Vol. 14 No. 2 (39) (2023)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:C/2023.14.2
Published: 2023-12-14

Full Issue

THEORY AND HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW

  • THEORY AND HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW

    The Evolution of Legal Assistance

    Gevorg Danielyan
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    Abstract

    The article reveals the evolution of the legal foundations of legal support in the countries that gained independence in the post-Soviet era, as well as its socio-political and ideological antecedents based onthe example of Armenia. Particularly, it is shown, that in the Soviet state legal system, the positions regarding the advocacy, at least as a part of the state structure, have not been completely overcomed, but are accompanied by new excuses.

    On the other hand, we discussed the problem that formation of an advocacy called to guarantee the right to a fair trial is obstacled by the so-called «state mentality».

    In particular, an advocade is perceived as a litigant who defends criminals by all means, therefore a state is not obliged to «excessively» cover the needs of free legal support.

    The article thoroughly discusses the prerequisites for the evolution of legal assistance/legal support, especially the factor of legal culture, clear positions are expressed relating the issues arising from the scientific and practical dimension, and for overcoming the existing problems, and a number of legislative recommendations are offered,  reference was made in a form of predictions.

    References

    Տե՛ս https.//www.facebook.com/watch/?ref=tab

    For a comprehensive survey of rights competition issues, see Michael Sachs, Basis of the General Doctrine of Fundamental Rights in Germany. Subjective public rights in administrative law, Yerevan, Tigran Mets, 2012

    This point of view is thoroughly researched by T.I. by Shakirov. International standards of independence and accountability of advocates, Shakirov T. R., Text of a scientific article on the speciality «Law», link to the article: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mezhdunarodnye-standardty-nezavisimosti-i-podotchetnosti-advokatov

    Nowak M., Commentary on the U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Kehl: N.P.Engel Verlag, 2005. P. - 383, 384. Голованов С.С., Гарантии независимости и неприкосновенности адвокатов, Вопросы современной юриспруденции, 5(66), 2017 г., link to the asrticle ՝ https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/garantii-nezavisimosti-i-neprikosnovennosti-advokatov, Вайпан В.А., Настольная книга адвоката: постатейный комментарий к Федеральному закону об адвокатской деятельности и адвокатуре. / В.А. Вайпан // - М.: Юстицинформ, 2017 г. - С. 98. Демидова Л.А., Адвокатура в России: учебник // Л.А. Демидова, В.И. Сергеев. - М.: Юстицинформ, 2016. - 569 с. Суровова К.Ю., Организационная деятельность адвоката: понятие и содержание / К.Ю. Суровова // «Адвокатская практика», 2016, № 5

    This point of view is thoroughly researched by T.I. by Shakirov: «International Standards of Independence and Accountability of Lawyers», Shakirov T. R., Text of a scientific article on the specialty «Law» Report to the aricle: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mezhdunarodnye-standarty-nezavisimosti-i-podotchetnosti-advokatov

    I addressed this question in detail in the article entitled «Current Issues of Overcoming Legal Conflicts and Legislative Gaps». «Collection of materials of the conference of the faculty of the Faculty of Law of YSU», 1(3) 2019, Ch. editor: G.S. Ghazinyan. - S.: YSU Publishing House, Yerevan - 2020

  • THEORY AND HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW

    The strategic perspective for the execution of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights

    Artyom Sedrakyan
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    Abstract

    Strategic aspects of execution of the European Court of Human Rights judgments are analyzed in this article.

    In the author’s view, a strategic perspective matters also for the execution of judgments; State agencies should be armed with the ability to anticipate, prepare, and get positioned for further challenges. He suggests that there is an objective need to ensure the responsible involvement of relevant state bodies in the process of execution of judgments, clarifying the toolkit of interaction between them. With this view, several strategic steps are highlighted.

    The author concludes that the adoption of a national strategy for interaction will increase the understanding of “shared responsibility” among state institutions within the process of the execution of judgments of the Strasbourg Court

    References

    See, e.g., Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 7th ed., Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 1085 and Cambridge Dictionary (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/perspective).

    What Is Strategic Perspective? By Zach Lazzari, 3 June 2019, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/strategic-perspective-14365.html.

    For more details on the execution of judgments of the ECtHR, see “The Execution of the Court’s Judgments” in Law of the European Convention on Human Rights, D.J. Harris, M. O’Boyle, E.P. Bates & C.M. Buckley, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 180-199, “The Execution of Judgments” in The European Convention on Human Rights, Clare Ovey & Robin C.A. White, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 496-502, and “Enforcement of Judgments” in Taking a Case to the European Court of Human Rights, Philip Leach, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 83-106.

    Armenia joined the Council of Europe on 25 January 2001 (the country profile is available at https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/armenia).

    For brief information on the reforms undertaken within the execution of judgments of the ECtHR is presented at the website of Armenia’s Government Representation before the European Court of Human Rights, https://echr.am/en/legislative/legislativeammendments.html.

    The Law on Representative on International Legal Matters, HO-141-N, adopted 10 July 2019.

    Guide to good practice on the implementation of Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)2 of the Committee of Ministers on efficient domestic capacity for rapid execution of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, (CDDH(2017)R87 Addendum I, as adopted by the Steering Committee for Human Rights (CDDH) at its 87th meeting, 6-9 June 2017 in Strasbourg, para. 17).

    The effectiveness of the Armenian model of execution was also facilitated by the use of new working methods developed by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in 2011 (Human Rights Files, No. 19, p. 35, https://echr.am/resources/echr//pdf/1468c3fde0d097cf21fcbac9c153e028.pdf).

    Guide to good practice on the implementation of Recommendation (2008)2 of the Committee of Ministers on efficient domestic capacity for rapid execution of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (as adopted by the CDDH at its 87th meeting, 6–9 June 2017). See also: Report on measures taken by the member States to implement relevant parts of the Brussels Declaration (as adopted by the CDDH at its 91st meeting, 18–21 June 2019).

  • THEORY AND HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW

    The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the New Path of Law

    Taron Simonyan
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    Abstract

    The contemporary accelerating changes in technology lead to drastic
    transformations in economy, social and political structures, as well as legal practice and
    the very essence of law. The present research is a try to bring to the light the evolution
    of industrial revolutions and realize the transformations and developments of law and
    legal practice throughout the First, Second, Third and Fourth Industrial Revolutions.
    Taking into account the consequences of the previous industrial revolutions and
    the ongoing nature of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the research defines some
    general developments / paths in the law, especially the transformations in legal practice
    (Practical Perspective); transformations in teaching law (Educational Perspective) and
    transformation in the essence and perception of law itself (Theoretical Perspective).
    Based on the research two possible social structures, with economic, political and
    legal order, have been proposed: negative and positive.

    References

    One of several changes in size, amount, quality, etc. that happen frequently, especially from one extreme to another. - https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/fluctuation

    There are certain locations in parameter space, however, where changes are explosive. The system crosses over an invisible boundary and the landscape of attractors alters dramatically. Such changes are called bifurcations. - Russ Marion, The Edge of Organization, Chaos and Complexity Theories of Formal Social Systems, Sage Publications, 1999, p. 20.

    Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave, Bantam Books, 1989.

    Klaus Schwab, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, World Economic Forum, Geneva, 2016, https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/3385454/Schwab-The_Fourth_Industrial_Revolution_Klaus_S.pdf

    Ibid. p. 9.

    Andra Le Roux-Kemp, “The Fourth Industrial Revolution and a New Policy Agenda for Undergraduate Legal Education and Training in England and Wales”, Journal of Law, Technology, and Trust, 2(1). 2021, pp. 1-35, p. 4.

    Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-uncertainty/

    Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Simson L. Garfinkel, Law and Policy for Quantum Age, Cambridge University Press, 2022.

    Klaus Schwab, ibid, p. 11.

    E.P. Hennock, The origins of the welfare state in England and Germany, 1850–1914, Cambridge University Press, 2007, 73–85.

    Loi concernant les mines, les minières et les carriers 1810; Décret contenant les dispositions de police relatives à l'exploitation des mines 1813.

    Miquel Martin-Casals (ed.), The Development of Liability in relation to Technological Change, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

    Sean Bottomley, The British patent system during the industrial revolution, 1700–1852, Cambridge University Press 2014.

    Jonatan Bromander, Expropriation i Sverige – en rättshistorisk analys, examensarbete Juridiska institutionen Uppsala 2020.

    Marc Steinberg, England’s great transformation: law, labor, and the Industrial Revolution, The University of Chicago Press, 2016.

    Bruno Debaenst, “The Digital Revolution from a Legal Historical Perspective”, Law, AI and Digitalization, (ed) Katja de Vries and Mattias Dahlberg, Juridiska Fakulteten, I Uppsala, 2021, pp. 23-36, p. 24.

    Klaus Schwab, ibid, p. 11.

    Miloš Vec, Recht und Normierung in der Industriellen Revolution. Neue Strukturen der Normsetzung in Völkerrecht, staatlicher Gesetzgebung und gesellschaftlicher Selbstnormierung, Klostermann Vittorio 2006.

    Bruno Debaenst, ibid, p. 26.

    Bruno Debaenst, ibid, p. 26.

    Klaus Schwab, ibid, p. 11.

    Michael Haenlein & Andreas Kaplan, ‘A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: on the Past, Present, and Future of Artificial Intelligence’ [2019] California Management Review 61(4) 5 (6).

    Bruno Debaenst, ibid, p. 27.

    Engr. A. K. M. Fazlul Hoque, The 4th Industrial Revolution: Impact and Challenges, Conference paper, Conference: National Conference on Electronics and Informatics jointly organized by Bangladesh Electronics Informatics Society and Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission held at Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka, 4-5 December 2019: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337830441_4th_Industrial_Revolution-_Impact_and_Challenges

    On February 23, 2022, the European Commission presented its proposal for a law on corporate sustainability obligations – the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDD). The Bundestag has passed the Act on Corporate Due Diligence Obligations in Supply Chains (July 16, 2021), which can be considered as an implementation of the EU requirements. Meanwhile, Germany has provided more detailed regulations rather than the EU act. The Law enters into force on January 1, 2023.

    Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, Free Press, 1992, 2006.

    Willem H. Gravett, Is the Dawn of the Robot Lawyer upon Us? The Fourth Indus- trial Revolution and the Future of Lawyers, 2020, 23 Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 1.

    Charles Sainctelette, De la responsabilité et de la garantie (accidents de transport et de travail), Bruylant, 1884, 49.

    Bruno Debaenst, ibid, p. 29-30.

    Klaus Schwab, ibid, p. 12.

    Engr. A. K. M. Fazlul Hoque, ibid.

    Benjamin Alarie, Anthony Niblett & Albert H Yoon, ‘Law in the future’, 2016, 66 (4), University of Toronto Law 423 (424); Jerry Kaplan, Artificial Intelligence, What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press 2016.

    Klaus Schwab, ibid, p. 12.

    Virginia Bacay Watson, The Fourth Industrial Revolution and its Discontents: Governance, Big Tech, and the Digitization of Geopolitics, Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking about Security in the Indo-Pacific, September, 2020, pp. 37-48, p. 38.

    Ravel Law. 2015a. Ravel: Data Driven Research www.ravellaw.com (accessed December 30, 2015).

    Surdeanu, Mihai, Nallapati, Ramesh, Gregory, Walker, Joshua, and Manning, Christopher D., Risk analysis for intellectual property litigation, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. New York, NY: ACM, 2011, pages 116-20.

    Ross Intelligence. 2015. Ross: Your Brand New Super Intelligent Attorney www.rossintelligence.com/ (accessed December 0, 2015).

    Kevin D. Ashley, Artificial Intelligence and Legal Analytics, New Tools for Law Practice in the Digital Age, Cambridge University Press, 6th printing, 2019, p. 6.

    Kevin D. Ashley, ibid, p. 8.

    Michiel Fierens, Stephanie Rossello and Ellen Wauters, ‘Setting the Scene: On AI Ethics and Regulation’, in Jan De Bruyne and Cedric Vanleenhove (eds), Artificial Intelligence and the Law (Intersentia 2021), p. 49.

    Jan De Bruyne and Cedric Vanleenhove (eds), Artificial Intelligence and the Law, Intersentia, 2021; Woodrow Barfield & Ugo Pagallo (ed.), Research Handbook on the Law of Artificial Intelligence, Edward Elgar Publishing 2018.

    Jan De Bruyne, Elias Van Gool and Thomas Gils, ‘Tort Law Damage Caused by AI Systems’, in Jan De Bruyne and Cedric Vanleenhove (eds), Artificial Intelligence and the Law (Intersentia 2021), p. 359.

    Klaus Schwab, ibid, p. 8.

    Richard Susskind, Tomorrow’s lawyers. An Introduction to Your Future (second edition), Oxford University Press, 2017, p. xvii.

    Bruno Debaenst, ibid, p. 32-33.

    Ruth L. Okediji, Creative Markets and Copyright in the Fourth Industrial Era: Reconfiguring the Public Benefit for a Digital Trade Economy, International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), Issue Paper No. 43, 2018․

    Andra Le Roux-Kemp, “The Fourth Industrial Revolution and a New Policy Agenda for Undergraduate Legal Education and Training in England and Wales”, Journal of Law, Technology, and Trust, 2(1). 2021, pp. 1-35; Taron Simonyan, “Practical Challenges of a Lawyer in XXI century: Artificial Intelligence”, Articles of the annual conference of the Faculty of Law YSU, 2018, Yerevan, pp. 35-45․

    Petre Prisecaru, "Challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution," Knowledge Horizons - Economics 8, no. 1 (2016), pp. 57-62, p. 57.

    The Law’s column was added by the Author.

    Klaus Schwab, ibid, p. 86.

    Klaus Schwab, ibid, p. 92.

    Lawrence Solum B., Legal Personhood For Artificial Intelligences, 70 N.C. L. Rev. 1231, 1992, p 1231, https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr/vol70/iss4/4/ , Hatziavramidis K. S., Esq., Artificial Intelligence & The Law: Pros And Cons, 2018, p 383, https://lintar.untar.ac.id/repository/penelitian/buktipenelitian_10288001_3A220716.pdf

    Cuthbert O., Saudi Arabia Becomes First Country To Grant Citizenship To A Robot, Arab News, 26 October 2017, https://www.arabnews.com/node/1183166/saudi-arabia

    Cuthbertson A., Artificial Intelligence “Boy” Shibuya Mirai Becomes World's First AI Bot To Be Granted Residency, Newsweek, 6 November 2017, https://www.newsweek.com/tokyo-residency-artificial-intelligence-boy-shibuya-mirai-702382

    European Parliament, Committee On Legal Affairs. Report With Recommendations To The Commission On Civil Law Rules On Robotics (2015/2103(INL)), pp. 17–18, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2017-0005_EN.html

    Gill v. Whitford, US Supreme Court, (138 S. Ct. 1916 (2017)), Rucho v. Common Cause, US Supreme Court, (139 S. Ct. 2484 (2019)), Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, US Supreme Court, (136 S. Ct. 1540 (2016)); Kraus v. Cegavske, No. 82018, 2020 Nev. Unpub. LEXIS 1043 (Nov. 3, 2020); Williams-Sonoma Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. (N.D. Cal. 3:18-cv-07548); Asif Kumandan et al. v. Google LLC (N.D. Cal. 5:19-cv-04286); Vance et al v. Amazon.com, Inc. (W.D. Wa. 2:20-cv-01084); Vance et al v. Facefirst, Inc. (C.D. Cal. 2:20-cv-06244); Vance et al v. Google LLC (N.D. Cal. 5:20-cv-04696); Vance et al v. Microsoft Corporation (W.D. Wa. 2:20-cv-01082); Janecyk v. IBM Corp. (Cook County Cir. Ct. Ill. 2020CH00833); Jordan Stein v. Clarifai, Inc. (Cook County Cir. Ct. Ill. 2020CH01810); K. et al v. Google, LLC (N.D. Cal. 5:20-cv-02257); Williams et al. v. PersonalizationMall.com LLC (N.D. Ill. 1:20-cv-00025).

    Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Simson L. Garfinkel, ibid, p. 355.

  • THEORY AND HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW

    Contemporary Matters of Constitutionalization of Legal Norms in the Republic of Armenia

    Narine Davtyan
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    Abstract

    The article examines the issues of constitutionalization of law in RA.The constitutionalization of the right is one of the contemporary problems of modern constitutionalism, which is currently of interest not only to specialists in the field of constitutional law but also to scholars dealing with problematic issues in other branches of law, the article studied the Constitutionalization process, which is of great importance in terms of guaranteeing the supremacy of the Constitution and is meant to ensure the compliance of normative legal acts with the requirements of the Constitution.

    The process of constitutionalization was studied from an institutional point of view, conventionally classifying it into two main groups.

    First, it is the units operating in the field of public service which is entitled to subject the drafts of normative legal acts to legal examination. One of the important goals of such examination is to provide law-making bodies and officials with conclusions on the conformity of the legal acts reflected in the drafts of the aforementioned normative legal act with the requirements of the Constitution.

    Second, as a result of the constitutional reforms of 2015, the role and importance assigned to the Constitutional Court in order to ensure the constitutionalization of the legal fiel was studied. The Constitutional Court, as a constitutional supervisory body, is called to ensure the supremacy of the Constitution, which is carried out within the framework of concrete and discrete control.

     

    References

    Большой юридический словарь / [В. А. Белов и др.]; Под ред. А.Я. Сухарева, В.Е. Крутских. - 2. изд

    Авакьян с.А. Конституция России: природа, эволюция, современность М.2000.528.

    Кравец И.А Конституционная телеология и основы конституционного строя: научно-практическое издание: Издательские решения,2016.С.8-9 .

    Крусс В.И.Конституционализация права: основы теории: монография.М.:Норма: инфа-М2017.240с.

    Лексин И.В Конституционное право и конституционный судебный процесс в свете представлений о конституционализации отраслей российского права //3-й Московский юридический форум. X Международная научно-практическая конференция /Кутафинские чтения/: материалы конференции ч 1.М 2016 С .228-229

    .Տես` Դանիելյան Գ.Բ. «Իրավական որոշակիության, իրավունքի անալոգիայի (համանմանության) եվ իրավական ակտի մեկնաբանության փոխհարաբերության արդի հիմնախնդիրները» , «Բամբեր Երևանի համալսարանի. Իրավագիտություն» Երևան 2016 N2(20)`էջ.3-17

    Гаджиев Г.А. Конституционная идентичность и права человекав России// Ученние записки юридического факультетеа. СПб: Фонд «Университет».2017. Вып. 42-43

Civil Law

  • Civil Law

    Some Issues of Identifying and Ensuring the "Best Interest of the Child" in RA

    Rubina Petrosyan
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    Abstract

    The principle of ensuring the protection of the best interests of the child, embedded in international and domestic legal documents, underlies the legal system for child protection. It runs like a red thread in all legal acts regulating relations with the participation of a child; it also guides the competent authorities in almost all actions involving the child and, in the documents, drawn up as a result. The European Court of Human Rights, at the same time regarding the “best interests of the child” both as a substantive right, and as a principle, and as a norm of judicial procedure, thereby shows the comprehensive and fundamental significance of the latter. Therefore, in terms of identifying and reinforcing the evaluative concept of “the best interests of the child,” it is important to develop effective training in which the “best interests of the child” will be considered as the fundamental criterion in all matters affecting the child. As a result, in the event of competition between the interests of the child and the rights of others, in all cases, the supremacy of the interests of the child will be affirmed, and even an action determined by a judicial act cannot be carried out in a way that violates the best interests of the child.

    References

    Малеина Н. М. ''Защита личных неимущественных прав советских граждан'', М., 1991, Знание, p. 9-10.

    Теория государства и права, /Под ред. Н. И. Матузова, А. В. Малько/ - 2. изд., перераб. и доп. - М. : Юристъ, 2004, p. 209-211.

    Алексеев С. С. ''Общая теория права'', М.: Проспект, 2009, p. 305.

    Нечаева Л. М. ''Семейно-правовой статус несовершеннолетнпх'', //Проблемы реализации правовых норм впериод проведения судебно-правовой реформы, Тюмень, 1994, p. 140.

    Ильина О. Ю. ''Проблемы интереса в семейном праве Российской Федерации'', М, Городец, 2007 p. 78.

    Антокольская М. В. 'Семейное право'', Учебник, Изд. 2-е, перераб. и доп., Ibid, p. 228.

    European Court of Human Rights, Case of Olsson v. Sweden (No. 2), 27.11.1992, app No (s). 13441/87. European Court of Human Rights, Case of P., C. and S. v. The United Kingdom, 16/07/2002, App. No(s). 56547/00. European Court of Human Rights, Case of W. v. The United Kingdom, 08/07/1987, Application No. 9749/82.

    The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child supervises the implementation by the member states of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratified by RA in 1993, and of the two protocols attached to the Convention.

    Otto Luchterhandt, Nora Sargsyan "Regulation of children's rights according to RA 2015 under the editorship of the Constitution", "Articles of Yerevan University. Jurisprudence", Yerevan, 2019 N 2 (29), page 31.

    Katherine Hunt Federle & Danielle Gadomski ''THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE GUARDIAN AD LI¬TEM'', available at https://udayton.edu/law/_resources/documents/law_review/curious_case_of_the_guardian.pdf as of 25.04.2023.

    Katherine Hunt Federle ''Children’s Rights and the Need for Protection'', Family Law, Quarterly 34(3), 2000, p. 426-427.

    Katherine Hunt Federle & Danielle Gadomski ''THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE GUARDIAN AD LITEM'', Ibid.

    The decision of the RA Court of Cassation dated December 02, 2016 in civil case No. SD3/0139/02/15.

    The decision of the RA Court of Cassation of March 23, 2012 in civil case No. YAKD/0474/02/11.

    UN Committee on the Rights of the Children, General Comment № 14 (2013).

    The decision of the RA Court of Cassation of December 27, 2011 in civil case No. ARAD/0264/02/11.

    Алексеев С. С. ''Общая теория права'', М., Ibid., p. 358.

  • Civil Law

    Antimonopoly compliance in the Republic of Armenia

    Arsen Hovhannisyan, Martin Khachikyan
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    Abstract

    The article discusses the legal regulations related to antimonopoly compliance programs in the Republic of Armenia and the necessary actions to ensure their effective implementation.

    The circumstances and factors that business entities should take into account when drafting antimonopoly programs were also discussed.

    Through the implementation of warning and prevention procedures, it is possible to practically improve the compliance of business entities with the antimonopoly legislation, because the application of milder measures of administrative responsibility by the authorized body provides a unique opportunity to correct and prevent possible violations.

    Acceptance of the antimonopoly compliance program does not imply its implementation, because a number of business entities can stipulate the acceptance of the act as a tool for reducing the fine imposed in the event of a possible violation of the antimonopoly legislation in the future, as a result of which it is necessary that the Commission for the Protection of Competition is not limited only to the presence of a compliance program at the business entity, but also through other appropriate mechanisms, find out whether the relevant business entity is guided and was previously guided by the compliance act adopted by it, or whether its existence is formal.

    The article also singles out the conditions, the simultaneous presence of which will make it possible to ensure the effective implementation of the antimonopoly compliance program.

    References

    Попондопуло, Владимир Ф., Дмитрий А.Петров. 2020. «Комплаенс как правовой инструмент минимизации рисков и профилактики правонарушений». Вестник СанктПетербургского государственного университета. Право 1: стр. 105. (available at 26.03.2023 https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2020.107):

    Кабисов А.Р. Соотношение конкуренции и монополии в период перехода к рыночной экономике, М., 2001, Дисс., стр. 98:

    Маршалл А. Принципы экономической науки. М.: Изат. группа Прогресс, 1993, Т. I, стр 60:

    Ерёменко В. Законодательство о пресечении недобросовестной конкуренции капиталических стран. М., 1994, стр. 4:

    Шершеневич Г.Ф. Курс торгового права,Ч.II. Спб, 1908., стр. 109:

    Chevalier F. Unfair Competition// Industrial property in Asia and the Pasific, 1988, N 22, p. 41:

    Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Սահմանադրության մեկնաբանություններ, Գ. Հարությունյանի և Ա. Վաղարշյանի խմբ., Եր.: «Իրավունք», 2010, էջ 411:

    The ICC Antitrust Compliance Toolkit. p. 4 (available at 30.03.23 https://compliance.concurrences.com/en/compliance/2020/corporations-initiatives/the-icc-antitrust-compliance-toolkit)

    Родионова Д.Н. Антимонопольный комплаенс как важная часть системы предупреждения антимонопольных нарушений // Вестник БГУ. ‒ 2017. ‒ Вып. 3. ‒ стр. 92:

    Medvedeva N. V. Antimonopoly complains in the system of development of competition // Power and Administration in the East of Russia. 2019. No. 1 (86).pp. 4 (available at 30.03.2023 http://vlastdviu.ru/downLoad/rio/j2019-1/7%20%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%9D.%20%D0%92..pdf ):

    OECD Policy document DAF/COMP (2011)20 Promoting Compliance with Competition Law 2011. p. 14 ( available at 26.03.2023 http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/Promotingcompliancewithcompetitionlaw2011.pdf):

    International Chambers of Commerce. “The ICC Antitrust Compliance Toolkit”, 2013. p. 4 (available at 24.03.2023 chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://iccwbo.org/content/uploads/sites/3/2013/04/ICC-Antitrust-Compliance-Toolkit-ENGLISH.pdf):

    United Kingdom Office of Fair Trading Guidance document 1341 How your business can achieve compliance with competition law 2011. pp.5-6 (available at 26.03.2023 http://oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/ca-and-cartels/competition-awareness-compliance/oft1341.pdf.):

    Глубокая Ю. Антимонопольный комплаенс в США и Европе. По какому пути пойдет Россия? // Конкуренция и право. ‒ 2015. ‒ № 4. ‒ стр. 34:

    Knyazeva, I.V., Dozmarov, K.V. (2020). Antitrust Сompliance Рrogramme – Рrevention of Risks of Violation of Competition Law by the Company. ECO. No. 4. p.127 (In Russ.). (available at 28.03.2023 https://competitionsupport.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Knyazeva-Dozmarov.pdf ):

    Compliance-guideline. 2022 p. 19, (available at 27.03.23 http://competition.am/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Complience-guideline.pdf):

    Румянцева Ю.Н. Антимонопольный комплаенс как часть комплаенс-программы соблюдения законодательства Российской Федерации // Пролог: журнал о праве / Prologue: Law Journal. – 2019. – № 2. стр. 56:

Criminal Law

Civil Procedure

  • Civil Procedure

    The Key Issues of the Execution of the Arbitral Awards in the Republic of Armenia

    Vahe Hovhannisyan
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    Abstract

    In this scientific article, the author investigated and observed the arbitral awards enforcement regimes on the territory of the Republic of Armenia. Observation of the legislation of the Republic of Armenia in the relevant field revealed features of state compulsory enforcement of arbitral awards of ad hoc institutions on the territory of the Republic of Armenia, permanent arbitration awards and finally arbitration tribunal decisions not exceeding the minimum wage by five thousand time. Some valuable recommendations have been made to improve voluntary enforcement of arbitral awards.

    The contemporary issues of co-called domestic arbitral awards state compulsory enforcement have been discussed in comparison with western developed countries legal practice. In the article, the author made some suggestions regarding improvement of the legislation on commercial arbitration, mainly concerning the protection of subjective rights.

    Moreover, the author presented the practical guideline how to exclude by law the private entity eligibility of state compulsory enforcement.

     

    References

    See European Convention on Human Rights, Article 6: Right to a fair trial, United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 14, Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, Chapter 2.

    See V. Hovhannisyan, S. Meghryan, V. Esayan, P. Tadevosyan, A. Gharslyan, T. Markosyan, Y. Khundkaryan, Civil Procedure textbook (1), chapter - The means of protection of subjective rights, Yerevan, 2022.

    See Commentaries to the Armenian Constitution, Yerevan, “Iravunq”, 2010, p. 210.

    See United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958.

    See RA Law on "Commercial Arbitration", 2007.01.31/8(532).

    See Civil Procedure Code of RA, 2018.03.05/16(1374).

    See R.C. Crampton, D.P. Currie, H.H. Kay, L. Kramer Conflict of Laws. Cases, Comments. Questions/ Fifth edition. ST paul, 1993, pp. 404-406, Lits, M.O. Recognition and enforcement of foreign court and arbitration decisions in the Russian Federation: correlation between international legal and domestic regulation. Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Juridical Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 2002, pp. 55-56, etc.

    See Yablochkov, T.M. Works on Private International Law (Classics of Russian Civil Law. Private International Law). Moscow, Statut, 2009, pp. 162-164.

    According to Article 34, sections 3 and 4 of the "On Commercial Arbitration" law of the RA, an application for annulment of an arbitral award cannot be submitted after three months from the date of receiving the tribunal's decision. If an application is made under Article 33 of the law to correct errors in the award, such as arithmetic, typographical, or other similar errors, or to request an additional award, the application must be submitted within three months from the date of the tribunal's decision on that matter. If an application for annulment is submitted, the court may suspend the proceedings for a certain period of time, at the request of either party or at its own discretion, to allow the arbitral tribunal to resume the arbitration process or take other proper measures that may remedy the grounds for annulment of the award.

    Karabelnikov B.R. International Commercial Arbitration, M, Infotropic Media, 212, 276-282

    Lebedev SN International comm arb M., 1965, page 21.։

    See the decision of the RA Court of Cassation No. 3-93 (VD) of 29.02.2008 on the civil case.

    UNCITRAL Model Law article 1(3), Tibor Varadi, The international commercial arbitration in different legal sistems, 1998 p. 52

    Rene David, Arbitration in International Trade, 1985, p. 84

    Accepted 23 December, 2022 584-N

    The Swedish Arbitration Act (The Swedish Code of Statutes (SFS) 1999:116, updated as per SFS 2018:1954) https://sccarbitrationinstitute.se/sites/default/files/2022-11/the-swedish-arbitration act_1march2019_eng-2.pdf

    The Enforcement Code (1981:774) (including amendments up to SFS 2001:377)՝ https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/1500e590992c4340a9600211fbc609b0/the-enforcement-code-1981774/

    Arbitration Act 1996, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/23/contents

    German Arbitration Act The following provisions of the Arbitral Proceedings Reform Act have entered into force on 1 January 1998. Subsequent amendments, i.a. by the Civil Procedure Reform Act of 27 Jul.

    and the Law of Contracts Reform Act of 26 Nov. 2001 have been incorporated. Article 1, No. 7 of the Arbitral Proceedings Reform Act: Tenth Book of the Code of Civil Procedure Arbitration Procedure Sections 1025 – 1066 https://sccarbitrationinstitute.se/sites/default/files/2022-11/german-arbitration-act.pdf, https://www.disarb.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Wissen/Deutsches_Schiedsverfahrensrecht_98_-_Englisch.pdf

    The Federal Arbitration Act (USA) https://sccarbitrationinstitute.se/sites/default/files/2022-11/the-federal-arbitration-act-usa.pdf

  • Civil Procedure

    The Possibility of Applying Artificial Intelligence in Civil Proceedings

    Ashkhen Gharslyan
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    Abstract

    In the article, the author referred to the possibility of using artificial intelligence in judicial procedures. For this purpose, first of all, the author revealed the essence of artificial intelligence algorithms, the advantages and disadvantages of their application, and identified the possible legal areas in which these algorithms can be applied. The ability of artificial intelligence algorithms in predicting justice has been discussed in more detail. At the same time, the article presented the five principles provided by the European Ethical Charter on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Systems and their Environment adopted by the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice in 2018, which should have guiding significance in the design and implementation of artificial intelligence algorithms in judicial procedures.

    References

    Raffaele Giarda, International: Artificial Intelligence in the administration of justice, february 19, 2022, https://www.globalcompliancenews.com/2022/02/19/international-artificial-intelligence-in-the-administration-of-justice310122/

    https://rm.coe.int/ethical-charter-en-for-publication-4-december-2018/16808f699c

  • Civil Procedure

    The Institutional Features of the Judicial Oversight on the Legitimacy of the "Pre-Judicial" Phase of the Proceedings for Confiscation of Property of Illicit Origin

    Tigran Markosyan, Vahe Hovhannisyan
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    Abstract

    The legal proceedings for confiscating property of illicit origin represent a novelty in Armenian legal system, and the study of both its comprehensive and individual issues hold significant theoretical and practical importance.

    Based on international documents, domestic legislation, and jurisprudence, the authors present an analysis of the general characteristic of the confiscation of property of illicit origin, as well as discuss several practical issues in the existing tools for management of the legitimacy of its "pre-trial" stage. Namely, the necessity for proper judicial oversight of acts, including actions and omissions that fall outside the scope of current oversight mechanisms, its implementation peculiarities, including consequences of recorded infringements are highlighted and as a result, the need for legislative regulations of such issues is raised.

    In the article, the authors present several scientific and practical conclusions, such as the need to establish on a legislative level the scope and conditions for oversight of the legitimacy of the decisions, actions, and omissions of the competent authority in the "pre-judicial" stage of the confiscation of property of illicit origin. As a result, it can be stated that the conclusions presented in the article can serve as an indication for the further development of legal practice and existing regulations.

    References

    Совет Европы, Использование ареста и конфискации без вынесения обвинительного приговора, 2021, page 10.

    Теодор Гринберг, Линда Сэмюэль, Вингейт Грант, Ларисса Грей, Возврат похищенных активов: Руководство по конфискации активов вне уголовного производства; Пер. с англ. — М.: Альпина Паблишерз, 2010, page 35.

    Жан-Пьер Брюн, Ларисса Грей, Кевин Стивенсон, Клайв Скотт, Руководство по возврату активов для специалистов-практиков; Пер. с англ. — М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2012, pages 28-29, 161-163.

    Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2022)048, Amicus curiae Brief for the Constitutional Court of Armenia on certain questions relating to the Law on the Forfeiture of Assets of Illicit Origin, adopted by the Venice Commission at its 133rd Plenary Session (Venice, 16-17 December 2022), para. 25.

    Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 2218, Fighting organised crime by facilitating the confiscation of illegal assets, 26 April 2018 (17th Sitting), para. 5 and 9.

    Adopted 16.04.2020․ entered into force 23.05.2020։ See HHPT 2020.05.13/50(1605) Art.580։ Hereinafter referred to as “the Law”.

    Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2022)048, Amicus curiae Brief for the Constitutional Court of Armenia on certain questions relating to the Law on the Forfeiture of Assets of Illicit Origin, adopted by the Venice Commission at its 133rd Plenary Session (Venice, 16-17 December 2022), para. 27.

    https://www.e-draft.am/projects/1931/about.

    Adopted 17.11.2017. Entered into force 09.04.2018. See HHPT 2017.12.13/74(1349) Art.1213.

    Совет Европы, Использование ареста и конфискации без вынесения обвинительного приговора, 2021, page 25.

    Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2022)014, Kosovo - Opinion on the Draft Law N°08/L-121 on The State Bureau for verification and confiscation of unjustified assets, adopted by the Venice Commission at its 131st Plenary Session (Venice, 17-18 June 2022), para. 19.

    Constitutional Court Decision DCC–1432 of 30.10.2018.

    Constitutional Court Decision DCC–1611 of 28.09.2021.

    Constitutional Court Decision DCC–1249 of 22.12.2015.

    Constitutional Court Decision DCC-844 of 07.12.2009.

    Constitutional Court Decision DCC-1584 of 09.03.2021.

    Constitutional Court Decision DCC–922 of 02.11.2010.

    Constitutional Court Decision DCC–1191 of 24.02.2015.

Constitutional law

  • Constitutional law

    The Genesis of Systemic Conflicts in the Period of the USSR Collapse and State Formation in the Post-Soviet Period

    Vardan Ayvazyan
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    Abstract

    The object of the study is the genesis of systemic conflicts in the paradigm of the phenomenology of statehood, with its inherent methodological and methodical approaches to the mechanisms of formation and building of the state task, which presupposes the systems of interacting institutions that determine the structure of public administration.

    The subject of the study is the main trends of statehood formation in modern history, a systemic crisis of administration in the decline period, and the actual trajectory and mechanics of statehood formation in the post-Soviet space and in the world after the collapse of the USSR. Special attention is paid to the analysis of key causes of the emergence of systemic conflicts as a result of differences in content, understanding, and installation of the structure of state building on an operational level without a qualitative legal metric of legitimacy of state-formation. The genesis of systemic conflicts of constitutional and legal regulation in the conditions of the growing scale of global integration, as well as the critical need for an effective supranational level of legal regulation within the framework of a systemically full-fledged international law.

    The study concludes that due to systemic conflicts, ensuring common understanding, interpretation and application of the guiding principle of the Rule of Law becomes ambiguous and makes the formation of a common unified global legal space impossible. As a result, as an objective consequence, integration processes, in the absence of a systematically organized legal discipline, go into the mode of "self-determination" where the principle Rule of Law based on a system of legal norms on the long term basis, is replaced with a conventional system of situational agreements oriented on the rules of the short-term basis of the current conjecture.

    References

    Айвазян Вардан, Конфликтогенная природа верховенства права и генезис системных конфликтов конституционно-правового регулирования, Бизнес в законе, экономико-юридический журнал, N 2, г. Москва, 2016 г., стр. 120-127.

    Кант И., Критика чистого разума, пер. с нем. Н. Лоского,-Мн.: Литература, 1998, 960 стр.

    Конец истории и последний человек / Фрэнсис Фукуяма ; [пер. с англ. М. Б. Левина].: АСТ; Москва; 2015, 259 стр.

    Источник: https://ru.citaty.net/tsitaty/633404-vladimir-vladimirovich-putin-kto-ne-zhaleet-o-raspade-sovetskogo-soiuza-u-togo-n/»

    Источник https://vk.com/@wpristav-rss-209740668-1293694745

    Фуллер Лон А., Мораль права, М., ИРИСЭН, 2007, 308 стр.

  • Constitutional law

    The Issues of Improvement for the Institute of Claim Security in Administrative Procedure

    Sayad Badalyan
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    Abstract

    The Code of Administrative Procedure (CAP) in the Republic of Armenia needs to improve its regulations for the institute of securing a claim. Chapter 15 of the CAP (Claim Security) has imperfect regulations that are not in line with current procedural legislation. Adjustments in Article 83 and Chapter 15 of the CAP could contribute to the improvement of the institute of securing a claim in administrative procedures. Article 83 of the CAP is one of the most discussed articles since it entered into force. It introduced the suspension of an administrative deed by force of law and not by the court, which poses inevitable risks, such as an opportunity for plaintiffs to abuse their rights. Overall, the issues with Article 83 and Chapter 15 of the CAP highlight the need for consistent adjustments and a systemic solution to the problem in order to improve the institute of securing a claim in administrative procedure. In this context, it is proposed that the general rule should not be the suspension of the administrative deed, and then the definition of exceptions to that rule, but Article 83 of the CAP should define only those cases when accepting a challenging claim suspends the performance of the administrative deed. However, it's important to note that this does not imply that the execution of an administrative deed should never be suspended in cases not listed in Article 83 of the CAP. In such instances, the court may still order suspension as a means of securing the claim if there are pertinent grounds.

    References

    The Code of Administrative Procedure of Germany, Article 80, https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_vwgo/englisch_vwgo.pdf

    The Code of Administrative Procedure of Georgia, Article 29, https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/download/16492/48/en/pdf

    The Code of Administrative Procedure of Czechia, § 73, https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/pp/compliance/C2016-143_Czech/Annex5_CodeAdministrativeJustice.pdf

    The Code of Procedure of the Administrative Court of Estonia, § 249, https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/527012014001/consolide

    The European experience in this field is more thoroughly analyzed in the justifications for the adoption of the Law HO-384-N “On Supplementations and Amendments to the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Republic of Armenia”.

    This issue is currently also present in civil procedure. Article 129 of the Code of Civil Procedure also provides for the possibility of applying the discussed means of securing the claim, but the persons, against whom these measures are applied, do not have the opportunity to become a person participating in the case in any status and to make use of the procedural tools related to securing the claim.

  • Constitutional law

    Manifestation of Direct Application of Constitutional Norms in the Field of Law Enforcement

    Sose Barseghyan
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    Abstract

    The article refers to the application of constitutional norms by the courts and the interpretation given in the practice of the Constitutionl Court.  In particular, the right of a person to seek judicial linitgation to protect his/her constitutional rights, the jurisdiction of the courts to apply the Constitution, the relantionship between the principle of supremacy of Constitution and the concept of implementantion of Constitution, the duty of ordinary courts to appeal to the Constitutional court and simultaneously justify unconstitutionality of a legislative norm, have become the subject of discussion. The article proposes an effective application of the constitutional nroms, introduction of flexible and applicable mechanisms for constitutional justice.

    References

    See Нерсесянц В. С. Общая теория права и государства. Учебник для юридических вузов и факультетов. – М.: Издательская группа НОРМА—ИНФРА-М, 1999. – 485с., available at՝ http://kursach.com/biblio/0010019/507.htm (02.02.2020)

    See Венгеров а. Б. Теория государства и права. Учебник 3-е изд. – М.: Юриспруденция, 2000. – 528 с.: available at՝ http://www.bibliotekar.ru/teoria-gosudarstva-i-prava-4/22.htm (24.04.2020)

    In a similar way, the decision of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation "On some issues of the application of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in the administration of justice by the courts" states: “According to the Article 15 (1) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution has the highest legal force, direct effect and is applied throughout the territory of the Russian Federation. (…) In cases where a provision of the Constitution contains a reference, the courts must apply the law governing that relationship when considering the case. In case of uncertainty regarding the compliance of the law to be applied in a specific case with the Constitution, the court applies to the Constitutional Court with an application regarding the question of the compliance of the law with the Constitution”. - see Пленум верховного суда Российской Федерации: Постановление от 31 октября 1995 г. N 8 ՛՛О некоторых вопросах применения судами Конституции Российской Федерации при осуществлении правосудия՛՛

    See Constitutional Court CCD-1459 decision of May 7, 2019.

    However, in our opinion, this decision again does not clearly reveal the essence of the possibility of applying the constitutional norm by the courts.

    Ukraine has adopted a different approach in this matter, ensuring the right of a person to have his case examined within a reasonable time. In particular, if the court finds that the current law does not comply with the Constitution, it applies the constitutional norm as a directly applicable norm, and after making its decision, it refers to the Supreme Court to resolve the question of the constitutionality of the contested legal norm in the Constitutional Court-see Judge Tetiana Brezina The principle of direct effect of the norms of the constitution and the specifics of its application by the court, National law journal: Theory and practice- 2008, p. 28: available at՝ http://www.jurnaluljuridic.in.ua/archive/2018/1/part_2/8.pdf

  • Constitutional law

    The Factors Determining the Features of the Administrative Procedure

    Tatevik Nahapetyan
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    Abstract

    In the article, the author focuses on the factors determining the features of the administrative proceedings. The author concluded that without the development and definition of state management procedures, without the formation of a modern legal institution of administrative proceedings, it is not possible to have effective management, including limiting the number of illegal acts adopted by entities holding public authority in the field of management, as well as guarantee the effective implementation and protection of human and citizen rights. The author emphasizes that the separation of certain features for the purpose of classification of administrative proceedings and their coordination is primarily intended to facilitate the analysis of a separate type of administrative proceedings and the extraction of its substantive characteristics, thus also evaluating the justification of the initiative of the Legislator to define administrative proceedings as a separate type in some areas of relationship regulation.

    References

    Տե՛ս Administrative procedures: monograph / ed. L.L. Popov, S.M. Zubarev. – M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2018

    Deirdre Curtin, Herwig C. H. Hofmann, Joana Mendes, “Constitutionalising EU Executive Rule-Making Procedures: A Research Agenda”, European Law Journal, Vol. 19, Issue 1, 2013

    Article 19. Administrative proceedings is the activity of administrative body directed at the adoption of an administrative act

    Article 2, part 3: Peculiarities of certain types of administrative proceedings are laid down by laws and international treaties of the Republic of Armenia

    Administrative proceedings and litigation. Educational manual / G. Danielyan. - Yer.: "YSU" ed., 2022

    Fox, William F. Understanding Administrative Law/William F. Fox, Jr.—4th ed. p. cm.— (Legal text series)

    Administrative proceedings and litigation. Educational manual / G. Danielyan. - Yer.: "YSU" ed., 2022

    Administrative proceedings and litigation. Educational manual / G. Danielyan. - Yer.: "YSU" ed., 2022

    Article 30, part 1: Grounds for initiating administrative proceedings are: (a) the application or complaint of a person; (b) initiative of the administrative body

    Article 30, part 2: In cases provided for in point (a) of part 1 of this Article, administrative proceedings shall be considered initiated from the date when administrative body received the application or complaint, except for the cases when application or complaint was readdressed to the competent administrative body or was returned to the applicant (complainant) pursuant to Article 33 of this Law

    Article 11: In excercising its powers the administrative body shall act in such a manner as to, without undermining the performance of its powers, ensure the most effective utilisation of means submitted to its disposal, in shortest possible term and for assuring the most faviourable results

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND CRIMINOLOGY

  • CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND CRIMINOLOGY

    Indictment of the Accused in Absentia

    Gagik Ghazinyan, Petik Mkrtchyan
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    Abstract

    The article concerns the essence and features of the presentation of charges in proceedings carried out in the absence of the accused (correspondence proceedings).

    The authors turn to the grounds and conditions for bringing charges in the course of proceedings carried out in the absence of the accused, to the opinions expressed in theory regarding the institution in question.

    The regulations of the institution in question are presented in the national criminal procedure legislation and comparisons of regulations provided for by the legislation of foreign countries are carried out.

    The article also presents the positions of the European Court of Human Rights on this issue, and in their light discusses the theoretical problems of bringing charges in absentia.

    The subject of discussion is also the question of when the preliminary investigation body knows the exact location of the accused, whether the latter should take measures to notify the accused of the day and time of the indictment, and only in case of his failure to present the charge in absentia.

    In connection with the formulation of the question, the authors come to the conclusion that when there are grounds and conditions for absentee proceedings, and the investigator decides to carry out absentee proceedings, then charging the accused by video does not follow from the general ideology of absentee proceedings.

    References

    Deweer v. Belgium, judgment of 27 February 1980, paragraph 56, Artico v. Italy, judgment of 13 May 1980, paragraph 32, Goddi v. Italy, judgment of 9 April 1984, paragraph 28, Colozza v. Italy, judgment of 12 February 1985, paragraph 26.

    The decision of the RA Court of Cassation of August 24, 2012, case No. YSHD/0002/01/11

    The decision of the RA Court of Cassation of April 18, 2013, case No. YAKD/0218/06/12.

    Арабули Д.Т. Сравнительный анализ заочного судебного разбирательства в Российской Федерации и Республике Казахстан // Мировой судья. 2008. № 6. С. 17–18 ;

    Мазюк Р.В. Международное сотрудничество по уголовным делам и заочное уголовное преследование // Вестник ОГУ. 2009. № 3. С. 78–81 ;

    Тукиев А.С. Особенности заочного возбуждения уголовных дел // Актуальные проблемы права: материалы науч. конференции. Караганда: КарЮИ МВД РК им. Б. Бейсенова, 2002. С. 68–69 ;

    Тукиев А.С., Ахпанов А.Н., Кусаинов Ш.К. Особенности привлечения в качестве обвиняемого по заочной форме уголовного судопроизводства в Республике Казахстан // Закон и время. 2004. № 10. С. 42–44 ;

    Хасенов О.З. Институт заочного обвинения в уголовном судопроизводстве Республики Казахстан // URL: www.rusnauka.com/1_NIO_2014/Pravo/5_154476.doc.htm ; и др.

    Купрейченко С.В. Заочное судопроизводство в Российской Федерации по уголовным делам о тяжких и особо тяжких преступлениях: Монография.- М.: Юрлитинформ, c. 133,135.

    Decision No. 22-8535/2008 of the Sverdlovsk District Court of August 27, 2008.

    Клевцов К.К Досудебное производство в отношении лиц, уклоняющихся от уголовной ответственности за пределами территории Российской Федерации./ под ред. канд. юрид. наук, доц. А.М. Багмета. — М.: Юрлитинформ, 2018. С. 197-198․

    Информация о постановлении ЕСПЧ от 18 мая 2004 г. по делу «Шомодьи (Somogyi) против Италии (жалоба № 67972/01) // СПС «КонсультантПлюс».

    Тукиев А.С. Проблемы процессуальной формы заочного уголовного судопроизводства: автореф. дис. … канд. юрид. наук. Караганда, 2005. С. 20.

    Литвишко П.А. Осуществление уголовно­процессуальной юрисдикции в зарубежных представительствах государств: дис. … канд. юрид. наук. М., 2014. С. 79.

    Клевцов К.К Досудебное производство в отношении лиц, уклоняющихся от уголовной ответственности за пределами территории Российской Федерации./ под ред. канд. юрид. наук, доц. А.М. Багмета. — М.: Юрлитинформ, 2018. С. 201-202․

  • CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND CRIMINOLOGY

    Criminal Prosecution in the Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Armenia

    Samvel Dilbandyan
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    Abstract

    This article is dedicated to the issues of criminal prosecution in criminal procedure. In the current Code of Criminal Procedure, a new ideology was introduced for the implementation of criminal procedure problems in pre-trial proceedings. In the criminal proceedings, the criminal prosecution has a significant role, it determines the further course of the criminal proceedings and the boundaries of the investigation. Criminal prosecution is apparently the driving force behind criminal proceedings, which means that the further course of criminal proceedings is determined by it. Undoubtedly, it is also important for ensuring the protection of human rights within the framework of criminal proceedings.

    So far, the issues of initiation and implementation of criminal prosecution have remained unresolved in the theory and practice of criminal procedure. Although the criminal procedure legislation regulates in detail the legal bases of criminal prosecution, some important issues remain unsettled. Today, the replacement of the terms of the criminal proceedings with the terms of the criminal prosecution has caused problems in the implementation of the right to defend for the persons who were actually prosecuted, in particular, the said person is deprived of the opportunity to exercise the fundamental rights of the accused. The essence of the problem lies in the fact that the body conducting the proceedings, in order to fit within the terms of criminal prosecution set by the law, strives to give a later status to the person actually prosecuted, in order to fit within the stated terms. Meanwhile, the body conducting the proceedings performs such procedural actions throughout the criminal proceedings that affect the legitimate interests of the person who is actually under criminal prosecution.

    References

    See Строгович М.С. Уголовное преследование в советском уголовном процессе, М., 1951, page 58.

    See Уголовный процесс, словарь справочник, /под ред. В.М. Савицкого, М., 1999, page 186.

    See A practical guide to conceptual solutions, innovative approaches and key institutions of the new RA Criminal Procedure Code, Yerevan, 2022. page 287.

    See The Decision No. EKD/0136/11/11 of the RA Court of Cassation, 22 December 2011 regarding Levik Poghosyan.

    See Article 6, Part 1, Clause 44 of the RA Code of Criminal Procedure.

    See The Decision No. EKD/0136/11/11 of the RA Court of Cassation, 22 December 2011 regarding Levik Poghosyan.

    See Кальницкий В.В. Право свидетелья на зашиту // Законодательство и практика, 2000, № 2(5) - pages 11-13։

    See Part 1 of Article 255 of the RA Criminal Procedure Code.

EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

  • EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

    The re-opening of judicial proceedings in the Armenian law and practice following the judgments of the European court of human rights

    Artak Asatryan
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    Abstract

    The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereinafter referred to as the Convention) guarantees a number of rights and freedoms that the states that have ratified the Convention are obliged to respect in the territories under their jurisdiction. Regarding violations recorded by the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as the ECtHR) created on the basis of the Convention, there is often a need to reopen judicial cases at the domestic level. The importance of this process lies in its central place in the execution system of the ECtHR’s judgments and in some cases is considered as the only way to restore the violated rights.

    Within the framework of this article, the legislation and practice of the Republic of Armenia regarding the reopening of judicialcases following the judgments of the ECtHR were studied. In particular, the relevant legal regulations of RA criminal procedure, RA civil procedure, RA administrative procedure codes and other legal acts were analyzed. As a result of the comprehensive studies carried out in the article, the gaps, shortcomings and uncertainties of the RA legislation and practice in the discussed field were highlighted, and relevant recommendations were made to fill, eliminate or clarify them.

    References

    Recommendation was adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 19 and 21 January 2000 at its 694th Session.

    Adopted in Rome on 4 Nov. 1950; entered into force on 3 Sept. 1953.

    See, inter alia, the Court’s judgment in the Papamichalopoulos case against Greece of 31 October 1995, paragraph 34, Series A 330-B.

    For more details on the decision of the ECtHR on a unilateral declaration or friendly settlement as a basis for reopening the case, see the decision of the Court of Cassation of October 19, 2021 on revising the ruling of the Chamber of Civil and Economic Affairs of the Court of Cassation of 07.04.2006.

    Pursuant to the decision of the RA Constitutional Court CCD-1573 of 27.01.21, parаgraph 1 of Article 415 of Civil Procedure Code was recognized as contradicting Articles 61 and 75 of the RA Constitution and void to the extent that it precludes the review of judicial acts of the Court of Appeal which have entered into force, but are not subject to appeal upon new circumstances.

    The decision of the Court of Cassation of November 7, 2019 on criminal case No. ECD/ 0190/06/08, the decision of the Court of Cassation of October 19, 2021, the decision of the Chamber of Civil and Economic Affairs of the Court of Cassation of 07.04.2006 on grounds for review under new circumstances, etc.

  • EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

    The Linkage Between Human Trafficking and Migration: Identification of Victims

    Sergey Ghazinyan
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    Abstract

    Trafficking in human beings, as a modern form of slavery, severely violates people’s fundamental rights and dignity. The victims of human trafficking are being subjected to exploitation as a result of violence or the threat of it, fraud, or lack of awareness of their rights. Migrants are especially vulnerable to trafficking, and among them are especially those with certain socioeconomic issues or in need of international protection.

    Considering the socio-economic, humanitarian, and documentation problems of the aforementioned group and the probability of illegal movements and presence in the territory of certain countries, they are more vulnerable to trafficking.

    The current article seeks to analyze the correlation between migration and the phenomenon of human trafficking, as well as analyze the minimum necessary steps that the state authorities, particularly, those operating in the field of migration need to implement. Those activities should be aimed at ensuring effective combat against the trafficking in human beings by detecting and referring the relevant cases in the frame of migration to the competent authorities.

    References

    UN Refugee Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951), Article 1(A)(2), available at: https://www.unhcr.org/1951-refugee-convention.html.

    Amnesty International, “Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrants” available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/refugees-asylum-seekers-and-migrants/#:~:text=An%20asylum%20seeker%20is%20a,decision%20on%20their%20asylum%20claim.

    Annick Pijnenburg and Conny Rijken (2021), “Moving Beyond Refugees and Migrants”, available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/1369801X.2020.1854107?needAccess=true&role=button.

    IOM, “Definition of "Migrant" available at: https://www.iom.int/about-migration.

    UN International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (1990), available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-protection-rights-all-migrant-workers.

    Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (2005), Article 4 (a), available at: https://rm.coe.int/168008371d.

    RA Criminal Code (2021), Article 188 (4), available at: https://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?DocID=172528.

    UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000), Article 3 (a), available at: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/ProtocolonTrafficking.pdf.

    UNODC, “Human trafficking and migrant smuggling”, available at: https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/secondary/human-trafficking-and-migrant-smuggling.html.

    EUROPOL, “Trafficking in Human Beings”, available at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-statistics/crime-areas/trafficking-in-human-beings.

    Klara Smits & Mirjam Van Reisen (2023), “Deceived and Exploited: Classifying the Practice as Human Trafficking”, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367254709_Deceived_and_Exploited_Classifying_the_Practice_as_Human_Trafficking/link/63cea4b26fe15d6a57425555/download.

    Mirjam Van Reisen, Klara Smits, Morgane Wirtz & Anouk Smeets (2023), “Living in a Black Hole: Explaining Human Trafficking for Ransom in Migration”, available at: https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/living-in-a-black-hole-explaining-human-trafficking-for-ransom-in.

    UNHCR Guidelines on International Protection No. 7: The Application of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees to Victims of Trafficking and Persons at Risk of Being Trafficked, pp. 29-40, available at: https://www.unhcr.org/publications/legal/443b626b2/guidelines-international-protection-7-application-article-1a2-1951-convention.html.

    Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (2005), Article 10 (2), available at: https://rm.coe.int/168008371d.

    Council of Europe Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings Guidance Note On the entitlement of victims of trafficking, and persons at risk of being trafficked, to international protection, paragraph 15 (2020), available at: https://rm.coe.int/guidance-note-on-the-entitlement-of-victims-of-trafficking-and-persons/16809ebf44.

    Ibid. paragraphs 34-48.

    UNODC, “Human trafficking and migrant smuggling”, available at: https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/secondary/human-trafficking-and-migrant-smuggling.html.

    OSCE Uniform Guidelines for the Identification and Referral of Victims of Human Trafficking within the Migrant and Refugee Reception Framework in the OSCE Region (2019), available at: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/4/413123_0.pdf

  • EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

    International Patent Law Conflicts With the Right of Access to Medicines and Healthcare: Key Aspects

    Ani Simonyan
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    Abstract

    This article is dedicated to the legal conflicts between international patent law and the right of
    access to medicines and healthcare. This article discusses the problem above under the light of
    the framework of the international agreements, mainly WTO Agreement on Trade-Related
    Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) and Doha Declaration on the TRIPS
    agreement and public health. As we know, patents give exclusive rights to the inventors to use
    their innovations for a long period of time. This limits the ability of public to get easy access to
    medications, consequently to indispensable healthcare. It is undoubtable that the quality of life
    and the healthcare of the public is an absolute priority. On the contrary, the expropriation of
    patent rights, inadequate compensation of damages for issuing the compulsory licensing may
    have irreversible consequences for the states. Foreign investor may file claims against the
    governmental authorities to ad hoc or permanent arbitral institutions.

    References

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    Stavroula Karapapa and Luke McDonagh, Intellectual Property Right, Oxford University

    Press 2019,

    Bently L, Brad Sherman, Dev Gangjee, Phillip Johnson, Intellectual Property Right,

    Oxford University Press 2018,

    Paul Torremans, Intellectual property right, 9 th edition, Oxford University Press 2018

    Articles

    Bruce Lehman, The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Patent System, International

    Intellectual Property Institute, {2003}

    Dean Baker, End Patent Monopolies on Drugs, The New York Times

    William N. Monte (2016) Compulsory licensing of patents, Information &

    Communications Technology Law

    Frederick M. Abbott and Jerome H Reichman, The Doha Round’s Public Health Legacy:

    Strategies for the Production and Diffusion of Patented Medicines under the Amended

    TRIPS Provisions, Journal of International Economic Law

    Margaret Chon, Intellectual Property and the Development Divide

    Kenan Malik, Big Pharma Can Only See the Benefit of R&D for Wealthy Markets, The

    Guardian

    Oliver Morgan, Parallel Trade in Drugs Puts EU Patients at Risk, The Guardian

    Sarah Boseley, Calls for actions on patients denied 100,000 GBP cystic fibrosis drug, The

    Guardian

    Christina Walker, My son’s life depends on this cystic fibrosis drug. And ministers stand

    in the way, The Guardian

    1998: Big Pharma versus Nelson Mandela, Médecins Sans Frontières

    Ellen F.M. ‘t Hoen, Hans V. Hogerzeil, Jonathan D. Quick and Hiiti B. Sillo, A quiet

    revolution in global public health: The World Health Organization’s Prequalification of

    Medicines Programme, Journal of Public Health Policy

    Jared S. Hopkins, Generic-Drug Approvals Soar, But Patients Still Go Without, The Wall

    Street Journal

    Bangkok’s Drug War Goes Global, The Wall Street Journal

    Paul Garwood, Kenya Rejects Bid to Remove Government’s Compulsory Licensing

    Flexibilities, Intellectual Property Watch

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