| P - ISSN | : | 2738-294X |
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Vol. 4 No. 1(10) (2025)
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AbstractModern strategic rivalry among countries of the world is associated with a number of factors: territorial disputes and competition for global dominance through regional leadership in various spheres. In addition, many countries perceive as a threat the mutual strengthening of their presence in regions that they consider to be their zones of influence. One of the significant trends of our time is the process of macro-regionalization and consolidation of regions into larger macro-regions based on the strengthening of trade, economic and logistical interconnectedness, interdependence of security issues, and the activation of humanitarian contacts. At the same time, there is an increase in the importance of military-political issues in the context of increased great-power competition and the intensification of international conflicts. In the last decade, political and economic processes in the Middle East, South Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, Asia-Pacific and other regions have become increasingly competitively interconnected. This is manifested in both the strengthening of economic interaction and in the growth of military and political risks and threats. The interweaving and, in some cases, even the clash of strategic interests of great, regional, as well as medium and small countries in the emerging macro-regions, gives their study a special analytical and research value. In the articles of this volume, the authors define the features of the emerging macro-region and the type of relations between states in the cooperation-rivalry format, which presupposes the participation in structuring the world order of a larger number of participants, represented not only by great powers, but also by regional and middle powers, and also takes into account the nature of the relations between them.
References
European Integration
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European Integration
Risks and Opportunities for Central Asian Countries in the Context of New Geopolitics
AbstractThe article analyzes the main risks and opportunities for the Central Asian countries in the context of new geopolitical transformations. In this sense, the geopolitical landscape of Central Asia in the period from 2022 to 2024 is undergoing significant changes that affect regional stability and global interaction. The article examines Central Asia in terms of strategic importance and vulnerability to external pressure, influenced by various global initiatives and changing power dynamics. The countries of the region face a number of risks, such as economic instability, dependence on external energy resources, as well as geopolitical rivalry between major powers, in particular Russia and China. In the context of new geopolitics, it is critical for the Central Asian countries to maintain independence and sovereignty, ensure economic development and strengthen political legitimacy. Despite these challenges, cooperation with international actors and participation in various integration structures can contribute to achieving national interests and minimizing risks. Therefore, the article analyzes the key vectors of the foreign policy of the Central Asian countries, paying special attention to the Russian and Chinese vectors, and considers the opportunities and risks that these countries face in the new geopolitical reality.
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Ambrosio, Thomas. 2023. “Between Threat, Alliance, and Multivectorism: Kazakh-Russian Relations in the Wake of the Russo-Ukrainian War.” In: A Revolt in the Steppe: Understanding Kazakhstan’s January Events of 2022, edited by Jean-François Caron, 25-52. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0783-0_3.
Arynov, Zhanibek, and Temirlan Umirbekov. 2025. “Contesting the Unknown? Public Perceptions of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in Armenia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.” Contemporary Security Policy (March): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2025.2474868.
Baisalbek, Olzhas, Ka Wai Christopher Hor, Fatima Kukeyeva et al. 2024. “Exploring Opportunities and Limitations of Kazakhstan’s Multilateral and Bilateral Cooperation in Renewable Energy within Central Asia: A Comprehensive Analysis.” East Asia 41: 369-385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-024-09425-z.
Belova, Irina N., Elena A. Egorycheva, and Filipp D. Belov. 2023. “EAEU and BRI: Current Prospects of Mutual Cooperation.” In: Sustainable Development Risks and Risk Management: A Systemic View from the Positions of Economics and Law, edited by Elena G. Popkova, 269-273. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34256-1_47.
Boungou, Whelsy, and Alhonita Yatié. 2022. “The impact of the Ukraine–Russia war on world stock market returns.” Economics Letters 215, 110516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2022.110516.
Cameron, Sarah. 2020. “Russia Looks East: Kazakhs and the Russian and Soviet State.” Russian Studies in History 59 (4): 330-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611983.2022.2065171.
Dessein, Bart. 2025. “The “Belt and Road Initiative” and Intercultural Dialogue.” In: The Belt and Road Initiative: Past, Present, Future, edited by Gao Xiang, Kostas Gouliamos, Liu Zuokui, and Christos Kassimeris, 35-51. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1128-7_2.
Gelmanova, Zoya, Anastassiya Mezentseva, Ylia Valeeva, and Asem Aldabaeva. 2023. “Conditions for the Formation of Sustainable Energy in Kazakhstan.” In: Finance, Economics, and Industry for Sustainable Development: Proceedings of the 3rd International Scientific Conference on Sustainable Development (ESG 2022), St. Petersburg 2022, edited by Anna Rumyantseva, Hod Anyigba, Elena Sintsova, and Natalia Vasilenko, 93-107. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30498-9_10.
Hu, Danyang. 2024. “Fluctuations in Chevron’s Share Price in the Context of the Russia-Ukraine War”. Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 24 (January): 427-435. https://doi.org/10.54097/j2vz6880.
Hudson, Victoria. 2022. “The Impact of Russian Soft Power in Kazakhstan: Creating an Enabling Environment for Cooperation between Nur-Sultan and Moscow.” Journal of Political Power 15 (3): 469-494. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2022.2127280.
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IEA. 2023. World Energy Outlook 2023, IEA, Paris. Accessed March 16, 2025. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023.
Klycheva, Zhamilia. 2024. “Dragon’s Embrace: China’s Growing Influence in Central Asia.” In: The Great Power Competition Volume 6: The Rise of China, edited by Adib Farhadi, Mark Grzegorzewski, and Anthony J. Masys, 153-183. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70767-4_8.
Kydyrbek, Farangis, Ka Wai Christopher Hor, Gulnara Baikushikova, Fatima Kukeyeva, and Malik Augan. 2025. “Aligning the Belt and Road Initiative with UN Sustainable Development Goals: Kazakhstan’s Role and Challenges.” European Review: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S106279872510015X.
Liefert, William. 2023. “Why is Russia restricting its fertiliser and crop exports?” Eurochoices 23 (1): 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692x.12419.
Liu, Zuokui. 2025. “The “Pan-Securitization” of the EU’s Connectivity Policy and China–EU Cooperation.” In: The Belt and Road Initiative: Past, Present, Future, edited by Gao Xiang, Kostas Gouliamos, Liu Zuokui, and Christos Kassimeris, 259-278. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1128-7_2.
Malikbayeva, Saniya, and Gabit Gabdullin. 2023. “The Rise of Anti-Eurasian Sentiment in Kazakhstan.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 63-76. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_4.
McCarthy, Daniel J., Sheila M. Puffer, and Daniel M. Satinsky. 2019. “Will Russia have a role in the changing global economy? Contrasting Western and Russian cultural lenses.” Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 26 (2): 265-289. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-10-2018-0164.
Mihr, Anja. 2023. “European democracy’s Response to the BRI.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 375-392. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_26.
Nicharapova, Jildiz. 2023. “Belt and Road Initiative’s Economic Impact on Central Asia. The Cases of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.” In: The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization with Chinese Characteristics: The Case of the Belt and Road Initiative, edited by Paulo Afonso B. Duarte, Francisco José B. S. Leandro, and Enrique Martínez Galán, 657-670. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6700-9_39.
Nyshanbayev, Nurbolat, Kairat Bekov, Zhulduz Baizakova, and Alipbayev Amangeldy. 2024. “The Republic of Kazakhstan’s multi-vector foreign policy.” New Perspectives 33(1): 43-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X241308432.
OECD. 2023. Insights on the Business Climate in Kazakhstan. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/bd780306-en.
Özgür, Tüfekçi. 2024. “The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and the impact of Russia-China rivalry in Central Asia.” The Journal of Institute of Black Sea Studies (Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi) 10 (21) (June): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.31765/karen.1466149.
Pomfret, Richard. 2023. “Rail Transport Corridors in the CAREC Region: Long-Term Supply Chain Resilience and Short-Term Shocks.” Asian Development Bank Institute, Working Paper 1422. https://doi.org/10.56506/HUUQ1858.
Solingen, Etel. 2025. “‘Global Value Chains in a Brave New World of Geopolitics.’” Journal of Political Power 18 (1): 112-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2024.2447249.
Sultonov, Mirzosaid. 2022. “Regional Economic and Financial Interconnectedness and the Impact of Sanctions: The Case of the Commonwealth of Independent States.” Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15 (12): 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15120565.
Sylos Labini, Francesco, and Matteo Caravani. 2025. The War in Ukraine and the Hegemonic Crisis. In: Conflict, Climate and Inequalities: Convergence to a World Crisis. Springer, Singapore, pp. 39-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5840-4_3.
Toropygin, Andrei, and Darya Lyubina. 2024. “Issues of Modern Security in Central Asia.” In: Proceedings of Topical Issues in International Political Geography (TIPG 2022), edited by Radomir Bolgov et al., 447-460. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50407-5_37.
Urinboyev, Rustamjon. 2024. The Political Economy of Central Asian Law: A Law and Society Analysis. In: The Political Economy of Central Asian Law: A Law and Society Analysis. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55341-7_1.
Usserova, Karlygash, Fatima Kukeyeva, Kuralay Baizakova, and Meruert Ussen. 2025. “Prospects for Regional Development of Central Asia: Economic and Political Aspects.” Asian Journal of Political Science (April): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2025.2494778.
Xia, Jiechang, Yi Liu, Ziyan Xu, and Hang Yuan. 2024. The Belt and Road Initiative: Achievements and Challenges. In: The China Railway Express and the Belt and Road Initiative. Springer, Singapore, pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0964-9_1.
Xing, Guangcheng. 2025. “The “Belt and Road” Initiative and Eurasian Regional Cooperation.” In: The Belt and Road Initiative: Past, Present, Future, edited by Gao Xiang, Kostas Gouliamos, Liu Zuokui, and Christos Kassimeris, 123-137. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1128-7_7.
Yu, Hong. 2022. “Is the Belt and Road Initiative 2.0 in the Making? The Case of Central Asia.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 53 (3): 535-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2022.2122858.
Zhang, Bin, Sheripzhan Nadyrov, Natalia Sorokina, and Liliya Chaynikova. 2023. “Role of the Silk Road Economic Belt in Achieving Sustainable Economic Growth in Central Asia․” Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11 (2). São Paulo (SP):e385. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i2.385.
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European Integration
The Transformational Engagement of Central Asia with the European Union: Opportunities and Prospects
AbstractThe article analyzes the specifics of interaction between the Central Asian countries and the EU, taking into account global changes that have caused a complete restructuring of the previously existing system of international relations. The article pays special attention to the experience of cooperation between the EU and the Central Asian states, with some of which new type agreements have already been signed or are in the process of being prepared, opening up broad opportunities for bilateral cooperation, which has certainly contributed to their political and economic development. The article notes that the EU’s diplomatic representation in the region has increased, assistance has been expanded and cooperation mechanisms have been introduced. In this vein, a new stage of political liberalization and diversification of the economy with a focus on industrial and innovative development can be noted in Kazakhstan.
The article concludes that the EU can rightly position cooperation with Central Asia as a model, using developments for other regions and presenting the achieved results as evidence of the effectiveness of European diplomacy. The Central Asian countries, in turn, have significant potential for developing a partnership with the EU in the context of the interests of the entire region, which would meet its new needs and opportunities.
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Bahturidze, Zeinab, and Jingcheng Li. 2024. “Russia and China: Cooperation in the Field of Regional Security in Central Asia (2001-2023).” In: Proceedings of Topical Issues in International Political Geography (TIPG 2023), edited by Radomir Bolgov, Vadim Atnashev, Timo Duile, Yuriy Gladkiy, Sergey Pogodin, Alexey Tsyb, and Andrei Znamenski, 89-99. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70886-2_7.
Baizakova, Kuralay, and Gulnaz Yergeshkyzy. 2013. “Kazakhstan and the European Union: Cooperation in Regional Security.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 81: 558-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.476.
Carls, Alice-Catherine. 2024. “The Geopolitics of Global Transportation in the Twenty-First Century.” In: The European Union’s Geopolitics: The Lackluster World Power, edited by Mathias Jopp, and Johannes Pollak, 203-221. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74587-4_10.
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Dewen, Tian. 2025. ““Silk Road Spirit” and China–EU Civilization Partnership.” In: The Belt and Road Initiative: Past, Present, Future, edited by Gao Xiang, Kostas Gouliamos, Liu Zuokui, and Christos Kassimeris, 53-67. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1128-7_3.
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Kurmanov, Bakhytzhan. 2024. “Digital Citizen Activism in Central Asia: Beyond Contestation and Cooperation.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance: Studies on Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 155-175. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_9.
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Muratova, Mariya, Houman Sadri, Zhanar Medeubayeva, and Ainur Issayeva. 2023. “The EU and Kazakhstan in the Latest Geopolitical and Geoeconomic Conditions: New Dimensions of Partnership.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 16 (1): 20-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/18793665231215799.
Nursultanova, Lazat, Alma Kassymova, Gulnara Shlymova, Aigul Bokayeva, and Gulnara Suleimenova. 2024. “Kazakh-European Trade and Economic Relations.” Asian Journal of Political Science 32 (2): 219-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2024.2363196.
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Perianes Bermúdez, Ana Belén. 2023. “The 2019 European Union Strategy on Central Asia: Future Challenges.” In: Europe-Central Asia Relations: New Connectivity Frameworks, edited by Kashif Hasan Khan, and Anja Mihr, 63-80. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8707-6_4.
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Sullivan, Charles J. 2025. Revising or Rebranding?. In: Leaders of the Nation: Kazakhstan during the Twilight of the Nazarbayev Era and the Russo-Ukrainian War. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, pp. 153-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9476-8_7.
Toropygin, Andrei, and Darya Lyubina. 2024. “Issues of Modern Security in Central Asia.” In: Proceedings of Topical Issues in International Political Geography (TIPG 2022): Conference proceedings, edited by Radomir Bolgov, Vadim Atnashev, Yury Gladkiy, Art Leete, Alexey Tsyb, Sergey Pogodin, and Andrei Znamenski, 447-460. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50407-5_37.
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European Integration
Between Patronage and Donorship: Global Gateway and its Vis-a-vie in Eurasia
AbstractThis article examines geoeconomic leadership as a narrative of the EU foreign policy towards different countries. The article analyses the European discourse of leadership, which is associated with sovereignty/autonomy as the management of interdependence. The ongoing debate has not yet reached a consensus on its exact objectives and scope. However, it describes systemic pressures and competing interests of the EU Member States as the main variables in the leadership narrative in the EU political system. The EU’s Global Gateway strategy aims to improve ties with countries around the world by adopting a pragmatic approach to sectoral cooperation. The article criticizes the Global Gateway strategy as a new approach, but raises concerns about its viability in the Eurasian space. It is evident that the EU seeks to compete with China’s Belt and Road Initiative and other influential players in both the regional and global arenas in order to regain its global position. However, the Global Gateway strategy appears to reflect the evolving discourse around EU sovereignty at the national level. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the Global Gateway strategy in a broader macro-regional context, with a particular focus on the challenges and inconsistencies between the immediate and long-term objectives of EU foreign policy.
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Jansen, Barney, and Koen van Schijndel. 2025. “EU Member States in the Elected 10: Voting and Co-sponsorship in the UNSC.” In: Multilateralism and the United Nations Security Council: Voting, Power, and Coalition-Formation, edited by Madeleine O. Hosli, Gabriela M. G. Bueno, Katyayni Champawat, and Sofia Pires Lopes, 255-278. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85320-3_9.
Kaufman, Robert R. 1974. “The Patron-Client Concept and Macro-Politics: Prospects and Problems.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 16 (3): 284-308. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500012457.
Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S. Nye. 2012. Power and interdependence. Longman.
Kirchner, Emil. 2024. “Geo-economic and geopolitical developments in EU-asia security relations.” Asia Europe Journal 22: 333-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-024-00706-z.
Kovács, Bálint. 2024. “Facilitating and Scrutinizing National Security Measures: Analysis of an Investment Screening Case in the European Union.” In: National Security and Investment Controls, edited by Jens Hillebrand Pohl, Thomas Papadopoulos, and Janosch Wiesenthal, 209-230. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/17280_2024_24.
Krois, Dominika. 2020. “Reflections on How the EU Is Handling Threats to Stability in Wider Europe.” In: Managing Security Threats along the EU’s Eastern Flanks, edited by Rick Fawn, 253-263. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26937-1_11.
Leonard, Mark and Nicu Popescu. 2007. A power audit of EU-Russia relations. London: ECFR.
Marx, Axel, and Oliver Westerwinter. 2022. “An Ever More Entangled Union? The European Union’s Interactions with Global Governance Institutions.” Journal of European Integration 44 (5): 597-615. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2080819.
Meissner, Katharina Luise. 2017. “Resorting to Bilateralism: The EU, MERCOSUR, and the Strategic Partnership with Brazil.” Journal of European Integration 40 (1): 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2017.1401616.
Nayar, Baldev Raj. 2007. From Hegemony to Empire: The Diffusion and Concentration of Power. In: The Geopolitics of Globalization: The Consequences for Development. Oxford University Press, pp. 88-130. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195693034.003.0006.
Ndzendze, Bhaso, and Tshilidzi Marwala. 2023. Hegemonic Stability Theory and Artificial Intelligence. In: Artificial Intelligence and International Relations Theories. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, pp. 87-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4877-0_6.
Northouse, Peter G. 1997. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Piattoni, Simona. 2001. “Clientelism in historical and comparative perspective.” Chapter. In Clientelism, Interests, and Democratic Representation: The European Experience in Historical and Comparative Perspective, edited by Simona Piattoni. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175340.010.
Plank, Friedrich. 2023. “Principal-Agent Relations, Politics of Discretion, and the Africa-EU Partnership on Peace and Security.” Journal of European Integration 45 (5): 767–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2177647.
Rehm, Moritz, and David Howarth. 2025. “Controlling European Money for Failing Banks: Designing the European Stability Mechanism as Banking Union’s Financial Backstop.” Journal of European Integration (June): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2025.2512579.
Reykers, Yf, and Pernille Rieker. 2024. “Ad Hoc Coalitions in European Security and Defence: Symptoms of Short-Term Pragmatism, No More?” Journal of European Integration 46 (6): 861-879. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2024.2349608.
Santander, Sebastián. 2025. “Unpacking EU-Mercosur Interregionalism: Actors, Policies, and Issues at Stake.” In: The Palgrave Handbook of EU-Latin American Relations, edited by José Antonio Sanahuja, and Roberto Domínguez, 221-239. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80216-4_12.
Söderbaum, Fredrik, Patrik StÅlgren, and Luk Van Langenhove. 2005. “The EU as a Global Actor and the Dynamics of Interregionalism: A Comparative Analysis.” Journal of European Integration 27 (3): 365-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036330500190297.
Sotiropoulos, Dimitri A. 2023. Populism, Clientelism and Corruption and the International Crisis of Democracy. In: The Irregular Pendulum of Democracy: Populism, Clientelism and Corruption in Post-Yugoslav Successor States. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 43-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25609-7_2.
Tago, Atsushi. 2025. Security: System Stability and Reconciliation/Relationship Repair Between Nations. In: Introduction to International Relations: Us and Others, Disparity and Dissatisfaction, Trust and Distrust, Legitimacy and Illegitimacy. Textbook. Springer, Singapore, pp. 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-6317-0_11.
Vadell, Javier, and Sara Caria. 2025. “A Paradigm Shift in International Cooperation? China and Europe: A Political Economy Perspective from Latin America.” In: The Palgrave Handbook of EU-Latin American Relations, edited by José Antonio Sanahuja, and Roberto Domínguez, 593-608. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80216-4_31.
Westerwinter, Oliver. 2022. “Transnational Governance as Strategy? Mapping and Explaining the European Union’s Participation in Transnational Public-Private Governance Initiatives.” Journal of European Integration 44 (5): 695–713. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2086981.
Regional Policy
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Regional Policy
Glocal Soft Power as an Instrument of China’s Strategic Influence in the South Caucasus: A New Model of Integration and Geopolitical Consequences
AbstractThe article analyzes the global and regional importance of the South Caucasus region for China from an economic point of view, primarily as a market for its goods, as an area for investment. Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are part of China’s global bridge to Türkiye and the countries of the EU, which are the most important partners and necessary for China’s rapidly developing economy. In addition, the countries of the South Caucasus have both resource potential and a favorable geographical position with access to the Caspian and Black seas, so China actively interacts with Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. The article examines the issues of China’s soft power, which has begun to conduct active public diplomacy for strategic influence on the foreign policy of the South Caucasus and with the states bordering this region. The main focus is on the implementation of China not only humanitarian projects, but also its economic projects, such as the Belt and Road Initiative. As a result, significant successes of China are highlighted and characterized, which, thanks to the voluntary participation of these countries interested in new investments, in creating an atmosphere of mutual trust and mutually beneficial cooperation. It is emphasized that, given the current geopolitical and regional realities, the countries of the South Caucasus have the opportunity to become a regional part of Chinese global projects.
ReferencesAkhmedova, Aksana, and Ketevan Gelashvili. 2024. “Impact of Chinese Investment in Anaklia: Strategic Implications for Georgia and Europe.” AMO, July 10, 2024. Accessed January 21, 2025. https://chinaobservers.eu/impact-of-chinese-investment-in-anaklia-strategic-implications-for-georgia-and-europe/.
Avdaliani, Emil. 2023. “What’s Behind China’s Strategic Partnership With Georgia?” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, August 17, 2023. Accessed January 21, 2025. https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2023/08/whats-behind-chinas-strategic-partnership-with-georgia?lang=en.
Bayramov, Vugar, Gulmira Safarova, and Musa Garajayev. 2023. “Economic Effects of Belt and Road Initiative: The Case of Southern Caucasus and Central Asia Countries.” In: China’s Development and the Construction of the Community with a Shared Future for Mankind, edited by Linggui Wang, 357-365. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7423-6_50.
Boc, Anny. 2015. “The Power of Language: Globalizing “The Chinese Dream”.” Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 8: 533-551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-015-0102-y.
Brown, William N. 2021. How My Chinese Dream Began. In: Chasing the Chinese Dream. Springer, Singapore, pp. 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0654-0_1.
Çolakoğlu, Selçuk. 2025. “Turkey and India in the Asian Geopolitics: A Complex Relationship Between the Two Rising Powers in a Multipolar World.” In: Decoding the Chessboard of Asian Geopolitics: Asian Powerplay in South Asia, Central Asia, and West Asia, edited by Debasish Nandy and Monojit Das, 209-227. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3368-5_10.
Dukic, Nemanja. 2020. “The Great Makeover of Confucius Institutes: Re-Branding or Camouflaging?.” Modern Diplomacy, December 31, 2020. Accessed January 21, 2025. https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/12/31/the-great-makeover-of-confucius-institutes-re-branding-or-camouflaging/.
Fawn, Rick, and Jason Bruder. 2022. “Building the West’s On-Ramp to China’s Belt and Road: Opportunities in the South Caucasus.” Orbis 66 (3): 350-372.
German, Tracey. 2022. “Russia and the South Caucasus: The China Challenge.” Europe-Asia Studies 74 (9): 1596-1615. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2022.2071843.
Hovannisian, Raffi K. 2023. “Mutual Exchange Among Asian Civilizations and a Community of Shared Future for Mankind: The Armenian Perspective.” In: Exchanges and Mutual Learning Among Asian Civilizations, edited by Linggui Wang and Jianglin Zhao, 243-247. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7165-5_36.
Jamshidian Tehrani, Mohammad, and Reza Golshan Khavas. 2024. “Analyzing the Potential of the Southern Corridor in Competition with China-Europe Freight Transport Corridors Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making.” International Journal of Civil Engineering 22: 2283-2302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-01011-x.
Jiang, Xiaomei. 2021. “Development of China’s Logistics Market.” In: Contemporary Logistics in China: Systemic Reconfiguration and Technological Progression, edited by Zhilun Jiao, Xiaofan Wu, Bing-lian Liu, Shao-ju Lee, and Zhijuan Chen, 1-26. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5580-7_1.
Kane, Thomas M., and Noah Falkovich. 2023. Chinese Grand Strategy in the 21st Century: According to Plan?. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315387383.
Krieger, Gerald. 2022. “China’s grand strategy: a roadmap to global power?” International Affairs 98 (3) May: 1117-1119. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac033.
Lee, Don. 2019. “Confucius Institutes: Do they improve U.S.-China ties or harbor spies?” Los Angeles Times, January 23, 2019. Accessed January 21, 2025. https://www.latimes.com/business/la-na-pol-confucius-china-investigation-20190123-story.html.
Lin, Justin Yifu, and Caihui Fu. 2024. Promotion of Global Economic Development Through the Belt and Road Initiative. In: Demystifying the World Economic Development. Contributions to Economics. Springer, Singapore, pp. 595-641. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5632-2_10.
Lomsadze, Giorgi. 2019. “Undeterred by slow start, Georgia woos Chinese investors.” Eurasianet, October 3, 2019. Accessed January 21, 2025. https://eurasianet.org/undeterred-by-slow-start-georgia-woos-chinese-investors.
Matin, Kazi Mahbub-Al, and Evgenij Najdov. 2020, South Caucasus and Central Asia : The Belt and Road Initiative - Armenia Country Case Study (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Accessed January 21, 2025. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/413701593499050132.
Men, Honghua. 2020. China’s Grand Strategy: A Framework. In: China’s Grand Strategy. Springer, Singapore, pp. 175-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4257-2_5.
O’Keeffe, Kate. 2020. “U.S. to Classify Beijing-Backed Confucius Institute Center as Foreign Mission.” The Wall Street Journal, August 13, 2020. Accessed January 21, 2025. https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-to-classify-beijing-backed-confucius-institute-u-s-center-as-foreign-mission-11597336675.
Rekhviashvili, Lela, and Thilo Lang. 2024. “Chinese Investments as Part of Infrastructure-Led Development: Multi-Scalar Contestations around Georgia’s Flagship Infrastructure Projects.” Eurasian Geography and Economics (February): 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2024.2311712.
Rice, Dana. 2023. “An Overview of China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Its Development Since 2013.” In: Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia: Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited by Anja Mihr, Paolo Sorbello, and Brigitte Weiffen, 255-266. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_17.
Sergeyeva, Alexandra. 2013. “The Chinese Language and the Making of the Chinese Dream.” RIAC, September 25, 2013. Accessed January 21, 2025. https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/the-chinese-language-and-the-making-of-the-chinese-dream/.
Sharifli, Yunis. 2024. “Strategic Recalibration: Azerbaijan’s Growing Partnership with China amid Global Shifts.” TRENDS Research & Advisory, December 8, 2024. Accessed January 21, 2025. https://trendsresearch.org/insight/strategic-recalibration-azerbaijans-growing-partnership-with-china-amid-global-shifts/?srsltid=AfmBOooh0pYkl1rNGDt92DW-gh7YqKsnknob1NgrC0qMjwZuwe3GaCVo.
Sun, Xiaobing. 2022. Macro Management of China’s International Education. In: 70 Years of Opening-up in China’s Education. Springer, Singapore, pp. 117-140. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3521-3_9.
Vida, László, and Béla Illés. 2024. “The Impact of Digitalization and Method of Container Transshipment on Intermodal Freight Transport.” In: Using Artificial Intelligence to Solve Transportation Problems, edited by Aleksander Sładkowski, 191-245. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69487-5_4.
Vinokurov, Evgeny, Arman Ahunbaev, Marat Shashkenov, and Alexandr Zaboev. 2021. The International North–South Transport Corridor: Promoting Eurasia’s Intra- and Transcontinental Connectivity. Report 21/5. Almaty, Moscow: Eurasian Development Bank. Accessed January 21, 2025. https://eabr.org/upload/iblock/318/EDB_2021_Report-5_INSTC_eng-_1_.pdf.
Xuetong, Yan. 2023. “IR Moral Realism as a Universal Theory”. In: The Essence of Interstate Leadership: Debating Moral Realism, edited by Yan Xuetong and Fang Yuanyuan, 16-30. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.56687/9781529232646-005.
Yang, Jinglei. 2024. “Development of Transport and Logistics in China.” In: Contemporary Logistics in China: Path to Modernization and Regional Collaboration, edited by Ling Wang, Xiaofan Wu, Xiaomei Jiang, Jianhua Xiao, Binglian Liu, and Yu Gong, 111-137. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6839-4_5.
Yuanyuan, Fang. 2023. “Moral Realism as an Alternative Approach to the Agent–Structure Problem.” In: The Essence of Interstate Leadership: Debating Moral Realism, edited by Yan Xuetong and Fang Yuanyuan, 31-51. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.56687/9781529232646-006.
Zhang, Feng. 2023. “The Conception of Morality in Moral Realism.” In: The Essence of Interstate Leadership: Debating Moral Realism, edited by Yan Xuetong and Fang Yuanyuan, 93-112. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.56687/9781529232646-009.
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Regional Policy
The Nexus between International Humanitarian Law and Peacebuilding in Africa: A Comprehensive Assessment of Preventive Mechanisms
AbstractThis article is a comprehensive study that examines the complex and symbiotic relationship between international humanitarian law and peacebuilding in the African context. The article examines the crisis and humanitarian dimensions, focusing on the potential of African countries in conflict prevention and resolution. In this context, it takes into account the peace and conflict characteristics of Africa, which are characterized by a complex interplay of factors including political instability, ethnic tensions, competition for resources and external interventions. This study highlights the key role of the nexus between international humanitarian law and peacebuilding in Africa’s quest for peace, stability and development. By embracing this synergistic relationship, African governments, regional organizations and the international community can contribute to a comprehensive and holistic approach to conflict prevention and resolution. Addressing the challenges and limitations identified is imperative to unlocking the transformative potential of this nexus and paving the way for a more peaceful and prosperous African continent. The article highlights the urgency of preventing and mitigating these conflicts, thereby seeking to clarify how international humanitarian law and peacebuilding can function as complementary pillars in the pursuit of sustainable peace and security. By examining the practical application of these mechanisms, the study elucidates how they contribute to the prevention of armed conflict and the promotion of durable peace. Implementation gaps, where the principles of international humanitarian law are not effectively translated into practice, remain a persistent problem. Furthermore, the prevalence of political interests among the parties involved can hinder peacebuilding efforts, leading to the perpetuation of conflicts. Resource limitations in African countries, both in terms of funding and capacity, pose significant obstacles to the full realization of the potential of international humanitarian law and resilient peacebuilding.
ReferencesAboagye, Festus B. 2009. “Confronting complex emergencies in Africa: Imperatives of a search for a new doctrine of humanitarian security interventions.” ISS Paper 204, November 1, 2009. Accessed March 16, 2025. https://issafrica.org/research/papers/confronting-complex-emergencies-in-africa-imperatives-of-a-search-for-a-new-doctrine-of-humanitarian-security-interventions.
Afolabi, Oladiran, and Phemelo Olifile Marumo. 2024. “The Responsibility to Protect and International Community Response to the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria.” In: Africa’s Engagement with the Responsibility to Protect in the 21st Century, edited by Nicholas Idris Erameh, and Victor Ojakorotu, 147-162. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8163-2_9.
Agbo, Kingsley Chukwuka, Usman Abubakar Haruna, Amos Abimbola Oladunni et al. 2024. “Addressing gaps in protection of health workers and infrastructures in fragile and conflict-affected states in Africa.” Discover Health Systems 3 (36). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44250-024-00106-5.
Awasom, Nicodemus Fru. 2024. “Trends Towards Presidential Monarchism in Postindependence Africa.” In: The Making, Unmaking and Remaking of Africa’s Independence and Post-Independence Constitutions, edited by Nicodemus Fru Awasom, and Hlengiwe Portia Dlamini, 11-35. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66808-1_2.
Ayissi, Anatole. 2021. “Three Decades of Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Africa: Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead.” In: The State of Peacebuilding in Africa: Lessons Learned for Policymakers and Practitioners, edited by Terence McNamee, and Monde Muyangwa, 141-162. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7_9.
Boadu, Evans Sakyi. 2025. “Governance, Constitutional Democracy, and Political Accountability in West Africa.” In: Political Governance and the African Peer Review Mechanism: A Comparative Analysis, edited by Omololu Fagbadebo, and Isioma U. Ile, 197-220. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85911-3_11.
Chikerema, Arthur Fidelis, Vincent Chakunda, and Tomy Ncube. 2025. “Political Succession Via Military Coup d’etat in Africa: The Case of Niger.” In: The Palgrave Handbook of (In)security and Transnational Crime in Africa, edited by Adebusuyi Isaac Adeniran, James Olabisi Ayodele, and Lanre Olusegun Ikuteyijo, 101-125. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74786-1_7.
Contemporary Challenges and Decolonial Responses, edited by Gorden Moyo, and Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, 289-306. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-83868-2_18.
de Koningh, Ingeborg. 2023. “Consolidating International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law: Protection from Gender-Based Violence Against Women in Non-International Armed Conflict.” Netherlands International Law Review 70: 87-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-023-00236-2.
Enaifoghe, Andrew. 2022. “South Africa’s Efforts and Mechanisms in Maintaining Peace and Stability in Southern African Development Community Subregion.” In: Peace Studies for Sustainable Development in Africa: Conflicts and Peace Oriented Conflict Resolution, edited by Egon Spiegel, George Mutalemwa, Cheng Liu, Lester R. Kurtz, 629-643. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92474-4_47.
Engel, Ulf. 2023. “African Union Non-Military Conflict Interventions.” In: The Palgrave Handbook of Diplomatic Thought and Practice in the Digital Age, edited by Francis Onditi, Katharina McLarren, Gilad Ben-Nun, Yannis A. Stivachtis, Pontian Okoth, 313-331. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28214-0_14.
Engelbrekt, Kjell. 2023. “Sweden’s 2017-18 UNSC Formula: Mobilizing the MFA’s Competitive Advantages, Highlighting Africa, and Boosting the E10.” International Peacekeeping 30 (3): 358–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2023.2196019.
Etefa, Tsega. 2019. Ethnicity as a Tool: The Root Causes of Ethnic Conflict in Africa—A Critical Introduction. In: The Origins of Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Politics and Violence in Darfur, Oromia, and the Tana Delta. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10540-2_1.
Farah Hersi. Mohamed, and Adeoye O. Akinola. 2024. Toward Peace and Security of Somalia and the Horn of Africa. In: IGAD and Multilateral Security in the Horn of Africa: Through the Lens of the Somali Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51548-4_9.
Fiseha, Assefa. 2024. Federalism, Devolution and Cleavages in Africa: Do Institutions Matter?. In: Federalism, Devolution and Cleavages in Africa. Federalism and Internal Conflicts. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 185-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50426-6_4.
Fomekong, Steve Tiwa. 2020. “Reflections on humanitarian law dimensions of the African Union Convention for the protection and assistance of internally displaced persons in Africa.” African Yearbook on International Humanitarian Law: 78-120. https://doi.org/10.47348/AYIH/2020/a4.
Frimpong, Isaac Owusu. 2025. China and Peacekeeping Operations: A “Superpower” Bound by a Multilateral Organisation in Africa?. In: China’s Emerging Security Diplomacy in Africa. Springer, Singapore, pp. 161-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4364-6_7.
Fukutomi, Mitsuhisa.2024. “Oil or geopolitical issues?: Quantitative rethinking of political instability in the Middle East and North Africa.” GeoJournal 89 (55). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-024-11045-2.
Gambari, Ibrahim A. 2021. “Peace Management and Conflict Resolution: A Practitioner’s Perspective.” In: The State of Peacebuilding in Africa: Lessons Learned for Policymakers and Practitioners, edited by Terence McNamee, and Monde Muyangwa, 277-292. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7_16.
Graham, Suzanne. 2022. “A Review of South Africa’s Terms in the United Nations Security Council.” International Peacekeeping 30 (3): 283-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2022.2144250.
Harris, David. 2021. “The state of peacebuilding in Africa: lessons learned for policymakers and practitioners.” International Affairs 97 (4): 1272-1274. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab107.
Hope, Kempe Ronald. 2023. Africa at the Crossroads: Moonwalking in Slow Motion. In: Corruption, Sustainable Development and Security Challenges in Africa: Prospects and Policy Implications for Peace and Stability. Springer, Cham, pp. 11-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32229-7_2.
Ibnouf, Fatma Osman. 2020. Peacebuilding Through the Care Work Lens. In: War-Time Care Work and Peacebuilding in Africa: The Forgotten One. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 113-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26195-5_6.
Jeche, Valerie Rumbidzai. 2024. “Migration as a Source of Conflict: Understanding Xenophobia in South Africa.” In: Understanding the Horizontal and Vertical Nature of Africa Migration in Contemporary Times, edited by Stanley Osezua Ehiane, Mfundo Mandla Masuku, and Kekgaoditse Suping, 155-174. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7596-5_9.
Kalu, Kelechi A. 2009. “Political Institutions and Official Development Assistance in Africa.” International Studies Review 10 (2): 1-29.
Karamalla-Gaiballa, Nagmeldin. 2025. The Challenges of Electoral Systems and Political Parties in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Obstacles to Democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Key Challenges Seen Through a Sudanese Lens. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 95-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81174-6_4.
Kemedjio, Cilas. 2024. “The Humanitarian Misunderstanding in the Postcolonial Humanitarian African Imagination.” In: Who Gives to Whom? Reframing Africa in the Humanitarian Imaginary, edited by Cilas Kemedjio, and Cecelia Lynch, 25-46. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46553-6_2.
Khadiagala, Gilbert M. 2021. “The African Union in Peacebuilding in Africa.” In: The State of Peacebuilding in Africa: Lessons Learned for Policymakers and Practitioners, edited by Terence McNamee, and Monde Muyangwa, 197-213. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7_12.
Kilonzo, Susan M., and Ezra Chitando. 2023. “Religion, Peacebuilding and Development in Africa: An Introduction.” In: The Palgrave Handbook of Religion, Peacebuilding, and Development in Africa, edited by Susan M. Kilonzo, Ezra Chitando, and Joram Tarusarira, 1-15. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36829-5_1.
Kim, Dong Jin, David Mitchell, and Gillian Wylie. 2024. Understanding Violent Political Conflict. In: Peace and Conflict in a Changing World: Key Issues in Peace Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66641-4_3.
Kwon, Jung Jae. 2020. “Red under Blue: Chinese Humanitarian Action in UN Peacekeeping Missions.” International Peacekeeping 27 (3): 417-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2020.1746186.
Łągiewska, Magdalena. 2024. “Destruction of Natural and Cultural Heritage During Armed Conflicts: An International Law Perspective.” In: Heritage in War and Peace: Legal and Political Perspectives for Future Protection, edited by Gianluigi Mastandrea Bonaviri, and Mirosław Michał Sadowski, 287-298. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47347-0_19.
Likoti, Fako Johnson.2006. “African military intervention in African conflicts: an analysis of military intervention in Rwanda, the DRC and Lesotho.” Thesis, University of the Western Cape. Accessed March 16, 2025. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4006_1182235430.
Makwerere, David. 2024. “State and Civil Society-led Peace Committees in Zimbabwe.” In: Climate Change and Socio-political Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Anthropocene: Perspectives from Peace Ecology and Sustainable Development, edited by Jean Chrysostome K. Kiyala and Norman Chivasa, 667-679. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48375-2_27.
Maphaka, Dominic, Keaobaka Tsholo, and Siphamandla Zondi. 2024. “Of Democratic Deficit, Reversals, and the Return of Coups in Africa.” In: The Resurgence of Military Coups and Democratic Relapse in Africa, edited by Adeoye Akinola, 223-239. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51019-9_10.
Marenya, Scholastica A. 2023. “Coping Mechanisms Employed by Survivors of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in the 2007/2008 Post-election Violence in Kenya.” In: Innovations in Peace and Security in Africa, edited by Joseph Adero Ngala, Rachel Julian, and Jonathan Henriques, 63-109. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39043-2_4.
Mayanja, Evelyn Namakula. 2024. “No Peace Until We Decolonize and Return to Our Roots: Culture and Peacebuilding in Sub-Saharan Africa.” In: Culture, Conflict, and Peacebuilding, edited by Christina Beyene, Leonardo Luna, Nkwazi Mhango, and Jessica Senehi, 25-48. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55802-3_2.
Mbanje, Tendai Shephard. 2024. “African Union at 20: Taking Stock of the AU’s Normative and Institutional Frameworks on Human Rights and Governance.” In: Development and Regional Stability in Africa: Unlocking Potential, edited by Adeoye O. Akinola, and Emmaculate Asige Liaga, 65-81. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56695-0_5.
McClintock, Elizabeth, and Aline Brachet. 2019. “Peacebuilding and Development Training: What’s Not Working and What We Should Be Doing Instead.” Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 15 (3): 267-281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1542316619880504.
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Mișcoiu, Sergiu, and Dan Petrica. 2023. “The New EU-Africa Relations’ Strategy: Soft Power or Neoliberalist Power?.” In: Politics Between Nations: Power, Peace, and Diplomacy, edited by Adebowale Akande, 539-560. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24896-2_26.
Moyo, Funa, and Sihlanganiso Khumalo. 2025. “Global Politics and Recent Political Changes in West and Central Africa: A Decolonial Analysis.” In: Global Storms and Africa in World Politics
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Muthien, Bernedette. 2024. “Analysing Peace Education in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” In: Peace as Nonviolence: Topics in African Peace Studies, edited by Egon Spiegel, George Mutalemwa, Cheng Liu, and Lester R. Kurtz, 85-95. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52905-4_7.
Mzali, Ines. 2018. “Staging the Peacekeeping Narrative: Hollywood’s Portrayal of Peacekeeping Efforts in Africa.” In: The Palgrave Handbook of Peacebuilding in Africa, edited by Tony Karbo, and Kudrat Virk, 265-278. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62202-6_15.
Nedziwe, Cecilia Lwiindi, and Oluwaseun Tella. 2023. Regional Thickening as Game-Changing: Gender and Women Civil Society Actors in Southern Africa. In: Transnational Activities of Women-Focused Civil Society Actors in Southern Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 137-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29537-9_6.
Ojo-Adewuyi, Victoria. 2024. The Boko Haram Crisis and the International Criminal Court. In: Criminal Justice Responses to the Boko Haram Crisis in Nigeria. Asser Press, The Hague, pp. 115-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-615-4_4.
Olaitan, Zainab Monisola. 2024. Women’s Political Representation in South Africa and Botswana. In: Women's Representation in African Politics: Beyond Numbers. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 123-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-76051-8_6.
Omona, David Andrew. 2024. “Prophetic Action, Climate Change, Food Security, and SDG 2 in Africa.” In: Religion, Climate Change, and Food Security in Africa, edited by Loreen Maseno, David Andrew Omona, Ezra Chitando, and Sophia Chirongoma, 27-43. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50392-4_2.
Omotola, J. Shola. 2025. Peacebuilding Perspectives and Herder-Farmer Conflicts in Africa. In: Herder-Farmer Conflicts in Africa: Perspectives and Lessons for Sustainable Peacebuilding. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 31-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80821-0_2.
Opongo, Elias O. 2022. “Enhancing Conflict Resolution in Africa.” In: The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainable Peace and Security in Africa, edited by Dan Kuwali, 505-523. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82020-6_29.
Ottuh, John Arierhi. 2025. Ethno-Religious Diversity Management in Nigeria and the Relativeness in Africa. In: Diversity Management: Ethno-Religious Conflicts and Sustainable Peace in Nigeria. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 301-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84074-6_8.
Papale, Simone. 2025. “Changing Course? The US Biden Administration and the Promotion of Peace and Counter-Terrorism in Africa.” International Peacekeeping (April): 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2025.2486255.
Rokhideh, Maryam, Carina Fearnley, and Mirianna Budimir. 2025. “Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: Achievements, Gaps, and Future Directions.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 16: 103-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-025-00622-9.
Rosas Duarte, Geraldine, and Matheus Souza. 2024. “Illiberal Peacebuilding in UN Stabilization Peace Operations and Peace Agreements in the CAR, the DRC and Mali.” International Peacekeeping 31 (2): 157-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2023.2300135.
Sarkin, Jeremy. 2009. “The Role of the United Nations, the African Union and Africa’s Sub-Regional Organizations in Dealing with Africa’s Human Rights Problems: Connecting Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect.” Journal of African Law 53 (1): 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021855309000011.
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Security Policy
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Security Policy
New Cybersecurity Challenges: Digital Transformation and the Political Implications of their Implementation
AbstractThe purpose of this article is to analyze modern challenges in the field of cybersecurity and mechanisms for countering cyber threats, assess the problems our country faces in this area, and identify possible solutions. To achieve this goal, the article studies the basic concepts related to cyberspace, considers real examples of cyber attacks recorded in recent years, and studies the experience, legislative and institutional framework of the leading countries in this area. In this context, the author highlights the structural similarities and differences of the countries in question. The relevance of this article is due to the analysis of new challenges to cybersecurity and the growing scale of application of information technologies in all spheres of human political activity. In the era of digitalization, information is acquiring the status of the most important object, a strategic resource of both the state and any management structure in the political management system. In this context, the relevance of the research topic is manifested in the development of the concept of a knowledge and information society developing on the basis of modern information and communication technologies. Information as a strategic resource requires a special state attitude not only in terms of its development and accumulation, but also protection. The article also analyzes the development of new information technologies, which causes an increase in the technological gap between the increasingly complex requirements for information resource security indicators in all countries and the capabilities of information technologies and software and hardware used to ensure information security.
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Security Policy
Dynamics of Russian-Turkish Relations after the Second Karabakh War: New Priorities of National Interests and Strategies of Struggle in the South Caucasus
AbstractThe article analyzes the dynamics of Russian-Turkish relations after the Second Karabakh War of 2020. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the Second Karabakh War was an important military-political step for Türkiye, since, despite being in a bad economic situation and involved in various regional conflicts, Türkiye still managed to act as a new regional superpower and increase its role in the South Caucasus. The article discusses the aggressive steps that led to the fact that Türkiye, having developed and implemented its strategy, without having the necessary natural resources, having many problems within the country, Türkiye can increase its role on several platforms and even show ambitions to be involved in the global governance system. Türkiye opposed the established international relations at the strategic level, putting forward the point of view ‘the world is bigger than five’. At the regional level, combining soft power with hard power for Azerbaijan, Türkiye violated the existing balance and, as a result, increased its share of presence. This is why Russian-Turkish relations are analyzed in the context of the tactical steps taken by Türkiye, as well as in the context of theories of offensive realism and strategic balancing. The article describes how Türkiye, pursuing a more active policy after 2016, managed to prevent the emergence of anti-Turkish coalitions, balance regional rivals, and, if necessary, enter into allied relations with them. In addition, the work used a political-ideological approach to analyze the ideologies and program goals that determine Türkiye’s regional policy, as well as a resource-actor approach, which analyzes the resource base and the activities of states and non-state actors directly involved in the implementation of the foreign policy of the two countries.
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Public Policy
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Public Policy
Transforming Governance in Armenia: From Soviet Legacy to Strategic Reform
AbstractThis article analyzes the evolution of institutional reforms in the public administration system of the Republic of Armenia since its independence in 1991. In this context, it is taken into account that only the state is able to ensure the co-evolution of management technologies to achieve global goals and strategic objectives of the development of Armenian society. Technological dominants of political transformations, social and economic development require appropriate management adaptation, which is the focus of this study is the correct development and application of the functionality of decision support systems. Therefore, this study considers four stages of reforms: 1) Initial institutional creation from 1991 to 1999; 2) Formalization and adoption of Western governance models from 2000 to 2008; 3) European integration and administrative modernization from 2009 to 2017; 4) Political transformation accompanied by renewed administrative reforms since 2018. These reforms reflect a complex interplay of historical legacies, external influences, and internal aspirations for public administration modernization. Issues such as institutional inertia, limited localization of imported models, and political resistance are assessed in detail. In addition, the article compares these historical reforms with Armenia’s long-term goals outlined in the Public Administration Reform Strategy of the Republic of Armenia until 2030, emphasizing the transition from imitation reforms to sustainable institutional transformation.
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Public Policy
The Crisis of Small Towns in Armenia: Territorial Peculiarities and Transformations of the Regional Settlement System
AbstractThe article summarizes the results of a sociological survey conducted in 2024, as well as official statistical data on the manifestations of the crisis in the regional cities of the Republic of Armenia. The quantitative study was conducted to identify public perceptions of the situation in the enlarged communities of the Republic of Armenia. Based on the analysis, the authors note that the partial deindustrialization of small towns of the Republic of Armenia, which occurred as a result of ineffective public policy, led not only to an economic crisis, but also to a certain spread of ruralism in them. The public policy of enlarging communities of the Republic of Armenia has created new risks in this regard, continuing to reproduce social and spatial inequality between them and the capital and increasing the vulnerability of small urban settlements.
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