Искусственный интеллект в военной сфере за пределами летальных автономных систем вооружений: концептуальные уточнения и функциональная рамка.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU.C/2026.17.1.087Ключевые слова:
военный искусственный интеллект, летальные автономные системы вооружений (LAWS), автономные системы вооружений (AWS), алгоритмическая война, международное гуманитарное право, человеческий контроль, поддержка принятия решений, кибер- и информационные операцииАннотация
За последнее десятилетие юридические и этические дискуссии о применении искусственного интеллекта в военной сфере в основном сосредоточились на «смертоносных автономных системах вооружений» (LAWS) и так называемых «роботах-убийцах». Вместе с тем современные военные применения искусственного интеллекта имеют существенно более широкий характер и охватывают разведку, наблюдение и рекогносцировку (ISR), поддержку принятия решений в системах командования и управления (C2), кибер- и информационные операции, а также логистику и обучение. В статье анализируется формирование понятий «автономия» и «военный искусственный интеллект» в рамках политики, права и этики и предлагается функциональный подход, согласующийся с современной военной практикой и новыми функциями, обусловленными развитием ИИ. Показано, каким образом научная и стратегическая литература постепенно расширила повестку, первоначально сосредоточенную на LAWS, перейдя к более комплексным концепциям «алгоритмической войны» и «искусственного интеллекта в обороне». На этой основе в статье предлагается аналитическая рамка, построенная по трём осям: цель применения, типы создаваемых или обеспечиваемых эффектов и роль системы в цепочке принятия решений. Также формулируются рабочие определения автономных систем вооружений (AWS) и летальных автономных систем вооружений (LAWS). Делается вывод о том, что правовая, этическая и политическая оценка военного искусственного интеллекта является более эффективной, когда она основывается на анализе функций систем, их эффектов и форм контроля, а не только на терминологических формулировках.
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