государственно–управленческое проектирование, выпуск 4, 2012, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/imidzh-rossii-kontseptsiya-natsionalnogo-brendinga.

    Василенко И. А., Новые тенденции мирового опыта ребрендинга государств: уроки для России // Научные сообщения, Проблемный анализ и государственно-управленческое проектирование, выпуск 1, 2014, https://www.ogt-journal.com/jour/article/viewFile/72/71.

    Кобякина О., Национальный брендинг Франции // Медиа Альманах, http://mediaalmanah.ru/files/69/299.php.

    Национальный брендинг и брендинг территорий// Энциклопедия маркетинга https://www.marketing.spb.ru/lib-special/regions/nation_branding.htm.

    Никифорова Г.Ю., Мазуренко А.В., Брендинг и публичная дипломатия как факторы устойчивого развития территории в условиях глобализации // Проблемы современной экономики. Проблемы маркетинга. Логистика, 2013, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/brending-ipublichnaya-diplomatiya-kak-faktory-ustoychivogo-razvitiya-territorii-v-usloviyah-globalizatsii/viewer.

    Петросян С. Ф., Имидж Республики Армения глазами российских граждан// Историческая и социально образовательная мысль, 2012, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/imidzh-respubliki-armeniya-glazami-rossiyskih-grazhdan.

    Статистический комитет Республики Армения, https://armstat.am/ru/.

    Сурганов В., Итоги ЭКСПО – 2017: зеленое будущее против углеводородного настоящего// Капитал, 2017, https://kapital.kz/gosudarstvo/63195/itogi-ekspo-2017-zelenoyebudushcheye-protiv-uglevodorodnogo-nastoyashchego.html.

  • International Relations

    Cultural and Civilizational Origins of Armenia’s “soft power” Policy

    Paylak Yengoyan
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    Abstract

    The Armenian and Chinese civilizations are among the oldest in the world. Despite the difference in geographical location, scale and population, these
    two nations have common ideas about international life, and, in particular, the use of soft power both in foreign policy and directed “inward” to preserve identity and cohesion on the grounds of the national culture. At present, the vast majority of the Armenian people are in a completely different social and cultural environment. The issue arises about preserving the Armenian identity among the Diaspora, its culture, language, religion and the cohesion of the entire Armenian nation. In this regard, it is necessary to use the successful experience of China, which has relatively recently used soft power in its foreign policy. One of the main tools of such a policy of the PRC is the propaganda of its unique civilizational value system, which is carried out with different methods and with the help of the foreign diaspora as well.

    References

    Hong Jiaze, Dui haiwai huaren huaiqiao jingji yu zhongguo guanxi de chongxin sikao (Rethinking the relationship between the overseas Chinese economy and China) // Bianjiang jingji yu wenhua (Frontier Economy and Culture), 2009, № 8, pp. 32-34.

    Мирумян К. А., История политической науки. Ч. II. Средневековье. Возрождение. Реформация, Ер.: Изд-во РАУ, 2005.

    Нежданов В. Л., Китайская диаспора и Китай: общественные и экономические отношения для взаимного политического блага // Общество и государство в Китае, Институт востоковедения РАН, 2017, стр. 245-253։

    Спешнев Н. А., Китайцы: особенности национальной психологии. СПб.; Каро, 2014.

    Хоренаци, Мовсес, История Армении / Пер. с древнеарм. Г. Саркисяна, Ер.: Айастан, 1990.

    Արևշատյան Ս. Ս., Փիլիսոփայական գիտության ձևավորումը Հին Հայաստանում (V-VI դդ.), Եր., Հայաստան, 1973:

    Խուրշուդյան Լ. Ա., Հայոց ազգային գաղափարախոսություն, Եր., ԵՊՀ, 1999։

    Միրումյան Կ., Արևշատյան Ս., Հայ փիլիսոփայության պատմություն, Եր., Լուսաբաց, 2007:

Political science

  • Political science

    Features of the Application of Ethnometric Methodology in the Context of the Study of Democratic Transitions

    Khachik Galstyan
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    Abstract

    The main purpose of this study is to identify the features of the application of ethnometric methodology in the context of the study of democratic transitions. This methodology, proposed by the Dutch researcher G. Hofstede, was initially used to identify patterns in the formation of business culture in different countries, as well as between political conflicts and violent phenomena.

    Within the framework of the article, in the context of the experience of the democratic transition of the “third wave” countries, four main ethnometric indicators of G. Hofstede are considered: distance from power (PDI), masculinity (MAS), uncertainty avoidance (UAI) and individualism (IDV). In particular, it is argued that in those countries where high indicators of power distance (PDI) are observed, the process of democratic consolidation is slowing down and does not contribute to the
    formation of dialogue practices. And in the case of a certain “dialogue attraction”, the main actors in the political field - the authorities and the opposition, show political will, seek to level the problems that have accumulated in society, including the uneven distribution of state resources, direct political processes towards the
    institutionalization of political dialogue.
    The article also examines the paradigm of democratic transition, some patterns and relationships between the culture of political dialogue and democratic transition, etc.

    References

    Hofstede G., Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2011, Unit 2. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss1/8 (մուտք 19.01.2022).

    http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/uncertainty-avoidance-index/ (մուտք 20․01․2022).

    https://clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/masculinity/ (մուտք՝ 20․01․2022).

    Individualism, http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/individualism/ (մուտք՝ 22․01․2022).

    National Culture, www.http://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html (մուտք՝ 20․01․2022)

    Power Distance Index, http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/power-distance-index/ (մուտք՝ 19․01․2022)։

    Van De Vliert E.,Schwartz S., Huismans S., Hofstede G., Daan S. Temperature, Cultural Masculinity and Political Violence // Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1999, V. 30.

    Категоризация культуры по Г. Хофстеде: концепция “ментальных программ”//Основы межкультурной коммуникации, М., 2003.

    Латова Н., Культурологический подход к межгосударственным и межнациональным конфликтам: возможности и перспективы // Современная конфликтология в контексте культуры мира / под ред. Степанова Е./, М., 2001.

    Межуев В., Диалог между цивилизациями и Россия // От диалога цивилизаций к сотрудничеству и интеграции. Наброски проблемного анализа. (Якунин В. И., Сулакшин С. С., Межуев В. М. и др), М., 2006.

    Пшеворски А. Демократия и рынок. Политические и экономические реформы в Восточной Европе и Латинской Америке. М., РОССПЭН, 2000.

    Хантингтон С., Третья волна․ Демократизация в конце XX века, М., РОССПЭН, 2003.

    Գալստյան Խ. Քաղաքական բանակցություններ. Տեսություն և պրակտիկա, Եր., 2007:

  • Political science

    The Political Hazards of Populist Conspiracy Theories

    Levon Babajanyan
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    Abstract

    The article discusses the political hazards of the populist conspiracy theories, which are simultaneously widely spread in both Western and Armenian political discourses in the last century. In the context of ideological analysis of populism and conspiracy theories the common ideological and ideational components have been summarized, which determine the ideological content of populist conspiracy theories. The
    article identifies the general political hazards of the populist conspiracy theories for the societies with democratic political organization: discrimination of the people on the basis of moral contradiction “good people” - “evil elite”, manifestation of extremism, denial of the principles underlying democratic institutions - trust and pluralism, antiscience, a tendency to authoritarianism.

    References

    Bararanonline.com, https://bararanonline.com/դավադրություն, 09․06․2021:

    Bergmann E., Conspiracy & Populism, The Politics of Misinformation, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

    Cassam Q., Conspiracy theories, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2019.

    Dalgaard-Nielsen A., Violent radicalization in Europe: what we know and what we do not know, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(9), 2010.

    Eatwell R., Populism and Fascism, The Oxford handbook of populism, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017.

    Fedor J., Chekists Look Back on the Cold War: The Polemical Literature // Intelligence in the Cold War: What Difference Did it Make?, Herman M., Hughes G., Routledge, 2013, pp. 88-109.

    Fenster M., Conspiracy theories: secrecy and power in American culture, MN: University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2008.

    Freeden M., Ideology: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003.

    Giry J., and Gürpınar D., Functions and uses of conspiracy theories in authoritarian regimes, // Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories. NY, Taylor & Francis group, 2020.

    Greenberg J., and Jonas E., Psychological motives and political orientation – The left, the right, and the rigid: Comment on Jost et al. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 2003, pp. 376–382.

    Hitchcock D., Critical Thinking, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/critical-thinking/, 23.06.2021.

    Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Andre´ P. M. Krouwel, and Thomas V. Pollet, Political Extremism Predicts Belief in Conspiracy Theories, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2015.

    Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Populism as political mentality underlying conspiracy theories // Belief systems and the perception of reality, Rutjens B. T., Brandt M. J., Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, NY, 2019.

    Jolley D., Mari S., and Karen M. Douglas, Consequences of conspiracy theories // Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories, Taylor & Francis group, NY, 2020.

    Mudde C․, The populist zeitgeist, Government and Opposition, 39 (3), 2004.

    Panchenko A․, The Dulles Plan for Russia: Conspiracy Theories and Moral Panics in Post-Soviet Societies // Deutschmann P., Herlth J., Woldan A., Truth and Fiction, Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, 2020.

    Swami V., and Furnham A., Political paranoia and conspiracy theories // J.-P. Prooijen, P. A. M. van Lange, Power politics, and paranoia: Why people are suspicious of their leaders, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 218-236.

    Taggart P., Populism and “unpolitics” // Populism and the Crisis of Democracy, G. Fitzi, J. Mackert and B. S. Turner, vol. 1, Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.

    Weems S. A., Armenia: secrets of a Christian terrorist state. The Armenian Great deception series, V. 1. Dallas: St. John Press, 2002.

    Բաբաջանյան Լ., Պոպուլիզմի և ցինիզմի՝ որպես «նեղ» գաղափարախոսությունների սահմանումների համեմատական վերլուծություն, «Բանբեր Երևանի համալսարանի. Փիլիսոփայություն, Հոգեբանություն», 2020, № 2 (32), էջ 31-44։

    Մյուլլեր Յ․-Վ., Ի՞նչ է պոպուլիզմը, Newmag, Եր․, 2019։

  • Political science

    The Electoral System of the Republic of Italy

    Edgar Kalantaryan
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    Abstract

    In a number of post-war European countries, reforms were carried out to modernize and
    democratize public administration. The Italian Republic was not an exception. Throughout its history, in the course of constitutional institutions, it had gone through the constitutional monarchy, totalitarian fascist dictatorship, thus forming the most democratic constitution of the post-war Europe. The Italian Constitution clearly regulates the system of government, which is based on the principle of separation of powers. All this is regulated by the regulation of electoral systems. They have been changed quite often in Italy, showing a certain weakness. This is conditioned not only by unstable intra-parliamentary legal-political structures, but in some cases even by the disagreements of political parties.

    References

    Alba G., Il bicameralismo paritario nel procedimento legislativo ordinario: tra Pars destruens e pars costruens. Seminario di studi e ricerche parlamentari «Silvano Tosi», 2018.

    Carnevale P․, La costituzione riscritta, Saggi sulla revisione costituzionale in itinere․ Università degli Studi Roma Tre, "Roma TrE-Press", 2016.

    Federico Del Giudice, Compendio di Diritto Pubblico, "Edizioni Giuridiche Simone", 2021.

    Il sistema di elezione del Parlamento nazionale: L’approvazione della legge n. 165 del 2017: il percorso parlamentare. La documentazione dei Servizi e degli Uffici del Senato della Repubblica e della Camera dei Deputati, Febbraio 2020, https://www.senatì.it/service-/PDF-/PDFServe-r/BGT/01176918.pdf.

    Il sistema di elezione del Parlamento nazionale: Le leggi n. 276 e n. 277 del 1993 (c.d. legge Mattarella). La documentazione dei Servizi e degli Uffici del Senato della Repubblica e della Camera dei Deputati, Febbraio 2020, https://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/BGT/01176918.pdf.

    Lazar M., An Uncertain Italy, https://www.iemed.org/publication/an-uncertain-italy/.

    Modugno F․, Diritto Pubblico։ IL Parlamento․ Università degli Studi Roma Tre, “Roma TrE-Press”, 2017.

    Tito C․, Elezioni 2018: un altro referendum su Renzi, una sconfitta lunga 15 mesi, 05 Marzo 2018, https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/03/05/news/elezioni_renzi_pd-300954258/.

    Авакьян С. А., Конституционное право зарубежных стран, Челябинск. ЮУрГУ, 2008.

    Баглая М. В., Лейбо Ю. И., Энтина Л. М., Конституционное право зарубежных стран․ М., "Норма", 2004.

    Белова В․, О некоторых аспектах деятельности верхних палат парламентов ряда стран ЕС․ Институт Европы РАН, Аналитическая записка №15, 2017 (№88).

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    Դրագիի գլխավորությամբ նոր կառավարության ձևավորումը, 12․02․2021, https://www.quirinale.it/elementi/52198:

    Եզրակացություն «Ազգային ժողովի կանոնակարգ» ՀՀ օրենքում լրացում կատարելու մասին» ՀՀ օրենքի նախագծի վերաբերյալ, Պ-603-23.09.2014-ՊԻ-010/0, 09 հոկտեմբերի 2014 թ., http://www.parliament.am/draft-_history.php?do-=showdiv-eval&Div=3&ID=6988:

    ԻՀ 2018 թ․ խորհրդարանական ընտրությունների արդյունքներ, https://elezioni.repubblica.i-t/2018/cameradeideputati:

    Իտալիայի Հանրապետության ընտրական օրենսգիրք, 03․11․2017 թ․, https://www.rosatellum.info/:

    Իտալիայի Հանրապետության հռչակման պատմություն, 02․06․1946, https://www.focus.it/cultura/storia/2-giugno-1946-nasce-la-repubblica-italiana:

    Իտալիայի Հանրապետության Սահմանադրություն, 22 դեկտեմբեր 1947 թ․, https://www.senato.it/documenti/repository/istituzione/costituzione.pdf:

    Կոնտեի կառավարությունը՝ «դեղին-կանաչ» մեծամասնությամբ, https://www.openpolis.i-t/govern-o-conte-e-maggioranza-giallo-verde/:

    Կոնտեի հրաժարականը․ կառավարության հերթական ճգնաժամը, 26․01․2021, https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2021/01/26/news/crisi_governo_procedura_formazione_nuovo_governo-284178532/:

    Քալանթարյան Է․, Իտալիայի պետական կառավարման զարգացման արդի միտումները, «Մեսրոպ Մաշտոց համալսարանի լրատու», № 2 (24), 2020, էջ 91-99:

    Քալանթարյան Է․, Խորհրդարանական կառավարման սահմանադրական կառուցակարգերը (ՀՀ-ի և ԳԴՀ-ի օրինակով), «Բանբեր Երևանի համալսարանի. Միջազգային հարաբերություններ, Քաղաքագիտություն», 2021, № 1 (34), էջ 46-48։

    Քննարկումներ նոր կառավարության ձևավորման շուրջ, 27․05․2018, https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/05/27/news/il_premier_incaricato_rimette_il_mandato-197504092/: