Vol. 14 No. 1 (37) (2023)

View Vol. 14 No. 1 (37) (2023)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:F/2023.14.1
Published: 2023-06-30

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Political Sociology

  • Political Sociology

    Youth Perceptions of the War in Ukraine and its Possible Consequences (On the Case of Armenian Youth in Yerevan)

    Arthur Atanesyan, Artur Mkrtichyan
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    Abstract

    To discover the geopolitical orientation and opinions of the Armenia’s youth regarding Russia’s war in Ukraine in the context of regional security issues, a sociological study was conducted in Yerevan and Armenia’s provinces in 2022. It was carried out by specialists from the Faculty of Sociology of the Yerevan State University, in cooperation with the Konrad Adenauer Foundation office in Armenia, and Socies expert center. The study aimed to discover the youth’s perceptions of the reasons for Russia’s war in Ukraine, which started on February 24, 2022, including its possible impact on the region. The research was carried out from October 22, 2022 to November 22, 2022 with youth (18-35 age group) residing in Yerevan (the capital of Armenia) and all provinces of Armenia, using the focus group discussion method. In this paper, we discuss conclusions drawn from focus group discussions with Yerevan residents. The perceptions of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict by Armenia’s youth refers to its geopolitical nature, to the interests of Russia, NATO, EU, USA, Turkey in the post-Soviet space, as well as to personal qualities, approaches, and issues of the leaders of Russia and Ukraine. In general, according to Armenian young people, Armenia should remain as neutral as possible in its position on the war in Ukraine, taking no side in this conflict.

    References

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    Bowen, A. S. (2022). “Russia’s War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects”. Congressional Research Service, R47068. Retrieved November 23, 2022 from https://crsreports.congress.gov

    Brzezinski, Z. K. (2006). The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. [Repr.] ed. New York NY: Basic Books.

    Cheterian, V. (2008). ”Georgia’s Rose Revolution: Change or Repetition? Tension between State-Building and Modernization Projects”. Nationalities Papers, 36(4), pp. 689–712. doi:10.1080/00905990802230530

    Fairbanks, Ch. H. (2004). ”Georgia’s Rose Revolution.” Journal of Democracy, 15(2), 110–124. doi:10.1353/jod.2004.0025

    Global Impact of War in Ukraine on Food, Energy and Finance Systems” (2022). UNSDG BRIEF. No 1, 13 APRIL. Retrieved November 23, 2022 from https://unsdg.un.org/resources/global-impact-war-ukraine-food-energy-and-finance-systems-brief-no1

    Gwendolyn, S. (2017, March 15). “Revisiting the 2014 Annexation of Crimea”. Carnegie Europe. Retrieved November 24, 2022 from https://carnegieeurope.eu/2017/03/15/revisiting-2014-annexation-of-crimea-pub-68423

    History of Crimea’s reunification with Russia. (2019, March 15). TASS. Retrieved November 26, 2022 from https://tass.ru/info/6222164

    Kotoulas, I. E., Pusztai W. (2022). “Geopolitics of the War in Ukraine”. Report No. 4, June. Foreign Affairs Institute, Athens, Greece

    Kramer, M. (2016). “Why Did Russia Give Away Crimea Sixty Years Ago?” Wilson Center. Retrieved November 21, 2022 from: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/why-did-russia-give-away-crimea-sixty-years-ago

    Lane, D. (2008). The Orange Revolution: ‘People’s Revolution’ or Revolutionary Coup? The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 10(4), pp. 525–549. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856x.2008.00343.x

    Lebow, R. N. (2022). International Relations Theory and the Ukrainian War. Analyse & Kritik, 44(1): 111–135. DOI: Retrieved November 23, 2022 from https://doi.org/10.1515/auk-2022-2021

    Malishev, D. (2019). Commonwealth of Independent States: Spatial Organizational Dynamics. Analysis and Forecast. Journal of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences no. 3, pp. 23-36. DOI: 10.20542/afij-2019-3-23-36

    Marten, K. (2015). Putin’s Choices: Explaining Russian Foreign Policy and Intervention in Ukraine. The Washington Quarterly, 38(2), 189-204, DOI: 10.1080/0163660X.2015.1064717

    Mearsheimer, J. (2022, August 17). Playing With Fire in Ukraine. The Underappreciated Risks of Catastrophic Escalation. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved November 23, 2022 from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/playing-fire-ukraine

    Mearsheimer, J. (2014, September-October). Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault: The Liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin. Foreign Affairs. 1–12

    Nye, J. S. (1990). Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books

    Putin tears up lease for Sevastopol naval base. (2014, April 2). Financial Times. Retrieved November 28, 2022 from https://www.ft.com/content/5a610a56-ba85-11e3-8b15-00144feabdc0

    Pishchikova, K., Ogryzko, O. (2014). Civic awakening: The Impact of Euromaidan on Ukraine’s Politics and Society. FRIDE Working Papers, No. 124. Retrieved November 26, 2022 from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/182317/Civic%20awakening_%20The%20impact%20of%20Euromaidan%20on%20Ukraine%E2%80%99s%20politics%20and%20societ.pdf

    Pikulicka-Wilczewska, A., Sakwa, R. (Eds., 2016). Ukraine and Russia People, Politics, Propaganda and Perspectives. E-International Relations Publishing, Bristol, England.

    Peng, C. (2017). “Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault: A Historical and Philosophical Perspective”. International Critical Thought, 7(2), 267-278, DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2017.1316436

    Pisano, J. (2022, July). How Zelensky Has Changed Ukraine. Journal of Democracy, 33(3), pp. 5-13

    Serafin, T. (2022). Ukraine’s President Zelensky Takes the Russia/Ukraine War Viral. Orbis, 66(4), P. 460-476. DOI: Retrieved November 23, 2022 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2022.08.002

    Sologoub, I. (2022). Ukraine’s EU Integration: A Long Way Home. Intereconomics, 57(4), pp. 218–224. Retrieved November 23, 2022 from https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2022/number/4/article/ukraine-s-eu-integration-a-long-way-home.html

    Terzyan, A. (2019). The Aftermath of the ‘Velvet Revolution’: Armenia between Domestic Change and Foreign Policy Continuity. Eastern European Journal for Regional Studies (EEJRS), l (2), pp. 24-43

    The Importance of Ukraine and The Russian Federation for Global Agricultural Markets and The Risks Associated With The War in Ukraine”. (2022, June 10). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved November 23, 2022 from https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf

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Sociology of Communications

  • Sociology of Communications

    Perceived Influence of Social Media on Multiculturalism in Southern States, Nigeria

    Ifeyinwa Nsude, Titilayo Remilekun Osuagwu, Emeka Williams Etumnu
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    Abstract

    This study investigated the influence of social media on multiculturalism in the southern states of Nigeria. The uncertainty reduction theory served as the theoretical support for the study. The survey research method was employed with a projected population of 17,871,024 in select southern states of Nigeria. The Wimmer and Dominick sample size calculator was used to derive 384 as the sample size. Multistage and purposive sampling techniques were used, and the questionnaire served as an instrument for gathering data while the data was analysed using percentages, charts, and mean analysis. Findings revealed that residents in the southern states use social media for multicultural engagements to a large extent. Findings also show that social media promote cultural inclusion in the southern states of Nigeria by way of enhancing communication competence amongst people from different cultures; it strengthens ties with people from other cultures; and it gives a sense of belonging in a culturally diverse group on social media. It was concluded that social media have a positive influence on multiculturalism in the southern states of Nigeria. It was recommended that residents of the southern states of Nigeria should be encouraged by those stakeholders who are cultural ambassadors to sustain their efforts in using social media for multicultural engagements. Users of social media should be on alert in order to guard against anyone that is capable of causing disunity or tribal war on the social media space. Such a person(s) should be reported so that appropriate action can be taken against them.

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  • Sociology of Communications

    Evolution of the “American Dream” as a Value System and its Representation in Hollywood Movies

    Yuliana Melkumyan, Seda Mkrtchyan
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    Abstract

    The “American dream” is a value system, which is the locomotive of the development of American society. It is one of the core elements of the American identity. The idea of the “American dream” presents the terminal values of equality, liberty, prosperity and happiness. Hard work, sacrifice, courage in the face of taking risks, diligence and the act of overcoming hardships are presented as instrumental values, which are required to achieve the terminal values mentioned above. The concept of the “American Dream” has evolved with the passage of time and faced different challenges, which resulted in a number of contradictions between the dream and the social reality. Hollywood movies are used as one of the tools to propagate the “American Dream” both inside of the United States and abroad. This article examines the representation of the terminal and instrumental values of the “American Dream” in Hollywood films (2018-2021) with anti-racist content, as well as films about family, the American Armed Forces, the US president, and the rule of law, through visual, verbal and audio means. Nevertheless, while the films communicate the same terminal and instrumental values, they also occasionally show the existing contradictions. Hard work does not always lead to achieving the "American dream". Even though the fight for equality is going strong, inequality still exists. Along with the rule of law, there are also manifestations of corruption. At the same time, the USA continues to be presented as a safe, powerful and wealthy country.

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Sociology of Sports, Tourism and Health

  • Sociology of Sports, Tourism and Health

    Comparative Analysis of the Influence of Coaches' Beliefs on the Attitude of Athletes to the Use of Prohibited Substances

    Areg Hovhannisyan, Gohar Sahakyan, Teimuraz Ukleba; Elena Arhip; Geoffrey Jalleh, Rob Donovan
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    Abstract

    This study focuses on the beliefs and attitudes towards doping of Coaches and Athletes in Armenia, Georgia and Moldova, and on the similarities and differences between Armenia, Georgia and Moldova on these measures.

    In total, 270 coaches and 810 athletes were selected and completed the questionnaire. Self-completion questionnaires for coaches and athletes were developed in a first-phase Pilot study and approved by World Anti-Doping Agency. Overall, 14% of participants represented team sports disciplines and 86% represented individual sports disciplines. More than half of the athletes were international-level athletes. About 80% of coaches and athletes were males. Whilst there was some variation between the three countries in mean ages and experience of participants, none of these was statistically significant. Analyzing the results, we can conclude that the social and professional behavior of coaches may not be the reason that may push athletes to use the Prohibited substances. The great danger is the illiteracy of coaches in the anti-doping field.

    If we compare the results obtained in this study with previous data in other studies, it can be assumed that coaches' delusions are transmitted to athletes, which are formed as a result of receiving incorrect information from other coaches or the media. In some cases, such as in relation to the Prohibited List, this may lead to unforeseen consequences. The obtained results show that it mandatory to include the information in the educational programs for coaches, about the athletes’ duties, ways and means to control their behavior, revealing in detail the mechanisms of such control. A necessary condition for the new Educational program for coaches may also be the holding of education seminars and workshops for athletes with the obligatory presence of their coaches using “the coach and his athletes” formula.

    References

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    Backhouse S.H., McKenna J. (2001) Doping in Sport: A Review of Medical Practitioners' Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs, International Journal of Drug Policy, 22, pp.198–202

    Backhouse, S. H., McKenna, J. (2012) Reviewing coaches’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding 554 doping in sport. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching 7, pp. 167–175

    Cleret, L. (2011) The role of anti-doping education in delivering WADA’s mission. International Journal of Sport Policy 3, pp. 271-278.

    Dimeo, P., Allen, J., Taylor, J., Robinson, L., Dixon, S. (2012) Team dynamics and doping in sport: A risk or a protective factor? Report to the World Anti-Doping Agency

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    Figved, S.E. (1992) Drug education programs for coaches and leaders. Science Periodical on Research and Technology in Sport 12(4),pp. 5-9

    Fung, L., Yuan, Y. (2006) Performance enhancement drugs: Knowledge, attitude and intended behavior among community coaches in Hong Kong. The Sport Journal. 9, pp.3-15 Available at http://thesportjournal.org/.

    Hovhannisyan, A.S., Sahakyan, A.А, Ukleba, T., Jalleh, G., Donovan, R., Shengelia, R. (2018) Applying the WADA social science research package to assess Armenian athletes’ beliefs about and attitudes towards doping. Proceedings of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences 43, (3-4), pp.145-155

    Hovhannisyan, A.S., Sahakyan, A.А, Ukleba, T., Jalleh, G., Donovan, R., Shengelia, R. (2022) Key weaknesses in coaches’ anti-doping knowledge that may influence athletes' use of prohibited substances. A cross-national investigation, Science in sport: modern issue in press

    Kirby, K., Moran, A., Guerin, S. A (2011) qualitative analysis of the experiences of elite athletes who have 556 admitted to doping for performance enhancement. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 3, pp. 205-224

    Laure, P., Thouvenin, F., Lecerf, T. (2011) Attitudes of Coaches Toward Doping, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 41(1), pp. 132–136

    Laure, P., Binsinger, C., Lecerf, T. (2003) General Practitioners and Doping in Sport: Attitudes and Experience, British Journal of Sports Medicine 37, pp. 335–338

    Lazuras, L., Barkoukis, V., Rodafinos, A., Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2010) Predictors of Doping Intentions in Elite-Level Athletes: A Social Cognitive Approach. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 32, pp. 694–710

    Lentillon-Kaestner, V., Carstairs, C. (2010) Doping use among young elite cyclists: A

    qualitative psychosociological approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 20, pp. 336-345

    Lucidi, F., Zelli, A., Mallia, L., Grano, C., Russo, P., Violani, C. (2008). The social cognitive mechanisms regulating adolescents’ use of doing substances. Journal of Sports Sciences 26(5), pp. 447-456

    Smith, A., Stewart, B., Oliver-Bennetts, S., McDonald, S., Ingerson, L., Anderson A., Dickson, G., Emery, P., Graetz, F. (2010) Contextual influences and athlete attitudes to drugs in sport. Sport Management Review 13, pp. 181-197

  • Sociology of Sports, Tourism and Health

    Residents’ Negative Perception of Fellow Countryman’s Travelling During Epidemiological Restrictions

    Natalia Chevtaeva, Ekaterina Chevtaeva, Emmanuel Gamor
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    Abstract

    This research explored the creation of negative perception towards returning travellers in response to the threat of spreading the virus and positive travel behaviour during the relaxation of travel restrictions at the time of the COVID-19 health crisis. The data for research was collected from 530 respondents and analysed using hierarchical multiple regression, confirmatory factor analysis, and the Sobel test of significance. The study results revealed that people had a perception of a high risk of catching COVID-19, which has led to a negative perception of travel during a pandemic. Moreover, malicious travel behaviour reinforced discrimination, while positive travel behaviour reduced the negativity in perceptions of returning travellers but did not spare the returnees from discrimination. Implications for both practice and theory, as well as limitations and future directions are further discussed. Based on research findings, resilience of travel should not limit its focus on just the recovery and health control measures of regions that receive travellers, but also pay close attention to the perceptions of travellers returning home after vacations, so as to avoid social distress and stimulate a continuous growth of the demand for travel. In order to stimulate sustainable travel activity with no negative perception of travel and travellers among resident, maintaining local getaways is recommended.   

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  • Sociology of Sports, Tourism and Health

    Drug Trafficking Problems and Approaches to Prevention in Armenia: Expert Opinions

    Samson Mkhitaryan
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    Abstract

    Considering the detrimental impact of drugs and the prevailing issue in our country, the Scientific Research Center of Applied Problems in Criminology at the National Bureau of Expertise of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia conducted an expert survey. The objective was to determine the extent of drug trafficking, factors influencing it, the social groups most affected, the common drugs used, sales mechanisms, and strategies employed to combat drug trafficking. The survey involved 16 experts representing the police, the Investigative Committee, and the prosecutor's office. The results of the study include risk analysis and methodology to prevent drug trafficking in Armenia within the regional context.

    References

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    Fedosova, Е. (2021). Social Causes аnd Tendencies оf Drug Spreading Among Youth (оn the Case оf the Republic оf North Ossetia – Alania, Russian Federation). Journal of Sociology: Bulletin of Yerevan University, No. 12 (33), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:F/2021.12.1.061

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Sociology of Youth

  • Sociology of Youth

    Applicability of Possible Models to Ensure Easy Access to Employment For RA Students

    Syuzanna Yeghiazaryan
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    Abstract

    In this article, a number of issues of student employment are considered, related to solving the problems of interaction between universities and the labor market, ensuring unhindered access of students to the labor market, and also determining ways to prevent the negative impact of student employment on the quality of education.

      Thus, the informational model of interaction between the university and the labor market, the motivational model of student behavior, as well as the organization of employment of students according to their future profession or related professions are of great importance for increasing the level of professional training of students, professional adaptation and solving problems of social integration in the industrial environment.

    References

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    Bentrim, E., Sousa-Peoples, K., Kachellek, G., & Powers, W. (2013). Assessing learning outcomes: Student employees in student affairs. About Campus, 18(1).

    Donna M. Grant, Alisha D. Malloy, Marianne C. Murphy, Jovanna Foreman and Rowena A. Robinson (2010). Real World Project: Integrating the Classroom, External Business Partnerships and Professional Organizations. Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice. Vol. 9.

    Evans С., Gbadamosi G., Richardson М. Flexibility (2014). Compromise and opportunity: Students’ perceptions of balancing part-time work with a full-time business degree. The International Journal of Management Education.

    Gimpelson, V.E. Choosing a profession: what did you study and where useful? [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: https://www.hse.ru/data/2010/05/04/1216406857/WP3_2009_03-f.pdf

    Ilyasov E.P., (2010). Information model of interaction of universities with enterprises and organizations on the issues of training specialists. Science and school. Founders: Moscow State Pedagogical University. No. 3. (in Russ.)

    Kozhurova A.A., (2017). Competitive advantages of students with higher education in the labor market. Bulletin of the North-Eastern Federal University. K.M. Ammosov. Series: Pedagogy, psychology, philosophy. No. 1 (05). (in Russ.)

    Mikhailova N.K., (2018). Motivational models of student employment. Modern trends in the development of science. Publisher: Kemerovo State University. Kemerovo. 2018. (in Russ.)

    Mikhailova N.K., Yarkova T.A., (2019). Combining students' studies with work - the way to a profession? Labor Economics. Publisher: Creative Economy. T. 6, No. 2. (in Russ.)

    Pakhomova E. A., Rudneva E. L. (2013). Labor market and vocational education. Professional education. Stolitsa, 2013. No. 3. (in Russ.)

    Passaretta G., Triventi M., (2015). Work experience during higher education and post-graduation occupational outcomes: A comparative study on four European countries. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Vol. 56(3–4).

    Patton W., (2001). Career education: What we know. What we need to know. Sydney Enterprise, Career and Employment Foundation.

    Popova T.N., (2006). Social integration of graduates of technical universities in the sphere of labor activity: Abstract of the thesis. dis. cand. sociological Sciences. (in Russ.)

    Potravnaya E.V., Socio-historical analysis of the economic behavior of students and graduates challenge the labor market. Economic revival of Russia. 2015. No. 3 (45) (in Russ.)

    Razumova T.O., Yanchuk O.Yu., Opportunities and risks of remote forms of employment for students and graduates of higher educational institutions. Social and labor research. M. 2021. 43(2). (in Russ.)

    Richardson M., Evans C., Gbadamosi G., (2009).Funding full-time study through part-time work. Journal of Education and Work, 22(4).

    Satybaldieva R. Zh., Ualieva I. M., Moldagulova A. N., (2012). Model of interaction between organizations and universities in the formation of specialists in the field of information technology. Modern problems of science and education. Academy of Natural Sciences, Kuban State Medical University, Kama State Academy of Engineering and Economics, Kemerovo State University. №5. (in Russ.)

    Triventi М., (2014). Does working during higher education affect students’ academic progression? Economics of Education Review, Vol. 41.

    Yeghiazaryan S., (2020). Possibilities of introducing international experience in increasing student employment in the RA, History and Politics, Scientific journal, Historical and Political Analytical Center “Zoravar Sepuh”, Yerevan. No. 6 (11). (in Arm.)