Vol. 21 No. 2 (23) (2017)

The paper aims to present a thorough study of English reflexive pronoun invariants in the Internet genre "Social media". Today the development of telecommunication has drastically reshaped our ideas of speech genres. The advent of digital technologies has made social media become an integral and unique platform of everyday communication. Millions of speakers all over the world are actively engaged in virtual communication. The immediacy and freedom of expression on different platforms of social media make a room for users to create new grammatical and lexical deviations of reflexive pronouns which over the time have led the English language to changes.

The present paper has a specific aim of focusing on the ways of manifestation and patterns of politeness implicatures as well as of its particular case implicature. The term implicature is something meant, implied, or suggested distinct from what is said. The notions of politeness and implicature are key concepts in the field of pragmatics. Politeness implicatures arise in conversation, and they are not simply indirect meanings arising from recognition of speaker intentions by hearers, but rather arise from joint, collaborative interaction between speakers and hearers. Among linguistic researches regarding the strategical aspects of communication: communicative, rhetorical, pragmatic, the strategies of politeness are the most important.

The aim of this paper is to study public service advertisements (PSAs) from the perspective of manipulative techniques applied as well as seeking to answer the question to what extent are PSAs manipulative. PSAs are broadly defined as non-commercial advertisements and as such they are considered to belong to advertising discourse. In its turn advertising discourse makes use of wide range of argumentative and manipulative techniques. Moreover, PSAs are aimed at educating, informing, raising public awareness on current issues within society, therefore serving public interests, whereas manipulative discourse is considered to serve the interests of the manipulator against the interests of the manipulated. Hence, the question to what extent PSAs can be considered manipulative needs clarification. Drawing on the theories of several linguists, an attempt is made to view PSAs from the perspective of manipulative discourse theories and reveal some of the manipulative techniques applied in print PSAs.

The use of N+N juxtapositional structures, along with the traditionally existing prepositional syntagmas, reveals the peculiar semantic, stylistic and functional features. It is known that the attributive function of a noun is first and foremost assigned to the adjective, but in French a noun can also assume the function of an adjective. The abundance of the structures under study can be explained by the tendency of simplification of a linguistic sign in modern French, by the typical fast pace of life and by the demand of minimum effort while communicating.

In the given paper an attempt is made to define the notion of business discourse, to reveal its linguistic and extralingusitic characteristics as well as to study its structure, aim, functions and types. Regarding business discourse as a twofold communicative interaction importance is given not only to the professional knowledge of communicators but to their speech formation and listening comprehension skills as well. The latter are the key factors of successful business discourse.

The strato-ontic study of the language has plausibly taken root in the Armenian linguistics over the last decades. The generic nature of such a study enables it to be used for different languages. On the one hand, the modelling and stratification of units up to the over-utterance stratum seem objectively easy, on the other hand, it is challenging to perform the same actions for the uppermost unit, that on the over-utterance stratum, i.e. the text, due to its volume and multifaceted nature. The object of the study is a section of an epic representation of a biblical narrative, which we have studied in terms of Ed. Atayan's strato-ontic view of the language.

The present paper, based on the classification suggested by the French linguist P. Sharodo, studies the linguistic means of expression of the text modality taking it as the main means for the development of text cohesion. The author of the article «Rex et Brumaire, ensemble» strictly criticizes the extreme approaches and calls for comprehensive analysis of the urgent issues taking into consideration all the past experience. The underlined deontic modality on the individual level of structural units of the text is expressed with the help of external and internal modalizers, such as adjectives with connotative meaning, the semantic polyphony of elliptical structures, rhetorical questions, as well as the contextual synonymy of personal pronouns ils=nous and on=nous.

Depending upon numerous situations people vary the tempo of their speech. If we want the information to fully and completely, without being distorted, reach the addressee, special attention should be paid to the correct application of it. In this respect, great importance is attached to lectures which directly deal with spoken communication. Through lectures, it becomes possible to show how vital the role of the speech tempo is in transferring and perceiving the information.

Many nations share similar proverbs, however, all of them are anchored in a specific culture. Similarly, the legacy of Spanish proverbs is inherent only to Spanish people. From this perspective Cervantes’ works, especially “Don Quixote”, stand out with their richness of proverbs and sayings. The present paper focuses on six techniques of translating proverbs and sayings, each of which uniquely helps the author preserve the form and idea of the original text. The analysis of “Don Quixote’s” Armenian translations indicate that the Armenian translators used mainly either usual or occasional calque. In case of general proverbs and sayings the translators succeeded only in partial preservation of the proverbial equivalence, however, in case of Spanish national proverbs the translators mainly failed to highlight and transfer the characteristics of national identity.

The paper focuses on intratextual relations between linguistic and iconic units within print PSA. Due to intratextuality, iconic and linguistic units merge within advertisement creating one text. Moreover, iconic and linguistic messages lose their meaning without this correlation. Intratextual relations contribute to the fulfillment of illocutionary and perlocutionary functions of advertisement.

In many languages the main ways of word-formation are derivation, abbreviation and word-compounding. The paper studies the substantivization of adjectives in Armenian, Russian, Latin and English. The latter are examined as standard phenomena and as one of the ways of realization of the main functions of language; several classifications are suggested. It is stated, that in the case of non-linear word-formation the substantivization of adjectives depends on some specific features, characteristic of the grammatical structure of these languages.

The present paper is devoted to the problems related to the perception and the analysis of poetic text in the context of the theories of representatives of West European linguistics and semiotics. The research has an objective to highlight the study of the meaning and the role of subjective functions of the text perception in different stages of the reading.

The present paper considers the characteristics of the author’s style through the imagery of comparative constructions. It focuses on the features of the individual imagery comparisons, as well as the internal and external factors that shape the author’s individual style. From the interdisciplinary point of view, different interpretations of the artistic image and word picture are being analyzed.

Economic events are dynamic phenomena that proceed according to some frame-scenario, which contains nuclear and alternative slots filled with data for an adequate perception of events. Nuclear slots are those of agent, change, time and place, whereas alternative information is provided by the slots of recipient, cause, effect, prediction, and evaluation. The analysis illustrates that for appropriate understanding of economic events besides nuclear slots it is necessary that some alternative slots be activated to provide the reader with relevant information. It should also be mentioned that memory plays an essential role in the process of economic event cognitive modeling.

The main purpose of this paper is to present the expression of subjectivity of parts of speech in the means of discourse media discourse. Different parts of speech: the noun, the adjective, the verb, and the adverb can express subjectivity. A media message includes the relation of modality and point of view, and when expressing the subjectivity of the message, as a rule, it expresses “emotional” and “estimating” relation. Linguistic units expressing “emotionality”, to a greater extent, include the meaning of value rather than of an estimation.

The research touches upon the use of emoticons in the virtual environment. Emoticons, being one of the crucial components of electronically mediated discourse, may carry out a wide range of functions. In Electronically Mediated Communication (EMC), emoticons substitute both paralinguistic and non-verbal means and governed by the communicative situation can express different connotative meanings. In the broad sense of the word, emoticons and Graphics Interchange Format (GIFs) convey the interlocutors’ emotional state.

The paper deals with the study of repeated words and structures in the monologue of one of the characters of William Faulkner’s “The Sound and the Fury”. A range of functions of repetitions are highlighted (from the repetition of single lexical units to the repetition of whole syntactical structures), each of them being referred to as a specific technique for verbalizing the characteristics of stream of consciousness.

The issue of the origin of phraseological units is focal in linguistics, however it has not been studied thoroughly. Although linguists have addressed this issue in their works, the latter are typically restricted to common remarks only or, at best, they merely present a brief overview of the origin of idioms. The present paper studies the characteristic features of the lexical and phraseological stock of the French language from the genetic perspective. Based on a number of linguistic facts and statistical data, an attempt is made to reveal the difference between the “specific weight” of lexical and phraseological units of Latin origin.

The paper deals with the interpretation of the means of the category of negation at the derivational level of German and Armenian. They are the negative prefixes and suffixes (in Armenian also some morphemes with the negative meaning). The most productive means of negation at the mentioned level is the prefix un- in German and ան- in Armenian, whereas the other affixes are considered non-productive and at the modern stage of language development can rarely make new words. The paper also examines the syntactical functions of the mentioned affixes. Both in German and in Armenian they can be used as the means of expression of general and partial negative meaning.

The process of globalization has gained great importance in recent years. Intercultural legal communication takes place between different legal systems in different languages, and such communication generally has a clearly defined purpose. This paper is aimed at presenting some issues that arise in the process of intercultural communication between different legal systems. Legal translation is the primary means of cross-cultural legal communication. The paper focuses on some translation peculiarities that play a crucial role in the international legal practice.

The paper is devoted to the study of linguistic and structural peculiarities of a diplomatic note. Three types of diplomatic note are discussed: a personal note, a verbal note and a circular note that are widely used in diplomatic relations between states. Diplomatic notes convey different content: statement of facts, fulfilment of obligations, expression of position, etc. From the linguostylistic point of view, diplomatic notes are characterised by formality and clarity, a special set of linguistic units, clichés and polite expressions.

The paper deals with the category of retrospection as a means of temporal development of the intra-textual mechanism. Both types of retrospection – intra-textual and extra-textual are analyzed in the paper as mutually supportive and interdependent categories.
Special attention is paid to the functions, the extra-textual category performs for textual temporal design: formation of different types of information (factual and conceptual) within the text, author's modality and model meaning exposure and the establishment of certain connection in-between the intra-textual retrospection and extra-textual socio-historical actual facts.

The present paper addresses the issue of pronouns as a separate part of speech. Proceeding from the morphological and functional inhomogeneity of this class of words as well as the lack of common categorial meaning the paper questions the status of pronouns as a part of speech.

The aim of the paper is to provide with insights those young teachers who, in the course of their work, happen to participate in face-to-face discussions on various aspects of The Armenian Genocide with their philology, history and communication students. Very often the latter appear to interpret for foreigners, to share or exchange ideas with visitors who lack the knowledge of ‘The Armenian Genocide’. Students often have to deal with genocide documentation texts in English while translating, doing linguistic and statistic analyses and investigation. In the framework of the linguocognitive approach the text of non-fiction requires new and wider interpretation. The text which is regarded as a form of reflection of the knowledge about the world is viewed upon as a means of study of the existing knowledge and standpoints. Applying the linguocognitive approach to the texts with the common concept ‘The Armenian Genocide’ as the basic unit of the text will help both the teachers and philology and communication students to obtain thorough insights on the matter which will enable them to come up with fresh solutions to the teaching and interpreting the matter.

The present paper presents the implementation process of ESP course design “English for Marketing Specialists” in Armenia. Due to the perceived needs of the target audience, specific topics have been chosen to match the students’ professional interests. The paper shows the whole process of the course implementation trying to provide recommendations for those trainers who are intended to design English courses for marketing specialists.

The aim of the article is to examine internationally recognized theoretical and practical aspects of ESP such as the role of the teacher in ESP courses, internationally accepted methods and approaches, learning plan based on those approaches. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates the productivity of the applied approaches in twenty-one-hour course “English for Marketing specialists”.

The paper touches upon the features of Iris Murdock’s works, particularly, the role and the functions of the actings in the author's late novels. It reveals one of the most important features, that characterizes all these works, i.e. the acknowledgment of the impossibility of perceiving the world. An attempt is made to identify postmodern features of the characters in her late novels, such as the multiple reinterpretation of reality at different levels, interweaving structure of texts in literary and cultural elements of the past eras. The author’s desire to preserve the traditional features of English literature, i.e. harmony, objectiveness, didacticism, is emphasized. These specific features of postmodern and traditional principles make Iris Murdock’s later novels unique.

The present paper discusses the peculiarities of king characters in fairy tale dreams in an attempt to demonstrate the role that they play in the text structure. Also, an analysis has been carried out into the dreams sent to fairy tale kings for the purpose of elucidating their functions and stylistic features. There are many examples of kings reigning over dream realms such as L. Carroll’s King of Hearts as well as the Red and White Kings. The central topic of O. Wilde’s “Young King”, meanwhile, is the youthful ruler’s self-transformation through dreams.

The paper is dedicated to the study of the famous American writer Ernest Hemingway’s peculiar creative invention, i. e. “Iceberg theory”. It concludes that the theory invented by the writer, which is also known as “theory of omissions” enables the writer to transmit to the reader his own ideas by minimum and accurate usage of stylistic devices. This theory is also notable from the perspective of the author’s stylistic skillfulness: an author must possess as vast knowledge as possible in order to transmit to the reader the least and essential part of it and give the latter an opportunity to fill in the missing parts.