Vol. 13 No. 2 (36) (2022)

View Vol. 13 No. 2 (36) (2022)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:F/2022.13.2
Published: 2022-12-31

Political Sociology

  • Political Sociology

    Conflict and Violence

    Michel Wieviorka
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    Abstract

    According to vocabulary, conflict and violence go hand in hand. On the contrary, sociology might gain much if analytically distinguishing the two notions and giving each of them a precise meaning, which may deviate from common sense. Violence then appears more as opposed to the conflict, when it comes to instrumental violence, which can certainly be associated with conflict, but the opposite relationship is not always present.

    References

    Bourdieu, P. (1991) Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

    Bourdieu, P. (1998) La domination masculine. Paris: Seuil.

    Castel, R. (2003) L’insécurité sociale. Qu’est-ce qu’être protégé ?, Paris : Seuil et La République des Idées.

    De Tocqueville, A. (1856) L'ancien régime et la Révolution. Œuvres complètes. Paris : Michel-Lévy frères.

    Dower, J. W. (1993) War without mercy: race and power in the pacific war. New York: Pantheon Books.

    Touraine, A. (1984) Les mouvements sociaux: objet particulier ou problème central de l’analyse sociologique? Revue Française de Sociologie, 25(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.2307/3321377

    Von Clausewitz, C. (1918) On War (translated by Col. J.J. Graham). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & C.

    Wittgenstein, L. (2009) Philosophical Investigations (translated by G. E. M. Anscombe, P. M. S. Hacker and Joachim Schulte). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

  • Political Sociology

    Political Culture and Protest Potential in Goris Community

    Samvel Manukyan, Sona Babakhanyan
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    Abstract

    SAMVEL MANUKYAN, SONA BABACKHANYAN. Political culture and protest potential on Goris community. - During the 44-day Karabakh war of 2022, Artsakh (Karabakh) and Armenia suffered serious territorial and human losses, which caused severe negative consequences. The war radically changed public sentiments in Armenia. Besides, after the war, the prices of essential goods in Armenia started to increase rapidly, gradually worsening the social condition of broad population segments. The negative consequences of the war are especially severe in the Syunik region, borders with Azerbaijan and has strategic importance for the national security of Armenia, particularly in the border community of Goris, which is the last town on the only communication road between Armenia and Artsakh. These two influential factors might initiate public protests in Goris – an area of exceptional importance for the national Security of Armenia, worsening social cohesion and destroying the social order. The article represents the evaluation of multidimensional protest potential in Goris in the context of the political culture of the community population and the situation after the war. The political culture of the Goris community is identified in the frame of the theory of S.Almond and S.Verba. The analysis is carried out on the basis of sociological survey data collected in the Goris community in April 2022. The dimensions of the protest potential include lack of loyalty to the authorities, socio-economic conditions of the population, the fact of the 44-day war, the course of the war and its consequences, and future relations with Turkey and Azerbaijan. The best-allied countries of Armenia in the Artsakh matter were revealed in population attitudes. The perception of public protest probability in Goris is estimated. A mathematical model is built to explain the interactions between protest potential and political culture components and their multidimensional impact on loyalty to the authorities.

    References

    Almond G., Verba S. (1992) Civic Culture and stable democracy. Polis. Political Studies, № 3-4.

    Arzumanian H. V. (2019) Velvet Revolution in Armenia: Challenges and Opportunities. Izv. Saratov Univ. (N. S.), Ser. Sociology. Politology, vol. 19, iss. 2, рр. 223–230 (in Russian).

    Atanesyan A., Mkrtichyan A. (2021) Armenian society at the crossroads. Foreign policy directions, priorities, and perceptions. Yerevan: Konrad Adenauer Foundation.

    Caucasus Research Resource Centers “Caucasus Barometer 2010, 2012, 2013, 2019, 2021”. The database is available at https://www.crrc.am/barometer/

    Cholakhyan V. (2021) International participation in the resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1990–2020. Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations, vol. 21, Iss. 3, pp. 365–378. https://doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2021-21-3-365-378

    Markedonov S. (2018) The thirty years of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Basic strategies and prospects of the resolution. Post-soviet studies, v.1 №2 (2018), pp. 129-138.

    Milbrath L.W. (1965) Political Participation. Chicago: Rand McNally.

    Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia (2022). Socio-Economic Situation of RA, January-May 2022. Yerevan, Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia.

    Zolyan S. (2001) Nagorno Karabakh: the problem and the conflict. Yerevan. “Lingua”, 2001.

Theory of Sociology

  • Theory of Sociology

    Re-Conceptualising Youth: Theoretical Overview

    Marina Galstyan
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    Abstract

    There are a bulk of definitions and even controversial claims about the "youth" concept.  The origins of the concept date back to early Medieval Times, when youth was associated with self-sufficiency and the ability to take responsibility for others (Jones, G., 2009). Since the 17th century, the ideas of childhood and youth have been associated with dependency. Later on, youth has been perceived as a transitional phase of the human life. Though each of the approaches characterizes a specific aspect of young people's life, taken separately, it does not allow to gain a holistic sense of the concept. To get a comprehensive understanding of the concept, it is necessary to formulate an integrated approach to the youth by analysing existing definitions through the sociological and youth studies perspectives. Thus, the article covers the twofold objectives: 1) a comparative theoretical analysis of contemporary approaches to the “youth” notion; 2) the development of an analytical tool to overcome paradoxes among different approaches to defining and conceptualizing the “youth”.

    References

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    Furlong, A. (2013). Youth Studies: An Introduction. USA: Routledge.

    Furlong, A. (2009). Handbook of youth and young adulthood. Roultledge, London-New York.

    Goodwin, J. and O'Conner, H. (2016). Norbert Elias's lost Research: Revisiting the young worker project. Routledge, Taylor and Frances Group, London and New York.

    Jones, G. (2010). Key concepts: youth. Retrieved April 3, 2019 from: https://www. ukessays.com/essays/sociology/the-concept-of-youth-so-difficult-to-define-sociology-essay.php

    Kehily M.J. (2007). Understanding Youth: Perspectives, Identities and Practices. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

    Mannheim, K. (1952). The problem of generations. P. Kecskemeti (ed.), Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Manzoni, A. (2016). Conceptualizing and measuring youth independence multidimensionally in the United States. Retrieved April 12, 2019 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304613252_Conceptualizing_and_measuring_youth_independence_multidimensionally_in_the_United_States

    Marini Margaret M. (1984a). The Order of Events in the Transition to Adulthood. Sociology of Education. 57: 63–84.

    Marini Margaret M. (1984b). Age and Sequencing Norms in the Transition to Adulthood. Social Forces. 63: 229–243.

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    Wyn, J. and Woodman, D. (2006). Generation, youth and social change in Australia. Journal of Youth Studies, pp. 495–514.

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    Volkov, Yu.G. (2001). Sotsiologiya molodeji: uchebnoe posobie [Sociology of youth: handbook]. Volkov, Yu.G, Dobrenkov, V.I. at al. Ed. Volkov. Yu.G.Phenix, Rostov n.D, p. 576. (in Russian)

    Korel, L.V. (2005). Sotsiologiya adaptacii: voprosy teorii, metoologii I metodiki. [Sociology of adaptation: issues of theory, methodology and methodology]. Novosibirsk. p.424. (in Russian)

    Lisovskii,V.T. (1962). Eskiz k portretu: Jiznennye plany molodeji. [Sketch for the portrait: life plans of the youth]. Lisovskii, V.T. Nauka, Moscow. (in Russian)

    Merton, R. (2006). Social'naya teoriya I social'naya struktura. [Social theory and social structure]. Hranitel', Moscow, p. 273. (in Russian)

    Parsons. T. (2000). O structure sotsial'nogo deistviya. [On the structure of social action]. Akadem. Prospekt. Moscow. p. 880. (in Russian)

    Khodokov, A.I. (1976). Sotsial'no-psikhologichskie usloviya adaptatsii molodogo rabochego v proizvodstvennom kollektive. [Socio-psychological conditions of adaptation of the young worker in the production team]. Dissertation, L. (in Russian)

  • Theory of Sociology

    The State of Data: Reflections on Using 'Big' and Administrative Data Sources in Social Research

    Scot Hunter, Marina Shapira
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    Abstract

    Recent computing power and storage advancements have meant more data are being collected and stored. Referred to as 'Big data', these data sources offer researchers myriad opportunities to make observations about the social world. These data can be massive, provide insight into whole populations rather than just a sample, and be used to analyse social behaviour in real time. Administrative data, a subcategory under the big data umbrella, also offers researchers abundant opportunities to conduct highly relevant research in many areas, including sociology, social policy, education, health studies and many more. This paper offers reflections on social research during the digital age by examining different forms of data, both 'big' and 'small', and their associated advantages and disadvantages. The paper concludes by suggesting that although big data has some promising elements, it also comes with some limitations and povwill not replace 'traditional' social surveys. And yet, when used in conjunction with social surveys, appropriately and ethically, big data could offer the researchers additional valuable insights.

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Gender Studies

  • Gender Studies

    Gender Inequality and Poverty in Armenia: A Multidimensional Approach

    Gohar Shahnazaryan
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    Abstract

    A gender perspective highlights that poverty affects women and girls disproportionally due to gender biases, unequal division of power in society and social expectations from the roles of men and women. Starting from the 1980s, feminist researchers had begun to raise the issue of the feminization of poverty, and stressed the importance of the intersectionality between not only poverty and gender, but also poverty, gender, ethnicity, age, marital status, etc.

    Multidimensional analyses of poverty can become the most appropriate methodological approach to understand interconnections between gender and poverty. In order to reveal the whole spectrum of impacts of poverty on different social groups, a multidimensional analysis focuses on 1) opportunities and choices; 2) resources; 3) power and voice; 4) human security. In the article, poverty among men and women in Armenia is presented and recommendations to mitigate poverty among various women's groups are presented.

    References

    A Briefer: Gender Inequality Causes Poverty (2021). USAID, available at: https://banyanglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Gender-Inequality-Causes-Poverty-Briefer.pdf

    Armenia Country Gender Assessment (2019). Asian Development Bank, available at: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/546716/armenia-country-gender-assessment-2019.pdf

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    Baseline Study on Gender Norms and Stereotypes in the Countries of the Eastern Partnership (2022). UN Women

    Cagatay, N. (1998). Gender and Poverty. Social Development and Poverty Elimination Division, UNDP, available at: https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/GenderandPoverty.pdf

    Congrave, J. and Gomtsyan, A. (2020). The Armenia Good Governance Fund and Gender Equality, UKAID WOW Helpdesk, London, available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/

    file/895766/Query-45-Armenia-Good-Governance-Fund2.pdf

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    Gender and Poverty: A Case of Entwined Inequalities, Social Watch: Poverty Eradication and Gender Justice, available at: https://www.socialwatch.org/node/11590

    Global Multidimensional Poverty Analyses (2020), Swedish International Development Agency, available at: https://cdn.sida.se/app/uploads/2021/09/27093243/10205251_Sida_multidimensional_poverty_webb.pdf

    Hartmann, H. I. (2012). Women, Work and Poverty: Women Centered Research for Policy Change. Routledge, New York, London.

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    Honorati, M., et al. (2019). Work for a Better Future in Armenia: An Analysis of Jobs Dynamics. Yerevan: World Bank, available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/387401564380250230/pdf/Work-for-a-Better-Future-in-Armenia-An-Analysis-of-Jobs-Dynamics.pdf

    Shahnazaryan, G., Aznauryan, Z., Saghumyan, L. (2016). Representation and Participation of Women in the Political Parties and Political Initatives in Armenia: Gender Analyses. Yerevan: Women's Resource Center.

    Silenced Voices: Femicide in Armenia 2016-2017 (2019). Coalition to Stop Violence against Violence, available at: http://coalitionagainstviolence.org/hy/publication/femicide2018/

    Spencer-Wood, S. M. (2011). Commentary: How Feminist Theory Increases Our Understanding of the Archaeology of Poverty. Historical Archaeology, 45(3), 183–193.

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    The Female Face of Poverty (2018). Women’s Budget Group, available at: https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FINAL-Female-Face-of-Poverty.pdf

    Understanding Poverty from a Gender Perspective (2004). Women and Development Unit, UNDP, available at: https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/5926/1/S046466_en.pdf

    United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia (2020). Analysis of the gender pay gap and gender inequality in the labor market in Armenia, UN Women, Yerevan, available at: https://www.armstat.am/file/article/analysis_of_the_gender_pay_gap_armenia_en.pdf

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    World Survey on the Role of Women in Development. Why Addressing Women’s Income and Time Poverty Matters for Sustainable Development (2020). UN Women, available at: https://www.socialwatch.org/node/11590-

    Women and Men in Armenia. The Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia (2020). available at: https://armstat.am/file/article/gender_2020.pdf

    Women’s Economic Inactivity and Engagement in the Informal Sector in Armenia (2018). UN Women, Tbilisi, available at: https://georgia.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/12/womens-economic-inactivity-and-engagement-in-the-informal-sector-in-armenia

  • Gender Studies

    Gender Attitudes Across Generations in Contemporary Armenian Society (Comparative Analysis)

    Maria Zaslavskaya, Victor Agadjanian
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    Abstract

    Contemporary gender norms and attitudes in Armenia have been shaped by a complex interplay of pre-Soviet traditional culture, the legacy of the Soviet socialist modernization project, and the post-Soviet spread of western ideas and values. The paper examines generational differences in gender norms and attitudes in Armenian society, by comparing three generational groups. The mixed-method analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative data, including the nationally-representative household-based Gender Barometer Survey conducted in 2014, as well as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions among members of different generational groups in Armenia during 2015-2020. The results of the factor analysis show considerable generational complexity in gender norms and attitudes. We find that the majority of Armenian society, regardless of gender and generation, strongly adheres to the core family values and the corresponding gendered family roles. At the same time, the analyses show that individuals who belong to the older generation, i.e., the generation whose socialization took place under Soviet rule, display the most conservative patriarchal gender attitudes. The middle generation, whose coming of age occurred during the period of the early radical post-Soviet transformation, demonstrate inconsistent gender attitudes: while adhering to conservative gender norms, they are also most dissatisfied with the state of gender equality and in some aspects, such as achievement of status and wealth, display considerable gender egalitarianism. Finally, the youngest generation generally subscribes to the most egalitarian attitudes, but this group is far from homogenous, demonstrating a sharp divide between urban dwellers, who are very egalitarian-minded, and rural ones, who are remarkably conservative. Notably, young women living in cities display by far the most egalitarian attitudes. Moreover, among men, the generation is not a significant predictor of the level of egalitarianism in gender attitudes, compared to education and area of residence (city/village). However, it has a more significant impact on women’s perception of the traditional gender scheme. We conclude with a discussion of the role of changes in gender norms and attitudes in a broader transformation of Armenian society.

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Social Work and Social Technologies

  • Social Work and Social Technologies

    Deinstitutionalization in the Field of Mental Health in Armenia: Contemporary Issues

    Gohar Khachatryan
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    Abstract

    This article presents the problems of deinstitutionalization in the field of mental health in the Republic of Armenia based on the analysis of international documents defining the rights of persons with mental health problems. This article comprehensively discusses the way of deinstitutionalization in the field of mental health in the Republic of Armenia, the transformations that have taken place in the process, the current situation, the problems, the ways of overcoming them, filling the existing gap in this respect. The article substantiates the need for deinstitutionalization as a guarantee for the realization of the right to independent living and inclusion of people with mental health problems in the community in the Republic of Armenia. At the same time, the existing problems in Armenia in this regard are presented, both at the policy and practical levels. The author emphasizes the development of a comprehensive research-based document and a roadmap for the process as a way of overcoming identified issues.

    References