Vol. 29 No. 1(38) (2025)

Interjections, often considered linguistic outliers, are a fascinating aspect of language that transcends emotion expression to encompass pragmatic functions. The present research delves into the nuanced world of interjections, exploring their gender-specific usage patterns and pragmatic functions. By analyzing the speeches of Oscar Academy Award winners, both male and female, this study investigates how interjections are utilized as tools of emotional expression and attention capture. With a focus on the Oscars as a stage where emotions run high, the research reveals how gender differences in emotional expression manifest in the usage of interjections. The analysis demonstrates that women tend to employ interjections more frequently, particularly those of attention, approval, and joy, shedding light on the intricate interplay between linguistic expression, emotion, and societal expectations. This paper combines theoretical analysis with empirical insights to explore the role of interjections as pragmatic markers, focusing on gender differences and their diverse functions in discourse. Drawing on examples from Oscar-winning acceptance speeches, we investigate how interjections contribute to conversation management, interactional dynamics, and the construction of meaning.

The mass-spread of fake news on social media platforms has emerged as a significant challenge for many online users in recent years. This issue has prompted researchers to develop various mechanisms aimed at detecting and preventing the spread of misinformation. While numerous techniques have been proposed to identify fake content, many are hindered by inherent limitations and inaccuracies. The primary objective of this research paper is to analyze the linguistic attributes of news articles and identify key differences that distinguish fake news from authentic news. Utilizing a qualitative data analysis approach, the following study makes an attempt to examine the systematic linguistic features of both fake and legitimate news articles. The dataset comprises 20 news articles from American news websites and 20 fake news articles sourced from the Facebook social networking website. The findings clearly demonstrate that linguistic features can serve as effective indicators to help online users differentiate between unreliable and factual news content. This study contributes to the existing literature by offering a novel perspective on the role of linguistic attributes in fake news detection.

Language embodies the culture and individuality of its speakers, influencing their worldview. In the context of translation between languages, the cultural aspects of both the source and target languages are paramount. It is crucial to assess the degree to which culture is present in the text and how language is interwoven with cultural elements. The objective of translation is to enhance mutual understanding among various countries and peoples. Therefore, the role of the translator or interpreter extends beyond linguistic skills to include a comprehensive understanding of the associated cultures. In this regard, translation involves more than simply converting words, phrases, or documents from one language to another; it also facilitates cultural interchange. The importance of cultural distinctions is especially pronounced in the translation of proverbs and sayings. Thus, the aim of the article is to analyze how cultural elements are reflected in language and how they influence the translation process. In particular, the study focuses on identifying effective translation strategies that preserve both the meaning and cultural specificity of proverbs and sayings when translating them from one language to another.

The present study adopts a Cognitive-pragmatic approach, supported by corpus-based analysis, to enhance Error Analysis (EA) by providing a detailed classification and explanation of lexical errors. This Cognitive-Pragmatic framework, which is a relatively new and evolving paradigm in linguistics, offers a robust model for the taxonomy and analysis of lexical errors. The research specifically focuses on applying this framework to the analysis and classification of lexical errors within the Academic Word List (AWL). The goal is to uncover the cognitive processes underlying error production and to provide insights into the cognitive models that influence error classification. By highlighting issues related to language acquisition and academic writing, this approach seeks to raise awareness of AWL deviations and their cognitive foundations. The study analyzes a corpus of academic essays written by students at the American University of Armenia, employing inductive methods to classify and interpret AWL lexical errors.

A variety of techniques, including language use, are required to convey social relationships between individuals in a polite manner. Being courteous can demonstrate respect, solve issues, and maintain social distance. There is a concept of politeness in every language and culture in the world. Cross-cultural communication often results in misunderstandings due to differing politeness norms and expectations. The fundamental mechanism of human relationships is revealed by positive and negative politeness, which is based on the opposing behaviors of communicants during the communication process: rapprochement and distance. The proportion of positive to negative politeness varies among people. Furthermore, we express politeness in language and behavior in different ways. The purpose of this study is to examine impoliteness strategies in Armenian and English cultures and determine how they relate to one another. Being polite involves both verbal and nonverbal cues. The social structure of the society in which the languages are used and the role models in their socially motivated behavior have a significant impact on an individual's ability to be versatile in multiple languages. The true maxims are predicated on basic pragmatic communications, which form the foundation for the intricacy of relationships. The study shows that both languages exhibit comparable patterns of strategic use. Linguistic differences, rather than cultural, account for some significant differences between languages.

Hovhannes Toumanian is widely known not only as Armenia’s national poet and a remarkable fairy tale writer but also as a brilliant translator of German, Russian, Japanese, Irish, and Italian fairy tales. Most of Toumanian’s translations, except those of the Russian tales, are mediated interpretations. However, indirect translations are not uncommon in the history of fairy tales. We have attempted to identify several patterns underlying the linguistic transformations in the texts translated by the poet. The distribution of the main transformations depends on the fact that individual elements of the fairy tale are more susceptible to change when moving from one linguaculture to another. These are the initial and final formulas, titles of fairy tales, names of protagonists, names of supernatural beings, etc.

The integration of Agentic artificial intelligence (AI) into Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) presents transformative potential for reconfiguring pedagogical paradigms through personalized learning architectures and adaptive skill development. However, disparities in institutional readiness and unexamined ethical governance threaten to exacerbate systemic inequities and erode human agency. Synthesizing insights from Zhu and Wang’s (2025) language education case studies, Katsarou et al.’s (2023) systematic review, and Atoyan et al.’s (2025) analysis of developing economies, this study proposes a tripartite framework—AI literacy development, ethically grounded infrastructure, and Competence-based educator training—to reconcile scalability with equity imperatives. Findings reveal Agentic AI enhances metacognitive engagement but risks cognitive dependency and cultural homogenization when implemented passively. Complementary evidence from Yan et al.’s (2025) research on generative AI underscores the urgency of strategic interventions that balance automated efficiency with pedagogical intentionality, positioning HEIs as adaptive forces in AI-driven ecosystems.

In contemporary education, the need for teachers to enhance their practices and core knowledge in pedagogy is significant. Various professional development programs have been devised to address the teacher’s needs, nonetheless, since many of them are generic they often fail to consider individual circumstances, situational aspects and in some cases factors related to national mentality. Here, Peer Observation of Teachers (POT) can be instrumental and a promising method in identifying and refining a teacher’s overall approach to the teaching methods. This aligns with teachers' motivations for growth and provides relevant, actionable feedback. The current study evaluates POT's effectiveness as a professional development tool using qualitative methods, including Focus Group Discussions and surveys across various disciplines, such as English, Business Management, and Linguistics. The paper reveals that POT helps identify areas for improvement, promoting reflective practice which can enhance and facilitate the practice of knowledge sharing and contribute to a supportive working community. The study also touches upon significant challenges, such as time constraints, stress and subjective feedback. In addition, the lack of formalised peer observation programs may lead to inconsistent practices.

The study recommends increasing the frequency of peer observation sessions and developing programs with clear guidelines to provide targeted training for teachers and boost effectiveness. Overall, POT is valued for its potential to improve teaching quality and professional development provided there is structured institutional support.

“By indirection find direction out!” (Hamlet)

Shakespeare does write about foreseeing the future and the ability to create coded language by a few highly skilled “experts” – witches, wizards and fairies – to influence people’s future behaviour (Macbeth, The Tempest, Midsummer Night’s Dream).
It would be intriguing to examine Shakespeare's works to discern any insights or relevance to the contemporary phenomena of digitisation and the AI revolution.
Business transformation of the 21st century is mostly about people, not tech.  While everyone is talking about tech and AI, it’s straightforward to forget, and perhaps tempting, to forget that.  The road of digital transformations is littered with tech projects that fail to consider people’s behaviour and incentives to use them.  Tech and AI work
best when they augment and support people and their roles, not replace them.
But the age of AI offers a “brave new world” (The Tempest) of robots and it’s tempting for investors to see them as replacements for people. 
Undoubtedly, for some people, the role of the human workforce is to support the machines, not the other way around. So far, many tech-led businesses have resisted processes like the unionisation of the workforce, or the recognition of some workers’
rights.
The reluctance of many tech-driven companies to adopt workforce protections, such as unionisation and workers' rights, underscores the conflict between advancing technology and prioritising human welfare.

Shakespeare’s famous line from Hamlet—"By indirection find direction out!"—captures the essence of this ongoing dilemma. It serves as a reminder to navigate the complexities of digital transformation not through simplistic solutions, but by critically engaging with the intricate relationships between technology, power, and human agency.

This study covers the diversification of the hierarchy of Pagan and Christian values in Shakespeare’s tragedies. Heroes’ deeds and actions pivot around their system of values and fall into basic categories that pinpoint different aspects of the soul and personal character. Philosophical theories and psychological analysis are interlaced into Shakespearean literary art, granting the opportunity to apply various methods of analysis (comparative, historical, psychological) in several examples that illustrate the wholeness of human nature. The research also explores the boundary between tyranny and a "reasonable kingship", examining the trials and tribulations of marginalized attitudes towards power.

Through the story of the ghost called Beloved, Tony Morrison presents the story of the black mother who committed infanticide with the hope of preventing the enslavement of her daughter. Though Beloved is the harrowing story of one single black African family, yet, it represents all the black Africans who suffered and died on their way in the Pacific to America to find food and shelter there. The date of the story in the beginning of the novel goes back to 1873, which marks the aftermath of slavery and the Civil War. It encompasses different phases of past from the slave ship called “Middle Passage” on the Pacific Ocean and the sufferings of the slaves on board the ship and afterwards as they reach the “hosting” country. It reveals the traumatic story of the black where Morrison depicts different means of suffering especially raping. She reveals how they were abused and were forbidden from any feeling of body pleasures like love, sex, and baby feeding. Although Morrison’s novel treats different themes, the present paper is an attempt to study the moments of beauty amidst suffering in Morrison’s Beloved orienting it to Edmund Burke’s Sublime revealed in his treatise called Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful published in 1757, which as Landow puts it, “deals with deriving beauty from pleasure and sublimity from pain” (Landow, 1971, p. 23).