Vol. 22 No. 2 (25) (2018)

The paper puts forward the hypothesis that in academic discourse the phatic function not only provides the discourse continuity but also possesses a discourseorganizing feature. It helps lectures be continued and structured with the help of certain lecture specific tokens, which we have called phatic tokens. This assumption is substantiated with the example of questions in lectures as a genre recurrent element, which, together with other tokens, not only provides for the continuity but also structures lectures at the discourse level.

The paper introduces the results of the study based on the assumption that the idiomatic usage of deictic verbs develops some additional semantic features which can be characterized as metaphoric development of their literary meaning. The paper will present how items with a definite prototypical deictic meaning develop the emotionalevaluative meaning fulfilling a pragmasemantic function of deictability. The research is determined by the necessity to study the structural and semantic features of different types of linguistic signs as well as by the anthropocentric approach according to which the language is observed not as an abstract system but as a background for the individual’s communicative and cognitive activity.

The present paper studies some transformation peculiarities of simile as a stylistic device in Spanish tales of magic. The study is conducted according to the classification of transformations into two possible types - intratexual and intertextual. In the first case stylistic devices from different texts are transformed, while in the second one the transformations are realised within one and the same text. The paper is an attempt to reveal the transformations from simile into metaphor, epithet, personification, metonymy, exaggeration and metamorphosis.

The paper examines structural and semantic distinctive features of reflexive constructions in English and Armenian. The contrastive analysis shows that in both languages there is a special group of verbs, called proper reflexives, which display similar semantic features but are different in their structure. In En̶glish reflexivity is represented by lexical and analytic types which partially coincide with their Armenian equivalents. In Armenian it is expressed by the so-called “inner” and “outer” reflexive verbs which quite differ from their English analogues. Some transitive verbs due to their lexical meanings combine with reflexive pronouns thus forming analytic reflexive constructions which may have different counterparts in Armenian.

The present paper studies some problems of the translation of the metaphor viewing it as a dynamic concept that assumes new investigation principles and methodology. The issue of the metaphor translation is studied on the material of the Armenian translation of the novel “The Winners” of the famous Argentinian writer J. Cortazar and is viewed as a dynamic process. Тhe recreation of its cognitive-pragmatic value is studied in the paper from the perspective of the dialectical unity of the individual, the national and the universal.

Human society cannot exist without communication, information exchange, availability and improvement of the means necessary for maintaining continuity in communication. The aim of the linguistic means at all times has been designed to meet the needs of people for intellectual communication, information exchange and daily conversations. Each language has its stable systems of wordformation, but today’s multifunctional human activity makes new demands on the language to ensure communication, particularly through enriching the vocabulary of the given language. Word-formation is, to a great extent, an intra-linguistic phenomenon, and its ways and means depend on the linguistic type of the language. The Armenian language, throughout its historical development, has relied greatly and increased its vocabulary through intra-linguistic means of word-formation, however, never abandoning the means of enriching its lexicon through external means, i.e. through direct or indirect borrowing from other languages – the latter being of utmost importance in the present phase of the development of the Armenian language.

The paper examines the characteristic features of phraseological units that occur in the field of the study of the interaction between language and culture. Otherwise stated, an attempt has been made to highlight the elements of the contents of the language units under study whose integrity reveals the linguocultural value of the phraseological subcategory of the language. Particularly, the paper covers the basic concepts of the research of the complex interrelations between the reality, language and culture whose application immensely contributes to the distinction of the cultural connotations of the semantic structures of phraseological units. The paper aims to provide arguments for the importance of the study of phraseological units in the context of communication (French-Armenian) based on the analysis of specific examples.

The present paper is a brief insight into the significance emotions hold in modern linguistics. References to emotions can be found in the works of ancient thinkers. Although modern linguistic theories provide deeper insights into the linguistic manifestations of emotions, a key concept underlies the observations and theories offered from ancient times to the present day: emotions play a pivotal role in reasoning, linguistic consciousness and thinking.

Disagreement is viewed as one of the driving forces of debate communication, by which the interlocutors, while revealing the truth, try to express their opposite standpoints as convincingly as possible, using such means as lexical units, syntactic structure, stylistic devices, and so on. In the process of expressing disagreement various pragmatic means, such as the use of rules of linguistic politeness and arguments, dialogism, as well as linguistic manifestations of emotions play a special role.

The paper explores morpheme depth of word in correlation with the extent of language lexicality/grammaticality. In the typologically different Armenian and English languages, the similarities pertaining to morpheme depth of word is conditioned with the universals of functions of parts of speech. The manifestation of those in language requires sets of corresponding structures. The speculation on morpheme depth of word, along with the comparison of different types of morphemes, as well as their built classes of words and parts of speech have revealed a regularity of pattern of mutual dependence of the morphological structures and the extent of language lexicality/grammaticality.

The paper discusses parallel uses of the inflections -а and -у in the masculine words in genitive case singular on the material of the preserved essays of the XVIII century publicist I.T. Pososhkov. In particular, the paper touches upon the reasons for the presence of two types of endings in the studied works, the limited use of inflection and the functioning of the genitive case in -у/-ю and -a/-я in modern Russian language.

Mobility in education system is on the rise. People have been attracted to study abroad from medieval times. Emo of Friesland is widely believed to have been the first international student in Oxford in the 12th century. His motives to study abroad were almost the same as that of the students’ of the 21st century – to experience new culture, gain knowledge and skills, build networks and develop competences. Globalisation has more than ever boosted mobility of students and youth workers all over the world. The article aims at investigating the main types of mobility, their advantages, as well as the downside of such programmes. It will particularly focus on the overall purpose and outcomes of a concrete Erasmus+ funded three-stage international youth worker mobility project called Time for Tea.

Of all the recent changes in the sphere of education, the most popular ones, perhaps, are international educational exchange programs that enable students to travel and gain intercultural experience. The paper aims at revealing the role of exchange programs in students’ academic life. In order to achieve this goal a research and social surveys have been carried out among the students having participated in educational exchange programs.

The paper deals with the problem of selecting and teaching English scientific texts, taking into account the features of their presentation, informative content and targeting. It reveals the conditions and factors necessary to carry out a linguo-stylistic analysis of the English scientific text, and determines its basic functions. It is emphasized that the student of a technical university must determine the style of composing the scientific text, recognize its main language elements and expressive means at different stages of language learning. Linguistic analysis of the text is aimed at the developing translating skills, defining the basic language units and means used in the text, as well as developing the foreign language speech of students. 

The present paper touches upon the ways and principles of teaching vocabulary and grammatical tenses through the grammar-translation method. The core principle of this method is teaching grammar and vocabulary by translating widely used expressions and phrases formed of each word from Armenian into English. Hence, the students knowing ready-made expressions have less difficulty in translating from Armenian into English and making their oral and written speech. 

Ted Hughes and Tomas Transtromer’s mythmaking process of their poetical perception is revealed through different psychological theories. Various psychological conditions as well as the threat of loss and the fear of the death were gradually becoming the main conceptual axis of their poetry around which the paradox of their conscious and unconscious is observed. Ted Hughes and Tomas Transtromer are realizing their creative potential applying the Abraham Maslow’s self-actualization theory.

In the paper an attempt is made to introduce the incredible journey of the human mind through time and space in “The Jacket” by the prominent American writer, traveller and novelist of the 20th century, Jack London. The details of the novel are analyzed in the paper according to philosopher Rudolf Steiner’s and psychologist Stewart Gabel’s theories. The results of the study prove that “The Jacket” is a valuable work with different philosophical and psychological layers.

The article carries out along the lines of fantasy genre with special reference to J. Rowling’s work “Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone”. Of special interest are the peculiarities of modern fantasy and its textological issues. The text analysis reveals covert textological layers as well as the author’s linguistic, psychological, cultural and literary approaches.

Robert Louis Stevenson’s life was contradictory, full of strange and fateful coincidences and collisions with the border world, where dream and reality intertwined with one another. So his life seems to be more fantastic than the most daring fantasies of any writer. Stevenson tries to reconstruct contradictions of real life by the sublimation through the artistic creativity and to affirm the final victory of good over evil, thus overcoming his own internal problems. Creating heroes with dualistic nature, the writer conveys his anxieties to them, hereby he finds a way out of the agonizing situation. “Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” becomes a kind of elixir for Stevenson and a significant work which plays an important role in the development of modern psychology which deals with the problem of dissociative identity disorder.

In the 19th century the expectations, awakened as a result of the cultural and industrial take-off of Great Britain, vanished quickly because of uninterrupted and in fact unresolved social contradictions. Thinkers clearly saw the reverse side of the capitalistic prosperity, and, as a result, there appeared such literary works that threw down the gauntlet on the bourgeois values of the Victorian era. During this period the brilliant representatives of the neo-romantic movement Oscar Wilde and Robert Louis Stevenson lived and worked. The latter was well aware of the existing flaws and defects of the Victorian era, and he was looking for a way out. Certainly Stevenson noticed insignificance and sinfulness of bourgeois life and since his youthhood rebelled against it. Three historical periods were intermingled in writer's life and had an impact on his fate. Stevenson was ahead of his time and became a prophet of future scientific discoveries.

The paper presents the ideological and structural principles and features of the novel “Memories of My Melancholy Whores” written by Colombian writer, Nobel Prize winner in literature (1982), representative of Latin American magical realism, journalist, publisher and politician Gabriel García Márquez. The story was written on the basis of the novel “The House of Sleeping Beauties” by the Japanese writer and Nobel Prize winner Yasunari Kawabata.

The paper presents the features of Ernesto Sabato′s novel “The Tunnel” within the framework of Latin American Existentialism. Ernesto Sabato is an Argentine writer, painter and physicist. Ernesto Sabato won some of the most prestigious prizes in Hispanic literature and became very influential in the literary world throughout Latin America. Sabato’s oeuvre includes three novels: “The Tunnel” (1948), “On Heroes and Tombs” (1961) and “Abaddón the Exterminator” (1974). The “Tunel” is a psychological novel about a painter, Juan Pablo Castel, and his obsession with a woman. The story’s title refers to the symbol for Castel’s emotional and physical isolation from society, which becomes increasingly apparent as Castel proceeds to tell from his jail cell the series of events that enabled him to murder the only person capable of understanding him.

The paper explains the first episode of Maya’s myth of creation presented in the epic “Popol Vuh”. Synergetics is applied as a research method. Here the transition from static chaos to dynamic chaos is presented and the perception of Universe’s space as four-dimensional is explained. The paper also presents the number “4” explaining its importance as a universal absolute number.

The offsprings of the “Lost generation”, which appeared after the First World War, face the danger of the same loss. The offsprings of the heroes who let their lives in war or who returned, but without any motivation or finding no continuation of life, collide the danger of approaching war, the same alarm for future sense of despiration are born. Aldington refers to the lost generation and its offsprings, having a tendency to point on the common things and differences, the possible changes of the psychological world in the result of ideological clashes, the stamp of “loss, being prevalent or transient”. Aldington nominates a new image of hero in the person of Noris and Heilin, which forms a new way of thinking and cultural vision, that is not repeating the experience of past and prevent the threatening war, deny the Victorian traditions and the ruling society and build a new model of life.

The paper reverberates to Friedrich Nietzsche’s impact on modern literature. The purpose of this paper is to show the influence of the Superman’s concept in Jack London’s novel “The Sea-Wolfˮ. In this psychological, adventurous novel the author reveals Nietzsche’s individual philosophy. In the novel “The Sea-Wolfˮ  Superman succumbs but Nietzsche’s Superman never does.