Vol. 12 No. 2 (34) (2021)

View Vol. 12 No. 2 (34) (2021)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/10.46991/BYSU:F/2021.12.2
Published: 2021-12-23

Social research

  • Social research

    An Empirical Study of the Criteria for the Ethnic Identity of Armenians in Armenia

    Samvel Manukyan
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    Abstract

     In the article, based on the data of a nationwide representative sociological survey, using the six most common criteria for identifying an ethnic group (self-identification, common language, common territory, common religion, ethnicity of father and mother), an attempt is made to find an answer to the question in the public consciousness of Armenians in Armenia - “who is Armenian? " The prevalence of each of the criteria in the public consciousness was assessed, on the basis of the criteria evaluations, the concepts of “core of ethnic identity” and “concentration of the core of ethnic identity” were defined. The directions and rates of change in the prevalence of the considered criteria are revealed, the prediction of the prevalence among the generation born in 1998-2012 is made. The structure of interrelationships between the considered criteria in the public consciousness of Armenians in Armenia has been investigated.

    References

    DeVellis, R. F. (1991) Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 26.

    Manukyan, S. A. (2019) Tsivilizatsionnaya identichnost' i yeye dinamika v Armyanskom obshchestve. "Vestnik Rossiysko-Armyanskogo Universiteta. Gumanitarnyye i obshchestvennyye nauki", 3-2019, 22-43.

    Mukhlynkina, YU. V. (2011) Etnicheskaya identichnost': sushchnost', soderzhaniye i osnovnyye tendentsii razvitiya. Avtoreferat dissertatsii na soiskaniye uchenoy stepeni kandidata filosofskikh nauk. Spetsial'nost' 09.00.11. Sotsial'naya filosofiya. Moskva.

    Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. (1999) Chelovek i situatsiya. Perspektivy sotsial'noy psikhologii. (B. C. Per. s angl. V. V. Rumynskogo pod red. Ye. N. Yemel'yanova, Per..) Moskva: Aspekt Press.

    Rybakov, S. Ye. (2012) K voprosu ob etnicheskom fenomene. Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya, №2, (108).

    Tishkov, V. A. (2010) Etnichnost'. Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya: V 4 tomakh. Moskva.

    Toffler, E. (2002) Shok budushchego. Moskva: "Izdatel'stvo AST".

Sociology of Youth

  • Sociology of Youth

    Ideas about the future of the country among students of the North Caucasus: analysis of conflict-related trends

    Irina Belasheva, Marine Yesayan
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    Abstract

    The article presents the results of an empirical study of the peculiarities of the ideas about the future of the country among the students of the North Caucasus region in the aspect of their conflictogenicity. Data collection and analysis was carried out in 5 blocks: plans for the future after graduation from the university or SVO; assessment of the possibility of emigration due to the peculiarities of the social, political, economic situation of the country in the foreseeable future and its causes; assessment of the availability of social benefits after graduation / SVO; images of fairy-tale characters with which the future of Russia is associated; the form of government associated with the future of Russia in the personal view of students of the NCFD. In the ideas about the future of the country, the students of the North Caucasus have identified conflict-prone tendencies, taking into account the region of residence (Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, Chechnya, Dagestan, Stavropol Territory): some dissatisfaction with the education received; polar positions on intentions to emigrate in the future; the presence of negative assessments of the availability of social benefits in the future; polar ideas about the forms of government (presidential or parliamentary) with which the future of Russia is connected; the presence of projective images of the future of the country, reflecting both revival, stability, security, and aggression, cunning, totalitarianism.

    References

    Zhelnakova, N. YU. (2016). Formirovaniye chuvstva grazhdanstvennosti u molodezhi Severnogo Kavkaza kak usloviye obespecheniya regional'noy bezopasnosti. N. YU. Zhelnakova, I. V. Konopel'ko. Obshchestvo: sotsiologiya, psikhologiya, pedagogika. № 2. p. 32-34.

    Likhachèv, D. S. (1980) Zametki o russkom. D. S. Likhachev. Novyy mir. № 3. pp. 10–38.

    Obraz budushchego v otsenkakh novogo pokoleniya rossiyan (2016). V. V. Gavrilyuk, L. L. Mekhrishvili, N. I. Skok [i dr.]. Tyumen': Tyumenskiy industrial'nyy universitet,. 166 p. ISBN 978-5-9961-1217-3.

    Solov'yev, O.V. (1997). Modelirovaniye budushchego ili chelovek i yego soznaniye v strukture ob"yektivnoy real'nosti. Lugansk: Izd-vo Vostochnoukrainskogo universiteta. 322 p.

    Sushko, P.Ye. (2020). Sotsial'noye blagopoluchiye naseleniya Rossii v kontekste dostupnosti sotsial'nykh blag. Informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten' (INAB). № 1. Sub"yektivnoye i ob"yektivnoye blagopoluchiye v sovremennom rossiyskom obshchestve: rezul'taty empiricheskogo issledovaniya. pp. 39-53.

    Khachatryan, L. V. (2019). Tsivilizatsionnyye vektory natsiyestroitel'stva kak faktor integratsii rossiyskogo obshchestva v XXI veke. L. V. Khachatryan. Yevraziyskiy yuridicheskiy zhurnal. № 7(134). pp. 425-427. https://slav-rus.com/mifologiya/vodyanye.html1.

    Avksent'yev, V.A. (2010). Federal'nyye okruga i opyt polpredov v reshenii severokavkazskikh problem. Yug Rossii: problemy, prognozy, resheniya. Rostov-na-Donu Izd-vo YUNTS RAN. pp. 66-67

    Aksakov, K. S. (1999). Zametki o znachenii Il'i Muromtsa. Aksakov K. S. Poln. sobr. soch. M., T. 1; Miller O. F. Il'ya Muromets i bogatyrstvo kiyevskoye. SPb., Propp V. YA. Russkiy geroicheskiy epos. 2-ye izd. M.

    Bochko, V. S., Zakharchuk, Ye. A. (2019). Metodologiya formirovaniya obraza budushchego pri razrabotke strategii razvitiya territorii. Zhurnal ekonomicheskoy teorii. T. 16. №4. pp. 688-704. DOI: 10.31063/2073-6517/2019.16-4.7

    Veber, M. (1990). Izbrannyye proizvedeniya. Perevod s nemetskogo; Sostavleniye, obshchaya redaktsiya i poslesloviye d. filo. nauk YU. N. Davydova. Moskva: Progress. 808 p.

    Velikaya, N. M., Shushpanova, I. S., Afanas'yev, V. A. (2021). Obraz budushchego v massovom soznanii grazhdan kak faktor ustoychivogo sotsial'no-politicheskogo razvitiya obshchestva. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya Filosofiya. Sotsiologiya. Iskusstvovedeniye. № 1. S. 64–77. DOI: 10.28995/2073-6401-2021-1-64-77.

    Geografiya. Sovremennaya illyustrirovannaya entsiklopediya (2006). pod red. prof. A. P. Gorkina. M.: Rosmen. 624 p.

    Goverdovskaya, Ye. V. (2011). Kul'turno-obrazovatel'noye prostranstvo Severnogo Kavkaza: oriyentiry, problemy, resheniya. Ye. V. Goverdovskaya. Gumanitarnyye i sotsial'nyye nauki. № 6. pp. 218-227.

Social work

  • Social work

    Institutional Development of Child Care in Armenia: Structural-Organizational, or Value-Systemic Approach?

    Mira Antonyan
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    Abstract

    Discussions on the transformation of social issues, particularly the lack of a viable approach to responding to the shortcomings of family care, from the Soviet era are still relevant thirty years later. In particular, education, care and protection of children in institutions and to accommodate changing practices used in the process of forming a latent attitude system based on children's rights, non-formal resistance discussion interesting to understand what potential they have undertaken an organizational structural transformation of values desired to bring about change. Will these transformations be able to influence the changing practices of helping children in need outside of the family environment something that continues to be the subject of unspoken agreement between the three parent-decision-making parties today, ignoring children's rights and interests?

    References

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    Antonyan, M. (2015). "The Social Cost of Caring for Genocide Orphans, Genocide Studies in the Focus of the Social Sciences." Collection of articles, YSU Publishing House, Yerevan, pp. 120-134.

    Auzan, A. (2017). "Economics of everything. How do the institutes determine our life?". Mann, Ivanov and Ferber.

    Axford, N. (2010). Is social exclusion a useful concept in children's services? British Journal of Social Work, 40 (1), 737-754. DOI: 10.1093/bjsw/bcn121

    Brannen, J., Mooney, A., Statham, J. (2009) Childhood Experiences. a Commitment To Caring and Care Work With Vulnerable Children. Childhood. 16 (3): 377-393. DOI: 10.1177 / 0907568209335317.

    Fahey, T. (1995). PRIVACY AND THE FAMILY: CONCEPTUAL AND EMPIRICAL REFLECTIONS. Sociology, 29(4), 687-702.DOI: 10.1177/0038038595029004008

    Feinstein, L., Sabates, R. (2006). Predicting adult life outcomes from earlier signals: Identifying those at risk. Center for Research on the Wider Benefits of Learning. London: Institute of Education․

    Heine, S.J. (2001) Self as a cultural product. An examination of East Asian and North American selves. Journal of Personality 69 (6): 882-906. DOI: 10.1111/1467-6494.696168

    Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and Organizations. Software of the Mind. London: McGraw-Hill.

    Hollway, W. (2006) The Capacity to Care. Gender and Ethical Subjectivity. London: Routledge:

    Lister, R. (2004) Poverty. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Nicholson, C., Dwivedi, K.N., Irwin, M. (2010) Children and Adolescents in Trauma. Creative therapeutic approaches. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

    Prout, A. and James, A. (1990) A new paradigm for the sociology of childhood? In: James A and Prout A (eds) Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood. London: Falmer Press.

    Pulterovich, V., (2012). «Reform design. How to Search for Interim Institutions », MPRA Paper 41043, University Library of Munich, Germany:

    Qvortrup, J., Corsaro, W. A., & Honig, M.-S. (2009). The Palgrave handbook of childhood studies. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230274686

    Redmond, G. (2009) Children as actors. How does the child perspectives literature treat agency in the context of poverty? Social Policy and Society 8 (4): 541-550. DOI: 10.1017/S147474640999011X

    Ridge, T., Saunders, P. (2009) Introduction: Themed section on children's perspectives on poverty and disadvantage in rich and developing countries. Social Policy and Society 8 (4): 499-502. DOI: 10.1017/S1474746409990078

    Sevenhuijsen, S. (1998) Citizenship and the Ethics of Care. London: Routledge․

    Tronto, J. (1993) Moral Boundaries. A Political Argument for the Ethics of Care. London: Routledge․

    Verhallen, T., Hall, C.J., Slembrouck, S. (2019) Family support and child protection approaches. Historicizing perspectives on contemporary discourses of social work. Qualitative Social Work. 18 (2): 1-16. doi: 10.1177 / 1473325017712798.

    Ward, A., Kajetan, K., Pooley, J., Worthington, A., (2003) Therapeutic Communities for Children and Young People. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

    West, A., Lewis, J. and Currie, P. (2009) Students' Facebook 'friends': Public and private spheres. Journal of Youth Studies 12 (6): 615-27, DOI: 10.1080/13676260902960752

  • Social work

    Restrictions of establishing social bonds among the children deprived from parental care (on the case of children sheltered at the crisis centre)

    Tatevik Karapetyan
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    Abstract

    The article reflects the circumstances accompanying the process of child deprivation from parental care, which limits or restricts the formation of stable and fundamental social bonds. Particularly, the article illustrates the findings of the study among 29 children deprived of parental care, who were sheltered at the Crisis Center for the period of 2019-2021. The findings of the study are interpreted in the context of social relations by T. Parsons, T. Hirschi, and J. Chris. The study showed that positions, approaches, and aspirations of establishing and maintaining social bonds by children are conditioned due to: 1) the child deprivation from parental care; 2) the nature of the action of becoming deprived of care, 3) decision making on child’s placement. The study also tackles the impacts of other accompanying circumstances within the discussed context.

    References

    Koulman Dzh. (2001). Kapital sotsial'nyy i chelovecheskiy. Obshchestvennyye nauki i sovremennost', 2001, № 3, (Perevod L. Strel'nikova, A. Stasenko), 121-139.

    Bianchi S.M., Robinson J. (1997) "What did you do today? Children's Use of Time, Family Composition, and the Acquisition of Social Capital", Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 59, No 2, 332-344. DOI: 10.2307/353474

    Bowlby, J. M. (1982). Attachment and Loss, Volume I, Attachment, 2nd Edition, New York, Basic Books.

    Chriss, J. J. (2007) The functions of the social bond. Sociological Quarterly, 48(4), 689-712. DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00097.x

    Coleman J. (1998) "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital", American Journal of Sociology, vol. 94, 95-120. DOI: 10.1086/228943

    Dufur M. J., Parcel T. L., McKune B. A. (2013) "Does Capital at Home Matter More than Capital at School? The Case of Adolescent Alcohol and Marijuana Use", Journal of Drug Issues, 43 (1), 85-102. DOI: 10.1177/0022042612462220

    Herreros F. (2015). "Ties that bind: Family relationships and social trust", Rationality and Society, Vol. 27 (3), 334-357. DOI: 10.1177/1043463115593122

    Hirschi, T. (2002). Causes of Delinquency (1st ed.). Routledge.

    Karapetyan, T., (2019). "On terminology issues of the concept of deprivation of care of children", Banber, Yerevan University. Sociology, economy. 3 (30), 79-87.

    Karapetyan T. (2021). "Qualitative measures of family functions affecting child deprivation", Katchar Scientific Periodical, 2021/1, RA NAS, International Scientific-Educational Center, Yerevan, 151-169.

    Parsons, T., Platt, G. M., Jackson, T. (2013) The American University, Cambridge, MA, and London, England: Harvard University Press.

    Pratt, T. C., Gau, J. M., & Franklin, T. W. (2011). Key idea: Hirschi's social bond/social control theory. In Key ideas in criminology and criminal justice (pp. 55-70). SAGE Publications, Inc., DOI: 10.4135/9781483388045.n5

Theory of Sociology

  • Theory of Sociology

    Features and obstacles of creation and integration of knowledge in the field of military sociology

    Arevik Hambardzumyan
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    Abstract

    Military sociology is an important direction among middle-level theories in sociology, as it creates and integrates knowledge about such important areas of social reality as military forces and war, the relationship between society and the army, the causes and effects of war, and so on. But researchers in this area outline difficulties in the creation and integration of military sociological knowledge into the system of fundamental knowledge of sociology. The purpose of this article is to elucidate a discourse about the issue and the cause of the problem.

    References

    Harutyunyan L.(Ed., 2005) Razmakan sociologiya. Usumnakan nyuteri joghovacu. Yerevan, Yerevani hamalsarani hratarakchutyun.

    Bardiès L. (2017) French sociology and the military issue. An antipolitical tradition. In: Revue française de science politique, Volume 67, Issue 5, p. 879-898. DOI: 10.3917/rfsp.675.0879

    Biehl H., Giegerich B., Jonas A. (2013) Strategic Cultures in Europe Security and Defence Policies Across the Continent. Wiesbaden, Springer Fachmedien. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-658-01168-0

    Giroux H. A. (2008) The Militarization of US Higher Education after 9/11. Theory, Culture & Society, 25(5), p. 56-82. DOI: 10.1177/0263276408095216

    Heinecken L. (2015) The military, war and society: the need for critical sociological engagement. Scientia Militaria. South African Journal of Military Studies, 43(1), pp. 1-16. DOI: 10.5787/43-1-1107

    Malesevic S. (2010) How Pacifist Were the Founding Fathers? War and Violence in Classical Sociology. European Journal of Social Theory, 13(2), p. 193-212. DOI: 10.1177/1368431010362298

    Shaw M. (1991) Post Military Society: Militarism, Demilitarization, and War at the end of Twentieth Century. Temple University Press, U.S.A.

    Tiryakian E. A. (1999) War: The Covered Side of Modernity. International Sociology, 14(4), p. 473-489. DOI: 10.1177/0268580999014004006

  • Theory of Sociology

    On the Issue of Social Movement Definition

    Gayane Harutyunyan
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    Abstract

    The paper is a theoretical review of “social movement” term definitions. Aiming to show differences among definitions within different paradigms and scientific evolution of the term the main approaches of defining social movements are discussed. Initially, social movements were studied by psychologists, who were examining different forms of collective behavior, such as mobs, crowds, protests and etc. Most of them considered social movements as an irrational and destructive form of collective action driven by the instincts of people. During the next decades, the theory of social movements was developed mostly by sociologists who, on the contrary, started to seek social reasons inducing this type of collective action. Different theoretical schools proposed various concepts of explaining the origin of social movements, but all of them agreed on the main characteristics: rational and organized collective action driven by unfulfilled social needs. Different authors linked social movement definitions with other important social phenomena such as norms and values, social conflict, social identity, and social network. Political scientists have also contributed to the study of social movements but in terms of power and state, terrorism and violence. Discussing psychological, sociological, and political science approaches to term definition we came to the conclusion that the most inclusive sociological definition is viewing social movement as a social network through which collective action is performed to achieve total or partial social change. Such kind of definition makes it possible to reveal the main criteria necessary to distinguish social movement as a separate social phenomenon from other types of collective action.

    References

    Blumer, H. (1951) Collective Behavior: Principles of Sociology. Barnes & Noble.

    Castells, M. (1997) The Power of Identity (The information age: Economy, Society, and Culture). 2nd ed., A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

    Della Porta, D.; Diani, M. (2006) An introduction: Social movements. Second Edition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

    Diani, M. (1992) The concept of Social movement. The Sociological Review, Vol. 40, 1-25, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.1992.tb02943.x

    Diani, M. (2019) Unions as social movements or unions in social movements? In J. R. Grote, C. Wagemann (Eds.). Social movements and organized labour, (1st ed., pp. 23-27). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315609553-3

    Hunt, S.; Benford, R. (2004) Collective Identity, Solidarity, and Commitment. In: D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, H. Kriesi (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (pp. 433-457). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: 10.1111/b.9780631226697.2003.00020.x

    Horn, J. (2013) Gender and social movements: Overview report. Brighton.

    Lamas, A.T., Wolfson, T., Funke, P. (2017) The Great Refusal: Herbert Marcuse and Contemporary Social Movements. Temple University Press. Doi: 10.2307/j.ctvrdf2df

    Latour, B.; Milstein, D.; Marrero-Guillamón, I. (2018) Down to earth social movements: an interview with Bruno Latour. Social Movement Studies, 1-9. DOI: 10.1080/14742837.2018.1459298

    Martin, G. (2015) Understanding social movements. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203837092

    McAdam, D., McCarthy, J.D., Zald, M. N., (1988) Social movements in N.J. Smelser. (Eds. 695-737) Handbook of Sociology. Beverly Hills.

    McVeigh, R. (2009) The rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-wing movements and national politics. University of Minnesota Press.

    Millward, P., Takhar, Sh. (2019) Social movements, collective action and activism. Sociology Vol.53 (3), 1-12. DOI: 10.1177/0038038518817287

    Melucci, A. (1988). "Getting Involved: Identity and Mobilization in Social Movements". International Social Movements Research, Vol. 1, Jai Press Inc., 329-347.

    Meyer, D. S., Tarrow, S. (1998) Movement society: Contentious politics for a new century. Rowman and Littelfield Publishers.

    Nicholas, R. W. (1973) Social and Political Movements. Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol 2, 63-84. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.an.02.100173.000431

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    Touraine, A. (1985) An Introduction to the Study of Social Movements. Sociological Research, Vol. 52, № 4, 749-787.

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    Giddens, E. (2005) Sotsiologiya. Yeditorial URSS.

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Economic sociology

  • Economic sociology

    Working in the Sphere of Food Trade and Service in Armenia: Patterns of Precariousness

    Srbuhi Michikyan
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    Abstract

    The food trade and service sector is considered to be the most uncertain, with a strong expression of instability both worldwide and in Armenia. Currently, the term precariousness is widely used in the field to describe the uncertainty and risks in the field. Research on food trade and services in Armenia has been conducted recently, but there have been no sociological studies on patterns of precariousness in the field. The study of patterns of precariousness provides an in-depth look at sectoral uncertainty and risk in relation to broader social structures. The purpose of this article is to study the patterns of precariousness expressed in the field through secondary analysis, which will provide opportunities for deeper analysis in the future, emphasizing the expressions of social injustice and inequality.

    References

    Campbell I., Price R. (2016) "Precarious work and precarious workers: Towards an improved conceptualization", The Economic and Labour Relations Review. DOI: 10.1177/1035304616652074

    Gardawski J., Mrozowicki A., Trappmann V., Andrejczuk M., Burski J., Czarzasty J., Drabina-Różewicz A., Lorenzen J., Karolak M., Krasowska A., Neumann D., Seehaus A. (2020) "Young Precarious Workers in Poland and Germany. Insights into life strategies, political consciousness and activism"// Source: https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/dlibra/publication/115847/edition/107171?language=en

    Haydon D., Kumar N. (2020) "Industries Most and Least Impacted by COVID-19 from a Probability of Default Perspective - September Update". Source: https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/blog/industries-most-and-least-impacted-by-covid19-from-a-probability-of-default-perspective-september-2020-update

    Jonsson, I., Nyberg, A. (2010) "Sweden: precarious work and precarious unemployment" // in Gender and the contours of precarious employment. Vosko Working paper.

    Labor Code of the Republic of Armenia, date of adoption: 09․11․2004, (in Armenian)․ Source: https://www.arlis.am/documentview.aspx?docid=66489

    McGovern, P., Hill, S. and Mills, C. (2008) "Market, Class, and Employment", Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 3. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213375.001.0001

    McKay S., Jefferys S., Paraksevopoulou A., Kelesp J. (2012) "Study on Precarious work and social rights: Carried out for the European Commission", Working Lives Research Institute; Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities; London Metropolitan University

    Mikaelian, H. (2016) "Shadow economy in Armenia". Yerevan, Caucasus Institute

    Mkrtchyan A., Osipyan A., Sahakyan S. (2020) "Social, economic and legal manifestations of Covid-19 pidemic in the Republic of Armenia", Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, Yerevan State University; Yerevan (in Armenian)

    Rodgers J. Rodgers G. (1989) "Precarious Jobs in Labour Market Regulation: The Growth of Atypical Employment in Western Europe", International Institute for Labour Studies, Free University of Brussels

    Standing G. (2011) "The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class", Bloomsbury Academic, New York. DOI: 10.5040/9781849664554

    Vermishyan H., Michikyan S., Ghalamdaryan A., (2021) "Working conditions of employees in the field of food service and trade in Armenia", Armenian branch of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation (in Armenian)

    Vosko L, MacDonald M., Campbell I․ (eds) (2009) "Gender and the Contours of Precarious Employment". London: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203874424

    Vosko L․ (2010) "Managing the Margins: Gender, Citizenship, and the International Regulation of Precarious Employment". Oxford: Oxford University Press