Vol. 2 No. 1(4) (2023)

View Vol. 2 No. 1(4) (2023)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/10.46991/JOPS/2023.2.4
Published: 2023-05-31

In this Issue

  • In this Issue

    In this Issue

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    Abstract

    The modern world order, connected with the collapse of the bipolar system of international relations and the transformation of the balance of power on a global scale, is again facing the challenges of war and conflicts. Under the influence of globalization and European integration, the role of the nation state is being transformed, it has a tremendous impact on its ability to perform traditional functions of protecting its citizens, and the line between domestic and foreign policy is blurred. In this context, modern communication and information technologies that have connected the whole world also have a tremendous impact on civic culture and values, the interests of civil society organizations, encouraging them to actively participate in the political decision-making process. At the European level, these systemic changes were a gradual but clear change in the electoral preferences of the citizens of EU member states.

    The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the USSR led to the formation of new independent states and the advent of the era of globalization with cycles of the formation of a new world order. At the same time, the development of events at the beginning of the 21st century showed that wars and crises are becoming a challenge for the modern world order. Therefore, in modern conditions, the consideration of multipolarity, the preservation of the role of the UN as a universal international mechanism acquires civilized and humanitarian significance.

    Step by step, the process of strengthening European security began with the support of NATO, taking into account the strengthening of the sovereignty and national interests of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. If the use of NATO military and political diplomacy tools in the post-Soviet space was supported by a significant number of these countries, then for Russia and Belarus all this was considered an interference that directly affects the national interests of Russia and Belarus, which have bilateral historical, economic, cultural ties. In connection with the fact that Euro-Atlantic integration was considered for the EaP countries as part of the official course towards European integration, issues of relations with NATO were given great attention in the foreign policy of the EaP countries.

    References

Regional Policy

  • Regional Policy

    Why war won and negotiations lost? Is the absence of war the same as peace?

    Gerard Libaridian
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    Abstract

    The article comparatively analyzes the systemic dependence of military victory and negotiation defeat, which is manifested in a situation of absence of war and still unsettled peace. The article examines the negotiations on the settlement of the Karabakh conflict, along with cooperation and struggle, which constitute the main form of expression of world and regional politics in the modern world.

    Taking into account the genesis and changing nature of the Karabakh conflict, the author analyzes the main reasons why the negotiations on the settlement of the Karabakh conflict were not successful. In this context, the purpose of this article is to study the process of conducting international negotiations of the Karabakh conflict, its structural and functional components, to analyze the negotiation activity as a means of settling and resolving conflict situations in Nagorno-Karabakh, the implementation of international cooperation, as well as to study the main characteristics of the negotiation process between Armenia and Azerbaijan.

    The author focuses on the military, political and diplomatic dimensions of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict from 1988 to its last phase in 2020. The negotiation process to resolve the conflict in this article is considered, both in terms of their content, results and positions of their participants, as well as in terms of the procedural side of the negotiation.

    References

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    Kocamaz, Sinem Ünaldılar. 2022. “The EU’s Promotion of Good Governance and Democracy in the South Caucasus: Regional Strategies and Domestic Constraints.” In: EU Good Governance Promotion in the Age of Democratic Decline, edited by Digdem Soyaltin-Colella, 113-132. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05781-6_6.

    Krüger, Heiko. 2010. The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14393-9.

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    Mihr, Anja. 2021. ““Glocal” Governance in the OSCE Region: A Research Proposal.” In: Between Peace and Conflict in the East and the West, edited by Anja Mihr, 287-297. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77489-9_16.

    Mitchell, Christopher. 2022. “The Problems Peace Can Bring.” In: Confronting Peace: Local Peacebuilding in the Wake of a National Peace Agreement, edited by Susan H. Allen, Landon E. Hancock, Christopher Mitchell, and Cécile Mouly, 1-28. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67288-1_1.

    Yavuz, M. Hakan, and Michael M. Gunter. 2023. The Karabakh Conflict Between Armenia and Azerbaijan: Causes&Consequences. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16262-6.

  • Regional Policy

    Influence of the relationship between the protector state and regional hegemon on the resilience of a non-recognised state Lessons learned from the Nagorno-Karabakh war and non-peace

    Konstantin Ghazaryan
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    Abstract

    This article examines the factors of influence of relations between the protector state and the regional hegemon in terms of the resilience of the unrecognized state. The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the lessons learned from the Nagorno-Karabakh war and non-peace.

    Since the end of the Second World War new states have repeatedly emerged, secessions have occurred, and with them new conflicts. While some non-recognised states enjoy higher stability, others have great struggles in order to survive. Most of the literature focuses on the non-recognised states themselves and domestic factor, thus neglecting the role of global players as the regional hegemonn. The main objective of this paper is to find out whether hegemons (through the protector states) have an influence on the stability of the non-recognised states. A second alternative explanation emphasises the importance of the internal legitimacy of non-recognised states. Using the cases of Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia, the study attempts to answer these questions through a qualitative analysis. The analysis of Armenia’s foreign policy between 1991-1992 and 2020 and the resilience around Nagorno-Karabakh is the core of the empirical part.

    The results suggest that indeed relations between the hegemon and the protector state have an effect on the stability of the non-recognised state. A connection between the internal legitimacy of the non-recognised state and stability, on the other hand, cannot be concluded from the work. Despite the analytical function, the paper gives a good overview on the stability of non-recognised states, security policy and some of the post-communist conflicts.

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    Yavuz, M. Hakan, and Michael M. Gunter. 2023. The Causes of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. In: The Karabakh Conflict Between Armenia and Azerbaijan: Causes&Consequences, 33-66 Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16262-6_3.

    Zolyan, Mikayel. 2020. “Preventing Escalation in Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Successful Example of Security Cooperation Between Russia and the West?” In: Threats to Euro-Atlantic Security. New Security Challenges: Views from the Younger Generation Leaders Network, edited by Andrew Futter, 133-146. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19730-8_9.

European higher education policy

  • European higher education policy

    Power to the Faculty Approach in the Bologna Process: How does the European Approach to accreditation of joint programs enhance innovation capacity? Lessons learned from the Western Balkans for projects in the Eastern neighbourhood

    Franz Kok, Günter Wageneder
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    Abstract

    The article analyses how the application of the new system for the accreditation of joint master’s programmes helps to improve the quality of training in accordance with requirements in the context of Europeanisation and globalisation of the educational space. The processes of democratization taking place in the European space, the active formation of public institutions, the strategy of integrating the countries of the Western Balkans and the Eastern Partnership into the European community, including the European educational space, put forward new requirements for higher education, in which the need to ensure a high quality of education is clearly visible, meeting European standards.
    In the context of the formation of a knowledge society, higher education in the field of political science is becoming a priority in the development of the countries of the Eastern Partnership and the European Community. The development tasks of this sphere are ambiguous, manifesting themselves in complex and contradictory relations with society. Experiencing the influence of modern trends in social development, the sphere of higher education in the field of political science becomes at the same time their active participant, driving force and catalyst.
    In an environment of growing globalisation, which is manifested in the intensification of competition on a global scale, there is a strengthening of the positions of the EU member states. The decisive factor in overcoming the secondary position of Europe in the market of educational services is the unification of the efforts of all European countries aimed at achieving the competitiveness of higher education. The embodiment of this idea is the Bologna Process, which aims to create a common European education area.

    References

    Asderaki, Foteini. 2020. “Researching the European Higher Education Area external effectiveness: regime complexity and interplay.” In: The Bologna Process and its Global Strategy: Motivations and External Responses, edited by Hannah Moscovitz, and Hila Zahavi, 39-56. Routledge.

    Berndtson, Erkki. 2013. “Contradictions of the Bologna Process: Academic Excellence Versus Political Obsessions.” European Political Science 12: 440-447. https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2013.24.

    Corbett, Anne, and Mary Henkel. 2013. “The Bologna Dynamic: Strengths and Weaknesses of the Europeanisation of Higher Education.” European Political Science 12: 415-423. https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2013.21.

    Crosier, David, and Teodora Parveva. 2013. The Bologna Process: Its impact on higher education development in Europe and beyond. Paris, UNESCO: International Institute for Educational Planning.

    Eurydice. 2020. The European higher education area in 2020: Bologna process implementation report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2797/756192.

    González-Ferrer, Amparo, and Laura Morales. 2013. “Do Citizenship Regimes Shape Political Incorporation? Evidence from Four European Cities.” European Political Science 12: 455-466. https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2013.15.

    Jongbloed, Ben, Jürgen Enders, and Carlo Salerno. 2008. “Higher education and its communities: Interconnections, interdependencies and a research agenda.” Higher Education 56: 303–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-008-9128-2.

    Keeling, Ruth. 2006. “The Bologna Process and the Lisbon Research Agenda: The European Commission’s expanding role in higher education discourse”. European Journal of Education 41 (2): 203-223.

    Klemenčič, Manja, and Pavel Zgaga. 2015. “Slovenia: The Slow Decline of Academic Inbreeding.” In: Academic Inbreeding and Mobility in Higher Education. Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education, edited by Maria Yudkevich, Philip G. Altbach, and Laura E. Rumbley, 156-181. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137461254_7.

    Klemenčič, Manja. 2020. “Introduction: 20 Years of the Bologna Process in a Global Setting: the external dimension of the Bologna Process revisited.” In: The Bologna Process and its Global Strategy: Motivations and External Responses, edited by Hannah Moscovitz, and Hila Zahavi, 1-5. Routledge.

    Kok, Franz, und Markus Pausch. 2013. “„Bologna“ als Modernisierungsmotor oder Schreckgespenst im österreichischen Hochschulsektor.” In: FH2030 - Zur Zukunft der österreichischen Fachhochschulen, Herausgegeben von Reinhold Popp, und Elmar Schüll, 209-236. Wien, Berlin, Münster: LIT Verlag.

    Krasner, Stephen D. 1982. “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables.” International Organization 36 (2): 185-205.

    Moscovitz, Hannah, and Hila Zahavi. 2020. “The Bologna Process as a foreign policy endeavour: motivations and reactions to the externalisation of European higher education.” In: The Bologna Process and its Global Strategy: Motivations and External Responses, edited by Hannah Moscovitz, and Hila Zahavi, 6-21. Routledge.

    Münch, Richard. 2013. “The Bologna Process in the German System of Higher Education: From Occupational Monopolies to the Global Struggle for Educational Prestige.” European Political Science 12: 424-431 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2013.22.

    Reinalda, Bob. 2013. “Introduction: How Does European Harmonisation Affect Political Science?” European Political Science 12: 409-414. https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2013.20.

    Savigny, Heather. 2013. “The (Political) Idea of a University: Political Science and neoliberalism in English Higher Education.” European Political Science 12: 432-439. https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2013.23.

    Schönwälder, Karen, and Irene Bloemraad. 2013. “Extending Urban Democracy? The Immigrant Presence in European Electoral Politics.” European Political Science 12: 448-454. https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2013.14.

    Zahavi, Hila, and Yoav Friedman. 2020. “The Bologna Process: an international higher education regime.” In: The Bologna Process and its Global Strategy: Motivations and External Responses, edited by Hannah Moscovitz, and Hila Zahavi, 22-38. Routledge.

    Zgaga, Pavel, Manja Klemenčič, Janja Komljenovič, Klemen Miklavič, Igor Repac, and Vedran Jakačič. 2013. Higher Education in the Western Balkans: Reforms, Developments, Trends. Key Findings from Field Research. Ljubljana: Centre for Educational Policy Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana.

Public Policy

  • Public Policy

    The welfare state crisis and the strengthening of the far-right in Sweden as a result of increasing migration

    Simona Chuguryan, Kristina Baculakova, Rudolf Kucharcik
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    Abstract

    This article attempts to reveal the main causes of the crisis of the welfare state and the rise of the extreme right in Sweden as a result of increased migration. The article clarifies the features of the Swedish model of the welfare state, which essentially became the basis of the Northern European model, which is considered the most complete expression of the essence of the social experiment of the northern countries. Sweden has a reputation for being an extremely open and overly tolerant country towards migrants from different parts of the world. At the height of the migratory crisis, no other country in Europe had received as many asylum seekers in proportion to its population as Sweden. For many left-wing sympathizers, this was confirmation that their state was a true ‘humanitarian superpower’. Unusually generous migration policy has led to a change in the political climate and allowed more radical political forces to emerge. Stereotypes have been disrupted and relatively homogeneous Swedish society is gradually becoming multicultural. There is even a change in the attitude of Swedes themselves towards the entry, integration, permanent residence and naturalization of migrants into Swedish society.

    References

    Ahmadi, Fereshteh, Mehrdad Darvishpour, Nader Ahmadi, and Irving Palm. 2020. “Diversity barometer: attitude changes in Sweden.ˮ Nordic Social Work Research 10 (1): 21-38, https://doi.org/10.1080/2156857X.2018.1527242.

    Bevelander, Pieter, and Nahikari Irastorza. 2016. “The labour market integration of refugees in Sweden.” Nordregio Magazine 16 (3): 12-13.

    Borevi, Karin, Kristian Kriegbaum Jensen, and Per Mouritsen. 2017. “The civic turn of immigrant integration policies in the Scandinavian welfare states.” Comparative Migration Studies 5 (9): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-017-0052-4.

    Brunclík, Miloš, Vlastimil Havlík, and Aneta Pinková. 2011. Skandinávie. Proměny politiky v severských zemích (Scandinavia. Transformations of Nordic Politics). Praha: Wolters Kluwer Česká republika.

    Corine, Deloy. 2018. “Swedish General Elections: breakthrough expected by rightwing populists.ˮ Fondation Robert Schuman, General Election in Sweden, September 9, 2018. Accessed March 10, 2023. https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/doc/oee/oee-1771-en.pdf.

    Dessimirova, Denitza, Chloé Grondin, and Megan Williams. 2017. “The social and employment situation in Sweden. European parliament: Employment and social affairs.ˮ Accessed March 12, 2023. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2017/602064/IPOL_BRI(2017)602064_EN.pdf.

    Deutsche Welle. 2018. “Swedish center parties deadlocked as far right sees surge.ˮ October 9, 2018. Accessed March 12, 2023. https://www.dw.com/en/swedens-general-election-results-in-stalemate-as-far-right-support-surges/a-45423940.

    Eger, Maureen A., 2010. “Even in Sweden: The Effect of Immigration on Support for Welfare State Spending.” European Sociological Review 26 (2): 203-217. http://dx.doi.org/jcp017.

    European Institute for Gender Equality. 2020. Gender Equality Index 2020: Sweden. Vilnius, Lithuania. https://doi.org/10.2839/165354.

    Freeman, Gary P. 1986.“Migration and the Political Economy of the Welfare State.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 485: 51-63.

    Havlík, Vlastimil. 2011. “Život a smrt pravicově-populistických stran v severní Evropě.ˮ Rexter - časopis pro výzkum radikalismu, extremismu a terorismu. Brno: Centrum strategických studií 9 (1): 36-78.

    Holloway, Kerrie, and Amy Leach. 2020. Public narratives and attitudes towards refugees and other migrants: Sweden country profile. London: ODI. Accessed March 14, 2023. https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/sweden_migration_country_profile.pdf.

    IFES. 2014. “Kingdom of Sweden: Election for Riksdag (Swedish Parliament).ˮ Election Guide: Democracy Assistance and Election News, September 14, 2014. Accessed March 2, 2023. https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3066/.

    IFES. 2018. “Kingdom of Sweden: Election for Riksdag (Swedish Parliament).ˮ Election Guide: Democracy Assistance and Election News, September 9, 2018. Accessed March 3, 2023. https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3066/.

    Johansson, Martin W., and Mattias Persson. 2007. “Swedish households’ indebtedness and ability to pay: a household level study.” In: Measuring the financial position of the household sector. Proceedings of the IFC Conference, Basel, 30-31 August 2006, Volume 2 (July). IFC Bulletin 26, Irving Fisher Committee on Central Bank Statistics, 234-248. Basel: Bank for International Settlements.

    Kirk, Lisbeth. 2018. Migrants mobilise voters ahead of Swedish elections. Euobserver, August 24, 2018. Accessed March 12, 2023. https://euobserver.com/nordics/142644.

    Lundberg, Urban, and Klas Åmark. 2001. “Social Rights and Social Security: The Swedish Welfare State, 1900-2000.” Scandinavian Journal of History 26 (3): 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/034687501750303837.

    Mayda, Anna Maria. 2006. “Who Is against Immigration? A Cross-Country Investigation of Individual Attitudes toward Immigrants.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 88 (3): 510-530.

    Mitchell, Eva. 2010. “Typologizace sociálního státu v díle G. Esping-Andersena.” Socioweb (1): 9-11.

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    Nygaard, Silje. 2020. “Boundary Work: Intermedia Agenda-Setting Between Right-Wing Alternative Media and Professional Journalism.ˮ Journalism Studies 21(6): 766-782. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1722731.

    Rydgren, Jens, and Sara van der Meiden. 2019. “The radical right and the end of Swedish exceptionalismˮ. European Political Science 18: 439-455. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-018-0159-6.

    Schütze, Carolin. 2019. “It’s relational: Racial attitudes in Swedish welfare institutions.” Nordics Info, AArhus University, October 31, 2019. Accessed March 10, 2023. https://nordics.info/show/artikel/racial-attitudes-in-swedish-welfare-institutions.

    Simonsen, Kristina Bækker. 2019. “Political approaches to immigration in Scandinavia since 1995.” In: Nordic-info, Aarhus University, February 18, 2019. Accessed March 10, 2023. https://nordics.info/show/artikel/political-approaches-to-immigration-in-scandinavia-since-1995.

    Skodo, Admir. 2018. “Sweden: By Turns Welcoming and Restrictive in its Immigration Policy.ˮ Migration Policy Institute, December 6, 2018. Accessed March 12, 2023. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/sweden-turns-welcoming-and-restrictive-its-immigration-policy.

    Strömbäck, Jesper, Felicia Andersson, and Evelina Nedlund. 2017. “Invandring i medierna - Hur rapporterade svenska tidningar åren 2010-2015?ˮ Delmi Rapport 6. Stockholm. Accessed March 12, 2023. https://www.delmi.se/media/fhdksub0/delmi-rapport-2017_6.pdf.

    Tepe, F. Fulya. 2005. “An Introduction to the Swedish Welfare State.” İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 4 (7) (Bahar): 261-274.

    Tomson, Danielle Lee. 2020. “The Rise of Sweden Democrats: Islam, Populism and the End of Swedish Exceptionalism.ˮ The Brookings Institution, March 25, 2020. Accessed March 10, 2023. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-rise-of-sweden-democrats-and-the-end-of-swedish-exceptionalism/.

    Vilkénas, Regina, and Jonas Olofsson. 2018. “Political party preferences in May 2018.ˮ Statistical news from Statistics Sweden, June11, 2018. Accessed March 12, 2023. https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/democracy/political-party-preferences/party-preference-survey-psu/pong/statistical-news/political-party-preference-survey-in-may-2018---political-party-preferences/.

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    Widfeldt, Anders. 2015. Extreme Right Parties in Scandinavia. London: Routledge.

  • Public Policy

    Immigration of Russian citizens to Armenia during the Russian-Ukrainian war that began in 2022: pull-push factors

    Yuliana Melkumyan, Nvard Melkonyan
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    Abstract

    This article is devoted to the identification of push and pull factors of immigration of Russian citizens to Armenia in the context of the projections of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on the Armenian society. Secondary analysis of statistical data and the sociological surveys, as well as the results of in-depth interviews, made it possible to identify the political, social and economic push factors that determine emigration from Russia (sanctions applied against Russia, partial military mobilization, worsening of economic situation, restrictions on freedom of speech and the risk of persecution); pull factors that attract and retain relocants specifically to Armenia (Armenia’s liberal migration policy towards Russian citizens, favorable conditions for foreigners to do business in Armenia, the availability of financial and banking services for Russians, relatively affordable prices for housing, goods and services,and security, Christianity, hospitality and knowledge of the Russian language etc.), as well as factors pushing migrants out of Armenia (the challenges of providing an acceptable standard of living, the lack of well-paid jobs, cooperation between the special services of the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation, the threat of Azerbaijani aggression).

    References

    Bansal, Harvir S., Shirley F. Taylor, and Yannik St. James. 2005. ““Migrating” to new service providers: Toward a unifying framework of consumers’ switching behaviors.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 33: 96-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070304267928.

    Dicken, Peter, and Sture Öberg. 1996. “The Global Context: Europe in a World of Dynamic Economic and Population Change.” European Urban and Regional Studies 3 (2): 101-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/096977649600300202.

    Duszczyk, Maciej, and Paweł Kaczmarczyk. 2022. “The War in Ukraine and Migration to Poland: Outlook and Challenges.” Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy 57 (3): 164-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-022-1053-6.

    George, Justin, and Todd Sandler. 2022. “NATO defense demand, free riding, and the Russo-Ukrainian war in 2022.” Journal of Industrial and Business Economics 49: 783-806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-022-00228-y.

    Gill, Terry D. 2022. “The Jus ad Bellum and Russia’s “Special Military Operation” in Ukraine.” Journal of International Peacekeeping 25 (2): 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1163/18754112-25020002.

    Hartmann-Hirsch, Claudia, und Fofo Senyo Amétépé. 2021. “Der luxemburgische Kontext: „push-pull“-Faktoren.” In: Zwischen Europäisierung und Renationalisierung der Freizügigkeit: Eine Finanzkrisen-bedingte Migration von Portugal nach Luxemburg, 41-59. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31896-3_3.

    Lee, Everett S. 1966. “A Theory of Migration.” Demography 3 (1): 47-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060063.

    Marois, Guillaume, Alain Bélanger, and Wolfgang Lutz. 2020. “Population aging, migration, and productivity in Europe.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (14): 7690-7695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918988117.

    McAuliffe, Marie. 2017. “Seeking the Views of Irregular Migrants: Decision-Making, Drivers and Migration Journeys.” In: A Long Way to Go: Irregular Migration Patterns, Processes, Drivers and Decision-Making, edited by Marie McAuliffe, and Khalid Koser, 103-140. The Australian National University Press.

    Nagy, Noémi. 2023. “The Case of David vs. Goliath?” In: Threats to Peace and International Security: Asia versus West: Current Challenges in a New Geopolitical Situation (Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications), edited by Juan Cayón Peña, and J. Martín Ramírez, 47-61. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28336-9_3.

    Öberg, Sture. 1996. “Spatial and economic factors in future south-north migration.” In: The Future Population of the World: What Can We Assume Today?, edited by Wolfgang Lutz, 336-357. Earthscan, London, UK.

    Ojiaku, Obinna Christian, Anayo D. Nkamnebe, and Ireneus C Nwaizugbo. 2018. “Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions among young graduates: perspectives of push-pull-mooring model.” Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research 8 (24): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-018-0109-3.

    Oswald, Ingrid. 2007. Migrationssoziologie. Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

    Pham, Hiep-Hung. 2018. “International Students’ Choice of Destinations for Overseas Study: A Specific Push-Pull Model for Vietnam.” In: Internationalisation in Vietnamese Higher Education. Higher Education Dynamics, vol. 51, edited by Ly Thi Tran, and Simon Marginson, 161-175. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78492-2_9.

    Prieto Rosas, Victoria, and Antonio López Gay. 2015. Push and Pull Factors of Latin American Migration. In: Demographic Analysis of Latin American Immigrants in Spain: From Boom to Bust (Applied Demography Series, vol. 5), edited by Andreu Domingo, Albert Sabater, and Richard R. Verdugo, 1-27. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12361-5_1.

    Sheftalovich, Zoya. 2022. “Full text of Putin’s mobilization decree - translated.” POLITICO, September 21, 2022. Accessed January 21, 2023. https://www.politico.eu/article/text-vladimir-putin-mobilization-decree-war-ukraine-russia/.

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    Voitsikhovkyi, Andrey V., and Oleksandr S. Bakumov. 2023. “Armed Aggression of the Russian Federation Against Ukraine As a Threat to the Collective Security System”. Law and Safety 88 (1): 134-45. https://doi.org/10.32631/pb.2023.1.12.

    Welfens, Paul J. J. 2022. Beginnings of the Russo-Ukrainian War. In: Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine, 3-43. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19138-1_1.

    Welfens, Paul J. J. 2022. Turning Points in the Russo-Ukrainian War. In: Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine, 45-68. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19138-1_2.

    Zubok, Vladislav M. 2023. “Myths and Realities of Putinism and NATO Expansion.” In: Evaluating NATO Enlargement: From Cold War Victory to the Russia-Ukraine War, edited by James Goldgeier, and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, 145-159. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23364-7_5.

Political Philosophy

  • Political Philosophy

    Transformations of the Ideology of Nation-Building and State-Building in Armenia: Phenomenon of Integrity of Nation and State

    Ashot Yengoyan
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    Abstract

    The article deals with the issues of creating a new national ideology in the conditions of state-building in modern Armenia. The discourse of political actors on the role of national ideology, which is divided, is analyzed comparatively. This article attempts to reveal the main reasons why some believe that in modern Armenian society, based on the principles of political and ideological pluralism, there should be no ideology that claims to be national. On the contrary, the adherents of the creation of a national ideology see it as an important tool for the consolidation of the Armenian society.

    The author comes to the conclusion that the collapse of the USSR and the Soviet ideology led to the fact that the role of ideology was criticized. The article touches upon the topic that since 1991, the process of de-ideologization of society and public institutions began in Armenia. However, in reality, the ideological confrontation between the various actors of the Armenian transit society intensified. Since 1988, the topic of the national ideology of Armenia has been one of the key topics of interdisciplinary research.

    References

    Aleksanyan, Ashot. 2016. “The impact of the Armenian genocide on the formation of national statehood and political identity.” Journal of Armenian Studies 2 (8): 22-43.

    Althusser, Louis. 2006. “Ideology and ideological state apparatuses (notes towards an investigation).” The anthropology of the state: A reader 9 (1): 86-98.

    Arevshatyan, Sen, and Karlen Mirumyan. 2007. History of Armenian philisophy: Ancient period and early middle age. Yerevan: Lusabats publishing house.

    Arthur, Catherine. 2022. “Post-Conflict Nation-Building.” In: The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, edited by Oliver Richmond, and Gëzim Visoka, 1-16. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_122-1.

    Asatryan, Hayk. 2004. A Selected Collection. Yerevan: Amaras [Asatryan, Hayk. 2004. Hatyntir: Yerevan, Amaras].

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    Bechhofer, Frank, and David McCrone. 2009. “Conclusion: The Politics of Identity.” In: National Identity, Nationalism and Constitutional Change, edited by Frank Bechhofer, and David McCrone, 189-205. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230234147_9.

    Behrma, Jack N. 1988. “Ideology and National Competitiveness: An Analysis of Nine Countries.” Journal of International Business Studies 19: 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.1988.8.

    Blanksten, George I. 1967. “Ideology and Nation-Building in the Contemporary World.” International Studies Quarterly 11 (1): 3-11.

    Blanksten, George I. 1967. “Ideology and Nation-Building in the Contemporary World.” International Studies Quarterly 11 (1): 3-11. https://doi.org/10.2307/3013987.

    Burrin, Philippe. 2000. “The Ideology of the National Revolution.” In: The Development of the Radical Right in France: From Boulanger to Le Pen, edited by Edward J. Arnold, 135-152. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333981153_8.

    Chandler, David. 2013. “International Statebuilding and the Ideology of Resilience.” Politics 33 (4): 276-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.12009.

    Chow, Dawn Yi Lin, Andreas Petrou, and Andreas Procopiou. 2022. “A Perspective on the Influence of National Corporate Governance Institutions and Government’s Political Ideology on the Speed to Lockdown as a Means of Protection Against Covid-19.” Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05216-9.

    Connor, Walker. 1972. “Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?” World Politics 24 (3): 319-355. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009753.

    Cooley, Laurence. 2020. “Census Politics in Deeply Divided Societies.” In: The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, edited by Oliver Richmond, and Gëzim Visoka, 1-8. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_19-2.

    Cox, Lloyd. 2021. The Modern Origins of Nations, Nationality and Nationalism?. In: Nationalism: Themes, Theories, and Controversies, 39-67. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9320-8_3.

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    Curtis, Devon E.A., and Gyda M. Sindre. 2019. “Transforming State Visions: Ideology and Ideas in Armed Groups Turned Political Parties - Introduction to Special Issue.” Government and Opposition 54 (3): 387-414. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2018.51.

    Cushing, Ian. 2022. Tracing Language Ideologies. In: Standards, Stigma, Surveillance: Raciolinguistic Ideologies and England’s Schools, 59-76. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17891-7_3.

    Doli, Dren. 2019. State Formation, State-Building and International Element. In: The International Element, Statehood and Democratic Nation-building: Exploring the Role of the EU and International Community in Kosovo’s State-formation and State-building, 3-10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05995-8_1.

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Book Review

  • Book Review

    Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen. Springer, Cham. 2023. XVII, 411 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4.

    Syuzanna Barseghyan, Svetlana Jilavyan
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    Abstract

    This book is a comparative study of securitization and democracy in Eurasia in the context of transformation and development in the OSCE region. In various chapters of the book, special attention is paid to the most important general condition for the success of democratization, which is the guarantor of the political stability of the countries of Eurasia, involving the reform of society while maintaining the ability of public institutions to manage the transitional country. Globalization and the transition to an innovative type of development, a deep qualitative shift in the life of modern society, in its structures and mechanisms of functioning clearly indicate the need for a large-scale breakthrough in the methods of political management. The conceptual rethinking of democracy in the OSCE region is also stimulated by international processes that do not fit into the framework of the currently existing unified liberal concepts. Nothing yet supports the conclusion that sooner or later all the countries of Eurasia will adopt liberal values in the form in which they have been formed in the Western world.

    The main task of the authors of this study was to analyze the process of democratization of the Eurasian society, which has a complex dialectical character, that is, a constant balancing between stability and development is necessary. This causes the alternation of democratic tendencies, that is, tendencies of liberalization, emancipation of the political, economic and cultural spheres with tendencies to strengthen the influence of state power structures on the development of the Eurasian society.

    The authors of various topics compare the current stage in the development of democracy, which has significant shortcomings, crises of political identity, parliamentarism, the electoral system, etc. This, in turn, leads to the need to concentrate volitional and power efforts in a strictly defined direction in order to resolve the problems and contradictions that have developed in the Eurasian society. Thus, etatization is both an instrument of regulation and a mechanism for self-preservation of the Eurasian society, a guarantor of its further development, ensuring the stability of the political system and contributing to the consolidation of disparate public interests and political forces.

    References

    Akilli, Erman. 2023. “Exploring Heritage Diplomacy: The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) an the Western Balkans.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 405-411. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_28.

    Akisheva, Asylai. 2023. “Gender Equality, Women’s Rights and Neo-traditionalism: The Case of Kyrgyzstan.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 179-199. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_12.

    Anghelescu, Ana-Maria, and Svetlana Dzardanova. 2023. “The OSCE ODIHR and Regional Organisations as Norm Entrepreneurs: The Case of Post-pandemic Kyrgyzstan.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 43-61. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_3.

    Aydin, Ulviyye Sanili. 2023. “Peacebuilding in the OSCE Region: An Analysis of the Juxtaposition Between the Conflict Prevention Centre with the United Nations Peacebuilding Fund.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 153-161. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_10.

    Azizi, Anaita. 2023. “From Social Media to Social Change: Online Platforms’ Impact on Kazakhstan’s Feminist and Civil Activisms.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 217-228. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_14.

    Burgers, Tobias. 2023. “Balkanization Instead of Eurasianism: Fragmented Technological Governance Across the OSCE Domain and Its Implications.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 395-403. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_27.

    Dankov, Artem. 2023. “The Belt and Road Initiative and Sustainable Urban Development in Central Asia.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 291-298. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_20.

    Ditel, Claudia. 2023. “Women’s Transformative Power in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 163-177. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_11.

    Ghioldi, Mario. 2023. “Development Aid and the Democratic Process in the OSCE Region.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 19-41. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_2.

    Holbig, Heike. 2023. “Official Visions of Democracy in Xi Jinping’s China.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 267-277. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_18.

    Jerabek, Marketa. 2023. “Democracy and Human Rights in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 345-359. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_24.

    Jones, Ilya. 2023. “Perceptions of Chinese Investments in Kyrgyzstan.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 299-312. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_21.

    Kilichova, Nargiza. 2023. “Development Aid in Central Asia: A “Chessboard” for Great Powers?” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 77-94. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_5.

    Lamçe, Eni. 2023. “Securitizing and De-securitizing Actors of the OSCE: The Case of the Western Balkan Region.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 109-123. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_7.

    Mahmutaj, Noela. 2023. “Russian Government Policy in the Western Balkans.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 125-135. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_8.

    Malikbayeva, Saniya, and Gabit Gabdullin. 2023. “The Rise of Anti-Eurasian Sentiment in Kazakhstan.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 63-76. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_4.

    Mandelbaum, Henoch Gabriel, and Brigitte Weiffen. 2023. “The Belt and Road Initiative and Autocracy Promotion as Elements of China’s Grand Strategy.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 361-374. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_25.

    Maralbaeva, Aliia, and Chiara Pierobon. 2023. “Ending Gender-Based Violence in Kyrgyzstan: Reflections on the Spotlight Initiative.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 201-215. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_13.

    Mihr, Anja, and Brigitte Weiffen. 2023. “China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Curse or Blessing for Democracy in Eurasia?” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 245-254. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_16.

    Mihr, Anja. 2023. “European democracy’s Response to the BRI.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 375-392. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_26.

    Poita, Yurii. 2023. “Opportunities and Risks from the Belt and Road Initiative in Ukraine.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 313-327. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_22.

    Rice, Dana. 2023. “An Overview of China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Its Development Since 2013.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 255-266. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_17.

    Schade, Daniel. 2023. “Inter-State Diplomacy Within the OSCE Permanent Council.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 3-17. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_1.

    Schatz, Edward. 2023. “Varieties of Authoritarianism in Eurasia.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 279-290. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_19.

    Schweitzer, Ryan. 2023. “The Role of Teahouses in Central Asia: A Case Study of the Ferghana Valley.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 229-241. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_15.

    Szeląg, Paulina. 2023. “Social Security of States with Limited Recognition: A Case Study of the Republic of Kosovo.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 137-151. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_9.

    van der Zwan, G. 2023. “Chinese Linkage and Democracy in Pakistan.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 329-343. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_23.

    Zhirukhina, Elena. 2023. “Central Asia’s Security Provider and Peacekeeper? Assessing Russia’s Role After the US Withdrawal from Afghanistan and Beyond.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 95-108. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_6.

  • Book Review

    Taylor, Monique. 2022. China’s Digital Authoritarianism. Politics and Development of Contemporary China. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. XVII, 169 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11252-2

    Vache Kalashyan
    View PDF
    Abstract

    This book examines the problem of modern Chinese digital authoritarianism, as well as the key global process of modern development, covering various areas of public life. The characteristic features of the global and regional trends in the digitalization of society are identified and described, which modernize the task of adapting political regimes to new network conditions both in China and in other authoritarian countries. This, in turn, raises the question of the need for a comprehensive comparative analysis of cases of legitimation of different political regimes in order to develop a package of recommendations for the effective transformation of the modern Chinese political regime. The most difficult scientific problem is, first of all, the definition of deep transformations of social and political reality under the pressure of forced digitalization. Other problems actualize the chosen research topic: the risks and threats of information wars, politicized fakes, attempts to distort historical memory, which can trigger the processes of delegitimization of the political regime. At the same time, digitalization gives political regimes additional prospects in terms of the use of social networks by government bodies, the transformation of communication models of the ruling parties.

    China’s digital technologies are research topics in political science and international relations that affect the quality and effectiveness of governance. In this regard, time and reflective ways of theorizing about digital technologies in international relations are important. The author focuses on the analysis of the role of technological continuity and changes in China, which today has practically no proven approaches to studying the impact of digitalization and big data on international relations.

    References

    Taylor, Monique. 2022. Authoritarian Governance and China’s Party-Centric Model. In: China’s Digital Authoritarianism. Politics and Development of Contemporary China. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11252-2_2.

    Taylor, Monique. 2022. Building Digital Authoritarianism: From the Great Firewall to the New IP. In: China’s Digital Authoritarianism. Politics and Development of Contemporary China. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11252-2_1.

    Taylor, Monique. 2022. China’s Digital Authoritarianism Goes Global. In: China’s Digital Authoritarianism. Politics and Development of Contemporary China. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11252-2_6.

    Taylor, Monique. 2022. Conclusion. In: China’s Digital Authoritarianism. Politics and Development of Contemporary China. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11252-2_7.

    Taylor, Monique. 2022. Digital Authoritarianism in the Xi Jinping Era. In: China’s Digital Authoritarianism. Politics and Development of Contemporary China. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11252-2_4.

    Taylor, Monique. 2022. Internet Governance During the Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao Eras. In: China’s Digital Authoritarianism. Politics and Development of Contemporary China. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11252-2_3.

    Taylor, Monique. 2022. The Party-Led Internet Economy. In: China’s Digital Authoritarianism. Politics and Development of Contemporary China. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11252-2_5.

  • Book Review

    Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2020. Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order: Exclusive Populism versus Inclusive Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. XXIV, 306 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108751643.

    Nane Aleksanyan, Magda Arsenyan
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    Abstract

    The book is devoted to a close analysis of the formation of the modern world (dis)order and the system of international relations, which was significantly influenced by the processes of the systemic earthquake and the struggle for world order, globalization, democratization, the trend of changing the functions and balance of power of states. The current stage of international relations is characterized by dynamic development, the transformation of the role of key states participating in international processes and the redistribution of the balance of power not only in the economic, but also in the military and political spheres. There is a transition to the struggle for world order, in which a significant number of actors in international relations will determine the intensity of the systemic earthquake in global and regional political life.

    At the present stage, there is an increase in the influence of regional actors, who are increasingly claiming to strengthen their own role in international relations. One of these states is the Republic of Turkey, which acquires the properties of a link between East and West, North and South. This happens due to the intensification of the foreign policy course, the growth of interaction with many powers, including Russia.

    The book analyzes the process of transformation of the modern foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey within the framework of the ideological and value approach, which, in particular, includes soft power tools and a set of stable ideologemes used both in domestic and foreign policy discourse.

    References

    Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2020. “A New Vision: Inclusive Governance.” Part. In Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order: Exclusive Populism versus Inclusive Democracy, 129-253. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2020. “Future Projections and Basic Principles of a New Order of Inclusive Governance: The Five I’s.” Chapter. In Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order: Exclusive Populism versus Inclusive Democracy, 131-148. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108751643.006.

    Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2020. “Inclusive Global Governance: A New Paradigm of Global Order.” Chapter. In Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order: Exclusive Populism versus Inclusive Democracy, 224-253. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108751643.009.

    Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2020. “Inclusive National Governance: From Survival to Sustainability.” Chapter. In Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order: Exclusive Populism versus Inclusive Democracy, 149-187. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108751643.007.

    Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2020. “Inclusive Regional Governance: From Regional Cold Wars to Regional Orders.” Chapter. In Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order: Exclusive Populism versus Inclusive Democracy, 188-223. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108751643.008.

    Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2020. “Systemic Earthquake: Analysis and Consequences of World (Dis)Order.” Part. In Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order: Exclusive Populism versus Inclusive Democracy, 15-128. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2020. “Systemic Earthquake: Fragile National, Regional, and Global Structures.” Chapter. In Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order: Exclusive Populism versus Inclusive Democracy, 68-87. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108751643.004.

    Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2020. “Systemic Earthquake: Global Powers and the ‘Multiple Balances of Power’ System.” Chapter. In Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order: Exclusive Populism versus Inclusive Democracy, 88-128. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108751643.005.

    Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2020. “The Roots of World (Dis)Order: Geopolitical, Security, Economic, and Structural Earthquakes in the Post-Cold War Era.” Chapter. In Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order: Exclusive Populism versus Inclusive Democracy, 46–67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108751643.003.

    Davutoğlu, Ahmet. 2020. “Traditional, Modern, and Global ‘World Orders’: A Historical Perspective.” Chapter. In Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order: Exclusive Populism versus Inclusive Democracy, 17-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108751643.002.