Vol. 16 No. 1(41) (2025)

View Vol. 16 No. 1(41) (2025)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU.F/2025.16.1
Published: 2025-06-16

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Social Work and Social Technologies

  • Social Work and Social Technologies

    CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND ABUSE: CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS OF RISK IN ARMENIA

    Yuliana Melkumyan, Veronika Odinokova, Mira Antonyan
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    Abstract

    Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (CSEA) remains a critical yet underreported issue in Armenia due to deeply rooted cultural, social, and legal barriers to reveal potential risks. This study explores the challenges surrounding the disclosure of CSEA cases, examining the roles of victims, families, professionals, and legal institutions in addressing this form of violence. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the research highlights how stigma, fear of social repercussions, and distrust in authorities contribute to the silence surrounding CSEA. The paper also investigates the role of gatekeepers in facilitating or hindering disclosure and research efforts involving child victims. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for culturally sensitive methodologies that align with local traditions while maintaining scientific rigor and ethical integrity. Findings suggest that improving legal frameworks, strengthening victim support services, and fostering public awareness are essential steps toward breaking the silence and ensuring child protection in Armenia.

    References

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    Alaggia, R., Collin-Vézina, D., & Lateef, R. (2019). Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016). Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(2), 260-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017697312

    Antonyan, M. (2016). The issue of child security in frame of human security concept (on example of experience of FAR Children’s Support Center). In A. Е. Mkrtichyan & A. V. Atanesyan (Eds.), Security issues in the modern societies (Materials of the International Conference) (pp. 53–66). YSU Publishing.

    Appendix to the Order of the Minister of Education, Science, Culture, and Sports of the Republic of Armenia, No. 1033-A/2, dated June 30, 2021, "Healthy Lifestyle" Course Experimental Standards and Programs (Grades 5-11). Retrieved from https://escs.am/files/files/2021-07-14/c6f0006e245a8dfecf658d012ce6e223.pdf

    Augusti, E. M., & Myhre, M. C. (2021). The Barriers and Facilitators to Abuse Disclosure and Psychosocial Support Needs in Children and Adolescents Around the Time of Disclosure. Child Care in Practice, 30(2), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2021.1902279

    Azatyan, R., Azizian, A., & Hakobyan, A. (2022). A descriptive study of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among female patients with sexual dysfunctions in Armenia. Health Psychology Report, 10(4), 294–301. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2022.116367

    Catton, A. K. H., Dorahy, M. J., & Yogeeswaran, K. (2023). Disclosure of Sexual Victimization: Effects of Invalidation and Shame on Re-Disclosure. Journal of interpersonal violence, 38(13-14), 8332–8356. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231155122

    Council of Europe. (2007). Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (Lanzarote Convention). Retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/children/lanzarote-convention

    Eritsyan, K. J., Odinokova, V. A., & Rusakova, M. M. (2023). Ситуационные факторы совершения сексуального насилия над детьми [Situational factors of sexual violence against children] [Электронный ресурс]. Психология и право, 13(3), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2023130304

    Garb, H. N., Wood, J. M., & Nezworski, M. T. (2000). Projective techniques and the detection of child sexual abuse. Child maltreatment, 5(2), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559500005002007

    Government of the Republic of Armenia. (2017). The law on prevention of domestic and domestic violence and protection of persons subjected to domestic and domestic violence (as amended by Law No. 169-N of 12.04.24). Adopted on December 13, 2017. Republic of Armenia.

    Government of the Republic of Armenia. (2021). Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia. Adopted on May 5, 2021. Republic of Armenia.

    Government of the Republic of Armenia. (2023). The law on amendments and additions to the Labor Code of the Republic of Armenia. Adopted on May 3, 2023. Republic of Armenia.

    Independent Inquiry on Child Sexual Abuse. (2020, March). The internet: Investigation report. Retrieved from [https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/covid-19-risking-a-rise-in-online-child-sexual-abuse/?utm_source=chatgpt.com].

    Investigative Committee of the Republic of Armenia. (2024, August 13). 1032 criminal proceedings regarding crimes committed against minors were investigated by the Investigative Committee of the Republic of Armenia in the first half of 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024, from https://www.investigative.am/news/hh-qnnchakan-komiteoum-2024t-arajin-kisamyakoum-qnnvel-e-anchapahasneri-nkatmamb-katarvac-hancagorcoutyounneri-veraberyal-1-032-qreakan-varouyt

    Latiff, M.A., Fang, L., Goh, D.A., & Tan, L.J. (2024). A systematic review of factors associated with disclosure of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 147, doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106564.

    Mamikonyan, O. (2022, December 22). Число случаев сексуального насилия в отношении детей выросло на 44% с 2020 года [The number of cases of sexual violence against children has increased by 44% since 2010]. Forbes.ru. https://www.forbes.ru/forbeslife/482902-cislo-slucaev-seksual-nogo-nasilia-v-otnosenii-detej-vyroslo-na-44-s-2020-goda.

    Melkonyan, N., Melkumyan, Y., Karapetyan, A., & Hakobyan, L. (2024). Professional ethics of public relations practitioners in the context of digitalization. Georgian medical news, (349), 80–84.

    Morrison, S. E., Bruce, C., & Wilson, S. (2018). Children’s disclosure of sexual abuse: A systematic review of qualitative research exploring barriers and facilitators. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1425943

    Piolanti, A., Schmid, I. E., Fiderer, F. J., Ward, C. L., Stöckl, H., & Foran, H. M. (2025). Global prevalence of sexual violence against children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.5326

    Ramanadhan, S., Revette, A. C., Lee, R. M., & Aveling, E. L. (2021). Pragmatic approaches to analyzing qualitative data for implementation science: an introduction. Implementation Science Communications, 2, 1-10.

    Sahakyan, A., Voskanyan, A., & Mkrtchyan, L. (2024). Development of parenting skills in a scope of group social work. Journal of Sociology: Bulletin of Yerevan University, 15(1 (39), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:F/2024.15.1.043

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    Vardanyan, Y. (2024). The development of the integrated social services system in Armenia. Journal of Sociology: Bulletin of Yerevan University, 15(2 (40), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU.F/2024.15.2.41

    West M. M. (1998). Meta-analysis of studies assessing the efficacy of projective techniques in discriminating child sexual abuse. Child abuse & neglect, 22(11), 1151–1166. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00086-6

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    Yacoubian, G. S. Jr. (2022). An assessment of Armenia’s residential childcare institutions as a case study in international child protection. Advances in Applied Sociology, 12(7), 338–345. https://doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2022.127026

  • Social Work and Social Technologies

    USER INVOLVEMENT IN POVERTY POLICY STRUCTURES AS AN APPROACH TO GIVE A VOICE TO PEOPLE LIVING IN POVERTY AND TO STRENGTHEN SOCIAL COEHISION

    Emanuela Chiapparini
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    Abstract

    Solidarity and social inclusion, which are often used as synonyms in professional discourse on social work, are understood to date with too little focus on the structural level in politics, economics and social services.

    Furthermore, in the implementation of projects to promote social cohesion, marginalized groups such as people affected by poverty have so far been insufficiently involved in identifying commonalities between groups of people and in joint activities.

    Therefore, following the user involvement approach and on a structural level, I argue that political, economic and social conditions as well commitment must be in place. In the case of people affected by poverty, who are a very heterogeneous group, at least in Switzerland, mechanisms are needed to enable these groups to identify and voice their concerns and bring them to the attention of the appropriate political, economic or social decision-makers in a targeted manner.

    Using two research-based projects from poverty policy in Switzerland, I follow to answer the research question: How can people affected by poverty be given a voice in the structures and decision-making processes of poverty policy? The theoretical framework is based on the user involvement approach. Using participative, qualitative and quantitative research methods I answer the question with the potential impact, challenges and conditions of an implementable platform and training courses for professionals from politics, economics and social services, as well as for people affected by poverty. This differentiated knowledge of people affected by poverty and the fulfillment of the requirements of all those involved, a structure of exchange supported by social policy and led by external professionals, willingness to learn and work together, clear communication, or reimbursement of travel expenses, are necessary to strive for a truly sustainable and inclusive society, rather than one that merely appears to be so.

    However, it should be noted that potential impact has been identified and that further long-term impact and international comparative analyses are necessary to gain comprehensive knowledge.

    References

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    Beresford, P., Carr, S. (2016). Social care, service users and user involvement. Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work, 28(2).

    Bray, R., De Laat M., Godinot X., Ugarte A., Walker, R. (2019). The Hidden Dimensions of Poverty, Montreuil: Fourth World Publications.

    Chiapparini, E. (ed.) (2016). The Service User as a Partner in Social Work Projects and Education. Concepts and Evaluations of Courses with a Gap-Mending Approach in Europe. Opladen, Berlin & Toronto: Budrich. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbkjvpm

    Chiapparini, E., Bitsch, K. (2024). The added value of combining the expertise of people with experience of poverty and professionals in joint project development: contextualisation, implementation and evaluation of the BFH specialist course "Sharing experience and expertise" Bern: Edition Soziothek (in German). https://doi.org/10.24451/arbor.21954

    Chiapparini, E., Eicher, V. (2019). User Involvement in der Sozialen Arbeit – Anknüpfungspunkte für Praxis-, Forschungs- und Lehrprojekte in der Schweiz. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziale Arbeit, 24(18), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.24451/arbor.9955.

    Chiapparini, E., Guerry, S., Reynaud, C. (2025). How can the expertise of people with experience of poverty inform Swiss poverty policy in the long term and have an impact on it? Foundations and concept for a permanent participation structure, which was developed on the basis of research conducted with people who have experience of poverty. Federal Social Insurance Office. https://doi.org/10.24451/dspace/11266

    Chiapparini, E., Schuwey, C., Beyeler, M., Reynaud, C., Guerry, S., Blanchet, N., Lucas, B. (2020). Modelle der Partizipation armutsbetroffener und -gefährdeter Personen in der Armutsbekämpfung und -prävention. Forschungsbericht Nr. 7/20. Bern: Bundesamt für Sozialversicherungen (BSV). https://doi.org/10.24451/arbor.11878

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  • Social Work and Social Technologies

    RETHINKING SOLIDARITY THROUGH WELFARE TECHNOLOGY FOR OLDER ADULTS

    Brita Gjerstad, Inger Lise Teig
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    Abstract

    The welfare state is under pressure. Demographic changes, high expectations for services, and limited resources demand new approaches to service provision. In Norway, national authorities advocate for the use of technology and the involvement of volunteers in health and care services. This paper explores the relationship between solidarity, technology and volunteerism by asking whether the use of technology in health service delivery aligns with the values of solidarity. The empirical basis of the paper is qualitative sub-studies from the research project Caring Futures, as presented in three articles. The sub-studies reveal that technologists strongly support increased use of technology. By framing technology as a means to promote autonomy, they implicitly downplay human dependency. As a result, technology appears to conflict with a concept of solidarity rooted in mutual interaction. In contrast, relatives of nursing home residents recognise and accept dependency. Rather than attempting to eliminate it, they embrace dependency as a foundation for social connection, mutual responsibility and solidarity.

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    Veiden, P. (2022) Emile Durkheim. Solidaritet og det moderne arbedsliv (Emile Durkheim. Solidarity and the modern worklife), Cappelen Damm.

    Zander, B. Gustafsson, Stridsberg, S.L. & Borg, J. (2023). Implementation of welfare technology: a systematic revies of barriers and facilitators, Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 18:6, 913-928, https://: 10.1080/17483-107.2021.193¬8707

  • Social Work and Social Technologies

    THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN E-HEALTH LITERACY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AMONG YOUTH AND ADULTS IN SHIRAZ, IRAN

    Sahar Hojatifar, Majid Movahed Majd, Serajeddin Mahmoudiani
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    Abstract

    One of the key factors in societal progress is the improvement and enhancement of individuals' psychological well-being. With increased psychological well-being, individuals gain the ability to solve problems and successfully overcome challenges. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between e-health literacy and psychological well-being among youth and adults in Shiraz, based on Neuman's Health Theory. This study employed a survey method, and the statistical population included all young and adult residents of Shiraz, Iran. Based on Cochran's formula, 600 individuals were selected through stratified random sampling. Data collection tools included questionnaires, and SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. The results indicated a significant relationship between e-health literacy and psychological well-being among both youth and adults in Shiraz. Additionally, multivariate regression analysis showed that the psychological well-being of youth and adults in Shiraz was similar, with no significant differences between the two groups. Based on the findings of this study and Neuman's Health Theory, the higher the level of e-health literacy in a society, the greater the psychological well-being of its individuals. Consequently, society and its members will experience less anxiety, stress, and preoccupation. Therefore, to enhance psychological well-being as a crucial dimension of health and a factor in societal progress, it is recommended to increase the use and improvement of e-health literacy with the help of community members and officials.

    References

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Applied Sociological Studies

  • Applied Sociological Studies

    CULTURE OF CORRUPTION AS A KEY ISSUE IN ANTI-CORRUPTION METHODOLOGY AND POLICIES (ON EXAMPLES OF ITALY AND ARMENIA)

    Edgar Kalantaryan
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    Abstract

    The aim of this article is to examine the presence of a culture of corruption in public administration systems, assess its negative impact on governance, and evaluate anti-corruption methodologies for enhancing governmental effectiveness. In this context, we explore various manifestations of corruption in public organizations and analyze international experiences - particularly the case of Italy - where we conduct a comprehensive review of its anti-corruption policies and highlight their significance in fostering an effective governance system. The more we know about the causes of corruption, the better we can decide which policy instruments to use to combat corruption. Corruption is a phenomenon that gains public visibility in democratic regimes because in such regimes there are freedom of press, freedom of expression, free party organizations, and opposition to the governments on duty. However, although democracy has the merit of not hiding corruption, not confronting and not containing acts that are harmful to the public interests can be lethal to democracy itself by generating autocratic governments that place themselves above political institutions (Ribeiro, 2000). The study examines the framework and methodologies of anti-corruption policies in the Republic of Armenia, comparing them with the experience of Italy. The theoretical foundation for addressing the issues discussed in this research is based on classical and modern theories of public administration, political science, and sociology. The study employs analytical, comparative, and systemic methods. Italy - being surrounded by European countries, possessing a more institutionalized governance system, and having a more democratic and socially mature society - finds itself in a relatively advantageous position in combating corruption compared to Armenia. Nonetheless, Italy still faces persistent corruption-related challenges. In contrast, Armenia’s situation is shaped by its Soviet legacy, the Karabakh (Artsakh) conflict, and the inefficiencies in governance since independence, all of which have contributed to the persistence of a culture of corruption. Despite significant legislative advancements in recent years, systemic inefficiencies remain. Addressing corruption requires time, skilled professionals, strong managerial will, and other critical factors. International experience in managing state institutions plays a crucial role in shaping Armenia’s anti-corruption efforts. With the purpose of providing better conditions for the adequate understanding of corruption, this article seeks to systematize some of the main theoretical reflections on the subject, highlighting attempts to conceptualize and classify it, as well as some of the approaches developed with the aim of understanding its causes and devising strategies for its control.

    References

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    Akhmetov, A. S. (2018). Corruption as a social phenomenon. Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 2(69), 114. (in Russian)

    Andvig, J. C. et al. (2000). Research on Corruption: A Policy Oriented Survey. http://www.icgg.org/downloads/contribution07_andvig.pdf

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    Anti-Corruption Strategy of the Republic of Armenia and Its Implementation Program, 2019–2022. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.arlis.am/¬Document-View.aspx?¬docid=168051 (in Armenian)

    Anti-Corruption Strategy of the Republic of Armenia, 2023–2026. (2023). Retrieved from https://www.gov.am/files/docs/4586.pdf (in Armenian)

    Arzumanyan, I. L. (2018). Is it possible to defeat corruption? Vlast, 5, 41. Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vozmozhno-li-pobedit-korruptsiyu (in Russian)

    Atanesyan, A. V. (2018). Velvet Revolution in Armenia: Potential, gains, and risks of political protest activity. Polis: Political Studies, 6. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2018.06.06 (in Russian)

    Barbagli, M. (2003). Rapporto sulla criminalità in Italia. Il Mulino. Bologna, pp. 109–133. (in Italian)

    Berkov, A. A. (2012). Operation “Clean Hands” in Italy. Scientific and Analytical Journal Obozrevatel, 2(102). (in Russian)

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  • Applied Sociological Studies

    BEING SECURITY CONSCIOUS: ANALYSING SOCIAL MEDIA SECURITY-ORIENTED MESSAGES IN CREATING SECURITY ALERTNESS IN IMO STATE, NIGERIA

    Emeka Williams Etumnu, Lauretta Chinenye Nwosu , Cynthia N. Jumbo , Clinton Chukwuma Ogu , Chukwudumebi Kelechi Amadi
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    Abstract

    This study investigated the role of social media in creating security alertness in Imo State, Nigeria. The research design for this study was a mixed-methods approach employing survey and content analysis. The data indicated that both Imo State Blog and Imo State New Media Facebook pages featured security-related information but with variable rates. Imo State Blog had 11 security-related postings within one year, whereas Imo State New Media published merely 7 posts over the same period. Also, findings suggested that the majority of people had frequent exposure to security-related posts on social media platforms and were aware of security alertness messages sent through these platforms. It was concluded that social media plays an essential role as a medium for enhancing security alertness and encouraging community safety behaviours within the region.

    References

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    Etumnu, E.W. & Williams-Etumnu, O.I.(2023). Radicalisation and Extremism on Social Media: What Steps can be taken? Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 8085. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/8085/

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    Ghannam, J. (2011). Social media in the Arab world: Leading up to the uprisings of 2011. The Center for International Media Assistance.

    Huang, H. Y., et al. (2016). Understanding the determinants of users’ subjective well-being in social networking sites: An integration of social capital theory and social presence theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 585-591.

    Jumbo C.N., Asemah E. S., Anyanwu, B.J.C., Onyebuhi, A.C., Etumnu, E.W. &Anyi, O.S.A (2023). Utilisation of new media in communicating insecurity in Southeast Nigeria. Commicast, 4 (1), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.12928/commicast.v4i1.7604

    Kaplan, A. M., &Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68.

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    Macaulay, U.S., Etumnu, E.W. &Akwari, C.O. (2021). Perception on the use of social media in propagating security issues in the post COVID-19 era: A study of Owerri residents, Imo State. ANSU Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 8 (2), 113-126.

    Nienstedt, H. W., & Flint, C. (2017). Social media and political communication: A survey of Twitter users during the 2016 US presidential election. New Media & Society, 19(9), 1395-1414.

    Ogedebe, O., & Babatunde, O. (2012). The influence of social media on consumers’ buying behavior. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, 5(8), 14-22.

    Rüdiger, H., & Mario, K. (2014). Social media and its effects on individuals and social systems. Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 20(3), 23-35.

    Rutrell, Y. (2009). Social media: In theory and practice. Journal of Digital Humanities, 3(2), 36-47.

    Stieglitz, S., & Dang-Xuan, L. (2013). Emotions and information diffusion in social media—sentiment of microblogs and sharing behavior. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(4), 217-248.

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    Trottier, D. (2012). Social media as surveillance: Rethinking visibility in a converging world. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

  • Applied Sociological Studies

    CONFLICT-DRIVEN MOBILIZATION IN PROTRACTED CONFLICT: A MULTI-LEVEL CONCEPTUAL SYNTHESIS FROM THE KARABAKH CASE

    Smbatyan, Hayk
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    Abstract

    This synthesis article examines conflict-driven mobilization in the protracted Nagorno-Karabakh conflict by integrating findings from five distinct papers. Framed by a multi-level analytical perspective, the paper investigates how micro-level emotional and moral motivations, meso-level group identity and collective dynamics, and macro-level structural inequalities and historical legacies converge to drive conflict-driven mobilization. Drawing upon a qualitative research design that combines document analysis, process tracing, semi-structured interviews, and participatory methodologies, the synthesis addresses the central question: How do interdependent emotional, collective, and structural factors fuel mobilization in protracted conflicts? Looking into evidence from the historical evolution of civic movements to their transformation into armed struggles, the paper reveals that mobilization is not solely a rational, calculated act but is deeply rooted in personal and collective grievances. Furthermore, the integration of participatory approaches underscores the value of context-sensitive research in capturing the lived experiences of conflict-affected communities. Ultimately, the proposed multi-level theory advances existing conceptual frameworks in the sociology of conflict mobilization and offers a heuristic tool for understanding similar dynamics in other protracted conflict zones.

    References

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    Abrahamian, L. H. (1993). The anthropologist as shaman: interpreting recent political events in Armenia. In 100-116, Beyond Boundaries (1st ed., p. Gísli Pálsson). Oxford/Providence: Berg. doi:10.4324/9781003135159

    Arutyunyan, L. (2006). "Obshchestvo ni voyny ni mira" i perspektivy mirnogo razresheniya karabakhskogo konflikta. (in Russian). KAVKAZ. Yezhegodnik KISMI, 104-110. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3osfIa8

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  • Applied Sociological Studies

    TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERCEPTIONS OF CHILDHOOD

    Tatevik Karapetyan
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    Abstract

    The article explores the evolution of the position, role, and status of childhood and children as a social category through the lens of sociological thought. In particular, it examines the religious, economic, political, and social influences that have shaped the historical dynamics of childhood perceptions. The article also analyzes the process by which sociology has come to recognize childhood, especially in the context of the concepts "sociological child" and "pre-sociological child” and discusses the current discourse on the interpretation of childhood from constructivist perspectives. Further, the article reflects on how these evolving perceptions influence decision-making concerning children, the development of child protection policies, and the nature of research conducted on children. The analysis synthesizes the multilayered and polysemous nature of childhood as a shifting social status that is shaped by historical, political, and social contexts. This understanding highlights the need to reframe the “position” of the child as a subject in the broader context of the transition from a vulnerability-based approach to one grounded in children's rights.

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Gender Studies

  • Gender Studies

    THE STUDY OF IMPACT OF GENDER ROLE ATTIDTURE ON MARITAL SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYED WOMEN AND MEN IN THE CITY OF SARI (NORTHEN IRAN)

    Mohammad Esmaeil Riahi, Fatemeh Afradi
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    Abstract

    The present research tried to identify the level of marital satisfaction of employed women and men and examine the effect of factors affecting their marital satisfaction such as gender attitude in Sari city, Iran. To this end, number of participants were randomly selected for taking part in a survey. After collecting the required data, they were analyzed and their results were presented. According to the results of present study, it was shown that women have more modern attitudes toward gender roles than men, and that men report a higher traditional attitude toward women, which is consistent with many studies also men had more marital satisfaction than women. Also, based on the results of current study, the most influential independent variables on the level of marital satisfaction of the respondents were gender of the respondent, acceptance rate of gender role (traditional) attitude, and the amount of division of gender tasks. Moreover, according to the results, the more traditional participants were the more they were satisfied with their marriage.  Also it was revealed that with the increase in the level of perceived fairness of the division of household labor, the level of participation of family members in the division of household labor rose. Also, it was found that by increasing the amount of division of household labor between couples, their marital satisfaction improved. Lastly, this research presents the idea that the acceptance of traditional gender roles among couples as an important aspect of people's beliefs about marriage and family responsibilities and its role in the division of household labor can have a significant relationship with marital satisfaction. Therefore, by carrying out the present study, it was shown that considering the role of gender attitude and its impacts of marital satisfaction should not neglected and it seems there should be further studies to consider some other important factors, including women's employment and men's participation in household labor to reach more reliable results.

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