Vol. 1 No. 3 (2022)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/10.46991/JOPS/2022.1.3
Published: 2022-12-29

In this Issue

  • In this Issue

    In this Issue

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    Abstract

    The global dimension of the conflict changes and war taking place in the Eastern Partnership space allows one to argue about the contradictory transformation of modern international and regional relations into a different state, which is quite different from that which was typical in previous centuries. On the one hand, new international and regional relations are characterized by a greater degree of rationality, which is manifested in the desire of global and regional actors to regulate international relations based on their own interests. On the other hand, there is a growing spontaneity emanating from international and regional relations itself. At the same time, spontaneity and chaos develop to a certain extent as a counterbalance to the tendency towards rationalization or orderliness. The interaction of rationality and spontaneity accelerates the transformation of interstate relations.

    Despite the fact that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is universal in nature and is designed to equally draw the attention of the world community to the problems of all states without exception, it nevertheless emphasizes the special responsibility of developed countries for the future of the developing world, where there is currently a critically high deficit investment in key social and economic Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Under these conditions of comparative analysis, research on the topic of regulation and leadership seems relevant in terms of identifying recent trends in the South Caucasus. A comparative study of the issues of stability and instability in international relations is of paramount importance, since they play a world-system role and influence the ability of international relations to adapt to constantly changing conditions. Therefore, the main attention in the articles of this volume was paid, first of all, to the theoretical and methodological dimensions of regulation and leadership in modern international and regional relations.

    References

Political History

  • Political History

    The History of Imperial Politics and the Politics of Imperial History

    Gerard J. Libaridian
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    Abstract

    This article constitutes a discourse of the essence of the empire, and on ensuing contradictions in what otherwise had been a commonly experienced history by Turks and Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. This article is a moment of reflection on the author’s paradigm of empire, based on his academic research and diplomatic experience. The article addresses three questions: 1) What are empires and what are not, 2) Contradictions in the common history of Muslims/Turks and Armenians and possible explanations for these contradictions, 3) The fate of empires in international politics today.

    The author’s empire paradigm to these three questions is motivated by two main considerations: (1) How can we explain the fundamental differences between the opposing histories of empires and peoples subject to empires? (2) On an intellectual and scientific level, how can we contribute to efforts that can move us closer to a more thorough history from which we could draw some lessons?

    Historical discourse shows that differences will always remain, but even these differences should be aimed at enriching our knowledge and perspectives, and not at ignoring, obscuring or otherwise ignoring aspects of history itself. Contemporary interest in such comparative research goes beyond the methodologies that support the social sciences and the integrity of the profession of historian or other scholars of history.

    References

    Behm, Amanda. 2018. Imperial History and the Global Politics of Exclusion: Politics of Exclusion Britain, 1880-1940. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54850-4.

    Burton, Antoinette. 1994. “Rules of thumb: British history and ‘imperial culture’ in nineteenth and twentieth-century Britain1.” Women’s History Review 3 (4): 483-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/09612029400200064.

    Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2014. “Turkish-Armenian relations in the process of de-Ottomanization or “de-historicization”: Is a “just memory” possible?” Turkish Policy Quarterly 13 (1): 21-30.

    Drayton, Richard. 2011. “Where Does the World Historian Write From? Objectivity, Moral Conscience and the Past and Present of Imperialism.” Journal of Contemporary History 46 (3) 671-685. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009411403519.

    Howe, Stephen. 2009. Routledge Readers in History. Routledge.

    Kennedy, Dane.2015. “The Imperial History Wars.” Journal of British Studies 54 (1): 5-22.

    Kramer, Paul A. 2011. “Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World.” The American Historical Review 116 (5): 1348-1391.

    Libaridian, Gerard J. 1999. The Challenge of Statehood: Armenian Political Thinking Since Independence. Blue Crane Books.

    Libaridian, Gerard J. 2004. Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315124667.

    Libaridian, Gerard J. 2005. “The Past as a Prison, the Past as a Different Future.” Turkish Policy Quarterly 4 (4) (Winter).

    Libaridian, Gerard J. 2011. “What Was Revolutionary about Armenian Revolutionary Parties in the Ottoman Empire?” In: A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Ronald Grigor Suny, Fatma Muge Gocek, and Norman M. Naimark, 82-112. ‎ Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195393743.003.0005.

    Libaridian, Gerard J. 2013. “Erdoğan and His Armenian Problem.” Turkish Policy Quarterly 12 (1) (Spring): 43-64.

    Libaridian, Gerard J. 2015. “Commentary on FM Davutoğlu’s TPQ Article on the Armenian Issue.” Accessed November 1, 2022. http://turkishpolicy.com/debate-article/1/commentary-on-fm-davutoglus-tpq-article-on-the-armenian-issue.

    Pitts, Jennifer. 2012. “Political Theory of Empire and Imperialism: An Appendix.” In: Empire and Modern Political Thought, edited by Sankar Muthu, 351-388. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139016285.014.

    Price, Richard. 2006. “One Big Thing: Britain, Its Empire, and Their Imperial Culture.” Journal of British Studies 45 (3): 602-627.

    Satia, Priya. 2022. “Britain’s Culture War: Disguising Imperial Politics as Historical Debate about Empire.” Journal of Genocide Research 24 (2): 308-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2021.1968137.

    Wallimann, Isidor, Michael N. Dobkowski, and Richard L. Rubenstein (eds). 1987. Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death. New York: Greenwood Press.

    Working, Lauren. 2020. The Making of an Imperial Polity: Civility and America in the Jacobean Metropolis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108625227.

American Politics

Gender Politics

  • Gender Politics

    Gender-Sensitive Approaches in Confidence- and Security-Building Measures

    Hakob Gabrielyan
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    Abstract

    The paper examines the existing issues and proposes new outlook on the solutions for incorporating gender-sensitive approaches in the sphere of arms control and confidence- and security-building measures in Europe (CSBMs). Based on a thorough consideration of the current practices and relevant documentation, the notion of gender-positive approach is introduced, while a set of particular measures for improving gender mainstreaming in the security sector is suggested. To assess adequately the degree of streamlining the OSCE’s gender-related principles at local level and underline the existing gaps between theory and practice, short interviews were conducted with former and current female officers and specialists, engaged in human rights promotion in the defence and security structures. The paper concludes with the diagram offering interconnected steps to the efficient engagement of women in CSBMs.

    References

    Charlesworth, Hilary. 2005. “Not Waving but Drowning: Gender Mainstreaming and Human Rights in the United Nations.” Harvard Human Rights Journal 18: 1-18.

    Council of Europe. 2015. European Social Charter. Collected texts (7th edition). January 2015. Accessed November 1, 2022. https://rm.coe.int/168048b059.

    Davis, Laura. 2018. Kissing the frog: Gender equality in EU conflict prevention and other fairy tales. EPLO. Accessed November 1, 2022. https://eucivcap.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/eu-civcap_deliverable_3-4_web.pdf.

    DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN Women. 2019. “Security Sector Governance, Security Sector Reform and Gender.” In: Gender and Security Toolkit. Geneva: DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN Women.

    Diaz, Pablo Castillo, and Simon Tordjman. 2012. Women’s Participation in Peace Negotiations: Connections between Presence and Influence. New York: UN Women. Accessed November 1, 2022. https://peaceoperationsreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/womens_partcipation_peace.pdf.

    Myrttinen, Henri, and Megan Daigle. 2017. When merely existing is a risk: Sexual and gender minorities in conflict, displacement and peacebuilding. London: International Alert.

    OSCE. 1990. Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Accessed November 1, 2022. https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/4/9/14087.pdf.

    OSCE. 1994. Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security. Programme for Immediate Action Series, No.7, DOC.FSC/1/95, December 3, 1994. Accessed November 1, 2022. https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/5/7/41355.pdf.

    OSCE. 2011. Vienna Document On Confidence-And Security-Building Measures. Accessed November 1, 2022. https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/4/86597.pdf.

    OSCE. 2013. Training manual for organizing and conducting a course on human rights and fundamental freedoms in the armed forces. OSCE Office in Yerevan.

    OSCE. 2018. Gender in military operations: Guidance for military personnel working at tactical level in Peace Support Operations. Vienna, Austria. Accessed November 1, 2022. https://www.osce.org/secretariat/401705.

    OSCE. 2019. Understanding the Role of Gender in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization That Lead to Terrorism Good Practices for Law Enforcement. Vienna, Austria. Accessed November 1, 2022. https://www.osce.org/secretariat/420563.

    OSCE/ODIHR 2019. Gender, Diversity and Justice: Overview and Recommendations. Warsaw. Accessed November 1, 2022. https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/3/4/419840_0.pdf.

    OSCE/ODIHR. 2008. Handbook on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Armed Forces Personnel.Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.

    OSCE/ODIHR. 2020. International and Regional Laws and Instruments related to Gender Equality and the Security and Justice Sector: Annex. DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN Women. Accessed November 1, 2022. https://www.osce.org/odihr/461926.

    PACE. 2016. “Resolution 2120 (2016).” Accessed September 1, 2022. https://pace.coe.int/en/files/22939/html.

    UN Women. 2018. “Turning promises into action: Gender equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, New York: UN Women.

    United Nations. 1979. “The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).” Accessed September 1, 2022. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm.

    United Nations. 2000. “Security Council resolution 1325 (2000)”. Accessed September 1, 2022. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/720/18/PDF/N0072018.pdf?OpenElement.

Regional Policy

  • Regional Policy

    Drivers of Fiscal Resources at the Local Level in Russia: Role of Institutions Reflected in Regional Debt

    Evgeny Timushev
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    Abstract

    The paper seeks to clarify the consequences of fiscal institutions and centralization of intergovernmental relations in Russia related to regional debt sustainability and intraregional fiscal decentralization. The consolidated regional debt is considered to be the indicator that incorporates various features of institutional framework of the Russian budgetary system, while local fiscal decentralization reflects the number of fiscal resources at the local level. The relationship between governmental debt sustainability and fiscal decentralization is known to be a complex phenomenon. Yet under the analytical framework of this research, I show that the decrease of intraregional fiscal decentralization in Russia is attributable to the growing regional debt. Essentially, I conclude that centralization of intergovernmental relations in Russia leaves little room for maneuver for regional authorities and lead both to growing risk of debt sustainability and shrinking number of fiscal resources at the local level.

    It is found that more prosperous Russian regions exhibit higher fiscal decentralization. This finding reinforces the established theory. However, in the rich northern regions of Russia dependent on oil, gas and other commodities the decentralization is relatively high, so some theoretical predictions seem to be misleading. Those unobserved factors remain to be investigated.

    Further research agenda consists of conducting calculations based not just on pooled but panel data. It will help considering characteristics of each region. Furthermore, the results need to be reassessed for different indicators of fiscal decentralization.

    References

    Alexeev, Michael. et al. 2019. “Fiscal Decentralization, Budget Discipline, and Local Finance Reform in Russia’s Regions”. Public Finance Review 47(4): 679–717.

    Alexeev, Michael, and Arsenij Mamedov. 2017. “Factors determining intra-regional fiscal decentralization in Russia and the US”. Russian Journal of Economics 3(4): 425–444. doi: 10.1016/j.ruje.2017.12.007

    Panizza, Ugo. 1999. “On the determinants of fiscal centralization: Theory and evidence”. Journal of Public Economics 74(1): 97–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00020-1

    Libman, Alexander. 2010. “Empiricheskie issledovaniya faktorov decentralizacii: obzor literatury [Empirical study of the factors of decentralization: a review of the literature]”. Zhurnal Novoj ekonomicheskoj associacii [Journal of New Economic Association], 6: 10-29. (In Russian).

    Arzaghi, Mohammad, and J. Vernon Henderson. 2005. “Why countries are fiscally decentralizing”. Journal of Public Economics 89(7): 1157–1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.10.009

    Boffa, Federico, Amedeo Piolatto, and Giacomo A. M. Ponzetto. 2016. “Political Centralization and Government Accountability”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 131(1): 381–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv035

    Bahl, Roy W., and Sebastian Nath. 1986. “Public Expenditure Decentralization in Developing Countries”. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 4(4): 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1068/c040405

    Baker, Samuel H. 2000. “Does enhanced veto authority centralize government?” Public Choice 104: 63–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005119311685

    Frejnkman, Lev, and Alexander Plekhanov. 2008. “Decentralizaciya byudzhetnoj sistemy v regionah-rentopoluchatelyah [Decentralization of the budget system in the regions-rent recipients]”. Ekonomicheskaya politika 1: 103–123. (In Russian).

    Harguindéguy, Jean-Baptiste Paul, Alistair Cole, and Romain Pasquier. 2019. “The variety of decentralization indexes: A review of the literature”. Regional and Federal Studies doi: 10.1080/13597566.2019.1566126.

    Adam, Antonis, Delis D. Manthos, and Kammas Pantelis. 2014. “Fiscal decentralization and public sector efficiency: Evidence from OECD countries”. Economics of Governance 15(1): 17–49. doi: 10.1007/s10101-013-0131-4

    Stegarescu, Dan. 2005. “Public sector decentralisation: Measurement concepts and recent international trends”. Fiscal Studies 26(3): 301–333. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-5890.2005.00014.x.

    Ligthart, Jenny E., and Peter van Oudheusden. 2017. “The Fiscal Decentralisation and Economic Growth Nexus Revisited”. Fiscal Studies 38(1): 141–171. doi: 10.1111/1475-5890.12099.

    Zemlyansky, Dmitry, and Darina Medvednikova. 2021. “Municipal'nyj dolg krupnyh gorodskih okrugov Rossii v 2015–2020 godah [Municipal debt of large urban districts of Russia in 2015-2020]”. Socio-economic geography: history, theory, methods, practice 2021. Collection of scientific articles of the VII All-Russian Scientific Conference with international participation. Smolensk. 540: 284-295. (In Russian).

    Delgado, Francisco J. 2021. “On the Determinants of Fiscal Decentralization: Evidence from the EU”. Amfiteatru Economic 23(56): 206–220. https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2021/56/206

Sovietology

  • Sovietology

    An Alternative to the Dissident Paradigm and Intersecting Civil Protests in Soviet Armenia: Equal but Different?

    Armenak Manukyan
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    Abstract

    The article analyzes alternative dimensions of dissidence and civil protests in Soviet Armenia, which covers the period from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s, from the Khrushchev Thaw to Gorbachev’s Perestroika. Comparative study of the dissident paradigm has political and civilizational significance. The dissident paradigm is precisely associated with the entire human rights movement, and human rights activists were those who were called dissidents. Thanks to them, ideas of an alternative development of Soviet society and public authorities emerged.

    At the present stage, the democratic rights of citizens, for which the intelligentsia and human rights activists fought in the 1960s-1980s, are proclaimed and enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia. But this does not mean that the issue of human rights has been resolved in reality, since in reality human rights are often violated, first of all, by the public authorities themselves. The experience of the first generation of human rights defenders continues to be of interest to numerous committees and commissions advocating respect for the constitutional and legal rights of citizens.

    The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that the processes of formation of a democratic society and the rule of law in modern Armenia put forward the task of effectively protecting human rights and freedoms. Given the fact that the recognition of human rights as a basic value was the result of a long evolution of society, it is important to see that their prerequisite was the struggle of the most socially active people for the possibility of civilizational development.

    References

    Aleksanyan, Ashot. 2016. “The impact of the Armenian genocide on the formation of national statehood and political identity.” Journal of Armenian Studies 2 (8): 22-43.

    Alexeyeva, Ludmilla, and Paul Goldberg. 1990. The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

    Alexeyeva, Ludmilla. 1985. Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements for National, Religious and Human Rights. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press.

    Amalrik, Andrei. 1971. Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1984? London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press. [Амальрик, Андрей. 1970. Просуществует ли Советский Союз до 1984 года? Амстердам: Фонд имени Герцена].

    Amalrik, Andrei. 1978. The USSR and the West in one boat. London: Overseas Publicutions Interchange Ltd. [Амальрик, Андрей. 1978. СССР и Запад в одной лодке. Лондон: Overseas Publicutions Interchange Ltd].

    Bacon, Edwin. 1992. “Glasnost’ and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II.” Soviet Studies 44 (6): 1069-1086.

    Bergman, Jay. 1992. “Soviet Dissidents on the Russian Intelligentsia, 1956-1985: The Search for a Usable Past.” The Russian Review 51 (1): 16-35. https://doi.org/10.2307/131244.

    Bergman, Jay. 1998. “Was the Soviet Union Totalitarian? The View of Soviet Dissidents and the Reformers of the Gorbachev Era.” Studies in East European Thought 50 (4): 247-281.

    Boffa, Giuseppe. 1996. From the USSR to Russia. History of the unfinished crisis. 1964-1994. Moscow: International relationships. [Боффа, Джузеппе. 1996. От СССР к России. История неоконченного кризиса. 1964-1994. Москва: Международные отношения].

    Caute, David. 2010. Politics and the Novel During the Cold War. Routledge.

    Chatterjee, Choi. 2017. “Imperial Subjects in the Soviet Union: M.N. Roy, Rabindranath Tagore, and Re-Thinking Freedom and Authoritarianism.” Journal of Contemporary History 52 (4): 913-934.

    Edelman, Marc. 2001. “Social Movements: Changing Paradigms and Forms of Politics.” Annual Review of Anthropology 30: 285-317.

    Ellman, Michael. 2002. “Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments.” Europe-Asia Studies 54 (7): 1151-1172.

    Fairbanks Jr., Charles H. 1989. “Soviet Bureaucratic Politics: The Role of Leaders and of Lower Officials.” In: Politics and the Soviet System, edited by Thomas F. Remington, 83-118. Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09820-0_5.

    Fireside, Harvey. 1989. “Dissident Visions of the USSR: Medvedev, Sakharov & Solzhenitsyn.” Polity 22 (2): 213-229. https://doi.org/10.2307/3234832.

    Ginzburg, Aleksandr. 1967. Belaia kniga po delu Siniavskogo-Daniėlia [White Book on the Siniavskii-Daniėl’ case]. Frankfurt am Main: Possev-Verlag.

    Harutyunyan, Avag. 2015. The 50th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide and the Second Republic. Yerevan: “Noravank” Scientific and Educational Foundation [Հարությունյան, Ավագ. 2015. Հայոց ցեղասպանության 50-րդ տարելիցը և Երկրորդ Հանրապետությունը: Երևան։ «Նորավանք» գիտակրթական հիմնադրամ].

    Ilic, Melanie, and Jeremy Smith, eds. 2009. Soviet State and Society under Nikita Khrushchev. London: Routledge.

    Jhabvala, Farrokh. 1985. “The Soviet-Bloc’s View of the Implementation of Human Rights Accords.” Human Rights Quarterly 7 (4): 461-491. https://doi.org/10.2307/762150.

    Johnston, Gordon. 2004. “What Is the History of Samizdat?” Social History 24 (2): 115-133.

    Kneen, Peter. 1998. “Reconceptualizing the Soviet system: Pluralism, totalitarianism and science.” The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 14 (4): 28-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523279808415389.

    Komaromi, Ann. 2004. “The Material Existence of Soviet Samizdat.” Slavic Review 63 (3): 597-618. https://doi.org/10.2307/1520346.

    Komaromi, Ann. 2012. “Samizdat and Soviet Dissident Publics.” Slavic Review 71 (1): 70-90. https://doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.71.1.0070.

    Kukulin, l’ia. 2011. “Alternative Social Blueprinting in Soviet Society of the 1960s and the 1970s, or Why Left-Wing Political Practices Have Not Caught on in Contemporary Russia.” Russian Studies in History 49 (4): 51-92. https://doi.org/10.2753/RSH1061-1983490403.

    Laycock, Jo. 2016. “Survivor or Soviet Stories? Repatriate Narratives in Armenian Histories, Memories and Identities.” History and Memory 28 (2): 123-151.

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    Monshipouri, Mahmood, eds. 2016. “Part II - Digital dissidence and grassroots politics.” In: Information Politics, Protests, and Human Rights in the Digital Age, 99-174. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Nathans, Benjamin. 2015. “Talking Fish: On Soviet Dissident Memoirs.” The Journal of Modern History 87 (3): 579-614. https://doi.org/10.1086/682413.

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    Rhéaume, Charles. 2008. “Western Scientists’ Reactions to Andrei Sakharov’s Human Rights Struggle in the Soviet Union, 1968-1989.” Human Rights Quarterly 30 (1): 1-20.

    Sakharov, Andrei. 1990. Peace, Progress, Human Rights: Articles and Speeches. Leningrad: Soviet writer. [Сахаров, Андрей. 1990. Мир, прогресс, права человека: Статьи и выступления. Ленинград: Советский писатель].

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    Shtromas, Alexander Y. 1979. “Dissent and Political Change in the Soviet Union.” Studies in Comparative Communism 12 (2/3): 212-244.

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    Talvoja, Kädi. 2018. “The official art of the Khrushchev Thaw: The Severe Style as an ambassador of the Estonian national school at Baltic art exhibitions in Moscow.” Journal of Baltic Studies 49 (3): 333-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2018.1459756.

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Book Review

  • Book Review

    Routes to a Resilient European Union, edited by Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. XI, 262 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93165-0

    Vladimir Martirosyan
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    Abstract

    At the present stage of geopolitical confrontation, the resilience of the political system of the EU is based on the position that the formation of a single social and institutional space allows EU member states to compete more successfully within the global economic system. In the practice of supranational regulation of economic integration, a set of methodological approaches has developed today, where the central place is occupied by the principles of removing barriers to trade within the integration bloc and to the implementation of agreed economic specialization. The most important competitive advantage of regional economic integration is the growth of the global competitiveness of the most efficient enterprises and sectors of the economy of the EU member states due to the spatial expansion of sales markets and the growth of trade.

    This book summarizes that the only way to integrate in the current conditions remains integration at different speeds, with an individual approach to each new participating country. The end result of the concept of Europe at different speeds is the accession of all participating countries to the leading group, since all members of the integration group pursue common goals and wish to achieve them by common efforts. The sooner all participating countries find themselves in the same plane of economic and political coordinates, the sooner the set goals will be achieved and key tasks will be solved.

    References

    Bäckstrand, Karin. 2022. “Towards a Climate-Neutral Union by 2050? The European Green Deal, Climate Law, and Green Recovery.” In: Routes to a Resilient European Union, edited by Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim, 39-61. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93165-0_3.

    Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Antonina, Per Ekman, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim. 2022. “The EU and the Precarious Routes to Political, Economic and Social Resilience.” In: Routes to a Resilient European Union, edited by Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim, 1-14. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93165-0_1.

    Bengtsson, Louise. 2022. “COVID-19 and the EU’s Ability to Manage and Prevent Health Crises.” In: Routes to a Resilient European Union, edited by Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim, 89-113. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93165-0_5.

    Bergström, Carl Fredrik. 2022. “EU Resilience in the Internal Market After Financial Crisis: Political Resolve and Legal Responsiveness.” In: Routes to a Resilient European Union, edited by Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim, 169-193. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93165-0_8.

    Borevi, Karin. 2022. “Immigration and Asylum in the EU: A Resilient Policy for Integration?.” In: Routes to a Resilient European Union, edited by Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim, 195-218. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93165-0_9.

    Elert, Niklas, and Magnus Henrekson. 2022. “Improved Framework Conditions for a More Entrepreneurial, Innovative and Resilient EU.” In: Routes to a Resilient European Union, edited by Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim, 15-38. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93165-0_2.

    Forssbæck, Jens. 2022. How Can a Banking Union Make the EU More Resilient to Crises?. In: Routes to a Resilient European Union, edited by Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim, 141-167. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93165-0_7.

    Langlet, David. 2022. “Legal Preconditions for an Environmentally Sustainable European Union.” In: Routes to a Resilient European Union, edited by Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim, 63-88. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93165-0_4.

    Mattsson, Titti. 2022. “The Demographic Challenge Facing the EU: Roads to Sustainability in an Ageing Europe.” In: Routes to a Resilient European Union, edited by Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim, 115-139. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93165-0_6.

    Sjödin, Erik, and Eskil Wadensjö. 2022. “Intra-European Labour Migration for a Resilient EU.” In: Routes to a Resilient European Union, edited by Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim, 219-244. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93165-0_10.

  • Book Review

    Werther-Pietsch, Ursula. 2022. Transforming Security: A New Balance-of-Power Doctrine (Global Power Shift Series). Springer, Cham. XXII, 180 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87097-3

    Haykuhi Mkrtchyan
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    Abstract

    The modern system of international security and the doctrine of the balance of power is going through a difficult period of exacerbation of geopolitical contradictions associated with a new redistribution of zones of influence. As a result of these processes, a significant increase in instability is observed in many regions, which actualizes the problem of the military security of states. Despite the global transformations of the world system, the potential of military force is still considered one of the most effective factors in world politics.

    The emergence of new technologies of confrontation, the expansion of the range of possibilities for destructive influence through peaceful means, primarily of an informational nature, require revision and modernization of the UN security system. It is necessary to take measures to counter threats of an information nature, the object of which is both military infrastructure and public consciousness. In connection with the emergence of a new information reality, the study of the specifics of the military security system of modern countries is of great civilized significance.

    Since 2014, the UN structure and collective security have faced serious geopolitical challenges and threats due to the revival of its key role in the system of international relations, its desire to restore the international law of peace and security. Obviously, in the conditions of the new reality in modern wars, preference is given to both military and non-military technologies, the parallel use of which has a powerful destructive potential for communicative and informational impact on public consciousness, carried out with the help of cyberspace, social networks, the media and the Internet. Because of this, geopolitical actors today prefer hybrid methods of war, as well as the widespread use of information technology capabilities to inflict damage on the enemy. In this context, the totality of modern geopolitical challenges and threats in the new information reality can be characterized as a hybrid war, which includes a wide range of actions aimed at destroying all spheres of the rival country’s social life.

    References

    Werther-Pietsch, Ursula. 2022. Intertwined Pillars in a World of Change. In: Transforming Security: A New Balance-of-Power Doctrine (Global Power Shift Series), 9-22. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87097-3_2.

    Werther-Pietsch, Ursula. 2022. New Ways to Tackle Global Peace and Security. In: Transforming Security: A New Balance-of-Power Doctrine (Global Power Shift Series), 23-41. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87097-3_3.

    Werther-Pietsch, Ursula. 2022. Who, Why and When - The Normative Framework. In: Transforming Security: A New Balance-of-Power Doctrine (Global Power Shift Series), 43-63. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87097-3_4.

    Werther-Pietsch, Ursula. 2022. How To Do It - Strategies of Intervention. In: Transforming Security: A New Balance-of-Power Doctrine (Global Power Shift Series), 65-85. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87097-3_5.

    Werther-Pietsch, Ursula. 2022. Changed Geopolitical Framework. In: Transforming Security: A New Balance-of-Power Doctrine (Global Power Shift Series), 89-100. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87097-3_6.

    Werther-Pietsch, Ursula. 2022. Dynamics and UN Reform from 1990 to 2030. In: Transforming Security: A New Balance-of-Power Doctrine (Global Power Shift Series), 101-122. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87097-3_7.

    Werther-Pietsch, Ursula. 2022. Learning from History. In: Transforming Security: A New Balance-of-Power Doctrine (Global Power Shift Series), 125-142. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87097-3_8.

    Werther-Pietsch, Ursula. 2022. Modelling the Future. In: Transforming Security: A New Balance-of-Power Doctrine (Global Power Shift Series), 143-167. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87097-3_9.

    Werther-Pietsch, Ursula. 2022. Reality Check: New Intervention Logic. In: Transforming Security: A New Balance-of-Power Doctrine (Global Power Shift Series), 169-172. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87097-3_10.

    Werther-Pietsch, Ursula. 2022. Multilateral System Thinking. In: Transforming Security: A New Balance-of-Power Doctrine (Global Power Shift Series), 173-175. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87097-3_11.

    Werther-Pietsch, Ursula. 2022. Global Peace Mechanism 2050 - Transforming Security. In: Transforming Security: A New Balance-of-Power Doctrine (Global Power Shift Series), 177-180. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87097-3_12.

  • Book Review

    Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner. Springer, Cham. 2022. XXV, 481 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4.

    Vahram Petrosyan
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    Abstract

    The idea of ​​reconciliation, heritage and social inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa has been in the spotlight for many decades, as both regions constantly present such dramatic changes that reverberate around the world. In both regions, the geopolitical interests of world and regional powers are closely intertwined, and energy reserves allow you to influence the level of prices for them. In fact, all this becomes the reason for the acute manifestation of religious conflicts, the politicization of religion and tradition, thereby creating a turbulent environment for many actors. It is also worth mentioning the unresolved issues of nation-building and nation-states, the diversity of the ethnic and religious composition of the population in many places, the uneven distribution of income in societies, the level of militarization, and much more, to present the complexity and anxiety of the overall picture.

    The results of the chain of revolutions that took place in these regions did not solve almost any of the urgent problems in any of the countries and at the same time caused a systemic earthquake, a series of coups, civil wars, interventions, as well as unrelenting confrontation in society, leading to rampant terror and repression. Based on a comprehensive theoretical study of the phenomenon of reconciliation, heritage and social integration, this collection of articles presents a deep analysis of events in the Middle East and North Africa, summarizes the results of the previous development of this region, and reveals the causes of social and political failures. The main conclusions of the articles lead the reader to the conclusion that turbulence in both regions is the beginning of a new process that has embraced the reconfiguration of the modern world-system.

    This book contains many interesting facts, generalizations and points of view. Therefore, it will be interesting and useful not only for social scientists, but also for everyone interested in the problems of systemic transformations in the Middle East and North Africa.

    References

    Abu-Nimer, Mohammed. 2022. “Interfaith Dialogue: A Path to Reconciliation.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 463-481. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_28.

    Abu-Zayed, Abeer Abdel-Jabbar, Alshraideh, Mohammad, Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Saleh Al-Sharaeh. 2022. “Netnography Internet Research Methodology into the Internet of Toys.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 87-98. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_6.

    Abu-Zayed, Abeer Abdel-Jabbar, Esra Alzaghoul, Iyad Aldajani, and Mohammad Alshraideh. 2022. “Netnography Internet Research Methodology Applications: A Survey.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 99-107. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_7.

    Alashqar, Yaser. 2022. “Heritage in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Sociopolitical Perspective.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 315-328. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_20.

    al-Dajani, Amjad M., and Muhsen A. al-Dajani. 2022. “The Muslim Custodian of King David’s Tomb Since 1529 al-Sayyid Sheikh Ahmad Dijani, the Jerusalemite (1459-1561).” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 219-230. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_15.

    Aldajani, Iyad Muhsen. 2022. “Exploring the Strengthening of National Research Capacity on Reconciliation Studies.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 147-154. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_10.

    AlDajani, Iyad Muhsen. 2022. “Inclusive Reconciliation Process in the Middle of Conflict: A New Perspective Towards Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 3-14. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_1.

    Alnwairan, Sajeda, Iyad Aldajani, and Mohammad Alshraideh. 2022. “Measuring the Academic Students’ Performance at the University of Jordan Using Netnography Methodology.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 129-143. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_9.

    Dama, Nergis. 2022. “Do the Institutional Welfare Services Provide Social Harmonization? The Case of Syrians in Turkey.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 193-208. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_13.

    Diab, Issa. 2022. “Religion, National Culture, and Peacebuilding in the Middle East.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 329-344. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_21.

    Dietrich, Wolfgang. 2022. “Peace and Reconciliation Studies.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 15-30. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_2.

    Elayah, Moosa, and Noman Ahmed. 2022. “Humanitarian Aid in Yemen: A Crisis of Sovereignty and Inevitable Harm.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 173-191. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_12.

    Ferrari, Francesco. 2022. “Autobiography as a Hermeneutic Practice of Reconciliation with Oneself.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 47-64. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_4.

    Hakkou, Yamina, and Mahmoud Seddik. 2022. “Indigenous Language Preservation for a Socio-political Reconciliation: Morocco as a Case Study.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 211-217. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_14.

    Hassan, Zinat. 2022. “Regional Geopolitical Conflict and the Fragile State: Foreign Influence and Lebanon’s Sovereignty.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 443-462. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_27.

    Lahmamed, Elmehdi. 2022. “Bargaining Over What We Were All in Together: Citizenship and Belongingness in the 2017 Qatar-Gulf Crisis.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 419-442. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_26.

    Leiner, Martin. 2022. “In Response to Wolfgang Dietrich’s Article About “Peace and Reconciliation Studies” or How to Catch a Unicorn?.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 31-45. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_3.

    Merza, Hadeer, and Zeinab Ayad Muneam. 2022. “The Iraqi Marshland and the Quest of Tourism and Development.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 273-295. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_18.

    Meyers, Justin. 2022. “The Heritage of the Arabian Mission of the Reformed Church in America, the Omani Context, and the Work of Al Amana Centre.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 345-360. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_22.

    Mulugeta Woldegiorgis, Mesfin. 2022. “Social Structure, Economic Exclusion, and Fragility? Pertinent Theories and Empirics from Africa.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 361-381. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_23.

    Omar, Omar Mahmoud, Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, Ma’en Juwaihan, and Martin Leiner. 2022. “Cybersecurity in Sovereignty Reform.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 109-128. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_8.

    Pena, Luis. 2022. “The Spatiality of the Peace.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 401-417. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_25.

    Peña, Luis. 2022. “Theories of Reconciliation-Basic Coordinates for Navigating Debates on Building Better Relationships in Societies in Transition.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 65-83. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_5.

    Rullansky, Ignacio. 2022. “Discourses on Statehood and Ethnic Diversity in Jerusalem: The Notion of Apparatus of Israelization.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 251-271. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_17.

    Salahat, Nizam F. 2022. “Security Sector Reform as a Process of Reconciliation, What Went Wrong in Palestine?.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 383-399. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_24.

    Sarrouj, Hiba. 2022. “Creative Interventions as an Act of Reconciliation.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 297-311. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_19.

    Sensenig, Eugene Richard. 2022. “Local Heroes: The Legacy of Christian Social Activists and Social Justice in the Middle East.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 231-250. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_16.

    Tacchini, Davide. 2022. “Heritage, Social Inclusion, Refugees, and Reconciliation with Your Past: A Multidisciplinary Approach.” In: Reconciliation, Heritage and Social Inclusion in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Iyad Muhsen AlDajani, and Martin Leiner, 155-171. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08713-4_11.