Vol. 28 No. 2 (37) (2024)

Time is one of the main categories that people use to understand the events and phenomena around them. It is a dimension of consciousness, the way by which we give order to our experience. Of all the great abstractions of science, it is the omnipresent time that comes most often to human lips. The studies on time and culture have identified a number of important temporal dimensions that vary across cultures, including time as a silent language: past, present and future orientation, event time and clock time. According to E. Hall, time is part of a "silent language" that gives meaning to people and their behaviors, but the "informal patterning of time is one of the most consistently overlooked aspects of culture"). This paradox holds important implications around our understanding of cross-cultural differences. Understanding how time is divided, scheduled, and utilized provides valuable insights into a culture. Having a specific time orientation does not mean that a single dominant orientation dictates one's cognitions and behaviours. The research reveals cultural peculiarities of time orientation demonstrated in the phraseological units under study and compares English and Armenian cultures from a linguocultural perspective.

In the constantly evolving realm of language, neologisms act as vibrant indicators of contemporary societal, technological, and cultural shifts. This research delves into the origins, meanings, and cultural implications of recent English neologisms. Employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches, the study examines the factors driving the creation of neologisms, categorizes their formation methods, and explores their cultural significance. By analyzing neologisms from dictionaries, linguistic studies, and media, the research identifies trends in their development and usage, evaluating their frequency and context across various media platforms. The findings illustrate how neologisms expand our vocabulary, mirror societal changes, and improve communication precision. Ultimately, neologisms exemplify the adaptability and creativity of language, reflecting the swift transformations within our society.

The paper explores the complex process of perceiving emotional connotation triggered by stylistic devices in English women's magazines and the impact it exerts on the female readership. The core of the study is the emotional connotation created by literary devices, namely, metaphor, epithet, oxymoron, hyperbole, simile, personification, rhetorical question, parallelism, anaphora, and alliteration. By employing the method of textual analysis and focus group research method, the research elucidates the functional range that implied emotional connotation may have on the reader, namely, information and advice, inspiration and aspiration, fashion and beauty, community building, empowerment, advocacy and awareness, educational function, cultural representation, social commentary, consumerism and advertising, and entertainment and escapism. The article presents an elaborate analysis of the implied emotional connotation underlying each literary device in question in English women's magazines and the functional impact it creates.

This article examines the role of indirect speech acts in business negotiations based on the method of principled negotiation. The correct choice of speech strategies in the business sphere evidently plays a key role in the successful conduct of the negotiation process. A comprehensive analysis of business discourse allows for the identification and study of communicative strategies that facilitate a flexible speech policy and minimize conflict situations between the parties. Based on J. Searle's classification of speech acts, the article presents a quantitative analysis of various types of speech acts that reflect the values of principled negotiation. It discusses their frequency of use and effectiveness in achieving the set goals during negotiations. The core of the analysis of indirect speech acts consists of four key values of principled negotiation. Their representation through corresponding speech acts significantly enhances the negotiation process and fosters the formation of mutually beneficial relationships, reducing the level of conflict. The research results are based on the analysis of speech acts used in the discourse of business negotiations extracted from various films. The conclusions of this linguistic study contribute to the creation of a more dynamic and effective negotiation discourse.

The paper refers to the study of abbreviations widely used in English and Armenian legal documents. The correct use of abbreviations plays a particularly important role in legal documents, in which it aims at avoiding the usage of repetition of long phrases and saving space. When translating documents related to the legal field, the translator needs a deep knowledge of abbreviations, their peculiarities and norms of usage to make the complex translation process easier. The present small-scale corpus analysis of the international property purchase and sale agreement signed between Armena, US and Luxembourg and comparison of the results allows to disclose both correct usages of abbreviations and translation drawbacks referring to abbreviations. The results will allow to greatly improve the quality of translation of documents in general and contribute to the accurate translation of international contracts in particular.

Metaphors by their complex semantic structure never cease to attract the attention of linguists, philologists and literary scholars and are often found as  central objects of examination in different studies. In the course of the development of science, metaphors having not only linguistic nature but also being phenomena expressing peculiarities of mental processes, have been studied in the fields of psychology, cognitive science, cognitive linguistics. The fact that metaphors are omnipresent serves as a reason for their study not only for the purpose of examining imaginative language and speech elements typical of the works of fiction but also for the exploration and description of human psychological portrait and understanding. In the present article an attempt is made to clarify and examine the essence of metaphors as well as the psychological and cognitive motives for their creation. From a psychological perspective, the object of examination consists in the explanation of the nature of metaphor emergence  in human brain. The cognitive peculiarities of their mechanism of operation are presented in the article as well. With the objective of accomplishing a comprehensive and profound examination of metaphors, the consideration of the achievements in the fields of psychology and conginitive science, i.e. adherence to inter-disciplinary approach, which implies application of the well-defined principles of both linguistics and other sciences, is essentially important and topical.

The article attempts to outline the approaches and theories proposed by a number of scholars regarding proverbs and sayings as linguistic units. The role of metaphor is emphasized in differentiating between these two units. As a defining feature of proverb, metaphor leads to a general meaning with the help of cognition. Proverbs and sayings imply a panchronic manifestation, indicating past experiences, defining the present context, and expressing the future. These language units are viewed as a combination of the universal, the national and the individual as they express universal truth and linguocultural identity. From the perspective of contemporary linguistics, proverbs and sayings are studied at the level of utterance within the framework of discourse analysis.

The paper reflects current issues in reading and studies the peculiarities of reading comprehension, particularly delving deeper into teaching reading strategies and methods in teaching Business English. Reviewing different definitions of reading and various approaches to reading comprehension, new trends, and methodology are represented and reviewed. Some issues and challenges related to decoding the content through reading, acquiring information encoded in the text, and learning are highlighted. Teaching Business English as a second language requires a multifaceted approach, consequently, socio-affective factors such as building motivation, selfperceptions, emotional attitudes toward reading, and interest in specific topics have also been considered.

The present research is an attempt to provide insights into the role of foreign language proficiency in recruitment within the Armenian labor market. It aims to address the disparity in the existing body of research and provide actionable insights into the essential role of foreign languages across various industries and enterprises.

The paper initially highlights the historical and socio-cultural factors that strongly affected the plurilingual tendencies in the country, and further elucidates how the capacity for minority languages alongside the mother tongue has become an asset for maintaining socio-cultural identity.

This research aims to offer reevaluated perspectives within the existing discourse by analyzing studies from national and international databases, comparing and contrasting their findings and conducting local surveys alongside an empirical review of job announcements. The research findings prove the crucial role of foreign language proficiency in the Armenian labor market, with most employers and employees regarding it a high-priced advantage in the job-seeking and hiring process. This outcome should encourage more active language learning and teaching practices. 

The final implications reflect our stance on the importance of integrating Academic Foreign Language and Foreign Languages for Specific Purposes instruction with Foreign Language as a Medium of Instruction. This method would efficiently synchronize language education curricula with learners' academic and career requirements.

This article aims to study and analyze the presence and role of the wonderful nature in Albert Camus's essay series "Nuptials", for which the author has a cult-like love, to present his enthusiasm for communication with the world, nature, Tipaza with its Roman ruins, sea, sun, light, stones, where man celebrates his marriage (fusion, rapprochement) with nature. An attempt is made to present the philosophical goal of the work, to clarify the idea of being happy and to strive for it in the inevitable transience of life, as well as the language and stylistic features used in the work and the vocabulary reflecting the nature, choosing the analytical methodology, with the help of which the various linguistic and stylistic means and techniques used are considered, which play an irreplaceable role. played in presenting the landscapes and the author’s reflections.

The existence of "neo-romanticism" as a literary movement has found its significant response mainly in English, and also in French, Russian and other literatures, while the problem of American neo-romanticism continues to be relevant in the framework of modern literary criticism. As a result of numerous researches and studies, it is possible to give unique examples that justify the possibility of existence of neo-romanticism in American literature. Now, our research has searched, found and revealed the origins of American neo-romantic literature. In S. Thomson's and J. London's animalistic works and prose the reflection of the process of formation and development of the aesthetics of American neo-romanticism has multiple and multi-content manifestations, justifying the conceptual provisions of American neo-romanticism as an independent stream of literature.

The modernist individual is seen as a Creator, shaping their own existence through actions and perceptions, facing the following dilemma of Western thought: despite the absurdity and meaninglessness of life, humans possess unfettered freedom to act. Everything is meaningless, but through the prism of death, a new creation begins, marked by the humanistic courage to act and create in meaninglessness. As Voltaire said: “If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. Religion is secondary but necessary: people need guidance.”

The model of original sin in the light of modernism is transformed into an “accepted, reconciled” model of thinking, where action loses its significance. This aligns with the general characteristics of characters in modernist literature, for the character here is a movement of thought, therefore the sin they commit is also simply a movement of thought. At the same time, the symbol of the "Tree of Knowledge" is an attempt to combine the symbolism of Frazer's "Golden Bough" and the "Tree of Life", which blurs the boundaries between past and present, accomplished and unfinished, showing the paradox of a modern character who is everywhere and nowhere, and their very existence, depends on the acknowledgment of sin.

This article examines the modern ‘’feminine’’ interpretation of a canonical plot, which originated in Homer’s epic, and has long been viewed as one of the most ‘’masculine’’ in literature. The aim of this article is to deal with the deconstruction of the myth of Achilles in contemporary literature, comparing and contrasting Homer’s Achilles with the image of the ancient hero according to contemporary female authors. The focus is particularly on the text of popular novelist Madeline Miller, which implicitly differs from the traditionally accepted purely masculine interpretation. The subject of the study is the modern concept of the well-known plot and image. The growing interest in new variations of canonical images, the search for and interpretation of intertextual convergences by writers, critics, and readers determines the topicality of this theme. Despite the engaging storyline and un¬deniable philological merits of the book, which are fully preserved in the Russian translation, as well as the abundance of brief reviews and internet dis¬cussions, Miller's novel is not presented in scientific discourse, which defines the novelty of this article, with a comparative method in its core.