Vol. 1 No. 1 (2022)

View Vol. 1 No. 1 (2022)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/JPS.2022.1.1
Published: 2022-05-31

In this Issue

  • In this Issue

    In this Issue

    View PDF
    Abstract

    Modern political science, comparative political studies, as well as all other scientific disciplines, is the result of a fairly long and complex civilizational, cultural, value, economic, social and historical development. During the successive change of different stages, specific paradigms of political science research were formed, bearing the imprint of the periods of development of political science that created them.

    The main task of finding the optimal ratio of different political science paradigms, finding the possibility of their effective interaction is relevant primarily because the political science community has changed the idea of ​​what the relationship between different understandings and descriptions of political reality should be in the system of comparative research of social sciences and humanities.

    Political globalization, the logic of economic and technological convergence of states and regions of the world, not only geographically distant from each other, but also separated due to historical reasons, differences in cultural and political traditions, such as power, ideology, forms a universal pattern of interaction of heterogeneous principles, ideological tolerance, constructive cooperation.

    The growing complexity of the tasks facing countries and ruling elites in the 21st century, the need to combine in political reality seemingly opposite and contradictory goals. This implies the strengthening of political and economic sovereignty and successful integration into the global economic space, maintaining their own political tradition and bringing political institutions in line with the model of political regimes. This, in turn, requires a level of political science reflection corresponding to this complexity, which can no longer remain within the limits of an alternative approach in the field of methodology, but, on the contrary, needs to move to a higher level associated with the achievement of an effective synthesis of the established research paradigms.

    References

Regional Policy

  • Regional Policy

    Turkey as a Transport Hub: a Vision Strategy for Integrating Regional Infrastructures and Services

    Hayk Gabrielyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    Surrounded by seas on three sides, Turkey wants to connect different seas and coastal regions by land transport corridors. Moreover, Turkey pretends to connect the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and also Arctic Oceans by various transport corridors, which may referred to China, the EU, India and Russia accordingly. Thus, Turkey's transport strategy has 3 levels: national, regional and international.

    The research objective is to reveal Turkey's prospects of becoming a transport hub, to analyze Turkey's geographical location, the favorable circumstances and obstacles, the positions of the Turkish leadership and regional and extra-regional actors. We conclude that Turkey has glimmering chances to become a transport hub both in the West-East and North-South directions, and even in their various branches.

    Becoming a transport hub is very important from Turkey's point of view to be included in the top ten economically leading countries․ Likewise, it full compliances with Turkey's current ambitions։ Turkey is already a regional superpower with global ambitions, and in the long-term perspective it aspires to become a global player.

    The topic is actual for Armenia, as it directly refers on it․ The aspiration of Turkey to become a transport hub can also put Armenia on the world transport map, turning it into a transport hub as well, at least in the East-West (China-Europe) direction.

    References

    Isik, Ahmet Faruk, and Zhiqiang Zou (2019) “China-Turkey Security Cooperation Under the Background of the ‘Belt and Road’ and the ‘Middle Corridor’ Initiatives.” Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 13(2):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2019.1605572

    Kadan, Tevfik (2020/2021) “The Formulation of the Blue Homeland Doctrine.” Belt & Road Initiative Quarterly (BRIQ) 2(1): 36-50. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://briqjournal.com/en/the-formulation-the-blue-homeland-doctrine.

    Kenderdine, Tristan, and Péter Bucsky (2021) “Middle Corridor-Policy Development and Trade Potential of the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route.” ADBI Working Paper 1268. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.adb.org/publications/middle-corridor-policy-development-trade-potential.

    Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S. Nye (2012). Power and Interdependence. Longman: Pearson.

    Tanchum, Michaël (2021a). India’s Arab-Mediterranean Corridor: A Paradigm Shift in Strategic Connectivity to Europe (South Asia Scan 14). Singapore: Institute of South Asian Studies. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/South-Asia-Scan-Aug-2021-V4.pdf.

    Tanchum, Michaël (2021b). Turkey’s Maghreb-West Africa Economic Architecture: Challenges and Opportunities for the European Union (SWP Working Paper 3). Berlin. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/arbeitspapiere/CATS_Working_Paper_Nr_3_Michael_Tanchum_Turkeys_Maghreb_West_Africa_Economic_Architecture.pdf.

    Xiaoxiang, Zhou, and Huang Chengfeng (2021) “Systems Evaluation for Operational Risks of International Transport Corridors: A Case Study of China-Pakistan-Iran-Turkey International Transport Corridor,.” Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3438872.

  • Regional Policy

    The Geopoliticization of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict in the Shadow of the Madrid Principles: A Look at the Past

    Garik Poghosyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    While the majority of Armenian scholars are convinced the status of Nagorno-Karabakh should be based on the implementation of the right of self-determination, very little attention has been paid to the issue of the legitimacy of the pre-war borders of the Republic of Artsakh. Roughly, it is possible to divide the positions of the Armenian expert community into those who believed some or most of the seven districts will be ceded to Azerbaijan as a result of negotiations and those who deemed any attempt to change the pre-war status-quo as either dangerous, strategically flawed, unnecessary, groundless or downright betrayal of national interests and the century-long struggle for the integrity of Artsakh and Armenia. However, the evolution of the state of the de-facto Republic of Artsakh in the context of the legitimacy of its pre-war borders has received scant, if any, academic attention. It is this side of the matter that we attempt to address in this article through the lens of territoriality and the critical review of the so-called Madrid Principles.

    References

    Aleksanyan, Ashot. 2021. “New challenges of Armenian humanistic pedagogy in the geopolitical situation of neither war nor peace: managed enmity and war pedagogy.” «Education in the 21st Century» International Scientific-Methodical Review 2(6): 63-76.

    Hakobyan, Taron. 2011. NKR Proclamation and the process of state-building (1991-1994). Yerevan: Edit Print (in Armenian).

    Manasyan, Alexander, and Alen Ghevondyan. 2011. Nagorno Karabakh. How did it happen? Yerevan: SNCO “PR & IC” of the Office of the President of the RA (in Armenian).

    Pashayan, Hrayr, and Liana Balayan. 2016. “Karabakh conflict in the context of the 1994 ceasefire and the war of April 2016.” «21st Century» 4 (68): 40-54 (in Armenian).

    Zilfugharyan, Martin. 2008. The Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh. The Constitution of Syunik. Goris: GSU Publishing (in Armenian).

Comparative politics

Public Policy

  • Public Policy

    Rethinking the Non-resilience of Trade Unions in Armenia: How to Protect Social Rights and Freedoms of Workers?

    Ashot Aleksanyan, Arusyak Aleksanyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    This article analyzes the non-resilience nature of the social partnership of labor relations in Armenia after the Velvet Revolution and the legitimate change of public authority in 2018. Reimagining the agenda of European integration, democratization and anti-corruption policies implies strengthening the social dimension of trade unions and effectively protecting the social rights and freedoms of workers and their labor interests. The civiliarchic significance of social partnership in post-revolutionary Armenia should help reduce social inequality among social groups and strata, as well as develop a dialogue between business and labor. The result of social dialogue should be a gradual improvement in the quality of life and humanization of labor relations, as well as a civilized resolution of social conflicts.

    Particular attention in the article is paid to the legal and legitimate dimensions of social partnership in labor relations of the post-revolutionary Armenian society. In this sense, the article analyzes the Constitution, legal norms, national legislation, public authorities, European and international governmental organizations and their conventions and resolutions, through the effective implementation of which the new government has tried to ensure the rule of law since 2018, thereby minimizing informal norms of labor behavior, shadow economy and employment.

    References

    Barsukova, Svetlana, Elena Denisova-Schmidt, und Alena V. Ledeneva. 2018. “Informalität oder Korruption: Kritik der quantitativen Korruptionsforschung.” Osteuropa 68 (8-9): 25-40.

    Brown, Archie. 1978. “Political Developments: Some Conclusions and an Interpretation.” In: The Soviet Union since the Fall of Khrushchev, edited by Archie Brown, and Michael Kaser, 218-275. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15847-8_10.

    Copeland, Paul. 2012. “EU enlargement, the clash of capitalisms and the European social model.” Comparative European Politics 10: 476-504. https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2011.21.

    Courtois, Stéphane. 1990. “The origins of the trade union question in the communist world.” Journal of Communist Studies 6 (4): 7-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523279008415051.

    Dannreuther, Charles. 2014. “The European Social Model after the crisis: the end of a functionalist fantasy?” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 22 (3): 329-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2014.938621.

    Darden, Keith A. 2009. Economic Liberalism and Its Rivals: The Formation of International Institutions among the Post-Soviet States. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511575938

    Dølvik, Jon E., and Jelle Visser. 2001. “ETUC and European Social Partnership: a Third Turning-Point?” In: Social Partnership in the European Union, edited by Hugh Compston, and Justin Greenwood, 11-40. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403900821_2.

    Driscoll, Jesse. 2015. Warlords and Coalition Politics in Post-Soviet States. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107478046

    Frank, Peter. 1978. “The Changing Composition of the Communist Party.” In: The Soviet Union since the Fall of Khrushchev, edited by Archie Brown, and Michael Kaser, 96-120. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15847-8_5.

    Ghai, Dharam. 2003. “Decent work: Concept and indicators.” International Labour Review 142 (2): 113-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2003.tb00256.x

    Grybkauskas, Saulius. 2020. Governing the Soviet Union’s National Republics: The Second Secretaries of the Communist Party. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429422546.

    Hermann, Christoph. 2017. “Crisis, Structural Reform and the Dismantling of the European Social Model(S).” Economic and Industrial Democracy 38 (1): 51-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X14555708.

    Herzig, Edmund M. 1996. “Armenia and the Armenians.” In: The Nationalities Question in the Post-Soviet States, edited by Graham Smith, 248-268. London and New York: Longman Group Ltd.

    Hewes, Amy. 1932. “The Transformation of Soviet Trade Unions.” The American Economic Review 22 (4): 605-619.

    Hoffer, Frank. 1998. Traditional trade unions during transition and economic reform in the Russian Federation. Geneva: ILO.

    Hulicka, Karel. 1962. “The Komsomol.” The Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 42 (4): 363-73.

    Hyman, Richard. 2005. “Trade Unions and the Politics of the European Social Model.” Economic and Industrial Democracy 26 (1): 9-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X05049401.

    Ikpe, Eka. 2007. “Challenging the discourse on fragile states.” Conflict, Security & Development 7 (10): 85-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678800601176543.

    ILO. 2013. National tripartite social dialogue: an ILO guide for improved governance. Geneva: International Labour Office.

    Mandel, Ruth. 2012. “Introduction: Transition to Where? Developing Post-Soviet Space.” Slavic Review 71 (2): 223-33. https://doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.71.2.0223.

    Medina, Leandro, and Friedrich Schneider. 2018. “Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years?” IMF Working Paper 18/17. International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484338636.001

    Meleshevich, Andrey A. 2007. Party systems in post-Soviet countries: a comparative study of political institutionalization in the Baltic States, Russia, and Ukraine. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Mitchell, Andrew. 2013. “Risk and resilience: From good idea to good practice.” OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers 13. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en.

    Pascariu, Gabriela Carmen, and Gilles Rouet. 2019. “Introduction: resilience and the Eastern Partnership-what relevance for policies?.” In Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 3-24. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25606-7_1

    Pravda, Alex. 1983. “Trade Unions in East European Communist Systems: Toward Corporatism?” International Political Science Review 4 (2): 241-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251218300400207

    Promberger, Markus, Boost, Marie, Dagg, Jennifer, and Jane Gray. 2020. “Introduction: poverty, resilience and the European crisis.” In: Poverty, Crisis and Resilience, edited by Marie Boost, Jennifer Dagg, Jane Gray, and Markus Promberger, 2-17. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788973205.00013.

    Raab, Charles D., Jones, Richard, and Ivan Szekely. 2015. “Surveillance and Resilience in Theory and Practice.” Media and Communication 3 (2) (Special Issue: Surveillance: Critical Analysis and Current Challenges (Part I)): 21-41. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v3i2.220.

    Rosser, J. Barkley, Rosser, Marina Vcherashnaya, Guastello, Stephen J., and Robert W. Bond. 2001. “Chaotic hysteresis and systemic economic transformation: Soviet investment patterns.” Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences 5 (4): 345-368. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009519030554

    Schmalz, Stefan, Ludwig, Carmen, and Edward Webster. 2018. “The Power Resources Approach: Developments and Challenges.” Global Labour Journal 9 (2): 113-134. https://doi.org/10.15173/glj.v9i2.3569

    Schwarz, Solomon M. 1959. “Trade Unions in the Soviet State.” Current History 37 (216): 79-84.

    Smith, Graham. 1999. The Post-Soviet States: Mapping the Politics of Transition. Routledge.

    Tirado, Isabel A. 1993. “The Komsomol and Young Peasants: The Dilemma of Rural Expansion, 1921-1925.” Slavic Review 52 (3): 460-476. https://doi.org/10.2307/2499719.

    Uhlin, Anders. 2006. Post-Soviet Civil Society: Democratization in Russia and the Baltic States. London, New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203027752

    World Bank. 2022a. “Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate).” Accessed February 8, 2022. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS.

    World Bank. 2022b. “Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate).” Accessed February 8, 2022. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.ZS.

    World Bank. 2022c. “Gini index (World Bank estimate).” Accessed February, 2022. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI.

    World Bank. 2022d. “Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population).” Accessed February, 2022. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC.

  • Public Policy

    On the Issues of Social Movements in Armenia։ Civic Influence or a Step Towards Democratization?

    Olga Azatyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    Social movements in Armenia are a topical subject of political science analysis by both world, regional and Armenian researchers. Scientific interest in Armenia in this topic of social movements and civic influence arose in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when democratization began in the political life of the Armenian society. In this article, social movements are analyzed as an organized structure of actions, which is endowed with certain democratic resources, presence in a public environment, special knowledge and skills that allow effective communication with public authorities in order to resolve this discontent. From this boiling point, social movements represent an integral element of the democratic regime of the political system of the Armenian transformational society. Public movements in Armenia are a mechanism for expressing the point of view of representatives of civil society, a way of highlighting in the public space those discontent that arise in society, a way of citizens’ participation in politics, and not just in the period between elections. The article focuses on the fact that social movements in Armenia can also be viewed as a democratic resource that should be more effectively cooperated with the authorities, the ruling party and other parliamentary parties for a civilized solution of problems, in which the authorities and the civil environment are interested.

    References

    Aleksanyan, Ashot. 2019. “Zivilgesellschaft in Armenien und im Südkaukasus.” In: Politik und Gesellschaft im Kaukasus. Eine unruhige Region zwischen Tradition und Transformation, Hrsg. Olaf Leiße, 305-326. Springer VS: Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-26374-4_14.

    Aleksanyan, Ashot. 2020. “Civil Society as a Phenomenon of Post-Soviet Political Life: A Threat or a Guarantor of National Security.” In: Transformation and Development, edited by Anja Mihr, 29-49. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42775-7_3.

    Andreasyan, Zhanna, and Georgi Derlugyan. 2015. “Armenia’s Fuel Protests.” New Left Review (September/October). Accessed October 1, 2021. https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii95/articles/georgi-derluguian-zhanna-andreasyan-armenia-s-fuel-protests.

    Benford, Robert D., and David A. Snow. 2000. “Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment.” Annual Review of Sociology 26: 611-639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611

    della Porta, Donatella and Mario Diani. 2006. Social movements: an introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

    della Porta, Donatella. 2017. “Riding the wave: Protest cascades, and what we can learn from them.” In: Global Diffusion of Protest: Riding the Protest Wave in the Neoliberal Crisis, edited by Donatella della Porta, 9-30. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press B.V. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789462981690.

    Ekiert, Grzegorz, Jan Kubik, and Milada Anna Vachudova. 2007. “Democracy in the Post-Communist World: An Unending Quest?” East European Politics and Societies 21 (1): 7-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325406297170.

    Hannigan, John A. 1985 “Alain Touraine, Manuel Castells and Social Movement Theory: A Critical Appraisal.” The Sociological Quarterly 26(4): 435-454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1985.tb00237.x.

    Ishkanian, Armine. 2015. “Self-determined citizens? A new wave of civic activism in Armenia.” 16 June 2015. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/selfdetermined-citizens-new-wave-of-civic-activism-in-armenia/.

    Kitschelt, Herbert P. 1986. “Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 16 (1): 57-85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712340000380X.

    Kriesi, Hanspeter et al. 1995. New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. The Regents of the University of Minnesota.

    Melucci, Alberto. 1989. Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Culture. London: Hutchinson Radius.

    Melucci, Alberto. 1995. “The Process of Collective Identity.” In Social Movements and Culture, edited by Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans, 41-63. University of Minnesota Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttt0p8.6.

    Rhomberg, Chris, and Steven Lopez. 2021. “Understanding Strikes in the 21ST Century: Perspectives from the United States.” In: Power and Protest (Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, Vol. 44), edited by Lisa Leitz, 37-62. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0163-786X20210000044005.

    Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813245.

    Tilly, Charles, Castañeda, Ernesto and Lesley J. Wood. 2020. Social Movements, 1768-2018. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429297632

Political Philosophy

  • Political Philosophy

    Between Fear and Fascination: The Soviet Union in the Modern Age

    Jörg Baberowski
    View PDF
    Abstract

    The article deals with the formation of Soviet power, the Soviet Union, the influence of the ideology of Marxism, Leninism and Stalinism on the processes associated with industrialization, national socialism, nationalism, war and peace, humanism and fascism, which were a response to the economic and political domination of the United States and Europe. In the context of comparative analysis, special attention is paid to the phenomenon of Bolshevism as a real challenge of the 20th century. Considering that without the October Revolution and the Civil War in Russia there would be no war ideologies in Europe, without the experience of a multinational empire there would be no ethnic cleansing, without the victory of the Soviet Union in World War II there would be no communist rule in Eastern Europe and etc.

    The article also examines the prerequisites for the formation and transformation of the totalitarian political system and regime of the USSR, against which the revival of democracy and market economy began in Europe.

    References

    Alexijewitsch, Swetlana. 2013. Secondhand-Zeit: Leben auf den Trümmern des Sozialismus. Berlin: Hanser Berlin in Carl Hanser Verlag.

    Alexopoulos, Golfo. 2018. Stalin’s Outcasts: Aliens, Citizens, and the Soviet State, 1926-1936. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501720505.

    Arendt, Hannah. 2009. Über das Böse: Eine Vorlesung zu Fragen der Ethik. München and Zürich: Piper.

    Aves, Jonathan. 1996. Workers Against Lenin: Labour Protest and the Bolshevik Dictatorship. London: I.B. Tauris.

    Avrich, Paul. 1970. Kronstadt 1921. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

    Baberowski, Jörg. 2006. “Stalinismus und Nation: Die Sowjetunion als Vielvölkerreich 1917-1953.” Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 54 (3): 199-213.

    Baberowski, Jörg. 2009. “Totale Herrschaft im staatsfernen Raum. Stalinismus und Nationalsozialismus im Vergleich.” Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 57 (12): 1013-1028.

    Baberowski, Jörg. 2012. “Wege aus der Gewalt: Nikita Chruschtschow und die Entstalinisierung 1953-1964.” In: Gesellschaft-Gewalt-Vertrauen: Jan Philipp Reemtsma zum 60. Geburtstag, Hrsg. von Ulrich Bielefeld, Heinz Bude, und Bernd Greiner, 401-437. Hamburg.

    Baberowski, Jörg. 2012. Verbrannte Erde. Stalins Herrschaft der Gewalt. München: Beck. https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406709623.

    Baberowski, Jörg. 2015. Räume der Gewalt. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag.

    Baberowski, Jörg. 2016. “Gewalt als Machttechnik. Revolution als Staatswerdung an der asiatischen Peripherie der Sowjetunion.” In: Revolution, Krieg und die Geburt von Staat und Nation. Staatsbildung in Europa und den Amerikas 1770-1930, Hrsg. v. Ewald Frie und Ute Planert, 211-246. Tübingen.

    Bauman, Zygmunt. 1995. Moderne und Ambivalenz. Das Ende der Eindeutigkeit. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition.

    Bernstein, Eduard. 1976. Ein revisionistisches Sozialismusbild. Drei Vorträge, Hrsg. und Einleitung von Helmut Hirsch. Berlin/Bonn, Dietz.

    Besançon, Alain. 1981. The Intellectual Origins of Leninism. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Bracher, Karl-Dietrich. 1985. Zeit der Ideologien. Eine Geschichte politischen Denkens im 20. Jahrhundert. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag.

    Bradley, Joseph. 1985. Muzhik And Muscovite: Urbanization In Late Imperial Russia. Berkeley, New York, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520312968

    Brooks, Jeffrey. 2000. Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to the Cold War. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Brown, Archie. 2000. Der Gorbatschow-Faktor. Wandel einer Weltmacht. Frankfurt am Main, Leipzig: Insel-Verlag.

    Buldakov, Vladimir P. 1997. Krasnaja smuta: priroda i posledstvija revoljucionnogo nasilija. Moskva: ROSSPĖN.

    Cohen, Stephen F. 1974. Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution. A Political Biography, 1888-1938. London: Wildwood House.

    Daniels, Robert. V. 1962. Das Gewissen der Revolution, Kommunistische Opposition in Sowjetrußland. Köln, Berlin: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.

    Der Spiegel. 2014. “Der Wandel der Vergangenheit.” Der Spiegel 7,

    Erren, Lorenz. 2008. “Selbstkritik” und Schuldbekenntnis: Kommunikation und Herrschaft unter Stalin (1917-1953). München: Oldenbourg Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1524/9783486707243

    Eschenburg, Theo. 1995. Also hören Sie mal zu. Geschichte und Geschichten 1904-1933. Berliner Taschenbuch Verlag.

    February 10, 2014. https://magazin.spiegel.de/EpubDelivery/spiegel/pdf/124956878.

    Figes, Orlando. 1998. Die Tragödie eines Volkes. Die Epoche der russischen Revolution 1891 bis 1924. Berlin: Berlin Verlag.

    Fischer, Ruth. 1991. Stalin und der deutsche Kommunismus. Bd. 1: Von der Entstehung des deutschen Kommunismus bis 1924. Berlin: Dietz Verlag.

    Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 1999. Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Furet, François. 1996. Das Ende der Illusion. Der Kommunismus im 20. Jahrhundert. München, Zürich: Piper.

    Gorky, Maxim. 1995. Untimely Thoughts. Essays on Revolution, Culture, and the Bolsheviks, 1917-1918. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.

    Gregory, Paul R., and Andrei Markevich. 2002. “Creating Soviet History. The House that Stalin built.” Slavic Review 61: 798-799. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090390

    Groh, Dieter, und Peter Brandt. 1992. Vaterlandslose Gesellen: Sozialdemokratie und Nation 1860-1990. München: Beck.

    Gross, Jan Tomasz. 2002. Revolution from abroad: the Soviet conquest of Poland’s western Ukraine and western Belorussia. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Hellbeck, Jochen (Hrsg.). 1996. Tagebuch aus Moskau 1931-1939. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.

    Hobsbawm, Eric. 1994. The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991. London: Abacus.

    Hoffmann, David L. 2003. Stalinist Values: The Cultural Norms of Soviet Modernity, 1917-1941. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501725678

    Holm, Kerstin. 2014. “Rußlands Doppeldenker. Die Verwilderung der Heimat.” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, May 4, 2014. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/russlands-doppeldenker-die-verwilderung-der-heimat-12922758.html.

    Hoppe, Bert. 2011. In Stalins Gefolgschaft: Moskau und die KPD 1928-1933. München: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. https://doi.org/10.1524/9783486711738.

    Hughes, James. 1994. “Capturing the Russian Peasantry: Stalinist Grain Procurement Policy and the Ural-Siberian Method.” Slavic Review 53 (1): 76-103. https://doi.org/10.2307/2500326

    Jakowlew, Alexander N. 2004. Ein Jahrhundert der. Gewalt in Sowjetrussland. Berlin: Berlin Verlag.

    Johnson, Robert E. 1979. Peasant and Proletarian: The Working Class of Moscow in the Late Nineteenth Century. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.

    Judt, Tony (with Timothy Snyder). 2012. Thinking the Twentieth Century. New York: The Penguin Press.

    Karsch, Stefan. 2006. Die bolschewistische Machtergreifung im Gouvernement Voronež (1917-1919). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.

    Kiesel, Helmut. 2009. Ernst Jünger. Die Biographie. München: Pantheon Verlag.

    Klemperer, Victor. 2015. Man möchte immer weinen und lachen in einem. Revolutionstagebuch 1919. Berlin: Aufbau Verlag.

    Koenen, Gerd. 2005. Der Rußland-Komplex. Die Deutschen und der Osten 1900-1945. München: C.H. Beck Verlag.

    Koenen, Gerd. 2010. Was war der Kommunismus? Ein historischer Essay. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht Verlag.

    Koestler, Arthur u.a. 2005. Ein Gott der keiner war. Zürich: Europa Verlag AG Zürich.

    Koestler, Arthur. 1986. Als Zeuge der Zeit. Das Abenteuer meines Lebens. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Vlg.

    Kolakowski, Leszek. 1988. Die Hauptströmungen des Marxismus. Entstehung, Entwicklung, Zerfall. Band 2: Entwicklung. München. Piper & Co Verlag.

    Kotkin, Stephen. 1995. Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Kotkin, Stephen. 2008. Armageddon Averted. The Soviet Collapse 1970-2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Kotkin, Stephen. 2014. Stalin. Paradoxes of Power 1878-1928. London: Penguin Books.

    Kotz, David, and Fred Weir. 2007. Revolution from Above. The Demise of the Soviet System. London and New York: Routledge.

    Lenin, Wladimir I. 1976. Staat und Revolution: Ausgewählte Werke, Bd. 2, Berlin (Ost).

    Lenin, Wladimir I. 1978. Was tun?: Ausgewählte Werke, Bd. 1, Berlin (Ost).

    Lieven, Dominic. 1989. Russia’s Rulers under the Old Regime. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Lugowskaja, Nina. 2004. Ich will leben. Ein russisches Tagebuch 1932-1937. München 2005: Carl Hanser Verlag.

    Malia, Martin. 1994. Vollstreckter Wahn. Rußland 1917-1991. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.

    Martin, Terry. 2017. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501713323.

    Mazower, Mark. 2000. Der dunkle Kontinent. Europa im 20. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Alexander Fest Verlag.

    Merz, Kai-Uwe. 1995. Das Schreckbild: Deutschland und der Bolschewismus, 1917-1921. Berlin, Frankfurt am Main: Propyläen.

    Mironov, Boris N. 1994. “3. Peasant Popular Culture and the Origins of Soviet Authoritarianism.” In Cultures in Flux: Lower-Class Values, Practices, and Resistance in Late Imperial Russia, edited by Stephen Frank, and Mark D. Steinberg, 54-73. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400821334.54.

    Müller, Jan-Werner. 2013. Das demokratische Zeitalter. Eine politische Ideengeschichte Europas im 20. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Suhrkamp.

    Nachtigal, Reinhard. 2005. “Krasnyj Desant: Das Gefecht an Der Mius-Bucht. Ein Unbeachtetes Kapitel Der Deutschen Besetzung Südrußlands 1918.” Jahrbücher Für Geschichte Osteuropas 53 (2): 221-246.

    Nolte, Ernst. 1968. Die Krise des Liberalen Systems und die Faschistischen Bewegungen. Munich: Piper.

    Nolte, Ernst. 1987. Der europäische Bürgerkrieg, 1917-1945: Nationalsozialismus und Bolschewismus. Frankfurt am Main: Propyläen.

    O’Sullivan, Donal. 1996. Furcht und Faszination: Deutsche und britische Russlandbilder, 1921-1933. Köln, Weimar and Wien: Böhlau Verlag.

    Pethybridge, Roger W. 1990. One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward: Soviet Society and Politics under the New Economic Policy. Oxford: Clarendon Press; NY: Oxford University Press.

    Pipes, Richard. 1992. Die russische Revolution Bd. 1. Der Zerfall des Zarenreiches. Berlin Rowohlt Berlin.

    Plaggenborg, Stefan. 1996. Revolutionskultur: Menschenbilder und kulturelle Praxis in Sowjetrussland zwischen Oktoberrevolution und Stalinismus. Köln: Böhlau.

    Pons, Silvio. 2014. The Global Revolution: A History of International Communism, 1917-1991. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Popitz, Heinrich. 1992. Phänomene der Macht: Autorität - Herrschaft - Gewalt - Technik.Tübingen: Mohr.

    Priestland, David. 2009. Weltgeschichte des Kommunismus. Von der französischen Revolution bis heute. München: Siedler Verlag.

    Raphael, Lutz. 2011. Imperiale Gewalt und mobilisierte Nation. Europa 1914-1945. München: Beck. https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406623530

    Rohrwasser, Michael. 2000. “Der Kommunismus. Verführung, Massenwirksamkeit, Entzauberung.” In: Wege in die Gewalt. Die modernen politischen Religionen, Hrsg. v. Hans Maier, 121-142. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag.

    Rolf, Malte. 2006. Das sowjetische Massenfest. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, HIS Verlag.

    Ryklin, Michail. 2008. Kommunismus als Religion. Die Intellektuellen und die Oktoberrevolution. Frankfurt am Main/Leipzig: Verlag der Weltreligionen.

    Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. 2005. Entfernte Verwandtschaft. Faschismus, Nationalsozialismus, New Deal 1933-1939. München: Carl Hanser Verlag.

    Schmolze, Gerhard (Hrsg.). 1978. Revolution und Räterepublik in München 1918/19 in Augenzeugenberichten. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag.

    Schnell, Felix. 2012. Räume des Schreckens. Gewalt und Gruppenmilitanz in der Ukraine 1905-1930. Hamburg: Hamburger edition.

    Scott, James. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

    Slezkine, Yuri. 1994. “The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism.” Slavic Review 53 (2) (Summer): 414-452. https://doi.org/10.2307/2501300

    Snyder, Timothy. 2010. Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books.

    Snyder, Timothy. 2015. Black Earth. Der Holocaust und warum er sich wiederholen kann. Cover: Black Earth. München: C.H. Beck Verlag.

    Stalin, Josef. 1955. Werke, Bd. 13. Berlin-Ost.

    Suny, Ronald Grigor. 1993. The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804779265

    Taubman, William. 2003. Khrushchev. The Man and his Era. New York: Norton.

    Teichmann, Christian. 2016. Macht der Unordnung. Stalins Herrschaft in Zentralasien 1920-1950. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition.

    Tooze, Adam. 2015. Sintflut: Die Neuordnung der Welt 1916-1931. München: Siedler Verlag.

    Traverso, Enzo. 2008. Im Bann der Gewalt. Der europäische Bürgerkrieg 1914-1945. München: Siedler Verlag.

    Trotsky, Leon. 2017. History of the Russian Revolution. Penguin.

    Trotzki, Leo. 1981. Denkzettel. Politische Erfahrungen im Zeitalter der permanenten Revolution, Hrsg. v. Isaac Deutscher. Frankfurt am Main.

    Tschernyschewski, Nikolai G. 1988. Was tun? Aus Erzählungen von neuen Menschen. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt.

    Tumarkin, Nina. 1983. Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia. Cambridge, MH: Harvard University Press.

    Valentinov, Nikolaj. 1953. Vstrechi s Leninym. New York: The Chekhov Publishing House.

    Verner, Andrew M. 1990. The Crisis of Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Wirsching, Andreas. 1999. Vom Weltkrieg Zum Bürgerkrieg? Politischer Extremismus in Deutschland Und Frankreich 1918-1933/39. Berlin Und Paris Im Vergleich. München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1524/9783486595956

    Wortman, Richard. 2000. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Wynn, Charters. 1992. Workers, Strrikes and Pogroms: The Donbass-Dnepr-Bend in Late Imperial Russia, 1870-1905, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400862894

    Yurchak, Alexei. 2006. Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet. Generation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Political Philosophy

    Freedom and Happiness: Does Freedom Make People Happy?

    Simon Clarke
    View PDF
    Abstract

    The article analyzes the relationship between freedom and happiness, in particular whether freedom makes people happy. The problem of freedom and happiness in the modern world affects the life of every person. Utilitarians argue that freedom, understood as the absence of constraints, increases people's happiness, as J. S. Mill argued in On Liberty. More recently there have been a number of empirical studies examining whether happiness levels are higher in societies that have more liberty. These studies are critically examined and some of the difficulties of establishing whether it is liberty or some other closely-related phenomena, such as democracy or development, that cause happiness are discussed. The article presents data from Freedom House and the Happy Planet Index to attempt to determine the effect of liberty on happiness. This enables us to determine the place of freedom in the hierarchy of values and understand its place in society and its significance for the individual.

    References

    Bentham, Jeremy. 1789. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00077240

    Brooks, Arthur C. 2008. “Free People Are Happy People.” City Journal 80 (Spring). https://www.city-journal.org/html/free-people-are-happy-people-13080.html

    Carter, Ian, Matthew H. Kramer, and Hillel Steiner, ed. 2007. Freedom: A Philosophical Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

    Dworkin, Gerald, ed. 1997. Mill’s On Liberty: Critical Essays. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Freiman, Christopher. 2016. “Utilitarianism.” In: Arguments for Liberty, edited by Aaron Ross Powell, and Grant Babcock, 9-47. Washington D.C.: Cato Institute.

    Glover, Jonathan, ed. 1990. Utilitarianism and Its Critics. New York: Macmillan.

    Gray, John, and G. W. Smith, ed. 1991. J. S. Mill On Liberty in Focus. London and New York: Routledge.

    Inglehart, Ronald, and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. 2000. “Genes, Culture, Democracy, and Happiness.” In: Culture and Subjective Well-Being, edited by Ed Diener, and Eunkook M. Suh, 165-183. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

    Layard, Richard. 2005. Happiness Lessons from a New Science. New York: Penguin Press.

    Mill, John Stuart. 1859. On Liberty.

    Mill, John Stuart. 1863. Utilitarianism.

    Smart, J. J. C., and Bernard Williams. 1973. Utilitarianism: For and Against. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Ten, C. L., ed. 2009. Mill’s on Liberty: A Critical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511575181

    Veenhoven, Ruut. 2000. “Freedom and happiness: A comparative study in forty-four nations in the early 1990s.” In: Culture and Subjective Well-Being, edited by Ed Diener, and Eunkook M. Suh, 257–288. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Book Review

  • Book Review

    Transformation and Development. Studies in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Member States, edited by Anja Mihr. Springer Cham, 2020. VI, 154 pp.

    Ashot Yengoyan, Lusine Harutyunyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    The relevance of the main directions of research in this book is determined both by the general significance of the problem of transforming the political process of society for political science, and by the peculiarity of its state in the context of sociocultural dynamics in the member states of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The importance of a comparative analysis of social and cultural value bases in the political process and the dynamics of this phenomenon is due to increased attention to the consideration of the nature, essence and characteristics of value orientations in the era of globalization, changes and complication of the evolution of the political system, on the basis of which the development of society in the political environment is carried out. The immediate stability and effectiveness of the political process directly depends on the value components in the public mind. This aspect is of particular importance in the face of the challenges of the surrounding world, when a transformational society is faced with a choice of political alternatives. In this regard, it becomes important to study the problem of the regulatory role of social, cultural and value factors in the transformation of the political process in the OSCE member states.

    References

    Transformation and Development. Studies in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Member States, edited by Anja Mihr. Springer Cham, 2020. VI, 154 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42775-7

  • Book Review

    Politik und Gesellschaft im Kaukasus. Eine unruhige Region zwischen Tradition und Transformation, Herausgegeben von Olaf Leiße. Springer VS, Wiesbaden, 2019. X, 480 S.

    Manya Mkrtchyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    The Caucasus is one of the most strategically and geopolitically important destinations for the United States, Germany, France, Russia, Turkey, Iran and other countries. Undoubtedly, the Caucasian region with a multinational composition of the population, which has a complex ethno-political and multicultural mosaic. Interethnic relations in the South Caucasus and the North Caucasus were formed historically and were accompanied by both conflict and interethnic tolerance, good neighborliness, ethnopolitical friendship and mutual assistance. The ethnopolitical situation in the Caucasus is characterized by military conflicts and their consequences (Chechnya, South Ossetia, Georgia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia, Azerbaijan). The aggravation of interethnic relations, in a historically unstable region, led to an increase in conflict in the Caucasus, resulting in hostilities, uncontrolled migration, and terrorist activities.

    References

    Politik und Gesellschaft im Kaukasus. Eine unruhige Region zwischen Tradition und Transformation, Herausgegeben von Olaf Leiße. Springer VS, Wiesbaden, 2019. X, 480 S. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-26374-4_14.

  • Book Review

    The People and the Nation: Populism and Ethno-Territorial Politics in Europe, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Emanuele Massetti, and Oscar Mazzoleni. London and New York: Routledge, 2019. xii, 312 pp. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351265560.

    Svetlana Jilavyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    At the present stage of European integration, a comparative analysis of the various dimensions of peoples and nations, populism and ethno-territorial politics in Europe is of great importance. The future of European integration, scenarios and models of its development have always been in the focus of attention not only of politicians, but also of political scientists, sociologists and other scientists. The topic of populism has received fairly wide coverage in international and European political science in recent years, it is even appropriate to talk about the explosive nature of interest in this topic in connection with the events of the 2010s in the political party field of European countries and the United States. However, it is obvious that it is necessary to consider populism and right-wing populism in a complex perspective, both at the general theoretical level and at the more specific level of certain incidents. This is explained by the very uniqueness of the European project, which has no equal among regional integration associations in terms of the degree of integration of its member countries. At the same time, today the EU is faced with many problems that, according to some experts, are of an existential nature. The most striking evidence of this is the outcome of the referendum in the UK on leaving the EU. The growth of Euroscepticism and nationalist sentiments is expressed today in the EU countries in a truly triumphant procession of populist parties of the right and left (Heinisch and Mazzoleni 2016, 1-18; Heinisch and Mazzoleni 2017, 105-122). This phenomenon in modern Europe is due to several interconnected phenomena both in essence and in time.

    References

    Heinisch, Reinhard, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 2016. “Introduction.” In: Understanding Populist Party Organisation. Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 1-18. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58197-6_1.

    Heinisch, Reinhard, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 2017. “Analysing and Explaining Populism: Bringing Frame, Actor and Context Back In.” In: Political Populism. A Handbook, edited by Reinhard C. Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 105-122. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.

    Heinisch, Reinhard, Emanuele Massetti, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 2019a. “Introduction: European party-based populism and territory.” In: The People and the Nation: Populism and Ethno-Territorial Politics in Europe, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Emanuele Massetti, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 1-19. London and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351265560.

    Heinisch, Reinhard, Emanuele Massetti, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 2019b. “Populism and ethno-territorial politics - conclusions: Bridging legacies in understanding party mobilization.” In: The People and the Nation: Populism and Ethno-Territorial Politics in Europe, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Emanuele Massetti, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 280-290. London and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351265560.