Vol. 20 No. 1-2 (20) (2016)

Understanding verbal art is a complicated and multifarious phenomenon. The present paper is devoted to the study of some problems related to certain cases of using cultural foreign words, which are revealed due to the application of the contrastive method of analysis. By the application of the method of linguopoetic confrontation of the original and the translated versions of a work of verbal art an attempt is made to identify transliterations of cultural foreign words not having their equivalents in English or French cultures. The usage of cultural foreign words in a work of fiction ensures a global aesthetic impact on the reader.

Philosophy and terminology, semantics and lexicography all study definition as a key concept. Each of these disciplines approaches the concept from a different angle. However, it is the comprehensive knowledge of all these aspects that reveals the essence of definition and leads to its creditable study. The present paper is an attempt to examine some of the focal philosophical ideas on the notion of definition. Since ancient times the process of defining definition has been a strenuous task and not all the theories proposed by philosophers were justified, yet each of them suggested a unique approach to the concept of definition and contributed to the development of the general theory.

Synaesthesia is a genuine perceptual phenomenon and may provide a window into perception, thought and language. In the paper an attempt is made to show, that verbal synaesthesia in poetic text is understood as co-experience of a reader with the author based on the inner-sensitive associations of multi-sensible verbal units (words, phoneme, rhyme, alliteration, etc.). The paper focuses on the aspect of verbal synaesthesia in E.A.Poe’s poems. The complex analysis of textual associative connections, that were stimulated with the help of phonetic structure of the Poe’s poetic text, revealed that synaesthesia is closely connected with the specific character of the author’s idiostyle.

The paper touches upon the notion of synonymy in English. Special attention is paid to the role of context in classification of synonymous words. The study is mainly based on the differences of semantic and syntactic character to show how a particular context requires the usage of a corresponding word.

The present paper is an attempt to study the Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in President of Russian Federation Vladimir Putin’s speech on March 18, 2014 announcing the reunion of the Crimea with the Russian Federation, and President of the USA Barack Obama’s reaction to the issue two days later on March 20, 2014. The research focuses on how much these speeches have been expressive-emotive-evaluative and persuasive for their audiences, proceeding from statements put forward in Aristotle’s rhetorical theory, and taking into consideration the positive and negative impacts these speeches might have made on the listeners.

The paper deals with the most frequently used stylistic devices by O. Wilde, namely simile, epithets, metaphor, metonymy, paradoxes. Some of his tales and the novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray” have been analyzed. Special attention is paid to the translation of these devices into Armenian, because translation reveals all the nuances and emotional colourings hidden in them.

The paper deals with the study of understanding as mental movement. Taking into account the component of vertical movement in the semantics of these verbs, the the deictic center in the mental movement is located via markers denoting the depth of understanding. Hence, the deictic character of the verbs is grounded.

The paper is devoted to the study of correlation between the two processes: those of understanding and revealing the truth. It is shown that understanding is closely related to and interconnected with the concepts of truth and depth. It is presented as an expression of cognitive metaphor being based on the physical experience of movement and the ability of seeing/perceiving.

The present paper studies different interpretations of epithet in modern linguistics. Historical reference is made to the theories of epithet in the works of some ancient rhetoricians and of literary critics. The paper also examines the distinctive features between epithet and grammatical attribute with an attempt to distinguish the two linguistic phenomena and to determine the boundaries between them. The theoretical basis for the paper is provided by prominent Armenian, Russian and Spanish linguists in the field.

The paper discusses the interdisciplinary nature of simile as the focal components of cognition. Simile as a figurative expressive means in language reflects the similarities and differences of the extralinguistic realia in the paradigm of objective reality, thinking, logic and language. An attempt is made to present simile within the framework of different disciplines, such as linguistics, literary criticism, philosophy and psychology, as well as to discuss its role in the realm of tropes and figures of speech.

The paper discusses linguistic features of comic books and the challenges the translator might face. The text of the comics has not been thoroughly studied yet and deserves a special attention. Being a combination of text and image they are popular in the West; however, they are relatively new in Armenia. The paper is an attempt to analyse the text of the comic books from the point of view of its translatability. The analysis shows that linguistic features of the text cannot be ignored. The main difficulty of translation is the limited space, as well as the fact that very often translators may not be familiar with the original scenario, as the text to be converted into an image is not published. Therefore, the knowledge of extralinguistic factors becomes more important when doing such translations.

The present paper deals with such an important linguistic and psychological phenomenon as the problem of the relationship between colour perception and colour names. On the basis of linguistic and linguo-psychological theories, the linguo-psychological mechanism of common biological perceptions of colour names and their qualitative differences in different cultures are studied. The analysis is carried out within the framework of the theories of linguistic universality and linguistic relativity. The peculiarities of Armenian are also taken into account within the context of the above mentioned theories.

The paper presents a brief history of formation of the theory of intercultural communication – a relatively young branch of science. Special attention is paid to the major issues of intercultural communication and basic directions of research in this field, to the principles of linguistic determinism and relativism, to the main levels of analysis of culture in the American Communication Studies, etc. The author brings to light such new areas of the theory of intercultural communication as cultural imperialism, globalization of culture, media ecology.

The present paper aims at studying the concept “freedom” in J. Fowles’ individual style based on the analysis of the novel “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”. The linguo-stylistic analysis of the novel makes it possible to single out a number of stylistic devices – tropes and nonce-words – underlying the concept of “freedom”, which reveal the peculiarities of J. Fowles’ individual style. The concept of “freedom” is verbalized in the novel by various explicit and implicit language means which disclose the author’s individual perception and interpretation of the concept of “freedom”.

In this paper an attempt is made to discuss netspeak (introduced by D. Crystal; the words, abbreviations, etc. that people use when communicating on the Internet), which has become a new linguistic variety on the basis of its standard counterpart. The language of the Internet constitutes a new hybrid form of language, which draws upon features of both spoken and written language in order to form a new variety of language which is best suited to communicate within the demands of the new medium. Therefore, the Internet has permitted language to evolve a new medium of communication, different in fundamental respects from traditional oral and written forms of discourse.

The language of the Internet undergoes modifications in different aspects: vocabulary, text formation, communication strategy, etc. Different tendencies such as deviation from general spelling rules, the usage of contracted word forms, the use of colloquialism in speech, simplification of grammatical structures and lingiuistic means are revealed. The Internet users gradually modify the language thus creating new linguistic forms which penetrate into real life from virtual communication.

The ideology of change characterizes science fiction and is an important factor in ensuring the realization of the rational and expressive features of the genre. The paper studies the ideology of change as a basis for science fiction expressed both in theoretical definitions of the genre and in discourse conditioning the creation of the unique world of science fiction.

No functional style of language is monolithic: each has its substyles. From this perspective, colloquial French stands out with its various unique attributes. It is a multi-level system, which has found its bright expression in the phraseological units. These units are characterized by a unique verve and expressiveness, which is typical of the given substyle, and make up the inseparable part of the general reserve of French phrases, thus, enriching it with various colourful shades.

The present paper studies the role of silence in communication. Its specific features are revealed in communication, both verbally and non-verbally. People use various non-verbal means as symbolic elements. These non-verbal means have different significations: they can be expressed in mimic behaviour and gestures. The role of silence as a non-verbal means of communication is of great importance, as it conveys information that is not expressed verbally and varies according to the context: it may express different emotions like happiness, anger, expectation, astonishment, agreement, etc. The study comes to prove that in some cases silence may be used intentionally for emphasizing the implicit meaning of the message, which is revealed in macro-context.

The paper introduces the best and the largest dictionaries published in the diaspora in the 20th century which played a great role in preserving the Armenian language. Special attention is paid to the new terms and their Armenian equivalents which appeared as a result of the development of new technologies and sciences.

The paper deals with some problems concerning the biblical language layers and their linguostylistic peculiarities in Lord Byron’s mystery “Cain”. In particular, it is stated, that as an integral part of “Cain” biblical language layers as well as their poetic transformations are important means of expressing the poet’s ideas and aesthetic views, of revealing his self-consciousness and world perception in general. In this respect, the notion of “allusive figures of speech” is introduced as a specific type of allusion and an expressive means intended to create imagery.

This paper is devoted to the consideration of the questions connected with the definition of the category of emotiveness. It focuses on different methods applied to the study of emotions from communicative, anthropocentic, psycolinguistic, semantic and cognitive standpoints. The paper touches upon the emergence and some contemporary problems of emotionology. The author analyzes various approaches to studying the category of emotivity and states the difference between the terms emotionalness and emotivity.

The development of cultural awareness in Iranian high school English classes has been one of the major problems of language learning in Iran. Actually most of our students do not have any clear knowledge about the culture of the people whose language they learn. The fact that as time passes the intercultural communication between this generation of students and the English language communities will become weaker and weaker in future. Their ability to express themselves in the English language fluently after studying English at school for six years seems not to be satisfactory. It seems that it is partly due to the textbooks used, and partly to the kinds of instruction, procedures and techniques used for teaching English as a foreign language at high schools. In this paper the researcher has taken an analytic look at the course objectives and English language textbooks written for the high school students by carefully analyzing the content of high school English textbooks prepared and published by the Ministry of Education in Iran.

Listening skills are essential for learning languages since they enable students to acquire insights and information, and to achieve success in communicating with others. Life within and outside classroom offers many listening opportunities, but some students fail to seize them because they may concentrate on what they want to say themselves rather than on what a speaker is saying. Listening can be crucial in some situations and it is important that EFL learners develop their listening skills. The aim of this article is to highlight the problems that may interfere with listening comprehension and to suggest some solutions to them.
To facilitate listening tasks and improve the learners' listening skills the teachers should enhance their positive attitude, train them to be responsive and listen for the speaker's purpose, evaluate the supporting materials and look for non-verbal clues.
Not all the tips mentioned above can be followed and not all the problems can be overcome. But if the teacher provides the students with suitable listening materials, background and linguistic knowledge, it will enable them to develop their listening skills and help with EFL comprehension and acquisition.

Communicating in a foreign language is a real challenge to most Armenian learners. There are two types of learners: those who do not attempt to speak because they are afraid of making mistakes and those who are daring enough to communicate despite plenty of errors. Another challenge is that the speaking skill is largely used in academic and occupational spheres. Consequently, the goal of the teacher is to help the students to master the art of everyday conversation on a par with the technical language. How to develop the speaking skill in both types of learners and for both purposes will be the focus of this paper.

The paper touches upon the role of computer technologies in developing individual’s creative abilities. Computer graphics is a new branch of art and a working tool in the hands of a painter-decorator. Taking into consideration the fact that the language of computer graphic programs is not Armenian, the importance of learning foreign languages is quite obvious.

The present paper discusses some methods of teaching vocabulary. Vocabulary is an indispensable part of any language. It serves as a means of conveying information when communicating. Wrong use of the vocabulary may result in misunderstanding. The use of contemporary methods alongside with the traditional ones can create a student-oriented classroom. Good knowledge of vocabulary plays a great role in developing professional skills and motivates students to participate in classroom discussions. The teacher manages to organize an effective classroom, when he or she considers the individual needs of students in a given group.

The present paper examines the role of translation in foreign language teaching. It observes various didactic methods of using translation to develop students’ translation skills and improve the foreign language teaching/learning process, as well as solve various problems of cross-cultural and cross-linguistic communication through the appropriate didactic approach and efficient use of translation.

The present paper touches upon the practical use of translation in the English language teaching and presents the results of the research carried out in at the faculty of Romance and Germanic Philology of Yerevan State University. The study shows that translation process can largely be used as a pedagogical tool: translation activities are very important in helping learners to acquire, develop and strengthen their language skills: speaking, listening, reading, writing, as well as vocabulary and grammar.

The paper is an overview of two new methods of teaching Italian. Special attention is paid to the communicative method and the use of new technologies in the teaching process. The type of activities used in language teaching process are focused on the development of vocabulary. They also develop communicative competence and make language teaching more effective.

The aim of the present paper is to consider the peculiarities of applying communicative principles in the process of creating English textbooks to favour the development of learners' linguistic and communicative competence. From the point of view of communicative approach to foreign language teaching it is important not only to understand the functional meanings of the linguistic units, but also to express them in the appropriate contexts.

The present paper touches upon the main aspects of practising role plays in Business English classroom. Role play has proved to be an efficient means of improving oral speech in general and development of communicative skills, team work, creativity, etc. in particular. The technique discussed can easily and successfully be applied in different teaching environments though we have mainly focused on Business English.

The aim of the paper is to study the efficiency of the use of various methods in the process of teaching cross-cultural communication. An attempt is made to develop such forms and methods that will help the students not only to communicate with English-speaking students, but also to understand foreign culture and its linguistic manifestations.

The paper discusses some aspects of teaching the course of Business English in the framework of necessary changes to foreign language teaching practices in higher education. The concept of Business English teaching is viewed within the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) approach. The specific features of the course are described with regard to both developing academic skills and shaping professional business communication competencies of the future specialists.

The paper studies the ways of teaching some phonetic peculiarities of Spanish, particularly the pronunciation of Spanish sounds, dypthongs, triptongs, synalefs, etc., which can cause difficulties for the Armenian native speakers. The interactive Jigsaw technique is an effective tool for obtaining the desired results in the teaching process. The use of didactic material (listening materials, video materials) is a necessary condition for creating an effective classroom. In order to organize a student-oriented classroom it is of great importance to guarantee a free psychological atmosphere in which students will be incented to participate actively in the learning process.

The paper focuses on different means and ways of developing oral speech skills. The fact is that the student may master the language in terms of its grammar and vocabulary, but have many problems in communication. Special attention is paid to the role of the dialogue in teaching English as a foreign language: in particular it helps to improve the students’ skills for professional communication.

The present paper discusses the typical features of academic novel in modern American and European, specifically British literatures referring to the works published in the last two decades. Subtypes and subgenres of academic novel are discussed together with specific thematic features of American and British academic novels. Issues such as gender and racial discrimination in academic novels and cultural wars are also under consideration.

The paper is devoted to the American literature at the beginning of the 20th century. The trend of critical realism and the genre of social novel are studied here. The paper is organized on the basis of comparison between the three authors – Theodore Dreiser, John Steinbeck and Sinclair Lewis. The latter is always in the centre of the analysis as highlighted in the title.

In the novel “God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater” the protagonist turns into a person skeptically predetermined for the “American Dream” and the future of America. In this paper, an attempt is made to reveal the reason why the moral values and principles of the protagonist are to collide with the generally accepted system of values. By means of а retrospective study of cause and consequences, we try to reveal the real motivation of Eliot’s behavior, the unprecedented expiration of love and compassion towards others.

Appearing in the literary world in the 30-s of the 20th century W. Saroyan demonstrated a new and original approach in revealing the American reality of his time and generally the inner world of the man. He succeeded to make profound observations and come to significant conclusions through something very personal and seemingly unimportant. Chronologically there are no strict demarcations of different genres in his works but the autobiographical element is always present both implicitly and explicitly. The collection of stories “My name is Aram” is viewed in the paper. In comparatively later period of Saroyan’s writing career the autobiographical element gained its more complete reflection in his diverse authobiographical prose.