Vol. 14 No. 3 (42) (2023)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:D/2023.14.3
Published: 28.12.2023

Full Issue

International Relations

Political science

  • Political science

    Populism as a Democratizing Illiberal Phenomenon

    Gor Petrosyan
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    Abstract

    During the last decade populism has become one of the most used and sometimes the most demonized terms by politicians, analysts and the general public who follow the political developments. After the victory of Donald Trump in US presidential elections the number of studies on populism among Western political analysts has significantly increased, and in 2017, "populism" was announced as the word of the year by the Cambridge dictionary. Despite there is no universal definition of this phenomenon, there is a consensus among researchers about one of the most important elements defining populism: It sees politics as a struggle between good and evil. Within the framework of this article, we study the origin of the term populism and the reasons for its negative perception. By conducting a literature review and analyzing expert interviews, this article aims to find an answer for the question “Why is the manifestation of populism in one case perceived as a positive, and in another case as a negative phenomenon? “. Within the framework of the article, populism is considered as a democratizing anti-liberal phenomenon.

    References

    Guriev, Sergei and Elias Papaioannou, "The Political Economy of Populism." Journal of Economic Literature,2022, 60 (3), P. 4

    Official website of Cambridge university, “Populism' revealed as 2017 Word of the Year by Cambridge University Press”, 30.10.2017.

    URL: https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/populism-revealed-as-2017-word-of-the-year-by-cambridge-university-press

    Mudde, Cas. “The Populist Zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition 39, no. 4 (2004): P. 543.

    Weyland, Kurt. (2001). Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics. Comparative Politics. 34. 1-22:

  • Political science

    Biosecurity as the main component of national security and its value base

    Bagrat Vardanyan
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    Abstract

    The modern world is going through a period of transformation. The formation of new power centers and the intensification of the struggle between them, as well as the increase in the importance of military power in that struggle, lead to a change in the structure of the world order and the formation of new rules and principles. Political conceptual documents are of special importance in the structure of the national security policy and decision-making process of each country, among the most important of which the national security concept or a document equivalent to it in its functions, which may have a different name based on the characteristics of the country, can be ranked among the most important. The concept of national security is a political document that contains the system of official views on the place and role of the state in the modern world, the national values, interests and goals of the state, the forces, means and capabilities of preventing and countering external and internal threats, as well as organizing the operation of the national security system. foundations and principles.
    The rapid globalization of science and technology, as well as the expansion of travel, trade and migration, together with positive effects, have brought to light threats and challenges of a qualitatively new nature, which require states to operate at the local, regional and global levels with new rules of the game, where the control and prevention of biological threats are crucial. Biosecurity issues are directly related to critical infrastructure and are threats at the national level.

    References

    Broussard L.A. Biological agents: weapons of warfare and bioterrorism // Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy. 2001. 6. № 4: 324-333

    De Oliveira Cardoso T.A., De Albuquerque Navarro M.B.M., Soares B.E.C., Tapajós A.M. Biosafety and biosecurity: applicabilities of the biological security// Interciencia. 2008. Т. 33. № 8. С. 561-568.

    Hall C.M. Biosecurity, tourism and mobility: institutional arrangements for managing tourism-related biological invasions // Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events. 2011. 3. № 3: 256-280.

    Marifli A.M. Bioterrorism and chemical attacks // International Journal of Anti-terrorism Studies. 2019. № 4 (1). С. 16-24.

    National Biodefense Strategy of US, White House, 2018 // https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/National-Biodefense-Strategy.pdf

    UK Biological Security Strategy, The Home Office, London, July 2018 // https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/730213/2018_UK_Biological_Security_Strategy.pdf

    Жемчугов В. Биобезопасность - важное направление работы // Гражданская защита. 2008. № 10. С. 34-35

    Указ Президента РФ от 11 марта 2019 г. № 97 "Об Основах государственной политики Российской Федерации в области обеспечения химической и биологической безопасности на период до 2025 года и дальнейшую перспективу” // https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/72092478/

    Черкесов В.В., Хацько М.С., Гентлер А.Н. Актуальность проблемы биотерроризма // Пожарная и техносферная безопасность: проблемы и пути совершенствования. 2020. № 2 (6). С. 475-479.