Vol. 15 No. 1 (39) (2024)

View Vol. 15 No. 1 (39) (2024)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:F/2024.15.1
Published: 2024-07-10

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Political Sociology

  • Political Sociology

    SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WAR AND THEIR TRANSGENERATIONAL DIMENSION

    Kalina Yordanova
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    Abstract

    This paper is about the psychological effect of war. By the welding of the explanatory potential of psychoanalysis and anthropology, it argues that victims of armed conflict, particularly if protracted, construct a melancholic response (Yordanova, 2018). Often, people on the move are met with hostility by the host countries or may find themselves in the social periphery. This fosters ambivalence towards the new environment as an expression of vulnerabilities. The paper suggests an intergenerational aspect to the above dynamic, too. Children, exposed to violence, lack the emotional and cognitive maturity to grasp what they have lived through. Yet, overwhelmed with their own feelings of loss, their parents fail to help them deal with the trauma. Thus, children identify with the parents’ complicated grief and the assumption of an idealized pre-war past versus scarce future opportunities. Finally, the paper examines the intersections between individual war trauma, cultural memory and power dynamics in post-conflict societies. Using my field work in Sarajevo (2012, 2018), I argue that war survivors avoid the construction of a consistent war narrative in the first person because they need the state-recognized version of history to be re-written (Yordanova, 2015). The ambiguity of their experience in war, the inadequacy of language to convey horror, and the clash of private memories with the official discourse drive them to alternative forms of expression. Survivors and their children use art, humour, tattoos, scarring, and landscape to explain the war and get connected to each other. In the post-war environment, the narrative of veterans who were most exposed to warfare becomes muted in order not to challenge the political status-quo.

    References

    Antze, P and Lambek, M (Eds.). (1996). Tense Past: Cultural Essays in Trauma and Memory. New York; London: Routledge 331

    Atanesyan, A. V., Reynolds, B. M., & Mkrtichyan, A. E. (2023). Balancing between Russia and the West: the hard security choice of Armenia. European Security 33(2): 261-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2023.2258528

    Auerhahn, N C. and Laub, D. (1998). ‘The Primal Scene of Atrocity: The Dynamic Interplay Between Knowledge and Fantasy of the Holocaust in Children of Survivors’, Psychoanalytic Psychology 15: 360-377.

    Barocas, H A. and Barocas, C B. (1979). ‘Wounds of the Fathers: The Next Generation of Holocaust Victims’, International Review of Psycho-Analysis 6: 331-340

    Bion, W. R. (1961). Experiences in Groups, and Other Papers. London: Tavistock Publications 333

    Bloch, M. (2005). Essays on Cultural Transmission. Oxford: Berg

    Bos, P. R. (2003). ‘Positionality and Postmemory in Scholarship on the Holocaust’, Women in German Yearbook 19: 50-74

    Bourke, J. (1999). An Intimate History of Killing: Face To Face Killing In Twentieth Century Warfare, Basic Books

    Das, Veena. 2007. Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary. London: University of California Press

    Faimberg, H. (1988). ‘The Telescoping of Generations: Genealogy of Certain Identifications’, Contemporary Psychoanalysis (24): 99-117.

    Freud, S. (1917). ‘Mourning and Melancholia’. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (14): 237-258

    Kestenberg, J. (1980). ‘Psychoanalyses of Children of Survivors from the Holocaust: Case Presentations and Assessment’, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association (28): 775-804

    Klein, M. (1975) Love, Guilt and Reparation and Other Works (1921-45). London: Hogarth

    Klein, M. (1940) ‘Mourning and Its Relation to Manic Depressive States’, The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis (21): 125-153

    Klein, M. (1930) ‘The Importance of Symbol-Formation in the Development of the Ego’, The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis (11) :24-39.

    Laub, D. and Auerhahn, N. (1989). ‘Failed Empathy—A Central Theme in the Survivor's Holocaust Experience’, Psychoanalytic Psychology (6): 377-400 344

    Nordstrom, C and Martin, J. (Eds.). (1992). Paths to Domination, Resistance, and Terror. Oxford: University of California Press

    Robben, A. C.G.M. (2007). Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina. University of Pennsylvania Press

    Robben, A. C.G.M. 2005. ‘How Traumatized Societies Remember: The Aftermath of Argentina's Dirty War’, Cultural Critique (59): 120-164

    Robben, A. C.G.M. and Su’arez-Orozco, M. 2000. Cultures under Siege: Collective Violence and Trauma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

    Segal, H. (2007). Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Routledge

    Sluka, J. (2012). ‘Drones in the Tribal Zone: Virtual War and Losing Hearts and Minds in the Af-Pak War’, in War, Technology, Anthropology, edited by Koen Stroeken, Berghahn Books

    Volkan, V. D. (2001). ‘Transgenerational Transmissions and Chosen Traumas: An Aspect of Large-Group Identity’, Group Analysis (34): 79-97

    Yordanova, K. (2018). ‘Melancholic Response to War Destruction and the Emergence of a Group Assumption of Post-ness’. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1-16

    Yordanova, K. (2015). ‘Images of War: The Place of the War Past of the Parents in the Second Generation’s Identity’, Journal of Regional Security, 10 (1): 79-102

    Yordanova, K. (2015). ‘Second Generation’s Imagery of the Bosnian war (1992-5)’, The Anthropology of East Europe Review, 33 (1): 70-86

    Yordanova, K. (2012). ‘Transmission of Traumatic Experiences in the Families of War Survivors from Bosnia and Herzegovina’. Contemporary Issues 5(1): 52-60.

Sociology of Youth

  • Sociology of Youth

    THE STRUCTURE OF PATRIOTISM AS A UNIVERSAL VALUE IN THE SYSTEM OF VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF RUSSIAN STUDENTS AND ITS PRACTICAL PROJECTIONS

    Dmitry Chekmenev, Ekaterina Efimova, Elena Davydova
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    Abstract

    The article delves into the structural aspects of patriotism as a universal value within the value system of Russian student youth. It aims to pinpoint and analyze practical manifestations of patriotism among this demographic. The relevance of this study is underscored by several factors: the presence of various external threats that necessitate a strong societal cohesion, with patriotism serving as a key factor in achieving this; and the ongoing efforts in contemporary Russia to reinforce traditional values, including patriotism, making it crucial to understand how these values are embraced by student youth. The authors of the article aim to analyze the ways in which patriotic values are expressed among Russian student youth. They utilize empirical data gathered from completed questionnaires by first-year students who participated in the competition "Facts of Russian Statehood." By examining these materials, the researchers seek to identify and generalize the specific features of how patriotism is manifested among this demographic. The authors highlight the features of the patriotic manifestation among students in the content aspect (patriotism is a broad category), associative (patriotism is a multi-level concept), and activity (patriotism has a clear practical content).

    References

    Gorbunov, A.P. (2023). On the inevitability of the laws of social existence and the type of world order and globalization determined by them: or what are the true mission and strategic goals of Russia as a bearer of a special civilization. Vestnik Pyatigorskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Bulletin of Pyatigorsk State University), 1, pp. 9-29. (in Russ.).

    Lutovinov, V.I. (2013). Modern Russian patriotism: concept, features, main directions. Studia Humanitatis (Mezhdunarodnyj elektronnyj nauchnyj zhurnal) (Studia Humanitatis (International electronic scientific journal)), 2. Retrieved from https://st-hum.ru/content/lutovinov-vi-sovremennyy-rossiyskiy-patriotizm-sushchnost-osobennosti-osnovnye-napravleniya (in Russ.).

    Lykova, T.R. (2013). Analysis of the concept of “patriotism”: pedagogical aspect. Fundamental'nye issledovaniya (Fundamental Research), 11(4), pp. 778-782. (in Russ.).

    Matushkin, S.E. (2011). Education of patriotism as a pedagogical problem. Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Bulletin of Orenburg State University), 11(130), pp. 196-200. (in Russ.).

    Pashinyan, I.A. (2012). Content analysis as a research method: advantages and limitations. Nauchnye publikacii (Scientific publications), 3(9), pp. 13-18. (in Russ.).

  • Sociology of Youth

    CONCEPTUALIZING AND MEASURING ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF YOUTH INDEPENDENCE IN ARMENIA

    Marina Galstyan
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    Abstract

    As youth transition from childhood dependence to adult independence, various dimensions such as financial, economic, mental, daily life independence, and civic participation come into play. The methodology involves quantitative interviews, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, expert interviews, document analysis, and an academic literature review. The youth independence index encompasses financial independence, economic independence, mental independence, daily life independence, providing a comprehensive approach to understanding and measuring youth independence. Each sub-index is meticulously justified and evaluated using a variety of indicators. Analyzing data from 625 young people aged 18-35 in Armenia, the study reveals insights into the landscape of youth independence. Civic participation stands out as a key area for improvement, while mental and daily life independence demonstrate the highest levels. The analysis considers factors such as age, gender, education, and location, highlighting significant disparities and correlations. The article concludes with considerations for policy interventions and discussions on the representativeness of the chosen sub-indices. The comprehensive framework proposed in this research contributes valuable insights to the field of youth studies, offering a nuanced understanding of the dynamics of youth independence in Armenia.

    References

    Alwin, D. F. (1988). From Obedience to Autonomy: Changes in Traits Desired in Children, 1924-1978. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52(1), 33. doi:10.1086/269081

    Arnett, J.J. (1997). Young people's conceptions of the transition to adulthood. URL: http://jeffreyarnett.com/articles/arnett1997youngpeoplescon ceptionsofthetransitiontoadulthood.pdf

    Chisholm, L., Kovacheva, S., Merico M. (2011). European Youth Studies Integrating research, policy and practice. Deliverable 7.1 – M.A. EYS Reader, Innsbruck

    Cieslik, M., Simpson, D. (2013). Key concepts in youth studies. Los-Angeles: Sage.

    Catani C., (2018), “Mental Health of Children Living in War Zones: A Risk and Protection Perspective”, World Psychiatry, Vol. 17, No. 1․

    Escamilla A., Lonean I., Brazienė R., Petkovic S., (2021), Meta-analysis of research on the impact of Covid-19 on the youth sector․ https://pjp-eu.coe.int/documents/42128013/72351197/Meta-analysis-of-research-on-the-Impact-of-Covid-19-on-the-youth-sector.pdf/b174580e-4efb-8d02-5be2-c793d7f40b56

    Furlong, A. (2009). Handbook of youth and young adulthood. Roultledge, London-New York.

    Furlong, A. (2013). Youth Studies: An Introduction. USA: Routledge.

    Galstyan, M. (2022). Re-Conceptualising Youth: Theoretical Overview. Journal of Sociology: Bulletin of Yerevan University, 13(2 (36), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:F/2022.13.2.022

    Goodwin, J. and O'Conner, H. (2016). Norbert Elias's lost Research: Revisiting the young worker project. Routledge, Taylor and Frances Group, London and New York.

    Hromadžić, A․, (2015). Citizens of an empty nation: youth and state-making in postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Johnson MK, Berg JA and Sirotzki T (2007) Differentiation in self-perceived adulthood: Extending the confluence model of subjective age identity. Social Psychology Quarterly 70(3): 243–261.

    Jones, G. (2010). Key concepts: youth. Retrieved April 3, 2019 from: https://www. ukessays.com/essays/sociology/the-concept-of-youth-so-difficult-to-define-sociology-essay.php

    Kehily M.J. (2007). Understanding Youth: Perspectives, Identities and Practices. Milton Keynes: Open University Press

    Lee J and Mortimer JT (2009) Family socialization, economic self-efficacy, and the attainment of financial independence in early adulthood. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 1(1): 45–62.

    Manzoni, A. (2016). Conceptualizing and measuring youth independence multidimensionally in the United States. Acta Sociologica, 59(4), 362–377. doi:10.1177/0001699316653797

    Petkovic S., Ignatovich A., Galstyan M., (2019), YOUTH RESEARCH: THE ESSENTIALS, Council of Europe and European Commission․

    Silva JM (2012) Constructing adulthood in an age of uncertainty. American Sociological Review 77(4): 505–522.

    White NR (2002) ‘‘Not under my roof!’’: Young people’s experience of home. Youth & Society 34(2): 214–231.

    White NR (2002) ‘‘Not under my roof!’’: Young people’s experience of home. Youth & Society 34(2): 214–231.

    Корел Л. В. Социология адаптации: вопросы теории, методологии и методики, Новосибирск, 2005. - 424 с

Social Work and Social Technologies

  • Social Work and Social Technologies

    DEVELOPMENT OF PARENTING SKILLS IN A SCOPE OF GROUP SOCIAL WORK

    Anahit Sahakyan, Anna Voskanyan, Liana Mkrtchyan
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    Abstract

    Parenting skills play a crucial role in shaping children's development and well-being. This aticle presents a comprehensive review of the literature and research on the development of parenting skills, focusing on various factors influencing parenting practices, interventions aimed at enhancing parenting skills. In order to study the native experience of developing parenting skills, the program of group work implemented in 2022-2023 in "Shogh" community-based children's day centers operating under the Armenian Missionary Association of America (AMAA) was presented. The mission of the researched project was to form a conscious and positive approach to parenting in Armenia, and the goal was to develop the parenting knowledge and skills of parents of school-age children. For its evaluation, 2 main methods were used: "Before and after" evaluation and "The most significant change" survey, after which a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the obtained results was performed. The authors argue that a review of both theoretical and research literature indicate that the development of parenting skills has a direct impact on the child's socio-psychological development, on the dynamics of family relationships and, in general, on the child's well-being and social responsibility.

    References

    Barkley, R. A., Shelton, T. L., Crosswait, C., Moorehouse, M., Fletcher, K., Barrett, S., et al. (2000). Multi-method psycho educational intervention for preschool children with disruptive behavior: preliminary results at post-treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(3).

    Baumrind, D. (1991). The Influence of Parenting Style on Adolescent Competence and Substance Use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95.

    Bertin, A. (1992). Education in the Womb, or a Tale of Missed Opportunities (in Russian).

    Bowlby. (1976). Child Care and the Growth of Love (abridged & ed. Fry, M.).

    Braet, C., Meerschaert, T., Merlevede, E., Bosmans, G., Van Leeuwen, K., & De Mey, W. (2009). Prevention of antisocial behavior: evaluation of an early intervention programme. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(2).

    Brooks, J. B. (2012). The Process of Parenting (Ninth Edition). McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

    Daves, R., & Dart, J. (2005). The ‘Most Significant Change’ (MSC) Technique: A Guide to Its Use.

    Furlong, M., McGilloway, S., Bywater, T., Hutchings, J., Smith, S. M., & Donnelly, M. (2012). Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural group-based parenting programmes for early-onset conduct problems in children aged 3 to 12 years. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue2.

    Gardner, F., Burton, J., & Klimes, I. (2006). Randomised controlled trial of a parenting intervention in the voluntary sector for reducing child conduct problems: outcomes and mechanisms of change. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(11).

    Hutchings, J., Bywater, T., Daley, D., Gardner, F., Whitaker, C., Jones, K., et al. (2007). Parenting intervention in Sure Start services for children at risk of developing conduct disorder: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 334(7595).

    Li, P. (2024). 4 Types of Parenting Styles. Retrieved from https://www.parentingforbrain.com/4-baumrind-parenting-styles/ (Accessed on 15.03.2024, 16:00).

    Maccoby, E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the Context of the Family: Parent-Child Interaction. In P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology. New York: Wiley.

    McGilloway, S., Bywater, T., Ni Mhaille, G., Furlong, M., Leckey, Y., Kelly, P., et al. (2009). Proving the power of positive parenting: a randomised controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of the Incredible Years BASIC Parent Training programme in an Irish context (short-term outcomes). Report produced for Archways, Department of Psychology, NUI Maynooth, Ireland.

    Nesterova, E. A. (2005). Formation of Effective Parenthood through the Development of Personal Maturity of Parents of Primary School Children: Abstract of PhD Dissertation in Psychology (in Russian). Kazan.

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    Scott, S., Spencer, Q., Doolan, M., Jacobs, B., & Aspland, H. (2001). Multicentre controlled trial of parenting groups for childhood antisocial behaviour in clinical practice. BMJ, 323(7306), 194.

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  • Social Work and Social Technologies

    DRUG ABUSE AND VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN ALGERIA: THE CASE OF TEBESSA PROVINCE

    Khaoula Nachi, Kaltoum Messaoudi
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    Abstract

    The study discusses the phenomenon of drug abuse and its relationship to the spread of domestic violence directed against women and its impact on the lives of abused women in the state of Tebessa - Algeria. These actions are considered violations of a system of moral values that are unacceptable within society, because they have repercussions on its most important social system, which is the family. The study used the descriptive approach because it helps in understanding social phenomena in their natural context, as the phenomenon is documented and described in a detailed and accurate manner. The snowball sample was relied on, which represented a group of women who were exposed to various types of domestic violence resulting from drug abuse and practiced against them. The interview tool was relied upon to collect data and information. The results of the study showed that drug abuse is related to the spread of domestic violence against women, as this affects the quality of family life. Drug abuse is also considered one of the causes that contribute to the spread of violence against women, and has led to disturbance and disintegration of family relationships and ties. This requires combating the phenomenon of drug abuse, because eliminating it in turn includes eliminating all the various social phenomena within the social and family structure.

    References

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    Carlc.Bell. (2014). Community violence: causes, prevention, and intervention. journal of the national medical association, vol89, 659.

    Esther, G., & Adamec Christine. (2008). The encyclopedia of Drug Abuse (éd. 1st ed). Facts on File: New York.

    Gwinnell, E. (2008). The Encyclopedia of drug Abuse. 1st ed, 1. New York.

    Hamby, S. (2017, April). Editorial One defining Violence, and why it matters. Psychology of violence, vol 7, 168.

    Michaud. Y. (1978). Violence et politique. Paris : Gallimard.

    THotaura, S. (2014, March). Crime: A conceptual Understanding. Indian journal of Applied, vol 4(issue:3), 196.

    Mona Younis Bahri and Abdel Halim Qutaishat Nazik. (2011). Domestic Violence (1st Edition). Jordan: Dar Al-Safaa.

  • Social Work and Social Technologies

    A SHOCK-RESPONSIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEM: ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK

    Marine Yarmaloyan
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    Abstract

    The paper discusses the concept of a "shock-responsive social protection system", the main options for shock-responsive social protection: including design tweaks, piggybacking, horizontal and vertical expansions, and alignment. Some key criteria are discussed in terms of evaluating the ability of social protection system to respond to emergencies.  Some conclusions are presented as offers in terms of preparing for an effective response to shocks as well.

     

    References

    Rock, L., & Corbin, C. (2007). Social work students’ and practitioners’ views on the need for training Caribbean social workers in disaster management. International Social Work, 50(3), 383–394.

    Rosenfeld, L. B., Caye, J. S., Ayalon, O., & Lahad, M. (2005). When their world falls apart: Helping families and children manage the effects of disasters. Washington, DC: NASW Press.

    Healy, L. M. (2008). International social work. Professional action in an independent world. Second ed., Oxford University Press.

    Yarmaloyan M. (2016). The content of the term “social protection”: a categorial analysis. Bulletin of Yerevan State University. Sociology, Economics, 2 (20), pp. 21-27.

    Yarmaloyan M. (2018). The sociological approaches of exploring social protection system. Bulletin of Yerevan State University. Sociology, Economics. 2 (26), pp. 38-47.

    Devereux, S., Sabates-Wheeler, R. (2004). Transformative social protection. IDS Working Paper no. 232, Institute of Development Studies.

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    Beazley, R., Doyle, A., Hebbar, M., Seyfert, K., Carraro, L. (2020). Towards shock-responsive social protection: Lessons from the COVID-19 response in six countries. Towards shock-responsive social protection, Oxford Policy Management, Oxford.

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    Watson, C., Lone, T., Qazi, U., Smith, G., and Rashid, F. (2017). Shock- responsive social protection systems research: case study: Pakistan, Oxford Policy Management, Oxford, UK.

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    Preparing social protection systems for shock response. A case study of UNICEF’s experiences in Armenia, Retrieved from the https://www.unicef.org/eca/media/14826/file.

    European Commission. (2019). "Social Protection across the Humanitarian-Development Nexus: A Game Changer in Supporting People through Crises". Tools and Methods Series, No. 26. Retrieved from the https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/sp-nexus/documents/european-commission-2019-tools-and-methods-series-reference-document-no-26-social

Sociology of Management

  • Sociology of Management

    TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT AS A PRACTICE OF REPRODUCTION OF THE SOCIAL SPACE. TERRITORIAL MANAGEMENT IN THE SPHERE OF SOCIAL-SPATIAL PLANNING, SPATIAL ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL

    Vahan Yengidunyan
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    Abstract

    Interactions between society and social spaces due to the continuous increase in the complexity of social relations are subjected to permanent reinterpretations. In this context, the previous mechanisms of development and reform of spaces are being replaced by more systematic and multi-vector practices. Currently, socio-spatial planning approaches are considered the most applicable in the context of spatial development and reform, which, based on the representativeness of planning processes and decision-making, offer an effective toolkit for the interaction of society, the expert community and state institutions. At the same time, however, emphasizing the need to ensure the technical standards of spatial reform, strictly professional processes of reform are relatively separated, placing them under the system of spatial organization. The engagement of the professional community, state institutions and society in the process of spatial reforms inevitably leads to the formation of a specific role-status decision-making system, where each subject is endowed with a certain right to make decisions and the power. In this way, the interactions between place leadership and process management emerge, which as a result reproduce the existing system of spatial control. As it becomes clear from the analysis of approaches related to spatial reform, there is a comprehensive system of knowledge on socio-spatial planning, spatial organization and control, but there is a lack of knowledge in the context of highlighting the interrelationships between the above-mentioned concepts, which is also a consequence of not considering the mentioned components in one general conceptual unit. In the framework of this work, an attempt is made to overcome this limitation by offering a new approach to the concept of territorial management (which is already in use) as a practice combining the components of socio-spatial planning, spatial organization and control of spatial reform, within the context of which a new definition of territorial management is also given.

    References

    Achmani, Y., Vries, W. T. D., Serrano, J., & Bonnefond, M. (2020). Determining Indicators Related to Land Management Interventions to Measure Spatial Inequalities in an Urban (Re)Development Process. Land, 9(11), 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9110448

    Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A Ladder Of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366908977225

    Bertaud, A. (2003). Metropolis: A Measure of the Spatial Organization of 7 Large Cities. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238775276_Metropolis_A_Measure_of_the_Spatial_Organization_of_7_Large_Cities

    Bosher, L., & Chmutina, K. (2017). Disaster Risk Reduction for the Built Environment (1st ed.). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119233015

    CARE International. (2022). Framework of Milestones and Indicators for Community-Based Adaptation (p. 19). CARE Climate Change. https://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-CARE-Framework-of-Milestones-and-Indicators-for-CBA-Copy.pdf

    Colledge, M., Parker, C., Sonderland Saga, R., & Kalendides, A. (2022). Place Leadership in English Local Authorities: A critical success factor for vital and viable high streets (p. 26) [Research Report]. Manchester Metropolitan University, New York University. https://squidex.mkmapps.com/api/assets/ipm/place-leadership-in-english-local-authorities-hstf.pdf

    Crespo, J. L., & Cabral, J. (2010). The institutional dimension to urban governance and territorial management in the Lisbon metropolitan area. Análise Social, 45(197), 639–662.

    Davern, M., Gunn, L., Whitzman, C., Higgs, C., Giles-Corti, B., Simons, K., Villanueva, K., Mavoa, S., Roberts, R., & Badland, H. (2017). Using spatial measures to test a conceptual model of social infrastructure that supports health and wellbeing. Cities & Health, 1(2), 194–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2018.1443620

    Delaney, D. (2009). Territory and Territoriality. In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 219–231). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10996-5

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