Vol. 12 No. 1 (33) (2021)

View Vol. 12 No. 1 (33) (2021)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:F/2021.12.1
Published: 2021-06-24

Political Sociology

  • Political Sociology

    Transforming the 2019-2020 Protest Agenda on Social Network Sites

    Alexey Belyakov, Alexander Sokolov, Svetlana Mironova, Alexander Frolov, Elena Isaeva
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    Abstract

    Social network sites have taken a strong position in the space of socio-political communication. In the modern world, the necessity to analyze events occurring in the virtual space for a relevant reaction to events occurring in reality, is generally recognized. The study of online processes is largely based on the analysis of quantitative data that allows talking about the activity of users and their involvement. However, the meaning of the information transmitted in social networks remains important. In the framework of this study, an attempt is made to determine the specifics of broadcasting protest agendas in social networks and the impact of their transformation on the process of involving users in online protest activity. Examples of 7 protest campaigns accompanied by active coverage in social networks are given. Conclusions are drawn about the specifics of broadcasting protest agendas in social networks and supporting users from their transformation.

    References

    Kuzin, O.Yu. (2010). Vovlechennost' v politicheskii process kak element demokraticheskogograjdanstva. Izvestiya TulGU. Gumanitarnye nauki. N2, 251-258

    Ushkin, S.G. (2014). Vovlechennost' pol'zovatelei social'nykh setei v protestnoe dvijenie. Vlast', No 8, 138-142

    Lavrikova, A.A. (2015). Dinamika pokazatelei politicheskoi vovlechennosti grajdan v sovremennom rossiiskom obshchestve. Izvestiya TulGU. Gumanitarnye nauki. No3, 9-19

    Rykov, Yu.G. (2013). Vyrtual'noe soobshchestvo kak social'noe pole: neravenstvo i kammunikativnyi kapital. Jurnal Sociologii i social'noi antropologii t. 16, no4, 44-60

    Televnoi, A.D. & Khlopotov, M.V. (2018). Issledovanie tematicheskikh profilei i sposobov rascheta vovlechennosti auditorii v sobshchestvakh social'noi seti "Vkontakte". Vestnik evraziiskoi nauki. t. 10, No2, 71

    Pisarevskiy, V. G. (2020). Methodology of big data in studying orthodox communities Research Result. Sociology and Management, 6, No 1, 16-28. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18413/2408-9338-2020-6-1-0-2

    Barabash, N.S. & Jukov, D.S. (2019). Ocenka urovnya vovlechennosti pol'zovatelei v radikal'nye gruppy v social'nykh setyakh. Innovatika i ekspertiza: nauchnye trudy, No 3 (28), 113-122. Doi: https://doi.org/10.35264/1996-2274-2019-3-113-122

  • Political Sociology

    Ideological Foundations and Cultural Manifestations of Youth Volunteering in Armenia

    Harutyun Vermishyan, Tatyana Darbinyan
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    Abstract

    The purpose of this study is to identify the ideological and cultural aspects of youth volunteering ․ The concept of social action by M. Weber and the functional model of volunteering were compared ․ Based on the developed conceptual approach, at the first stage of the study, using online surveys, the most common types of young volunteers in Armenia (goal-rational, value-rational and hybrid) were identified. High-quality interviews were conducted with representatives of each type using the methodology of narrative semiotics, revealing the life experience of Armenian volunteers. Narratives were analyzed using the method of narrative semiotic analysis. The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of civil society and the formation of civic consciousness of Armenian youth, it is shown that the ideological foundations and cultural manifestations of their volunteer activities are rational in nature.

    References

    Wilson, J. & Musick M. A. (1997). Who Cares? Toward an Integrated Theory of Vol-unteer Work, American Sociological Review, Vol. 62, No. 5, 694-713

    Wilson, J. (2000). Volunteering, Annual Review of Sociology, 26. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.215

    Wilson, J. & Musick M. A. (2008). Volunteers. A Social Profile, Indiana University Press, 217-399

    Hustinx, L., Cnaan, R. A. & Handy, F. (2010). Navigating Theories of Volunteering: A Hybrid Map for a Complex Phenomenon, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 414-418. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2010.00439.x

    Strauß, S. (2008). Volunteering and Social Inclusion, 1st Edition, Edited by Prof. Dr. Steffen Hillmert, University of Tübingen, Germany. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.t01-1-00027

    Piliavin, J. A., Grube J. A. & Callero P. L. (2002). Role as Resource for Action in Public Service, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 58, No. 3, 469-485

    Salamon, L․ M., Sokolowski, S. W․ & List, R. (2003). Global Civil Society: An Overview, John Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project

    Juknevičius, S. & Savicka A. (2003). From restitution to innovation: Volunteering in post-communist countries, in P. Dekker and L. Halman (eds) The values of volunteering: Cross-cultural perspectives, New York, NY: Springer, 127–142. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0145-9_8

    Howard, M.M. (2003). The weakness of civil society in post-communist Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840012

    Gevorgyan, V․ & Galstyan M. (2016) Why Volunteer? Understanding Armenia’s Experience Voluntary Sector Review. Vol.7. Number 3. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1332/204080516X14722016138748

    Paturyan, Y. & Gevorgyan V. (2017). Volunteering in Armenia: Leaving the Soviet Legacy Behind? in Butcher J. & Einolf Ch. J. (Ed.) Perspectives on Volunteering: Voices from the South: Springer, 227-244. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39899-0_12

    Paturyan Y. & Gevorgyan V. (2014). Trust towards NGOs and volunteering in South Caucasus: civil society moving away from post-communism? Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 14:2, 239-262. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2014.904544

    Wright, E.O. (2002). Sociology 298, Lecture 11: Class Analysis of Ideology, Retrieved from https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/SOC621/298lec11.pdf

    Weber, M. (1956). The Nature of Social Action, Economy and Society 4th edn, Tubingen, First published in 1922

    Hustinx, L., Cnaan, R. A. & Handy, F. (2010). Navigating Theories of Volunteering: A Hybrid Map for a Complex Phenomenon, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 413. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2010.00439.x

    Clary, E. G., Snyder, M. & Stukas, A. A. (1996). Volunteers’ Motivations: Findings from a National Survey Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 485-505. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764096254006

    Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J. & Miene, P. (1998). Understanding and Assessing the Motivations of Volunteers: A Functional Approach. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516

    Clary, E. G. & Snyder, M. (1999). The Motivations to Volunteer: Theoretical and Practical Considerations, Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 8, No. 5, 156-159. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037

    Greimas, A. J. (1987). On Meaning: Selected Writings in Semiotic Theory, Theory and History of Literature, Volume 38, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

    Greimas, A.J. (2004). Strukturnaya semantika. Poisk metoda. Moscow. Akademicheskii proekt. 25-42

    Titscher, S., Meyer, M., Wodak, R. & Vetter, E. (2000). Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis, Sage, 126

    Fiol, M. C. (1989). A Semiotic Analysis of Corporate Language: Organizational boundaries and Joint Venturing, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 34, No 2, 277-303. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2989899

    Wilson, J. & Musick, M. A. (2008). Volunteers. A Social Profile, Indiana University Press, 65

  • Political Sociology

    Armenian Digital Communications in Karabakh War of 2020: Critical Discourse Analysis

    Anahit Hakobyan
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    Abstract

    The role of media and communication in modern military conflicts is becoming more and more relevant. In this regard, the Karabakh war of 2020 was significant։ it was the first large-scale war in the modern history of Armenia, which took place under the conditions and with the use of digital communications. The article provides a critical discourse analysis of war framing in digital communications. The analysis revealed the techniques and mechanisms of framing, the underlying stereotypes, myths and ideologies, as well as the role of social networks in digital communications that accompanied military operations.

    References

    Bernays, E. (1923). Crystallising public opinion. New York, NY: IG Publishing

    Herman, E. S. & Chomsky N. (2002). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of mass media. New York, NY: Pantheon Book

    Lasswell, H. D. (1927). The theory of political propaganda. American Political Science Review, 21(3), 30, 1927, 627–631. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1945515

    Browne, H. (2004). The War Racket_The Lies, Myths, and Propaganda That Feed the American War Machine. Nelson Current, 2004, 9-10

    Bodriiar, J. (2016). Voiny v zalive ne bylo. RIPOL klassik, Moscow

    Welch, D. & Fox, J. (2012). Justifying War Propaganda, Politics and the Modern Age. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230393295

    Libicki, M. C. (2007). Conquest in Cyberspace - National Security and Information Warfare. Cambridge University Press, 34. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7249/CB407

    Guenther, L., Ruhrmann, G., Bischoff, J., Penzel, T. & Weber, A. (2020). Strategic Framing and Social Media Engagement: Analyzing Memes Posted by the German Identitarian Movement on Facebook. Social Media + Society, 6(1), 1-13. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119898777

    Nelson, T., Oxley, Z. & Clawson, R. (1997). Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects, Political Behavior, 19: 3, 221–46. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024834831093

    Atanesyan, A. (2020). Media Framing on Armed Conflicts: Limits of Peace Journalism on the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2020.1780018

    Norris, P., Kern, M. & Just, M. (2003). Framing Terrorism. The News Media, the Government and the Public. Routledge, 8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203484845

    Evans, M. (2010). Framing international conflicts: Media coverage of fighting in the Middle East, International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 6 (2), 209–233. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1386/mcp.6.2.209_1

    Makhortykh, M. & Sydorova, M. (2017). Social media and visual framing of the conflict in Eastern Ukraine, Media, War and Conflict, 10(3), 359-381. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635217702539

    Iskandaryan, A. (2020). The second Karabakh war, or the first postpost-soviet war, Caucasus Institute, Vienna. Retrived from: https://www.institutfuersicherheit.at/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ISP-Working-Paper-Alexander-ISKANDARYAN-The-Second-Karabakh-War-or-the-First-Post-Post-Soviet-War.pdf

    Atanesyan, A (2013). Hamacancy vorpes LGH azgayin anvtangutyan teghekatvakan pashtpanutyan hartak. 21-rd DAR, No 6 (52), Yerevan, 56

    Nazaryan, H. (2017). Adrbejani teghekatvakan qaghaqakanutyuny aprilyan qarorya paterazmum. Banber Yerevani hamalsarani. Mijazgayin haraberutyunner. Qaghaqagitutyun No 1 (22), 54-63

    Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings. New York: Pantheon

    Fairclough, N. (1993). Critical discourse analyses and the marketization of public discourse: the universities, 134-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002002

    Wodak, P.R. & Meyer M. (2001). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. SAGE Publications, London, 11-37. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020

    Van Dijk, T. A. (1995). The Aims of Critical Discourse Analysis’, Japanese Discourse, 1. 17-27. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926595006001001

    Van Dijk, T. A. (2000). Ideology and discourse. A Multidisciplinary Introduction, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, 44

    Van Dijk, T. A. (1988). News As Discourse, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 37-38

    Androutsopoulos, J. (2008). Potentials and limitations of discourse-centred online ethnography. Language@Internet 5(8)

    Herring, S. C. (2004). Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis An Approach to Researching Online Behavior, Cambridge University Press, 2. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805080.016

    Eisenlauer, V. A (2015). Critical Hypertext Analysis of Social Media - The True Colors of Facebook, Bloomsbury Academic, 96

    Moberg, M. (2018). Mediatization and the technologization of discourse: Exploring official discourse on the Internet and information and communications technology within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. New media & society, Vol. 20(2), 515–531. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816663701

    Luhmann, N. (1982). Trust and Power, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 20

    Bruce, M.D. (2014). Framing Arab Spring Conflict: A Visual Analysis of Coverage on Five Transnational Arab News Channels, Journal of Middle East Media, Vol 10, 4. Doi: https://doi.org/10.12816/0023470

  • Political Sociology

    Information Sphere Challenges in the Processes of Formulation of Armenian Civil Identity

    Hayk Nazaryan, Arem Mkrtchyan, Gagik Tumanyan
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    Abstract

    Nowadays, the significant impact of informational communications creates certain risks to social life. In this context, information is often used as a mean of manipulation and distortion of facts, as well as an instrument of aggression. Therefore, regulation of informational challenges, first of all, plays an important role on the side of security (especially for the vulnerable segments of population). In modern societies, civic identity formation with its basic elements can provide relevant mechanisms of regulation, correction, and complementation of informational policies towards mentioned problems. In particular, civic identity in its scientific interpretations presupposes such manifestations as civic participation (directed to the needs of the community), civic knowledge (in particular, competence regarding democratic institutions and principles), social trust (which serves as a base for personal self-identification with other citizens and political institutions). The effective formation of the mentioned elements of civic identity, functioning with the mechanisms of civic education and in the context of the growing role of information, contributes a more conscious and competent attitude towards information resources. On the other hand, citizens' awareness broadens the field of social visibility, hence the opportunities and practices that can contribute to more effective self-organization of local communities. Thus, in this article, the peculiarities of civil identity formation, in the case of border Armenian rural communities, were analyzed in the context of actual informational challenges.

    References

    Hart D., Richardson C. and Wilkenfeld B., Civic Identity, Camden, NJ, USA, 2011. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_32

    Miraqyan, V. (2010). Lratvamijocneri azdecutyan hnaravorutyunnery. Yerevan, 41

    Riepl, W. (1972). Das Nachrichtenwesen des Altertums mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Römer. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 478

    Drobijeva, L.M. (2006). Gosudarstvennaya i etnicheskaya identichnost': vybor i podvijnost'. Grajdanskaya, etnicheskaya i religioznaya identichnost' v sovremennoi Rossii. Moscow, 10-30

Sociology of education

  • Sociology of education

    Current Problems of Quality of Education in Armenia

    Marina Galstyan
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    Abstract

    Education policy makers are constantly faced with the problem of "ambiguous interpretation" of the concept of "quality of education". Different social groups give different interpretations of the quality of education, creating their own discourse on the quality of education. Mutual agreement between these groups is possible only if they mutually understand the discourse created by them. The article addresses the discourse on "quality of education" using complex methodology. Education policy makers circulate the following comment on the quality of education: correspondence with state educational standards. The management staff of private universities emphasizes the existence of a state accreditation as a guarantee of the quality of education provided, in the case of state universities, a state diploma. Students as a social group interpret the quality of education as compliance with the requirements of the labor market, and employers as work effectiveness. A sociological analysis of the situation provides an opportunity to identify the nature of the discourse fields created on the quality of education, their peculiarities and the possibilities of harmonization between them.

    References

    Robson, K. L. (2010). Sociology of Education in Canada,Open Library Pressbook. Retrived from https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/robsonsoced/

    Durkheim, E. (1961). Moral Education: A Study in the Theory and Application of the Sociology of Education, translated by Everett K. Wilson and Hermann Schnurer. New York: Free Press of Glencoe

    Althusser, L. (1971). Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses. Lenin and Philosophy and other Essays, translated by Ben Brewster. London: New Left Books, 121–176

    Willis, P. E. (1977). Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. Farnborough, UK: Saxon House

    Bowles, S. & Gintis H. (1976). Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life. New York: Basic Books

    Livingstone, D. W. (1994). Searching for the Missing Links: Neo-Marxist Theories of Education. Sociology of Education in Canada: Critical perspectives in Theory, Research, and Practice, L. Erwin and D. MacLennan (Ed.). Toronto, ON: Copp Clark Longman, 55–82

    King, R. (1980). Weberian Perspectives and the Study of Education. British Journal of the Sociology of Education, 1(1), 7–23. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0142569800010102

    Fantuzzo, J. P. (2015). A Course between Bureaucracy and Charisma: A Pedagogical Reading of Max Weber's Social Theory. Journal of Philosophy of Education. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12095

    Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by John G. Richardson. New York: Greenwood Press, 241–258

    Bernstein, B. B. (1971). Class, Codes, and Control. Volume 1: Theoretical Studies Toward a Sociology of Education. London: Routledge

    Holt, M. (2000). Introduction: The Concept of Quality in Education. Improving Quality in Education, C. Hoy, C. Bayne-Jardine, and M. Wood, (Ed.). Falmer: London

    Apple, M.W., Ball, S.J. & Armando, L. (2010). GandinRoutledge International Handbook of the Sociology of Education, Edited by, 265. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203863701

    Dworkin, G., Ballantine, J., Antikainen, A., Barbosa, M.L., Konstantinovskiy, D., Saha,L.J., Essack,S., Chang,J., Vryonides, M. & Teodoro, A. (2013). The sociology of education, 3. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056846013122

    Harvey, L. & Green, D. (1993). Defining quality. Assessment and evaluation in higher education, No 18 (1). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293930180102

    Galstyan, M. (2018). Masnagitakan dasyntacnerin eritasardneri masnakcutyuny vorpes ashkhatashukayi pahanjnerin harmarvelu gortsiq, Yerevan, EPH hrat.

  • Sociology of education

    The Internationalization of Higher Education in Armenia Nowadays the Analysis of the Existing Problems

    Yevgine Aperyan
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    Abstract

    Internationalization is a rapidly growing trend among the higher education system around the world. Academic and research institutions demonstrate a growing interest in the processes of internationalization of higher education, at the international, regional, national, and institutional levels. Internationalization and global engagement are becoming key trends in the development of national systems of education in Armenia and abroad. Numerous researchers have highlighted the problematics of internationalization of higher education associated with the cultural impact of university education, a synergy of humanitarian and natural sciences, intercultural communication, digital and blended learning, international credit and degree mobility, the introduction of international standards for measuring the quality of education defined by the Bologna Declaration. Although internationalization has become established in education at the international level, it should be realized that at the moment there is no single policy or strategy for the internationalization of the higher education system in Armenia, both at the regional and national levels. The lack of uniform strategy is in some way offset at the institutional level: the increasing number of Armenian higher education institutions have integrated internationalization, to varying degrees, in their mission and vision. It can be seen in the activities of the leading universities in Armenia. The global knowledge economy requires all universities to be the competitors for students, faculties, strategic partnerships, and research funding, as well as to prepare their graduates to be global professionals, scholars, highly demanded and competitive. Indicating the mechanism of the implementation of an international component into the existing curricula, programs, research, teaching, and learning processes may contribute to the understanding of the process of internationalization of higher education. Thus, more research is needed on the experience of Armenia and other countries in implementing the provisions of the Bologna process. The purpose of this article is to examine the theoretical and practical aspects of the internationalization process, identifying some challenges and obstacles for the Armenian higher education system and presenting possible ways of overcoming them.

    References

    Knight, J. (2004). Internationalization Remodeled: Definition, Approaches, and Rationales. Journal of Studies in International Education. Vol. 8. 5-31. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315303260832

    Knight, J. (1994). Internationalization: Elements and Checkpoints. CBIE Research No. 7. Canadian Bureau for International Education (CBIE).Bureau canadien de l’éducation internationale (BCEI). 220 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 1550, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5Z9

    Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of The Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers

    Knight, J. (2003). Updating the Definition of Internationalization. International Higher Education. The Boston College Center for International Higher Education, 2-3

    Altbach, Ph. (2013). The International Imperative in Higher Education. Global Perspectives of Higher Education. Sense Publishers. Vol. 27. 194. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-338-6

    Farrugia, C. (2013). Education abroad: Moving out of the classroom and into the real world. Retrived from http://www.iie.org/Blog/2013/August/EducationAbroad-Moving-Out-Of-The-Classroom.

    Bedenlier, S. (2017). Internationalization within higher education and its influence on faculty: experiences of Turkish academic staff. Journal of Research in International Education. Vol. 16(2), 185 – 196. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240917724272

    Krosnoshchekov, V.V. (2017). Vsestoronnyaya internacionalizaciya i drugie tendencii, vliyayushchie na kachestvo vysshego obrazovaniya. Mejdunarodnyi jyrnal eksperimental'nogo obrazovaniya. No 6, 43-46

Sociology of Youth

  • Sociology of Youth

    Social Causes аnd Tendencies оf Drug Spreading Among Youth (оn тhe Case оf тhe Republic оf North Ossetia – Alania, Russian Federation)

    Ekaterina Fedosova
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    Abstract

    Over the past years, the drug addiction of the population of Russia and especially young people is one of the most serious social problems, the scale of which made it a threat to national security. In order to develop effective ways and methods of counteracting drug addiction and crime, it is necessary to know the characteristics of all economic, social, criminal, and other factors influencing the drug situation. In the article, the author analyzes the results of the annual monitoring of the consumption and distribution of various types of drugs in the region of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, identifying the main social groups of drug addictions as well as social causes which stimulate drug addiction among youth.

    References

    Gabiani, A.A. (1990). Na krayu proposti: narkomania i narkomany. Moscow, Mysl'

    Nahimova, Ya. N. & Romashkina, G.F. (2017). Social'nye ustanovki molodeji na upotreblenie narkotikov i profilaktika narkomanii. Obrazovanie i nauka. No 19(6), 138-160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2017-6-138-160