| Online ISSN | : | 2953-7983 |
| Print ISSN | : | 1829-1767 |
About the Journal
Proceedings of the YSU B: Chemical and Biological Sciences aims to publish original research papers and survey articles in all areas of chemistry and biology. Proc. YSU B: Chem. Biol. Sci. accepts also review articles, short communications, conference proceedings, Ph.D and doctoral thesis’s and other items with a detailed exposition of results, experiments and examples. One of purposes is to reflect the progress of the research in all areas of chemistry and biology in Armenia and, by providing an international forum, to stimulate its further developments.
Current Issue
Vol. 60 No. 1 (268) (2026)
Published:
2026-04-30
Biology
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Biology
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF ACHILLEA FILIPENDULINA, PRANGOS FERULACEA, AND PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS ESSENTIAL OILS
AbstractEssential oils (EO) extracted from Achillea filipendulina, Prangos ferulacea, and Pelargonium graveolens were investigated for their extraction yields and antimicrobial activity. Aerial parts of the plants were harvested during the flowering or early flowering stages from different regions of Armenia and subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The yield of essential oils reached 0.5% for A. Filipendulina, approximately 4% for P. Ferulacea and 0.1–0.2% for P. graveolens. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disk-diffusion assays against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains, as well as yeast species and presented by their minimum inhibitory concentration values (MIC). All tested EOs exhibited bactericidal activity with effective MIC values, although their efficacy was strain dependent. Among the investigated oils, P. graveolens EO showed the broadest antimicrobial spectrum, demonstrating strong antibacterial activity and exclusive anti-yeast effects. Growth kinetics analysis further confirmed the inhibitory impact of the EOs on both antibiotic-sensitive and resistant E. coli strains, as evidenced by reduced specific growth rates and prolonged generation times. Overall, these findings indicate that the studied essential oils, particularly P. graveolens, represent promising natural antimicrobial agents and warrant further investigation.
ReferencesAyvazyan A., Zidorn C. Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants of Armenia. Plants 13 (2024), 3411. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233411
Angourani H.R., Zarei A., et al. Investigation on the Essential Oils of the Achillea Species: From Chemical Analysis to the In Silico Uptake against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. Life 13 (2023), 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020378
Badalamenti N., Maresca V., et al. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Prangos ferulacea Essential Oils. Molecules 27 (2022), 7430. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217430
Boukhris M., Simmonds M.S.J., et al. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Polar Extracts and Essential Oil of Rose‐scented Geranium, Pelargonium graveolens. Phytotherapy Research 27 (2013), 1206–1213. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4853
Avetisyan A., Markosian A., et al. Chemical Composition and Some Biological Activities of the Essential Oils from Basil Ocimum Different Cultivars. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1587-5
Sahakyan N.Zh. Lamiaceae Family Plants: One of the Potentially Richest Sources of Antimicrobials. Pharm. Chem. J. 57 (2023), 565–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-023-02921-1
Ginovyan M., Andreoletti P., et al. Hypericum Alpestre Extract Affects the Activity of the Key Antioxidant Enzymes in Microglial BV-2 Cellular Models. AIMS Biophys. 9 (2022), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2022014
Abd-ElGawad A.M., Ahmed R.F., et al. Achillea Fragrantissima Essential Oil, Wild Grown in Saudi Arabia and Egypt: Detailed Comparative Chemical Profiling, and Evaluation of Allelopathic, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities. Chemistry (Easton) 5 (2023), 2347–2361. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5040155
Saeidnia S., Gohari A., et al. A Review on Phytochemistry and Medicinal Properties of the Genus Achillea. Daru 19 (2011), 173–186.
Eshbakova K.A., Saidkhodzhaev A.I., et al. Furocoumarins from Prangos ferulacea. Chem. Nat. Compd. 42 (2006), 102–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-006-0047-0
Jalil Sarghaleh S., Alizadeh Behbahani B., et al. Evaluation of the Constituent Compounds, Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Antimicrobial Potential of Prangos Ferulacea Plant Extract and its Effect on Listeria Monocytogenes Virulence Gene Expression. Front. Microbiol. 14 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1202228
Fayvush G. Biodiversity of Armenia. Cham: Springer International Publishing (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34332-2
Draiaia R., Amri A., et al. GC/MS Analysis, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Pelargonium graveolens. Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas 24 (2025), 199–211. https://doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.25.24.2.14
Chen W., Viljoen A.M. Geraniol – A Review Update. South African J. Botany 150 (2022), 1205–1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.09.012
Moghrovyan A., Sahakyan N., et al. Essential Oil and Ethanol Extract of Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) from Armenian Flora as a Natural Source of Terpenes, Flavonoids and other Phytochemicals with Antiradical, Antioxidant, Metal Chelating, Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Antibacterial Activity. Curr. Pharm. Des. 25 (2019), 1809–1816. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190702095612
Monod J. The Growth of Bacterial Cultures. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 3 (1949), 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.03.100149.002103
Hekmat Zadeh S.F., Gharaghani M., et al. Chemical Composition of Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl., and Prangos uloptera DC. Essential Oils and Their Antifungal Activities. J. Herbmed Pharmacol. 11 (2022), 585–591. https://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2022.67
Bagherifar S., Sourestani M.M., et al. Chemodiversity of Volatile Oil Contents of Various Parts of 10 Iranian Prangos ferulacea Accessions, with Analysis of Antiradical Potential. Nat. Prod. Commun. 14 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X19851985
Afshari M., Rahimmalek M. Variation in Essential Oil Composition, Anatomical, and Antioxidant Characteristics of Achillea filipendulina Lam. as Affected by Different Phenological Stages. J. Essential Oil Research 33 (2021), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2021.1885510
Moghrovyan A., Sahakyan N. Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanisms of Action of O. vulgare L. Essential Oil: Effects on Membrane-Associated Properties. AIMS Biophys. 11 (2024), 508–526. https://doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2024027
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Biology
CHRONIC ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE AS A BIOLOGICAL STRESSOR: MECHANISTIC PATHWAYS AND REGIONAL EXPOSURE CONTEXT IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
AbstractEnvironmental noise pollution is increasingly recognized as a profound biological stressor rather than a mere ecological nuisance. This review synthesizes current scientific evidence on the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic noise exposure, emphasizing its role in activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Sustained acoustic stress induces neuroendocrine dysregulation, triggering the overproduction of reactive oxygen species endothelial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation, which are primary drivers of cardiovascular, metabolic, and cognitive disorders. By examining structural characteristics of the urban environment in Yerevan, where highly reflective stone architecture and high-density environments amplify acoustic stimuli the study highlights a sustained allostatic load and heightened physiological vulnerability among the population. The paper concludes that mitigating chronic noise exposure is critical for cellular and systemic physiological restoration, advocating for the integration of neurobiological parameters into public health strategies to prevent noise-induced systemic pathologies.
ReferencesEnvironmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe (2018). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/279952
Burden of Disease from Environmental Noise: Quantification of Healthy Life Years Lost in Europe. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe (2011). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/326424
European Environment Agency. Environmental Noise in Europe 2025. EEA Report No. 05/2025. Corrigendum updated 29 September 2025. https://doi.org/10.2800/1181642
Münzel T., Gori T., et al. Cardiovascular Effects of Environmental Noise Exposure. Eur. Heart J. 35 (2014), 829–836. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu030
Vienneau D., Schindler Ch., et al. The Relationship Between Transportation Noise Exposure and Ischemic Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Environmental Research 138 (2015), 372–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.023
Hazra R., Tenney S., et al. DASH, the Data and Specimen Hub of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Sci. Data 20 (2018), 180046. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.46
European Environment Agency. Environmental Noise in Europe 2020. EEA Report No. 22/2019. Copenhagen, EEA (2020).
Goines L., Hagler L. Noise Pollution: a Modem Plague. South Med. J. 100 (2007), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1097/smj.0b013e3180318be5
Buxton R.T., McKenna M.F., et al. Noise Pollution is Pervasive in U.S. Protected Areas. Science 356 (2017), 531–533. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4783
Sunday olayinka Oyedepo. Noise Pollution in Urban Areas: The Neglected Dimensions. Environ. Res. J. 6 (2012), 259–271. https://doi.org/10.3923/erj.2012.259.271
Yang W., He J., et al. Evaluation of Urban Traffic Noise Pollution Based on Noise Maps. Transp. Res. Part D 87 (2020), 102516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102516
Basner M., Babisch W., et al. Auditory and Non-auditory Effects of Noise on Health. Lancet 383 (2014), 1325–1332.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61613-X
Mori E., Di Lorenzo T., et al. Under Pressure: Environmental Stressors in Urban Ecosystems and their Ecological and Social Consequences on Biodiversity and Human Well-Being. Stresses 5 (2025), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses5040066
Hemmat W., Hesam A.M., Atifnigar H. Exploring Noise Pollution, Causes, Effects, and Mitigation Strategies: A Review Paper. Eur. J. Theor. Appl. Sci. 1 (2023), 995–1005. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(5).86
Swaddle J.P., Francis C.D., et al. A Framework to Assess Evolutionary Responses to Anthropogenic Light and Sound. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30 (2015), 550–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.009
Francis C.D., Ortega C.P., Cruz A. Noise Pollution Changes Avian Communities and Species Interactions. Curr. Biol. 19 (2009), 1415–1419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.052
European Environment Agency. Environmental Noise in Europe 2020. EEA Report No 22/2019. Copenhagen (2020).
Brink M., Schäffer B., et al. Conversion Between Noise Exposure Indicators Leq24h, LEvening, LNight, Ldn and Lden Principles and Practical Guidance. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 221 (2018), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.10.003
Khan D., Burdzik R. Noise and Vibration as Environmental Impacts of Transportation: Comprehensive Review. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 34 (2025), 101578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2025.101578
Clark S.N., Anenberg S.C., Brauer M. Global Burden of Disease from Environmental Factors. Annu. Rev. Public Health 46 (2025), 233–251. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071823-105338
EEA, 2024b, Exposure of Europe's Population to Environmental Noise. Accessed 2 April 2025.
European Commission. Directive 2002/49/EC Relating to the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise (Environmental Noise Directive). Official J. European Union (2022).
European Commission. Zero Pollution Action Plan. Progress Assessment. Brussels (2025).
European Commission. Pathway to a Healthy Planet for All. EU Zero Pollution Action Plan. Brussels (2021).
WHO Regional Office for Europe. Burden of Disease from Environmental Noise: Quantification of Healthy Life Years Lost in Europe. World Health Organization (eds. by J. Roklöv, et al.). Copenhagen, Denmark (2011).
EEA. Health Impacts of Exposure to Noise from Transport. European Environment Agency (2023). https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/noise-in-europe-2020
Clark C., Vienneau D., Aasvang G.M. Noise and Effects on Health and Well-Being. In: A Sound Approach to Noise and Health. Springer-AAS Acoustics Series. Springer, Singapore (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6121-0_4
Hahad O., Prochaska J.H., et al. Environmental Noise-Induced Effects on Stress Hormones, Oxidative Stress, and Vascular Dysfunction: Key Factors in the Relationship between Cerebrocardiovascular and Psychological Disorders. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2019 (2019), 4623109. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4623109
Münzel T., Daiber A., et al. Effects of Noise on Vascular Function, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation: Mechanistic Insight from Studies in Mice. Eur. Heart J. 38 (2017), 2838–2849. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx081
Sørensen M., Andersen Z.J., et al. Long-term Exposure to Road Traffic Noise and Incident Diabetes: A Cohort Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 121 (2013), 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205503
Basner M., McGuire S. WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: A Systematic Review on Environmental Noise and Effects on Sleep. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15 (2018), 519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030519
Klatte M., Bergström K., Lachmann T. Does Noise Affect Learning? A Short Review on Noise Effects on Cognitive Performance in Children. Front. Psychol. 4 (2013), 578. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00578
Peng C., Zhao X., Liu G. Noise in the Sea and its Impacts on Marine Organisms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12 (2015), 12304–12323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121012304
Zollinger S.A., Brumm H. The Lombard Effect. Curr. Biol. 21 (2011), R614–R615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.003
Münzel T., et al. Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Environmental Noise: Exposure-response Relationships and Mechanisms. European Heart Journal 39 (2018), 1888–1899.
Echevarria Sanchez G.M., et al. The Effect of Urban Canyon Geometry on Noise Levels. Building and Environment 106 (2016), 332–341.
Yang L., Gutierrez D.E., Guthrie O.W. Systemic Health Effects of Noise Exposure. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. 27 (2024), 21–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2023.2280837
Münzel T., Sørensen M., et al. A Comprehensive Review/Expert Statement on Environmental Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiovascular Research 121 (2025), 1653–1678. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaf119
World Health Organization. Burden of Disease from Environmental Noise: Quantification of Healthy Life Years Lost in Europe. WHO/JRC (2011).
Dzhambov A.M., et al. Does Ecosystem Health Mediate the Association between Neighboring Green Space and Self-reported Health? Environmental Research 184 (2020), 109354.
Niazi S., et al. Noise Pollution: A Review of Its Physical and Health Impacts and Management Strategies. Journal of Environmental Management (2020).
Aumond P., et al. Knowledge Sharing in Urban Soundscape through Community-based Monitoring. Applied Acoustics 123 (2017), 159–171.
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Biology
A STUDY OF THE PRESENCE OF MICROFUNGI IN OLD AND RARE BOOK COLLECTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT
AbstractThe harmful effects of microfungi on library collections and human health have been considered. It has been proposed to change conditions for the safe preservation of books.
ReferencesPekhtasheva E.L., Neverov A.N., et al. Biodeterioration and Protection of Wood and Paper (in Russian). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/biopovrezhdeniya-i-zaschita-drevesiny-i-bumagi/viewer
Oetari A., Natalius A., et al. Fungal Deterioration of Old Manuscripts of European Paper Origin. AIP Conference Proceedings (2018), 020156. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5064153
ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safet. https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/ru/part-vi-16255/indoor-air-quality/item/580-biological-contamination
Belevich I.O., Aleksandrova G.A. Microbiota of Libraries and Problems of Preserving Library Collections. Vestnik of Perm University. Biology 5 (2007) (in Russian).
Kutukova G.N. Ensuring the Preservation of Documents in Use at the State Institution "National Historical Archives of Belarus" (2011) (in Russian).
Sterflinger K., Pinzari F. The Revenge of Time: Fungal Deterioration of Cultural Heritage with Particular Reference to Books, Paper and Parchment. Environmental Microbiology 14 (2012), 559–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02584.x
Nanagulyan S. Fundamentals of Mycology, Algology, and Botany. Yerevan, YSU Publishing House (2024).
Sergeev A.Yu., Sergeev Yu.V. Fungal Infections. Moscow (2003) (in Russian).
Efimochkina N.R., Sedova I.B., et al. Toxigenic Properties of Microscopic Fungi. Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Biology 45 (2019), 6–33 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/45/1
Kozlova Ya.I., Kuznetsov V.D., Klimko N.N. Fungi of the Genus Aspergillus and Chronic Lung Diseases. Saint Petersburg, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov 31 (2020), 14–20 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.29296/25877305-2020-11-03
Lekomtseva S.A., Malozyomov O.Yu. Characteristics of Penicillium Fungi and Possibilities of Their Use. Forum of Young Scientists 11 (2021) (in Russian).
Koestler R.J., Vedral J. Biodeterioration of Cultural Property. International Biodeterioration 28 (1991), 229–340.
Florian M.-L.E. Fungal Facts. Routledge (2002).
Camargo Caicedo Yi., Pérez H.B., et al. Biodeterioration Risk Assessment in Libraries by Airborne Fungal Spores. Journal of Fungi 10 (2024), 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100680
Prokhorov A.P., Linnik M.A. Morphologo-Cultural and Biodestructive Characteristics of Chaetomium Species. Vestn. Mosk. Un-ta. Ser. 16, Biology 3 (2011) (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.1234/XXXX-XXXX-2011-3-17-24
Fogle M.R., Douglas D.R. Growth and Mycotoxin Production by Chaetomium globosum is Favored in a Neutral pH. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 9 (2008), 2357–2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms9122357
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Biology
TOXOPLASMOSIS IN ARMENIA (1961–2025): A CONCISE UPDATE AND "ONE HEALTH" RESEARCH AGENDA
AbstractToxoplasma gondii remains a significant zoonotic parasite in Armenia, however, the epidemiological data continue to be heterogeneous. Although Daryani et al. recently presented a comprehensive review of the Armenian scientific literature up to 2023, the present work is considered both an update to that review and a strategic agenda for future research. Readers interested in detailed descriptions of individual studies and analyses of seroprevalence prior to 2023 are encouraged to consult the aforementioned publication. Accordingly, this article provides a concise chronological overview (1961–2023), emphasizes a synthesized analysis of data generated after 2023, and further expands on prospective priorities within the One Health framework that are relevant to the current capacity of epidemiological surveillance in Armenia.
ReferencesDubey J.P. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans. In: Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans. CRC Press (2021). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003199373
Molan A., Nosaka K., et al. Global Status of Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Systematic Review and Prevalence Snapshots. Tropical Biomedicine 36 (2019), 898–925. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33597463
Dubey J.P., Jones J.L. Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Humans and Animals in the United States. Int. J. Parasitol. 38 (2008), 1257–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.007
Tenter A.M., Heckeroth A.R., Weiss L.M. Toxoplasma gondii: from Animals to Humans. Int. J. Parasitol. 30 (2000), 1217–1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00124-7
Dubey J.P., Murata F.H.A., et al. Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Humans: an Update of Worldwide Rate of Congenital Infections. Parasitology 148 (2021), 1406–1416. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182021001013
Hsu P.C., Groer M., Beckie T. New Findings: Depression, Suicide, and Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners 26 (2014), 629–637. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12129
Fallahi S., Rostami A., et al. Parkinson's Disease and Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Sero-molecular Assess the Possible Link Among Patients. Acta Tropica 173 (2017), 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.002
Suvisaari J., Torniainen-Holm M., et al. Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Common Mental Disorders in the Finnish General Population. J. Affect. Disord. 223 (2017), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.020
Ferguson D.J.P. Toxoplasma gondii: 1908–2008, Homage to Nicolle, Manceaux and Splendore. Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 104 (2009), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762009000200003
Howe D.K., Sibley L.D. Toxoplasma gondii Comprises Three Clonal Lineages: Correlation of Parasite Genotype with Human Disease. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 172 (1995), 1561–1566. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/172.6.1561
Su C., Shwab E.K., et al. Moving Towards an Integrated Approach to Molecular Detection and Identification of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology 137 (2010), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182009991065
Sibley L.D., Boothroyd J.C. Virulent Strains of Toxoplasma gondii Comprise a Single Clonal Lineage. Nature 359 (1992), 82–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/359082a0
Shapiro K., Bahia-Oliveira L., et al. Environmental Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: Oocysts in Water, Soil and Food. Food and Waterborne Parasitology 15 (2019), e00049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00049
Smith N.C., Goulart C., et al. Control of Human Toxoplasmosis. International Journal for Parasitology 51 (2021), 95–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.001
Hide G., Morley E.K., et al. Evidence for High Levels of Vertical Transmission in Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology 136 (2009), 1877–1885. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182009990941
Dubey J.P., Carpenter J.L., et al. Histologically Confirmed Clinical Toxoplasmosis in Cats: 100 Cases (1952–1990). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 203 (1993), 1556–1566. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.1993.203.11.1556
Bastien P. Molecular Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96 (1) (2002), S205–S215. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90078-7
Liu Q., Wang Z. D., et al. Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis and Typing of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasites and Vectors 8 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/S13071-015-0902-6
Kim M.J., Park S.J., Park H. Trend in Serological and Molecular Diagnostic Methods for Toxoplasma gondii Infection. European Journal of Medical Research 29 (2024), 520. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40001-024-02055-4
Switaj K., Master A., et al. Recent Trends in Molecular Diagnostics for Toxoplasma gondii Infections. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 11 (2005), 170–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01073.x
Aghayan S., Asikyan M., Raković M., et al. Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii (Chromista: Apicomplexa) in the Blood of Passerines (Aves: Passeriformes) in South–Eastern Armenia. Zoologia 41 (2024), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e24016
Aghayan S., Asikyan M., et al. Toxoplasma gondii in Rodents and Shrews in Armenia, Transcaucasia. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 25 (2024), 100987. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJPPAW.2024.100987
Gevorgyan R., Aghayan S.A., et al. Seroprevalence and Altitude-Dependent Patterns of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Livestock from Northern Armenia (Under Review) (2025).
Aghayan S.A., Montazeri M., et al. In vitro Activity of Acetone, Ethanol, and Methanol Extracts of Ramalina Polymorpha Lichen against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain. Submitted to the New Armenian Medical Journal (2026).
Daryani A., Grigoryan G., et al. A Review on Toxoplasma gondii Research in Armenia: Gaps and Opportunities. Parasite Epidemiology and Control (Unpublished) (2025).
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Biology
ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN THE SOTK AND DZKNAGET RIVERS (ARMENIA)
AbstractThis study examines the spatial and temporal variability of heavy metal contamination in the Dzknaget and Sotk Rivers in 2023 and 2024, applying the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HMPI) and the Metal Index (MI). The concentrations of seven heavy metals (Al, Cd, Fe, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn) were assessed in three river sections: the upper (Dzk-1) and lower (Dzk-2) reaches of the Dzknaget River, and the lower reach of the Sotk River (Sot-2). The results show consistently low contamination levels at Dzk-1, indicating limited human impact, whereas significantly higher HMPI and MI values at Dzk-2 and Sot-2 point to substantial pollution. Comparative analysis according to World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and local standards reveals notable differences in contamination classification. Based on FAO criteria, the irrigation risk is considered low, while WHO and local standards indicate more serious ecological and health risks. The observed decrease in contamination in the Sot-2 section in 2024 may suggest some improvement in water quality. Overall, the results emphasize the need for multi-layered assessment frameworks, continuous monitoring, targeted pollution control, and stricter environmental regulations to protect aquatic ecosystems and water resources.
ReferencesGevorgyan G., Khachatryan G., et al. Hydrochemical Characterization, Source Identification, and Irrigation Water Quality Assessment in the Voghji River Catchment Area, Southern Armenia. Water 17 (2025), 854. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17060854
Syeed M.M.M., Hossain M.S., et al. Surface Water Quality Profiling Using the Water Quality Index, Pollution Index and Statistical Methods: A Critical Review. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 18 (2023), 100247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2023.100247
Gevorgyan G., Mamyan A., et al. Heavy Metal Contamination in an Industrially Affected River Catchment Basin: Assessment, Effects, and Mitigation. Inter. J. Environ. Res. and Public Health 18 (2021), 2881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062881
Zhang P., Yang M., et al. Water Quality Degradation Due to Heavy Metal Contamination: Health Impacts and Eco-friendly Approaches for Heavy Metal Remediation. Toxics 11 (2023), 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100828
Hernández E., Obrist-Farner J., et al. Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Lead, Zinc, and Nickel in Sediments of Lake Izabal, Guatemala. J. Environ. Sci. 96 (2020), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.020
Deb D., Schneider P., et al. Perceptions of Urban Pollution of River-dependent Rural Communities and Their Impact: A Case Study in Bangladesh. Sustainability 13 (2021), 13959. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413959
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Biology
TICK-BORNE PATHOGENS IN ARMENIA: A REVIEW OF IXODID TICKS AND ASSOCIATED PATHOGENS SINCE 2000
AbstractTick-borne diseases represent an increasing threat to human and animal health worldwide, yet their epidemiological characteristics remain insufficiently studied in many regions, including Armenia. This review summarizes published data on tick-borne pathogens in Armenia since 2000, with a focus on ixodid (hard) ticks as the primary vectors of epidemiological importance. Available studies demonstrate the circulation of a diverse range of pathogens, including viral, bacterial, and protozoan agents. Their presence across different ecological zones indicates the existence of active natural foci and highlights the role of Armenia’s environmental diversity in the circulation of pathogens. However, available data remain fragmented and geographically limited, preventing a comprehensive understanding of the distribution and epidemiological significance of these pathogens. Further studies, based on standardized methodologies, expanded geographic coverage, and integrated surveillance approaches, are necessary to enhance knowledge of tick-borne infections and support effective public and veterinary health strategies in Armenia.
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Mans B.J. Paradigms in Тick Еvolution. Trends Parasitol. 39 (2023), 475–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2023.03.011
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Mamikonyan M.M. Some Observations on Piroplasmosis of Cattle in the Stepanavan Region of the Armenian SSR. Proc. of the Scientific Res. Veterinary Institute 1 (1935), 96–108.
Manucharyan A., Melik-Andreasyan G., et al. Molecular Confirmation and Sequencing of Re-emerging Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks in Armenia (2022–2024). SSRN Preprint (2025). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5291512
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Vardanyan M.V., Movsesyan S.O., et al. On Study of Bovine Pyroplasmosis in the Lowland and Foothill Zones of Armenia. Theory and Practice of Parasitic Disease Control 22 (2021), 117–122. https://doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.117-122
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Dilbaryan K.P. Blood-Sucking Ticks (Family Ixodidae Murray, 1877, Genus Dermacentor Koch, 1844) of Armenia as Transmitters of Human and Animal Diseases. Theory and Practice of Control of Parasitic Diseases 16 (2015), 120–122.
Naghashyan H.Z., Shcherbakov O.V., Movsisyan L.A. Ixodid Ticks as Vectors of Hemosporidia in the Goris Region of Armenia. Proc. of the Intern. Conf. "Fundamental and Applied Aspects of the Study of Parasitic Arthropods in the XXI Century". Saint Petersburg (2013), 109–110.
Gevorgyan H., Seitzer U., Beer D. Implementation of Molecular Epidemiological Approaches as a Tool for Characterization of Tick-Borne Diseases in Armenia. Fundamental and Applied Aspects of the Study of Parasitic Arthropods in the XXI Century. Saint Petersburg (2014), 135–139.
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Biology
SPLENIC HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MACROVIPERA LEBETINA OBTUSA ENVENOMATION. EVALUATION OF INHIBITOR EFFECTS
AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate splenic histopathological alterations induced by Macrovipera lebetina obtusa venom and to assess the protective effects of enzyme inhibitors. Experiments were conducted on mice under controlled conditions using venom alone and in combination with marimastat and varespladib. The results showed that venom exposure led to edema, vascular congestion, and moderate hemorrhagic foci, indicating significant microvascular damage. In contrast, marimastat effectively preserved splenic architecture and prevented hemorrhage, whereas varespladib provided only partial protection with mild hemorrhagic changes persisting. It should also be noted that lymphoid follicles remained relatively preserved across all groups, suggesting lower susceptibility of the immune component to acute injury. These findings indicate the dominant role of metalloproteinases in venom-induced vascular damage and highlight the potential of targeted inhibition strategies for improving snakebite treatment outcomes.
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Siigur J., Aaspõllu A., Siigur E. Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Proteins and Peptides Purified from the Venoms of the Snakes Macrovipera lebetina Subspecies. Toxicon. 158 (2019), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.294
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Chemistry
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Chemistry
CORRELATION BETWEEN CAFFEINE CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT POWER, TOTAL POLYPHENOL AMOUNT AND GROWTH HEIGHT OF ARMENIAN MOUNTAINOUS HERBS
AbstractThe amount of caffeine and the dependence of its content on the growth height of Armenian mountainous herbal infusions such as Serpylli herba, Menthae piperitae folium, Mentha spicata, and Matricaria chamomilla were studied by virtue of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy after performing liquid-liquid extraction and multiple Gaussian curve fitting procedure to resolve the overlapping absorption bands. The obtained results were compared with those of Chinese green tea. The height of the plant growth significantly affects the caffeine content. The amount of caffeine in the infusions increases with the increase of the growth height of plants. Antioxidant activity of herbal infusions was studied using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and new developed p-nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline (PNDMA) assays. The IC50 values for DPPH and the rate constant of reaction between antioxidants derived from infusions and hydroxyl radicals were determined and compared with those of the well-known antioxidant vitamin C. Herbal infusions exhibited significant antioxidant activity comparable to that of green tea. Moreover, two assays revealed some differences, which are explained in the terms of hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of the antioxidants. The concentrations of some flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, such as quercetin and rutin, were determined by HPLC. Moreover, the content of total polyphenols was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method.
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Chemistry
2,6-DIMETHYL-4-MERCAPTOQUINOLINE AS A NEW ANALYTICAL REAGENT FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF COPPER (II)
AbstractA new efficient spectrophotometric method has been elaborated for determination of copper (II) ions using 2,6-dimethyl-4-mercaptoquinoline (R) as the analytical reagent. It has been established that the molar ratio between the reactants is Cu(II) : R = 1 : 2. The conditions for copper (II) complexation, including the effects of pH, reagent and copper (II) concentrations, and reaction duration have been studied. It has been shown that resulting complex possesses intense absorption in the visible region at a wavelength of 440 nm. It has been also shown that the system obeys Bouguer–Lambert–Beer law over a concentration range of 0.032–0.8 mg/25 mL (1.28–32 μg/mL). The average value for molar absorption coefficient is 9460. The influence of extraneous ions has been studied. The method has been successfully applied for copper determination in a standard bronze sample. The proposed reagent was shown to possess high sensitivity and selectivity compared to well-known sulfur containing reagents.
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