Vol. 22 No. 1 (24) (2018)

Nonce (occasional) words have mainly been studied as means to solve immediate problems of communication in spoken language and as stylistic devices in written language. Obviously, little attention has been paid to their specific role in oral communication while the research of occasional words in real interpersonal communication reveals the dynamic tendency of language development. The present paper is an attempt to reveal structural, semantic and pragmatic features of occasional words taken from live communication. It is based on the study of a set of occasional words that reveal the daily changes in the language and the role of those words in oral speech.

This paper deals with the issue of translating English adjectival set expressions with a special intensifier into Armenian and Russian. The research is based upon the study of nearly 80 English collocations, which have been classified according to the degree of lexical and grammatical equivalence. The equivalents in the three languages are compared and alternative ways of translation are presented. The authors conclude that, dealing with adjectival set expressions with a special intensifier in English, Armenian and Russian, there cannot be any one particular approach to translating. The translator is to consider the target culture’s customs and beliefs and choose the most effective method of conveying vivid foreign images into the target language using the expressive means available.

The paper touches upon some issues connected with cognitive characteristics of English neologisms with special reference to the processes of generating a new linguistic sign. Some factors (such as different associations, folk etymology) which precondition the outer sound form of a newly emerging word are examined. Associations play a great role in the processes when a proper noun becomes a common noun – a phenomenon which is illustrated with the help of the descriptivist and the causal theories. Special attention is paid to blending as one of the most productive word-formation means in contemporary English in the light of conceptual blending theory, suggested by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner.

The rhetoric clauses are an inseparable part of the workart and the language, in general. They are available in almost all languages but not always can be maintained in the same form while transferring from language to language. Sometimes the author's words may be more accurate if the translator uses non-literal, but equivalent translation. The original clause, thus, can be preserved in the same way, expressed in another clause or even with a neutral medium. In all cases, the translation of rhetoric clauses brings about a cross- cultural interaction with all its possible consequences.

The present paper refers to the structural and semantic-pragmatic aspects of emphatic constructions in English and Armenian. The paper gives a structural analysis of constructions with emphatic reflexive pronouns in English and their Armenian counterparts with pointing out the similarities and differences preconditioned by the specificity of the morphological and the syntactic structure of the related languages. Much attention is devoted to the analyses of semantic and pragmatic aspects of the constructions under study. The paper focuses on some differences in the use of English emphatic constructions.

The present paper examines some prominent interpretative and interpretative-philosophical theories of contemporary translation studies, where translation is mainly viewed as a process. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the role of those theories in the development of contemporary translation thought. A special reference is made to the ideas of the renowned translation theorist L.Venuti on the translator’s “visibility”, which has nowadays become a source of heated discussions in the theory of translation. 

The present paper discusses various interpretations of metaphoric epithet in contemporary linguistics. It considers different types of metaphoric epithet and presents its main semantic characteristic features. The paper also studies the distinguishing features between logical attribute and metaphoric epithet, as well as those between metaphor and metaphoric epithet. An attempt is made to reveal some semantic and stylistic aspects of metaphoric epithet in the works of Camilo José Cela.

The aim of the paper is to present political discourse as the major linguistic domain wherein manipulation is objectified, to elucidate the various manipulative strategies found in modern-day political discourse and the linguistic means through which public manipulation is instigated, as well as to expound the different mental, psychological, social, cultural aspects thereof.

The purpose of this paper is the linguistic study of Orwellian Doublethink and Newspeak as powerful discursive and linguistic tools of political manipulation presented in the novel “Nineteen Eighty-Four”. The paper first presents language as the most powerful and effective tool used in political manipulation, elucidates Doublethink as a means of linguistic manipulation viewed in contrast with cognitive dissonanse, which then serves as a firm foundation for expounding its more detailed psychological, mental, and social characteristics, and proceeds to the description Newspeak as a cognitively more effective linguistic tool for political manipulation.

The paper analyses the nature of politeness implicature in formal interviews. Politeness implicature is a comparatively new concept in the field of pragmatics. Notably, politeness arises by virtue of implying something from the interaction of participants in particular contexts to maintain desired social relationships. Overall, the analysis carried out reveal the co-constitutive nature of politeness implicature, the ways of its manifestation, as well as the lexical, syntactic means which trigger politeness implicatures in official interviews.

The aim of the present paper is the study of expressive features of entailments from the point of view of intentionality and unintentionality in dialogue. Entailment refers to the sphere of lexical units and its hyponymic classification is known to everyone. Hyponymic relations are considered to be the main criteria for identification of entailment. Special attention is paid to intonation and emphasis that make a lexeme/lexemes intentionally expressed entailment of a sentence. Also an attempt is made to comprehend and point out the motives of the speaker for expressing intentional implicitness in speech.

The present paper is devoted to the analysis of emotional expressions of blood kinship terms. The kinship terminology system is not always applied only to family members. Its application often goes beyond the scope of family relations thus denoting socio-cultural, economical, political, ethnic and other relations. The paper aims at showing how kinship terms are used as a strategy of evoking feelings in the interlocutor in combination with other linguistic means.

The paper goes along some peculiarities of nouns that denote temporal relations. It mainly aims at studying nouns as lexical means of expressing time deixis in Spanish. The research has revealed structural peculiarities and deictic characteristics of nouns indicating time localization. These peculiarities are revealed alongside with the naming functions of the abovementioned lexical units.

The present paper studies the peculiarities of speech strategies and tactics in English political discourse, analyses the linguostylistic means of their realization. On the basis of the analysis carried out a conclusion is drawn that language units possess considerable persuasive potential which is realized in speech strategies and tactics actively used in political discourse.

The paper touches upon the issues concerning intra- and extra-textual information, types of information (factual and conceptual) and the category of intertextuality that is revealed within the course of the interpretation of any type of information (both factual and conceptual). The stories under analysis are cohesive and interrelated due to the similar historical information (socio-historical actual facts) and identical language means used in both of them. They create a type of intra- and extra-textual conceptual information that brings to the structuring of the category of intertextuality in between them. 

The present paper is an attempt to consider personal pronouns as a special type of linguistic expressions that reflect and encode types of interpersonal relations thus conveying information about interlocutors’ personal and social identity as well as indicating social distance between people.

The paper explores the extent of part of speech differentiation in such typologically different languages like Armenian and English. Word classes are identified on the basis of their semantic, morphological and syntactic peculiarities. Irrespective of the typological differences, the differentiation of word classes is observed in accordance to frequency of their occurrence in the language. The latter constitutes the universals of the main differences of parts of speech in languages under study.

The paper analyzes the language of three letters from a publicist, public figure of the Petrine epoch I.T. Pososhkov to Metropolitan Stephan Yavorsky. In particular, the morphological, syntactic and lexical features of letters are considered. The main observation made is that the author uses elements of the Church Slavonic language, business (command) language, live speech.

Nowadays in the world of endless technological advancements, the rate of student productivity in language learning process has not kept pace. The investigation of factors, which have made student productivity remain stagnant is of great importance. The paper explores the opportunities of increasing student productivity through implementing Communicative Language teaching method, along with preferential Student-Centered approach. The paper also elaborates on the advantages of group work, which is used to develop students’ communicative skills, as well as raise their motivation in L2 learning process.

The aim of the present paper is to analyze and reveal some grammatical phenomena in the German language which can cause cross-linguistic transfer during foreign language acquisition, namely German, taught to the students who already have linguistic experience in English or Russian. The paper covers the mechanisms that bring about grammatical interference in detail, thus considering language transfer (both positive and negative) to support the acquisition of the German language.

The muse, the Beatrice, the Laura of the 20th century Irish poet and dramatist W.B. Yeats was the well-known nationalist Maud Gonne whose presence is felt in the love poems of the author. Always being away and alienated from his muse, Yeats identified her with the Rose, goddesses and homeric heroines. The paper examines the many symbols of the muse Maud Gonne, which reflect the features of her character represented in the works of the poet.

The works of the 20th century Irish dramatist and poet W. B. Yeats were greatly influenced by his wife’s and his own automatic writings inspired by soul-communicators. It was thanks to those writings that the esoteric work entitled “A Vision” was created. Its theory serves as a key to the analysis of symbolism in Yeats’s later works. The paper examines the symbols and the main ideas of one of the most significant poems in Yeats’s works entitled “The Second Coming”. The latter is based on the metaphysical theory of “A Vision”. 

The theory of Shamanism thoroughly explored by the culturologist Mircea Elide provided the poets with the opportunity of new mythological design, where through shamanistic healing they could envisage there poetical revelations. Two prominent writers Ted Hughes and Tomas Tranströmer apply this method (shamanic healing) to resolve their own psychological and personal controversies. They view shamanistic trans as an exclusive form of creative art. We can often encounter animalistic symbols and shamanistic artifacts in their poetry.

Vast majority of authors in the XXth century appeal to the theme of new mythmaking. All necessary objectives have already existed for the development of the theory of mythmaking during this century. World Wars, cultural environment and psychological theories were the huge background for the ideas of new mythmaking. XX th century authors present the idea of parallel plots and inter-textual approaches. According to XXth Claude Lévi-Strauss presented the myth as a type of language discourse through which the structure of the language revealed.

The paper carries out along the lines of the 5th century historiographic texts and the translation of historic realia with special reference to the “History of Armenia” of Agatangelos and Movses Khorentasi. Proceeding from the assumption that historical realia cause difficulties in the process of translation a thorough theoretical and practical analysis is carried out in the paper. The research is based on theories of the western and eastern theorists, as well as the originals of the historiographic texts and their English and Russian translations.

The present paper is an attempt to discuss a novel with rather a complicated structure and story line where the rejection of ethnic identity and memory are perfectly blended. The hatred of conventionality and liberation from it is an opportunity to get eternal recurrence combined with subconscious visions. These visions are of special interests to us as they encourage Amy Tan and her characters to return to their identity roots. The plot of the novel is divided into parallel narratives; that is a story of an elder generation and of a younger one. These are the tools used by the author to encourage the reader to analyze the basic issues offered in the novel.

The paper reverberates to eternal sin and its transmission in modern literature. In modern literature sin becomes the reference point on which absurd and existential literature rise. From being theological problem sin turns to philosophical problem. The hero of modernism announces that he is not afraid of being alone or forever mistaken, but during his confession he concentrates on superiority of sin. With the help of Joyce’s, Camus and Kafka’s characters we shall try to define the essence of sin.

The paper is a unique attempt to analyze the principle of constructing the virtual reality in social networks according to M. Bakhtin’s conceptualization of carnival reality. The paper browses the social networks, mainly Facebook, to reveal the types of intertwined interactions between those of the Facebook and carnival realities and to construe their practical applications. The paper also reveals the bondage between medieval behavioral patterns, vocabulary and present day virtual reality. 

This paper examines the influence of religious confrontation between England and Scotland on Stevenson's approaches to the problems of faith particularly reflected in his short story "Olalla". Religious confrontation of England and Scotland, as well as the intrastate contradictions in matters of faith disrupted the Catholic foundations of Scotland. The signing of the Edinburgh Agreement was a turning point, which predestined the transition of Scotland into the Presbyterian Church, which is based on the doctrine of John Calvin ‒ Calvinism. Growing up in an atmosphere of commitment to Calvinism, which was enforced both by his father, Thomas Stevenson, and the nurse, Alice Cunningham, Stevenson at first tries to resist the religious dogmas, but then finds support in the faith. He often uses the biblical allusions in the literary texts and letters. These palpitating faith matters are most completely expressed in the story "Olalla". 

In her dystopian novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood reveals handmaids as the products of the patriarchal society of the Republic of Gilead which considers women’s existence related to sex and childbearing, thus depriving them of their human qualities and rights. Also, in the patriarchal society of the Old Testament (Book of Genesis & the Book of Numbers), women who couldn’t bear children for their husbands had handmaids who served their masters through childbearing. The present paper is an attempt to reveal the relation of Atwood’s Republic of Gilead where Serena Joy had handmaids to bear her children to the City of Gilead in the Old Testament, the book of Genesis, where Rachel and Leah also had handmaids to bear them children.