| P - ISSN | : | 2738-294X |
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Vol. 2 No. 2(5) (2023)
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AbstractNew waves of globalization and regionalization, accompanied by the competitive struggle of world and regional powers in the geopolitical space, contribute to the emergence of new challenges and security threats to the national interests of all states, including Armenia. One of these threats is the situation of ‘no war, no peace’ or ‘war, no peace’ as a new form of hybrid wars, therefore, the study of the phenomenon of modern ‘hot wars’ and ‘cold peace’, the characteristics of their most important aspects is of political scientific interest and is the focus of attention of modern social and humanitarian research.
Modern ‘hot wars’ and ‘cold peace’ are quite complex phenomena, since by their nature they imply the use of military and non-military technologies simultaneously or alternately, depending on the object of influence. Military technologies include the use of special forces, private military companies, terrorist and extremist groups, partisan detachments and others. Non-military technologies or tools include intelligence and subversive activities of special services, information wars, cyber wars, sanctions wars, media resources, Internet space, social networks, etc.
Modern warfare can include traditional warfare, guerrilla tactics, terrorist attacks, criminal violence, and coercion. All these various activities can be carried out by different methods or even by one department, but with one goal in order to obtain the greatest synergistic and psychological effect. In this context, an example is today’s hybrid events in Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq and other hot spots in which the army, terrorist groups, private military companies, criminals, and protest potential are involved, etc.
References
American Politics
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American Politics
Historical Rethinking of Relations with the First Republic of Armenia and the United States of America: The Dilemma of Orientation and Expectations
AbstractThis article examines the features of relations with the First Republic of Armenia and the United States of America in the context of the dilemma of orientation and expectations of the Armenian political elite and society. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of the influence of interethnic conflicts on the Armenian population and political elite after the February Revolution of 1917 on the territory of the Russian Empire. The main attention is paid to identifying general and specific elements in the process of restoring independent Armenian statehood at the end of May 1918.
The scientific novelty lies in the study of transformative processes and the long break of independent Armenian statehood, the people’s and liberation struggle, as well as the geopolitical developments in the region in the context of the clash of both diplomatic and military, political and economic interests. As a result, after lengthy negotiations, on February 25, 1919, the assembly was presented with a single demand of the Armenians for recognition of the Armenian state.
The characteristic features of such decisions are highlighted and described, on the basis of which it was proposed to transfer Armenia under the guardianship of the Entente and transfer its mandate to one of the countries for at least twenty years. It is emphasized that the Armenian delegations expressed their desire to transfer the patronage (mandate) of a united, independent and free Armenia to the United States of America or the newly formed League of Nations.
ReferencesAleksanyan, Ashot. 2016. “The impact of the Armenian genocide on the formation of national statehood and political identity.” Journal of Armenian Studies 2 (8): 22-43.
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Boryan, Bagrat A. 1929. Armenia: International Diplomacy and the USSR. Part 2. Moscow-Leningrad: State Publishing House (in Russian) [Борьян, Баграт А. 1929. Армения: Международная дипломатия и СССР. Част 2. Москва-Ленинград: Государственное издательство].
Churchill, Winston S. 2015. The World Crisis: The Complete Set. Bloomsbury Revelations.
Denikin, Anton I. 1925. Armed forces of the South of Russia. Volume 4. In the book: Essays on Russian Troubles: [In 5 volumes]. Berlin: Word (in Russian) [Деникин, Антон И. 1925. Вооруженные силы Юга России. Том 4. В книге: Очерки русской смуты: [В 5-ти томах]. Берлин: Слово].
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Ghambaryan, Armenuhi. 2021. “The activities of the civil mission of the First Republic of Armenia to the USA (end of 1919 - beginning of 1920).” Historical-Philological Journal 3: 134-149 (in Armenian) [Ghambaryan, Armenuhi. 2021. “Hayastani Arrajin Hanrapetut’yan k’aghak’ats’iakan arrak’elut’yan gortsuneut’yunn AMN (1919t’. verj - 1920t’. skizb).” Patmabanasirakan handes 3: 134-149].
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Petrosyan, Gegham. 2019. Transcaucasia in diplomatic vicissitudes: the formation of Armenian independent statehood (February 1917 - June 1918). Yerevan: Yerevan State University Publishing House (in Russian) [Петросян, Гегам. 2019. Закавказье в дипломатических перипетиях: становления Армянской независимой государственности (февраль 1917 - июнь 1918 гг.). Ереван: Изд-во ЕГУ].
Petrosyan, Gegham. 2022. “Armenian Statehood in Foreign Policy Realities: The First Steps of the First Republic”. Journal of Political Science: Bulletin of Yerevan University 1 (2): 12-48. https://doi.org/10.46991/JOPS/2022.1.2.012.
Petrosyan, Gegham. 2023. The international situation and foreign policy of the Republic of Armenia 1918-1920, Book One. Yerevan: YSU publishing house (in Armenian) [Petrosyan, Gegham. 2023. Hayastani Hanrapetut’yan mijazgayin drut’yuny yev artak’in k’aghak’akanut’yuny 1918-1920 t’t’., girk’ Arrajin: Yerevan: YePH hratarakch’ut’yun].
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The beginning of the civil war, Compiled by S. A. Alekseev; Edited and with a foreword by N. L. Meshcheryakov. Moscow; Leningrad: State Publishing House, 1926 (Revolution and civil war in descriptions of the White Guards; vol. 3) (Memoirs: Denikin, Krasnov, Lukomsky, Drozdovsky, Sakharov, Pokrovsky, Budberg, Gins and others) (in Russian) [Начало гражданской войны, Составил С. А. Алексеев; Под редакцией и с предисловием Н. Л. Мещерякова. Москва; Ленинград: Государственное издательство, 1926 (Революция и гражданская война в описаниях белогвардейцев; т. 3) (Мемуары: Деникин, Краснов, Лукомский, Дроздовский, Сахаров, Покровский, Будберг, Гинс и другие)].
Vratsyan, Simon. 1966. Through the Ways of Life, Cases, Faces, Lives. Volume E. Beirut (in Armenian) [Vrats’yan, Simon.1966. Kyank’i ughinerov depk’er, demk’er, aprumner: Ye hator: Beyrut’].
Vratsyan, Simon.1928. Republic of Armenia. Paris.
Worker of Armenia. 1919. Newspaper (August 9). Yerevan, Armenia.
Yengoyan, Ashot. 2023. “Transformations of the Ideology of Nation-Building and State-Building in Armenia: Phenomenon of Integrity of Nation and State.” Journal of Political Science: Bulletin of Yerevan University 2 (1(4): 70-101. https://doi.org/10.46991/JOPS/2023.2.4.070.
Zang. 1918. Newspaper (June 11). Yerevan, Armenia.
Zang. 1919. Newspaper (February 26). Yerevan, Armenia.
Regional Policy
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Regional Policy
From Conflict to Peace? Stateness Assessment of the South Caucasus countries at the crossroads of political processes from 2017 to 2022
AbstractThe article reflects on the sustainability and security perspectives of the South Caucasus region. While discovering the different approaches to the notion of “stateness” and its assessment methodologies, the article brings up the problems of insufficient clarification of the concept, the need for further work on its conceptual and functional formulations. As the assessment also covers the non-recognized states, the peculiarities, difficulties and possibilities of stateness assessment of non-recognized states are revealed. The article proposes a definition of stateness and an integral model for stateness assessment, which would make it possible to carry out the stateness assessment of both recognized and non-recognized states within the framework of one model. With the help of the developed ‘Peace Index’, the article comprehensively assesses the levels of stateness of the three recognized: Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan; and the three non-recognized states of the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia through all four fields of stateness – political, economic, social and security for the years of 2017 to 2022. On the basis of the carried-out assessment, the article articulates policy recommendations for the South Caucasus countries and the region as a whole - guiding how to handle the current delicate situation in this strategically and geopolitically important region. The article suggests a) an immediate regional integration, b) economic cooperation as a key for conflict resolution, c) change of peace mediation format, d) support to the reconsideration of government-civil society relations format, making the civil societies of the South Caucasus states the inner constant peace-demanders and development-forcers - as the package-wise steps to transfer the South Caucasus region from conflict to peace.
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Regional Policy
The Role of Nuclear and Renewable Energy in Ensuring the Energy Security of Türkiye in the Face of New Challenges of Geo-economic Development
AbstractThe article deals with the issues of Türkiye’s energy development on the issues of non-carbon energy sources, nuclear and renewable, which over the past 20 years have become new forms of energy for the country. It is most important to consider the aspects of their inclusion in the country’s unified energy citadel, to project certain problems in the country’s internal development. Despite the strategic approach of the Turkish government on the implementation of energy federalism in terms of renewable sources, where in fact each territorial and administrative unit determines the development vectors, there are certain trends towards unification and standardization in the nuclear energy industry. All this is projected onto the geo-economic field, strengthens the course of asserting energy independence in foreign policy, and also allows control (in particular, hydrological ones) over neighboring countries. The article also examines topical issues of a social and economic nature that have a direct impact on the political conjuncture of the ruling Justice and Development Party.
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Atlı, Altay. 2022. “Turkey’s Balancing Efforts in Its Economic Relations with Asia.” In: Turkey’s Asia Relations, edited by Omair Anas, 263-280. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93515-3_12.
Aydın, Cem İskender. 2018. “Nuclear energy in Turkey: past, present, and future.” Department of Economics, Yeditepe University, Notes on Economy 3: 1-16. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://iibf.yeditepe.edu.tr/sites/default/files/ikt_ekonominotlari5.pdf.
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Balkan Şahin, Sevgi, and Marella Bodur Ün. 2022. “Counter-hegemonic struggle and the framing practices of the anti-nuclear platform in Turkey (2002-2018).” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 40 (1): 31-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544211000342.
Baltas, Hasan, Cafer Mert Yesilkanat, Erkan Kiris, and Murat Sirin. 2019. “A study of the radiological baseline conditions around the planned Sinop (Turkey) nuclear power plant using the mapping method.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191 (660). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7982-2.
Bıçakcı, A. Salih, and Ayhan Gücüyener Evren. 2022. “Thinking multiculturality in the age of hybrid threats: Converging cyber and physical security in Akkuyu nuclear power plant.” Nuclear Engineering and Technology 54 (7): 2467-2474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2022.01.033.
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Eliküçük Yıldırım, N. 2022. “Turkey-China Rapprochement: Turkey’s Reconstruction of Its Liminality?” In: Critical Readings of Turkey’s Foreign Policy. Palgrave Studies in International Relations, edited by Birsen Erdoğan, and Fulya Hisarlıoğlu, 173-192. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97637-8_8.
Erat, Selma, Azime Telli, Osman Murat Ozkendir, and Bunyamin Demir. 2021. “Turkey’s energy transition from fossil-based to renewable up to 2030: milestones, challenges and opportunities.” Clean Techn Environ Policy 23: 401-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01949-1.
Erensü, Sinan. 2017. “Turkey’s hydropower renaissance: nature, neoliberalism and development in the cracks of infrastructure.” In: Neoliberal Turkey and its discontents: Economic policy and the environment under Erdogan, edited by Fikret Adaman, Bengi Akbulut, and Murat Arsel, 120-146. London: I.B. Tauris.
Eroğlu, Muzaffer, and Matthias Finger. 2021. “Network Industries in Turkey: A Historical Approach.” In: The Regulation of Turkish Network Industries, edited by Muzaffer Eroğlu and Matthias Finger, 1-19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81720-6_1.
Gabrielyan, Hayk. 2022. “Turkey As a Transport Hub: A Vision Strategy for Integrating Regional Infrastructures and Services”. Journal of Political Science: Bulletin of Yerevan University 1 (1):11-29. https://doi.org/10.46991/JOPS/2022.1.1.011.
Gündoğan, Arif Cem, and Ethemcan Turhan. 2017. “China’s role in Turkey’s energy future: Temptation to invest in Turkey’s coal sector will test President Xi’s commitment to climate leadership.” China Dialogue, September 26, 2017. Accessed June 21, 2023. https://chinadialogue.net/en/business/10047-china-s-role-in-turkey-s-energy-future/.
Güney, Nurşin Ateşoğlu. 2016. Turkey as an Energy Hub for Europe. In: European Energy and Climate Security: Public Policies, Energy Sources, and Eastern Partners. Lecture Notes in Energy, vol 31, edited by Rossella Bardazzi, Maria Grazia Pazienza, and Alberto Tonini, 65-80. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21302-6_4.
Guo, Xiaoli, and Giray Fidan. 2018. “China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Turkey’s Middle Corridor: “Win-Win Cooperation”?” The Middle East Institute (MEI), June 26, 2018. Accessed June 21, 2023. https://www.mei.edu/publications/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-and-turkeys-middle-corridor-win-win-cooperation.
Gürel, Burak, and Mina Kozluca. 2022. “Chinese Investment in Turkey: The Belt and Road Initiative, Rising Expectations and Ground Realities.” European Review 30 (6): 806-834. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798721000296.
Harunoğullari, Muazzez. 2019. “Nükleer Enerji ve Geleceği.” Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi 17: 110 -145. https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.554906.
Hourie, Roda. 2019. “Relationships of Syria and Turkey in the Sphere of Water Resources.” Post-Soviet Issues 6 (2): 203-212. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-2-203-212.
Iban, Muzaffer Can, and Ezgi Sahin. 2022. “Monitoring land use and land cover change near a nuclear power plant construction site: Akkuyu case, Turkey.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 194, 724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10437-6.
Islar, Mine. 2012. “Privatised hydropower development in Turkey: A case of water grabbing?” Water Alternatives 5 (2): 376-391.
Kalehsar, Omid Shokri. 2019. “Energy Insecurity in Turkey: Opportunities for Renewable Energy.” ADBI Working Paper 1058. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Accessed June 21, 2023. https://www.adb.org/publications/energy-insecurity-turkey-opportunities-renewable-energy.
Kalkan, Yunus. 2014. “Geodetic deformation monitoring of Ataturk Dam in Turkey.” Arabian Journal of Geosciences 7: 397-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0765-5.
Karahan, Hatice. 2018. “Developing National Competence in Nuclear Energy: The Case of Turkey.” In: Turkish Economy, edited by Ahmet Faruk Aysan, Mehmet Babacan, Nurullah Gur, and Hatice Karahan, 337-354. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70380-0_15.
Kartal, Recai Feyiz, and Filiz Tuba Kadirioğlu. 2019. “Impact of regional tectonic and water stress on the seismicity in Ataturk Dam Basin: southeast of Turkey.” Journal of Seismology 23: 699-714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-019-09830-5.
Kaya, Ferat, and Emirhan Göral. 2016. “Türkiye’nin Enerji Politikası.” Akademik Bakiş Dergisi - Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler E-Dergisi 57: 421-438.
Keçeci, Fikret Orçun. 2020. “Türkiye'nin Enerji Görünümü Ve Aralanan Fırsat Pencereleri.” Policy Brief 70. Global Political Trends Center (GPoT). Accessed July 30, 2023. https://www.iku.edu.tr/gpot/policy-brief-fikret-orcun-kececi-turkiyenin-enerji-gorunumu-ve-aralanan-firsat-pencereleri.
Kibaroglu, Aysegül, and Ramazan Caner Sayan. 2021. “Water and ‘imperfect peace’ in the Euphrates–Tigris river basin.” International Affairs 97 (1): 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa161.
Kryukov, Valeriy A. 2016. “Russia’s Oil Dilemmas. Production: To Go North-East or to Go Deep? Exports: Is a Compromise Between Westward and Eastward Directions Possible?” In: European Energy and Climate Security: Public Policies, Energy Sources, and Eastern Partners. Lecture Notes in Energy, vol 31, edited by Rossella Bardazzi, Maria Grazia Pazienza, and Alberto Tonini, 81-109. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21302-6_5.
Kulaç, Onur, and Mısra Ciğeroğlu Öztepe. 2020. “The renewable energy policy of Turkey under the impact of the European Union.” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi 11 (28): 886-897. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.693835.
Kulaksız, Sıla. 2019. “Financial Integration via Belt and Road Initiative: China-Turkey Cooperation.” Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 11 (1-2): 48-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974910119874632.
Ozmen, Suleyman Fatih. 2020. “Ecological assesment of Akkuyu nuclear power plant site marine sediments in terms of radionuclide and metal accumulation.” Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 325: 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07201-w.
Ozturk, Murat, and Yunus Emre Yuksel. 2016. “Energy Structure of Turkey for Sustainable Development.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53: 1259-1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.087.
Pekar, Çiğdem. 2019. “Turkey’s Renewable Energy Prospects Toward the 100th Anniversary of the Republic.” In: Renewable Energy: International Perspectives on Sustainability, edited by Dmitry Kurochkin, Elena V. Shabliy, and Ekundayo Shittu, 181-210. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14207-0_7.
Şahin, Taner. 2021. “Regulation of the Turkish Wholesale Electricity Market: A General Overview.” In: The Regulation of Turkish Network Industries, edited by Muzaffer Eroğlu and Matthias Finger, 47-64. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81720-6_3.
Şenyel, Müzeyyen Anıl. 2019. “The Effects of Large-Scale Public Investment on Cities and Regions in Turkey.” In: Urban and Regional Planning in Turkey. The Urban Book Series, edited by Ö. Burcu Özdemir Sarı, Suna S. Özdemir, and Nil Uzun, 83-106. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05773-2_5.
Sun, Degang, Haiyan Xu, and Yichao Tu. 2022. “In with the New: China’s Nuclear-Energy Diplomacy in the Middle East.” Middle East Policy 29 (1): 41-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12619.
TAEK. 2013. “Stratejik Plan 2014‐2018.” Ankara: Strateji Geliştirme Müdürlüğü. Accessed July 30, 2023. http://www.sp.gov.tr/upload/xSPStratejikPlan/files/e4iYq+TAEK_SON.pdf.
TAEK. 2019. “Stratejik Plan 2019-2023.” Ankara: Strateji Geliştirme Dairesi Başkanliği. Accessed July 30, 2023. http://www.sp.gov.tr/upload/xSPStratejikPlan/files/lxM6S+taek_sp.pdf.
Temurçin, Kadir, and Alpaslan Aliağaoğlu. 2003. “Nükleer enerji ve tartişmalar işiğinda türkiye’de nükleer enerji gerçeği (Nuclear energy and reality of nuclear energy in Turkey in the light of discussions).” Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi 1 (2): 25-39.
Uyar, Tanay Sıdkı. 2017. “Barriers and Opportunities for Transformation of Conventional Energy System of Turkey to 100 % Renewable Community Power.” In: Towards 100% Renewable Energy: Techniques, Costs and Regional Case-Studies. Springer Proceedings in Energy, edited by Tanay Sıdkı Uyar, 105-118. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45659-1_10.
Varιş, Özge. 2020. “Turkey’s Energy Transition: Hydro-Carbons or Low-Carbons.” Global Energy Law and Sustainability 1 (1): 114-121. https://doi.org/10.3366/gels.2020.0010.
Yavuz, Cuneyt. 2023. “Distinctive Stochastic Tsunami Hazard and Environmental Risk Assessment of Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant by Monte Carlo Simulations.” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 48: 573-582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-06938-8.
Zwahlen, Robert. 2022. Dam Projects: Pro and Contra. In: Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Hydropower Projects. Environmental Earth Sciences. Springer, Cham, 457-485. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91185-0_21.
Comparative politics
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Comparative politics
The Imperative to Shift Armenia’s Peripherality: Contradictions of Institutionalisation and Functioning in Conditions of Democratic Transition
AbstractThis article offers a discussion about the possibility for Armenia’s democratisation, and shift of its peripherality. The intention is to develop a thinking around the opportunities towards creating an environment in which a democratic transformation may be possible. The article uses the centre-periphery model and a decentring research agenda to build on the argument and a possibility for the shift of Armenia’s peripherality by means of its civil society. The article argues that if the former practices have failed the country today, it may be relevant to consider the shifting of former practices, which may as well result in shifting country’s peripherality. In this context, the process of democratisation of modern Armenia, which is conditioned by a number of factors, presupposing, first of all, the active participation of its civil society, is analysed. This article concentrates on the analysis of one of the necessary conditions for democracy and democratic transition, namely country’s local agency, the civil society. The article is prepared based on the premise that public policies shall follow opinion and expertise of country’s local agency.
ReferencesAbrahamian, Levon Hm. 2001. “Civil Society Born in the Square: The Karabagh Movement in Perspective.” In: The Making of Nagorno-Karabagh, edited by Levon Chorbajian, 116-134. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230508965_4.
Abrahamian, Levon, and Gayane Shagoyan. 2012. “From Carnival Civil Society Toward a Real Civil Society: Democracy Trends in Post-Soviet Armenia.” Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia 50 (3): 11-50. https://doi.org/10.2753/AAE1061-1959500301.
Abrahamian, Levon, and Gayane Shagoyan. 2018. “Velvet Revolution, Armenian Style.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 26 (4): 509-529.
Ash, Timothy Garton. 2019. “Democracy Is under Attack in Post-Wall Europe – but the Spirit of 1989 Is Fighting Back.” The Guardian, October 30, 2019. Accessed July 1, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/30/democracy-europe-1989-berlin-wall-velvet-revolutions-populists.
Baev, Pavel K. 2018. “What Explains Russia’s Uncharacteristic Indifference to the Revolution in Armenia?” Brookings. May 7, 2018. Accessed July 1, 2023. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/05/07/what-explains-russias-uncharacteristic-indifference-to-the-revolution-in-armenia/.
Bui-Wrzosińska, Lan. 2019. States of Change: Attitudes in Central and Eastern Europe 30 Years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Open Society Foundations. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/publications/states-of-change-attitudes-in-central-and-eastern-europe-30-years-after-the-fall-of-the-berlin-wall.
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Chartier, Roger. 1991. The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution. Duke University Press.
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Cohen, Jean L., and Andrew Arato. 1994. Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge: MIT press.
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Cooper, Marc. 2018. “Armenia’s Revolution: A Flickering Light in a Darkening Europe.” The Nation, December 7, 2018. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/armenia-revolution-elections/.
De Waal, Thomas. 2012. “A Broken Region: The Persistent Failure of Integration Projects in the South Caucasus.” Europe-Asia Studies 64 (9): 1709-1723.
De Waal, Thomas. 2018. “Armenia’s Revolution and the Karabakh Conflict.” Carnegie Europe, May 22, 2018. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/76414.
Dudwick, Nora. 1995a. “The Mirage of Democracy: A Study of Post-Communist Transitions in Armenia (Project on Democratization and Political Participation in Post-Communist Societies).” United States Department of State Bureau of Intelligence and Research.
Dudwick, Nora. 1995b. “The cultural construction of political violence in Armenia and Azerbaijan.” Problems of Post-Communism 42 (4): 18-23.
Dudwick, Nora. 1997. “Political Transformations in Postcommunist Armenia: Images and Realities.” In: Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, edited by Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, 69-109. Glasgow: Cambridge University Press.
Etkind, Alexander. 2023. Russia Against Modernity. John Wiley & Sons.
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Filippov, Alexander, Nicolas Hayoz, and Jens Herlth. 2020. Centres and Peripheries in the Post-Soviet Space: Relevance and Meanings of a Classical Distinction. Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien: Peter Lang Group AG. https://doi.org/10.3726/b10623.
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Gevorgyan, Valentina. 2017. The Next Step in the Development of Armenian Civil Society. Yerevan: Open Society Foundations - Armenia. Policy Fellowship Research Initiative.
Gevorgyan, Valentina. 2020. “Centres and Peripheries in the Post-Soviet Space.” In: Armenia Leaving behind the “Post-Soviet” Title? Opportunities in the Centre-Periphery Context, edited by Alexander Filippov, Nicolas Hayoz, and Jens Herlth, 139-160. Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien: Peter Lang Group AG. https://doi.org/10.3726/b10623.
Gibson, William J., and Andrew Brown. 2009. Working with Qualitative Data. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857029041.
Giordano, Christian, and Nicolas Hayoz. 2013. Informality in Eastern Europe: Structures, Political Cultures and Social Practices. Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien: Peter Lang Group AG. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0351-0651-0.
Hayoz, Nicolas. 2015. “Cultures of Informality and Networks of Power in Post-Soviet Non-democracies.” In: Evolutionary Governance Theory, edited by Raoul Beunen, Kristof Van Assche, and Martijn Duineveld, 73-85. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12274-8_5.
Hooghe, Marc, and Sofie Marien. 2013. “A Comparative Analysis of the Relation between Political Trust and Forms of Political Participation in Europe.” European Societies 15 (1): 131-152.
Howard, Marc Morjé. 2003. The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840012.
Huber, Daniela, and Lorenzo Kamel. 2015. “Arab Spring: The Role of the Peripheries.” Mediterranean Politics 20 (2): 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2015.1033905.
Huber, Daniela, and Lorenzo Kamel, eds. 2016. Arab Spring and Peripheries. A Decentring Research Agenda. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315657868.
Ishkanian, Armine. 2009. “(Re)Claiming the Emancipatory Potential of Civil Society: A Critical Examination of Civil Society and Democracy Building Programs in Armenia since 1991.” Armenian Review 51: 9-34.
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Karlsson, Klas-Göran. 2007. “Memory of Mass Murder. The Genocide in Armenian and Non-Armenian Historical Consciousness.” In: Collective Traumas. Memories of War and Conflict in 20th-Century Europe, edited by Conny Mithander, John Sundholm, and Maria Holmgren Troy, 13-45. Brussells: P.I.E. Peter Lang.
Klíma, Michal. 2019. Informal Politics in Post-Communist Europe: Political Parties, Clientelism and State Capture. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203702031.
Kobrin, Kiril. 2016. “The Roots of Russia’s Atomised Mourning.” openDemocracy, November 14, 2016. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/roots-of-russia-s-atomised-mourning/.
Lanskoy, Miriam, and Elspeth Suthers. 2019. “Armenia’s Velvet Revolution.” Journal of Democracy 30 (2): 85-99.
Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511781353.
Markarov, Alexander. 2018. “Armenia’s Foreign Policy Priorities. Are There Any Major Changes Following the Spring 2018 Political Transformation?.” Caucasus Analytical Digest (CAD) 104: 3-7. http://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000277024.
Markarov, Alexander, and Vahe Davtyan. 2018. “Post-Velvet Revolution Armenia’s Foreign Policy Challenges.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 26 (4): 531-546.
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Najam, Adil. 2000. “The Four-C’s of Third Sector - Government Relations: Cooperation, Confrontation, Complementarity, and Co-optation.” Nonprofit Management & Leadership 10 (4): 375-396. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.10403.
Niculescu, George Vlad. 2019. “Armenia’s “Velvet Revolution”, Karabakh Conflict Internationalization and Recasting Western Regional Strategies.” In: South Caucasus: Leveraging Political Change in a Context of Strategic Volatility: 18th Workshop of the PfP Consortium Study Group “Regional Stability in the South Caucasus”, edited by Frederic Labarre and George Niculescu, 169-180. Vienna: Republic of Austria / Federal Ministry of Defence.
Open Society Foundations-Armenia, Helsinki Citizens’ Assembly Vanadzor, Law Development and Protection Foundation, and Protection of Rights Without Borders NGO. 2022. “Human Rights Violations during the 44-Day War in Artsakh.” Fact-Finding Report, July 6, 2022. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://hcav.am/en/english-human-rights-violations-during-the-44-day-war-in-artsakh-fact-finding-report/.
Paturyan, Yevgenya, and Valentina Gevorgyan. 2014. Armenian Civil Society after Twenty Years of Transition: Still Post-Communist? Yerevan, Armenia: Turpanjian Center for Policy Analysis, American University of Armenia.
Paturyan, Yevgenya, and Valentina Gevorgyan. 2021. Armenian Civil Society: Old Problems, New Energy After Two Decades of Independence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63226-7.
Paturyan, Yevgenya Jenny, and Valentina Gevorgyan. 2016. Civic Activism as a Novel Component of Armenian Civil Society. Yerevan, Armenia: Turpanjian Center for Policy Analysis, American University of Armenia.
Paturyan, Yevgenya, and Valentina Gevorgyan. 2018. “Re-emerging civic activism restoring the ‘ecosystem’ of armenian civil society.” In: Civil Society in the Global South, edited by Palash Kamruzzaman, 54-69. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.
Putnam, Robert D., Robert Leonardi, and Raffaella Y. Nanetti. 1994. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton University Press.
Riegg, Stephen. 2018. “Why Russia Won’t Interfere in Armenia’s Velvet Revolution.” RealClearWorld, May 08, 2018. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2018/05/08/why_russia_wont_interfere_in_armenias_velvet_revolution_112792.html.
Robertson, Graeme B. 2010. The Politics of Protest in Hybrid Regimes: Managing Dissent in Post-Communist Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511921209.
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Way, Lucan Ahmad. 2018. “Why Didn’t Putin Interfere in Armenia’s Velvet Revolution? His Support for Authoritarianism Abroad Has Limits.” Foreign Affairs, May 17, 2018. Accessed July 30, 2023. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/armenia/2018-05-17/why-didnt-putin-interfere-armenias-velvet-revolution.
Public Policy
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Public Policy
The Smart Power of Abenomics: Shadows of Japanization and Long-term Challenges
AbstractThis article discusses the main tasks of the smart power of Abenomics as the basis of the anti-crisis economic policy of modern Japan. The idea is argued that the Abe government proposed a program known as the “Three Arrows of Abenomics”, the implementation of which helped Japan get out of deflation, but the economic growth potential remained extremely low.
This economic policy was unique in that the whole range of its measures was adapted to the specifics of the Japanese economy or Japanization.
The experience of modern Japan in the fight against economic stagnation is undoubtedly very valuable for many countries. Having studied the main stages of economic policy, as well as the difficulties faced by Japan during its implementation, each country will develop its own strategy to combat the economic crisis and stagnation, adapted to the characteristics of each of the states.
This article analyzes key aspects of the Abenomics economic reform package. In addition to characterizing individual measures, it focuses on the analysis of outcomes such as deflation, weak economic growth or labor market rigidity.
The characteristic features of the so-called new arrows of Abenomics are identified and described, which respond to the successes achieved, as well as to the new challenges of the Japanese economy.
ReferencesAdachi, Yoshimi. 2018. Prologue: Outlook and Challenges for Social Security Finances. In: The Economics of Tax and Social Security in Japan. Springer, Singapore, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7176-8_1.
Aoyagi, Chie, and Giovanni Ganelli. 2015. “Labor Market Reform: Vital to the Success of Abenomics.” In: Can Abenomics Succeed? Overcoming the Legacy of Japan’s Lost Decades, edited by Dennis P. J. Botman, Stephan Danninger, and Jerald Alan Schiff. Washington: International Monetary Fund.
Aramaki, Kenji. 2018a. The Financial Crisis and Its Impacts, Long Recovery, and Afterward. In: Japan’s Long Stagnation, Deflation, and Abenomics, 129-188. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2176-4_4.
Aramaki, Kenji. 2018b. Abenomics and Challenges for the Japanese Economy. In: Japan’s Long Stagnation, Deflation, and Abenomics, 285-340. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2176-4_7.
Armstrong, Shiro, and Shujiro Urata. 2023. “‘Japan First’? Economic security in a world of uncertainty.” Navigating Prosperity and Security in East Asia: 87-118. https://doi.org/10.22459/NPSEA.2023.05.
Armstrong, Shiro. 2021. “Economic Diplomacy and Economic Security under Abe.” Asian Economic Policy Review 16 (2): 283-299. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12335.
Bobowski, Sebastian, and Boguslawa Drelich-Skulska. 2016. “After Three Years of Abenomics. Challenges and Recommendations for the Economic Revitalisation Policy in Japan.” Transformations in Business and Economics 15 (2A) (38A): 434-458
Brocková, Katarina, and Ludmila Lipková. 2018. “Contemporary Protectionism - Trade War Between the U.S. and the Rest of the World.” Medzinárodné vzťahy / Journal of International XVI (2): 324-338.
Chiavacci, David, and Sébastien Lechevalier. 2017. “Japanese political economy revisited: diverse corporate change, institutional transformation, and Abenomics.” Japan Forum 29 (3): 299-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2017.1284147.
Dobson, Hugo. 2017. “Is Japan Really Back? The “Abe Doctrine” and Global Governance.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 47 (2): 199-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2016.1257044.
Fukuda, Shin-ichi. 2012. “Market-specific and Currency-specific Risk during the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Interbank Markets in Tokyo and London.” Journal of Banking and Finance 36 (12): 3185-3196.
Fukuda, Shin-ichi. 2015. “Abenomics: Why was it so successful in changing market expectations?” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 37 (C): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2015.05.006.
Glawe, Linda, and Helmut Wagner. 2021. “Japan’s Catching-Up Process.” In: The Economic Rise of East Asia. Contributions to Economics, 15-65. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87128-4_2.
Grabowiecki Jerzy, 2019. “Abenomics: from the “Great Stagnation” to the “Three-Arrows Strategy”.” International Journal of Management and Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, Collegium of World Economy 55 (3): 201-211. https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2019-0018.
Hausman, Joshua K., and Johannes F. Wieland, 2015. “Overcoming the Lost Decades? Abenomics after Three Years.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution 46 (2 (Fall)): 385-431.
Hayashida, Minoru, Masaya Yasuoka, Ryoichi Nanba, and Hiroyuki Ohno. 2018. “Will Abenomics Expand Employment?–Interpreting Abenomics Through DSGE Modeling.” In: Applied Analysis of Growth, Trade, and Public Policy: Ten Years of International Academic Exchanges Between JAAE and KEBA, edited by Moriki Hosoe, Iltae Kim, Masahiro Yabuta, and Woohyung Lee, 187-207. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1876-4_13.
Hirano, Mariko. 2020. “Abenomics recovery stopped in tracks by coronavirus: Japan downgrades view to ‘severe situation,’ closing book on six-year run..” Nikkei Inc., March 27, 2020. Accessed August 29, 2023. https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Abenomics-recovery-stopped-in-tracks-by-coronavirus.
Hoshi, Takeo, and Phillip Y. Lipscy, eds. 2021. “Third Arrow of Abenomics.” Part. In: The Political Economy of the Abe Government and Abenomics Reforms, 269-476. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108921145.
Hughes, Christopher W. 2015a. “Introduction: From ‘Yoshida Doctrine’ to ‘Abe Doctrine’?” In: Japan’s Foreign and Security Policy Under the ‘Abe Doctrine’: New Dynamism or New Dead End?. Palgrave Pivot, London, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137514257_1.
Hughes, Christopher W. 2015b. “The Origins and Ideological Drivers of the ‘Abe Doctrine’”. In: Japan’s Foreign and Security Policy Under the ‘Abe Doctrine’: New Dynamism or New Dead End?. Palgrave Pivot, London, 8-27. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137514257_2.
Ito, Takatoshi. 2021a. “An Assessment of Abenomics: Evolution and Achievements.” Asian Economic Policy Review 16: 190-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12353.
Ito, Takatoshi. 2021b. “The Third Arrow of Abenomics: Est. in 2013 - or 2007?” In: The Political Economy of the Abe Government and Abenomics Reforms, edited by Takeo Hoshi and Phillip Y. Lipscy, 109-136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108921145.005.
Jones, Randall S. 2013. “An OECD Assessment of “Abenomics.” “Abenomics” & the Future of the Japanese Economy, Japan spotlight (September/October): 8-12.
Kondo, Yoshihiro, Yoshiyuki Nakazono, Rui Ota, and Qing-Yuan Sui. 2020. “Heterogeneous impacts of Abenomics on the stock market: A Fund flow analysis.” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 55 (C). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2019.101053.
Kushida, Kenji E. 2018. “Abenomics and Japan’s Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Is the Third Arrow Pointed in the Right Direction for Global Competition in the Digital Era of Silicon Valley?” SVNJ Working Paper 1. Stanford University. Accessed August 29, 2023. https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/abenomics_ans_japans_entrepreneurship_and_innovation.pdf.
Lipková, Ludmila, Katarina Brocková, and Andrianna Baleha. 2020. “Labour migration in Central Asia. Economic factors of influence.” Economic Annals-XXI 184 (7-8): 38-48. https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.V184-04
OECD. 2014. Japan advancing the third arrow for a resilient economy and inclusive growth. OECD “Better Policies” Series. Paris. Accessed August 29, 2023. https://www.oecd.org/japan/2014.04_JAPAN_EN.pdf.
Okina, Kunio, Masaaki Shirakawa, and Shigenori Shiratsuka. 2001. “The Asset Price Bubble and Monetary Policy: Japan's Experience in the Late 1980s and the Lessons: Background Paper.” Monetary and Economic Studies, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan 19 (S1): 395-450.
Pu, Xiaoyu. 2019. “To Dream an Impossible Dream: China’s Visions of Regional Order and the Implications for Japan.” In: Japan and Asia’s Contested Order. The Interplay of Security, Economics, and Identity, edited by Yul Sohn, and T. J. Pempel, 65-84. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0256-5_4.
Reinhart, Carmen M., and Kenneth S. Rogoff. 2009. “The Aftermath of Financial Crises.” NBER Working Papers 14656, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Ruan, Yong Xin, and Charles T. L. Leung. 2021. “Experiences of and Responses to COVID-19 in East Asia: The Cases of Japan and Korea.” In: COVID-19 Pandemic, Crisis Responses and the Changing World, edited by Simon X.B. Zhao, Johnston H.C. Wong, Charles Lowe, Edoardo Monaco, and John Corbett, 137-147. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2430-8_8.
Shibata, Saori. 2017. “Re-packaging old policies? ‘Abenomics’ and the lack of an alternative growth model for Japan’s political economy.” Japan Forum 29 (3): 399-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2017.1284143.
Solís, Mireya, and Shujiro Urata. 2018. Abenomics and Japan's Trade Policy in a New Era. Asian Economic Policy Review 13 (1): 106-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12205.
Song, Jiyeoun. 2015 “Economic Empowerment of Women as the Third Arrow of Abenomics.” Journal of International and Area Studies 22 (1): 113-128. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43490283.
Sugiura, Eri. 2020. “Japan tourism faces 80% drop as coronavirus threatens Abenomics: Economists question wisdom of heavy reliance on tourism for rural revival.” Nikkei Inc., April 17, 2020. Accessed August 29, 2023. https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Japan-tourism-faces-80-drop-as-coronavirus-threatens-Abenomics.
Tashiro, Ai. 2022. “COVID-19 Vaccination Trends and Public Views and Responses in Japan.” In: Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreaks, Vaccination, Politics and Society, edited by Rais Akhtar, 67-81. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09432-3_5.
Wakatabe, Masazumi. 2015a. The Future Again? The Assessment of Abenomics. In: Japan’s Great Stagnation and Abenomics, 113-139. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137438850_5.
Wakatabe, Masazumi. 2015b. Concluding Remarks: Beware of Japanization. In: Japan’s Great Stagnation and Abenomics, 141-159. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137438850_6.
Watanabe, Yorizumi. 2018. “Tariff Wars and the TPP: The Japan-US Trade Face-off under Trump.” Global Asia (East Asia Foundation) 13 (2): 26-31.
Yoda, Takeshi. 2023. “A Chronology of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan.” In: Sustainability, Diversity, and Equality: Key Challenges for Japan. Science Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Science, vol. 13, edited by Kimiko Tanaka, and Helaine Selin, 67-75. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36331-3_5.
Political Philosophy
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Political Philosophy
Reconstructing the Political Future of Armenia: Overcoming Contemporary Turbulence Through Role Models
AbstractThis article deals with the problem of reconstructing the political future of post-war Armenia and overcoming modern turbulence in the context of regional instability. Characteristic features of overcoming widespread anxiety in the Armenian society, which manifested itself on the political stage in different ways, from popular protests and early elections to heated debates about the political future in recent years, are highlighted and described. The most important condition for the development of post-war Armenia is the extent to which Armenian society is able to form a concept for its future. Ideas about the future were of particular importance in critical epochs, when the traditional picture of the world was destroyed and new opportunities for social development opened up. But for many centuries, these ideas did not go beyond prophecies, predictions and various kinds of hoaxes, which essentially became the first attempts to predict the future.
This article attempts to uncover the main causes of modern instability in Armenia, thereby contributing to the Armenian society to deconstruct and reconstruct the political future. In this context, it also means that even the scientific methodology for knowing the future has not yet been developed, since most scientific methods remain imperfect and do not give the researcher confidence in the accuracy of the forecast.
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Margaryan, Mariam. 2023. Grigor Narekatsi and our time. Yerevan: Public Service Publishing House (in Armenian) [Margaryan, Mariam. 2023. Grigor Narekats’in yev mer zhamanaky: Yerevan: «Petakan tsarrayut’yun» hratarakch’ut’yun].
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Book Review
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Book Review
Mearsheimer, John J. 2018. Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. xiv, 313 pp. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300240535
AbstractThe book comparatively analyzes the features of liberal hegemony, when the liberal international order strengthened after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when the United States and Western European countries took the position of hegemony in world politics. While the economic dimensions of the liberal world order may be acceptable to all, its political component, as an instrument of the democratic world, is trying to serve the purpose of consolidating the world. It is important that the discourse about the liberal world order takes place during times of conflict, crisis and war, influencing the transformation of the modern world order.
The political elites of the liberal world order in the era of liberal hegemony must keep in mind that for the diverse authoritarian and democratic blocs of countries, it is necessary to protect the resilience of the international order and law. In accordance with the author’s concept of political liberalism, it is interpreted broadly and as a unity of the spiritual, social and political forms of its being. Therefore, its essence unfolds through a consistent analysis of the ideological, social and political space, which makes it possible to form an adequate idea of the role of liberal ideology and liberal international politics in the social and political process.
ReferencesMearsheimer, John J. 2018. “Preface.” In: Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities, vii-xiv. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300240535-001.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2018. “The Impossible Dream.” In: Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities, 1-13. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300240535-002.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2018. “Human Nature and Politics.” In: Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities, 14-44. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300240535-003.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2018. “Political Liberalism.” In: Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities, 45-81. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300240535-004.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2018. “Cracks in the Liberal Edifice.” In: Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities, 82-119. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300240535-005.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2018. “Liberalism Goes Abroad.” In: Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities, 120-151. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300240535-006.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2018. “Liberalism as a Source of Trouble.” In: Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities, 152-187. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300240535-007.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2018. “Liberal Theories of Peace.” In: Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities, 188-216. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300240535-008.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2018. “The Case for Restraint.” In Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities, 217-234. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300240535-009.
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Book Review
Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2021, 595 pp.
AbstractThis handbook is divided into three parts, the first of which includes theories, approaches, conceptualizations and dimensions of political populism. The second part analyzes populist manifestations in Europe and America, while the third part focuses on new phenomena and new research programs of political populism. In this context, the interdisciplinary nature of research is considered, taking into account the peculiarities of political populism in Europe and America. This handbook offers a comprehensive theoretical and empirical introduction to the manifestations, causes, and consequences of political populism and the political dimensions of various populist phenomena, especially in the democracies of Europe and the Americas. The main focus of this handbook is on explaining the phenomenon as a result of the crisis of legitimation of the representative system, as well as contradictions and limitations in the current political science debate. The phenomenon of political populism is considered primarily from the standpoint of political science and communication studies. This handbook also offers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of political populism on various policy areas such as the environment, health or economic policy.
ReferencesAkkerman, Tjitske. 2021. “Populist parties in power and their impact on liberal democracies in Western Europe.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 169-180. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Aschauer, Wolfgang. 2021. “Societal malaise in turbulent times: introducing a new explanatory factor for populism from a crossnational Europe-wide perspective.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 307-328. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Bastow, Steve, Martin, James, and Dick Pels. 2002. “Third ways in political ideology.” Journal of Political Ideologies 7 (3): 269-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/1356931022000010566.
Betz, Hans-Georg. 2021. “Populism and islamophobia.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 373-389. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Casullo, María Esperanza, and Flavia Freidenberg. 2021. “Populist and programmatic parties in Latin American party systems.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 275-290. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Casullo, María Esperanza, and Flavia Freidenberg. 2021. “Populist parties of Latin America: the cases of Argentina and Ecuador.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 293-306. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Dan,Viorela, and Florian Arendt. 2021. “Visual Cues to the Hidden Agenda: Investigating the Effects of Ideology-Related Visual Subtle Backdrop Cues in Political Communication.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 26 (1): 22-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220936593
Diehl, Paula. 2021. “The body in populism.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 361-372. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Dingler, Sarah C., Lefkofridi, Zoe, and Vanessa Marent. 2021. “The gender dimension of populism.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 345-359. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Gherghina, Sergiu, Miscoiu, Sergiu, and Sorina Soare. 2021. “How far does nationalism go? An overview of populist parties in Central and Eastern Europe.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 193-207. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Havlík, Vlastimil, and Miroslav Mareš. 2021. “Sociocultural legacies in post-transition societies in Central and Eastern Europe and the relationship to the resurgence of right-wing extremism and populism in the region.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 181-191. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Heinisch, Reinhard, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 2021. “Analysing and explaining populism: bringing frame, actor and context back in.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 105-122. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Heinisch, Reinhard, and Steven Saxonberg. 2021. “Entrepreneurial populism and the radical centre: examples from Austria and the Czech Republic.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 209-226. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Heinisch, Reinhard, Holtz-Bacha, Christina, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 2021. “Introduction.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 19-37. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Huber, Robert A., and Christian H. Schimpf. 2021. “Populism and democracy - theoretical and empirical considerations.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 329-344. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Ivaldi, Gilles. 2021. “Electoral basis of populist parties.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 157-168. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Krämer, Benjamin. 2021. “Populist and non-populist media: their paradoxical role in the development and diffusion of a rightwing ideology.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 405-420. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Lanzone, Maria Elisabetta. 2021. “New populism.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 227-238. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Loch, Dietmar. 2021. “Conceptualising the relationship between populism and the radical right.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 73-85. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Mastropaolo, Alfio. 2021. “Populism and political representation.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 59-72. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Pauwels, Teun. 2021. “Measuring populism: A review of current approaches.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 123-136. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Roncarolo, Franca. 2021. “Media politics and populism as a mobilisation resource.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 391-403. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Ruth, Saskia P., and Kirk A. Hawkins. 2021. “Populism and democratic representation in Latin America.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 255-273. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Ruzza, Carlo. 2021. “The populist radical right and social movements.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 87-103. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Saxonberg, Steven, and Reinhard Heinisch. 2022. “Filling the Demand Gap: The Success of Centrist Entrepreneurial Populism in the Czech Republic.” Europe-Asia Studies: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2022.2136624.
Skenderovic, Damir. 2021. “Populism: A history of the concept.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 41-57. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Sorensen, Lone. 2021. “Populism in communications perspective: concepts, issues, evidence.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 137-151. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Vergari, Sandra. 2021. “Contemporary populism in the United States.” In: Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research, edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, and Oscar Mazzoleni, 241-253. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
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Book Review
Caucasian Albania: an International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2023. xi, 735 pp. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687.
AbstractThe international handbook is devoted to a detailed analysis of Caucasian Albania, focusing on an intricate analysis of Caucasian Albania. The investigation is particularly attuned to the extent of activation of Azerbaijani revisionist tendencies subsequent to the Second Karabakh War in 2020 concerning the historical narrative, cultural nuances, and cultural heritage of the Caucasus region.
Within the expanse of this handbook’s discourse, a meticulous examination is undertaken of the various pivotal junctures characterizing the phenomenon of historical revisionism surrounding the relatively lesser known “Caucasian Albania” and its populace, the “Caucasian Albanians,” both within the purview of academic scholarship and public discourse. Comprising sixteen in-depth chapters, this scholarly compendium rigorously scrutinizes and elucidates the primary factors underpinning the process of “Albanianization” as espoused by the Azerbaijani government and affiliated scholars, particularly regarding the Armenian civilizational heritage entrenched within Nagorno-Karabakh.
The conceptual underpinnings of historical revisionism are methodically substantiated within this handbook. The post-Second Karabakh War landscape is delineated as a fertile ground where the Azerbaijani state apparatus and associated intellectual circles fervently advocated the “Albanianization” theory. This theory seeks to interconnect the historical trajectories of Azerbaijanis and Albanians, thereby positioning the Azerbaijani nation-state upon a shared historical bedrock alongside Armenia and Georgia. Against this backdrop, the conceptual framework of “Albanization” or the so-called “Albanian myth” emerges as a salient paradigm during and subsequent to the First and Second Karabakh Wars. This paradigm functions as a strategic instrument for discrediting the Armenian historical lineage vis-à-vis the disputed Karabakh territory.
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Bais, Marco. 2023. “Caucasian Albania in Greek and Latin Sources.” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 1-32. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-001.
De Waal, Thomas. 2004. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. New York: NYU Press.
De Waal, Thomas. 2010. The Caucasus: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Donabédian, Patrick. 2023. “The Ensemble of the “Seven Churches” - an Ecumenical Monastery Ahead of Time?” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 387-432. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-012.
Dorfmann-Lazarev, Igor. 2023a. “The Udis’ Petition to Tsar Peter.” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 261-264. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-006.
Dorfmann-Lazarev, Igor. 2023b. “Between the Planes and the Mountains: the Albanian-Armenian Marches in the 12th Century and David of Gandzak (c. 1065-1140).” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 537-570. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-017.
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Dum-Tragut, Jasmine, and Gippert, Jost. 2023. “Caucasian Albania in Medieval Armenian Sources (5th-13th Centuries).” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 33-92. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-002.
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine. 2023. “One or two? On Christological and Hierarchical Disputes and the Development of the “Church of Albania” (4th-8th centuries).” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 285-332. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-008.
Gippert, Jost, and Schulze, Wolfgang. 2023. “The Language of the Caucasian Albanians.” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 167-230. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-004.
Gippert, Jost. 2023a. “The Textual Heritage of Caucasian Albanian.” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 95-166. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-003.
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Hakobyan, Aleksan. 2023. “The Ethnic Situation in Antique and Medieval Caucasian Albania.” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 475-488. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-014.
Hewsen, Robert H. 1982. “Ethno-history and the Armenian influence upon the Caucasian Albanians.” In: Classical Armenian Culture. Influence and Creativity, edited by Thomas J. Samuelian, 27-40. University of Pennsylvania, Armenian Texts and Studies 4. Chico, CA: Scholars Press.
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Karny, Yo’av. 2001. Highlanders: A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Kazaryan, Armen. 2023. “Urban Planning and Architecture of Caucasian Albania. Main Monuments and Trends of Development.” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 353-386. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-011.
La Porta, Sergio. 2023. ““You say Albanian, I say Armenian”: Discourses of Ethnicity and Power Around an Albanian King of Armenia.” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 515-536. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-016.
Petrosyan, Hamlet. 2023. “Tigranakert in Artsakh.” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 433-472. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-013.
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Schulze, Wolfgang and Gippert, Jost. 2023. “Caucasian Albanian and Modern Udi.” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 231-260. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-005.
Shnirelman, Victor A. 2003. Wars of Memory: Myths, Identity, and Politics in Transcaucasia. Moscow: ICC “Akademkniga”, in Russian [Shnirel'man, Viktor A., Voyny pamyati: mify, identichnost' i politika v Zakavkaz'ye. Moskva: IKTS ««Akademkniga» 2003].
Tchekhanovets, Yana. 2023. “Albanians in the Holy Land - Absence of Archaeological Evidence or Evidence of Absence?” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 337-350. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton,. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-010.
Tchilingirian, Hratch. 2023. “Reverse Engineering: A State-Created “Albanian Apostolic Church”.” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 581-610. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-019.
Vacca, Alison M. 2023. “The Rebels of Early Abbasid Albania.” In: Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook, edited by Jost Gippert and Jasmine Dum-Tragut, 489-514. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110794687-015.
