Vol. 4 No. 2(11) (2025)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/JOPS/2025.4.11
Published: 2025-10-30

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    Abstract

    At the current stage of confrontation, interintegration mechanisms are a relevant topic of research, driven by the continuing academic need for a comprehensive political science study of the specifics of relations between the EU and the EaP countries, taking into account the cases of Armenia, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. Long-standing political, economic, cultural, and human ties have always underpinned our understanding of the need to ensure European security and stability as a guarantee of the well-being of the EaP countries. This understanding is especially important in conflict situations, when the political elite of the EaP countries has consciously and firmly chosen to actively integrate into the European and global community, as repeatedly stated by the political leadership of these countries. Recently, cooperation between the EaP countries, both with pan-European organizations and with individual European countries, has reached a qualitatively new level and is supported by concrete steps in domestic and foreign policy. This is evidenced by the regular holding of important multilateral and bilateral meetings and negotiations in recent years, including at the highest level, within the EU, OSCE, Council of Europe, and other continental forums. The documents and decisions adopted during these meetings have made it possible to begin building a fundamentally new system of collective security both in Europe and in the EaP countries. Furthermore, cooperation between the EaP countries, the United States, and NATO and EU member states, along with a shared commitment to protecting the world from war, military invasion, and threats, significantly contributed to the improvement of not only bilateral relations but also relations between the EaP countries and the West. Moreover, the very fact of holding negotiations on such key issues as ending war and nuclear deterrence once again demonstrated to the world that the EU and the United States truly strive to become equal strategic partners, recognizing their responsibility for the fate of the world and its security. Therefore, the heads of state, politicians, diplomats, and military personnel who were members of the negotiating delegations sought to ensure maximum and guaranteed security for their countries without infringing on the interests and priorities of their allies and partners, taking into account their opinions, wishes, and proposals. During these negotiations, a new model for the negotiation process itself began to emerge, one that could serve as an example and basis for shaping relations between the EaP countries and other states, primarily European ones. This model is not burdened by narrow-mindedness, mutual mistrust, and outdated approaches, but is aimed exclusively at solving specific problems within established deadlines.

    References

European Integration

Political History

  • Political History

    Regional dimension of geopolitical processes of defense capacity and diplomatic support of the statehoods of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1919: A new look at history

    Gegham Petrosyan
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    Abstract

    The article provides a comparative analysis of the geopolitical situation in Transcaucasia during the period of 1919, when Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan declared their independence and began nation-building and state-building. The author focuses on the regional dimension of the geopolitical processes of 1919, arguing for the existential significance of issues of defense capability and diplomatic support for their new statehoods of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Based on the analysis of archival and diplomatic documents, as well as periodical press materials, the article determines the positions of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the formation of independent states. In this context, the article argues the main causes of ethno-territorial contradictions and the role of the Entente states. Based on historical facts, the author comes to the conclusion that, having given priority to issues of delimitation and demarcation in the formation of their own statehood, the Transcaucasian countries relied more on the arbitration of the Entente countries, without seeking to resolve the issue themselves.

    References

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    Hille, Charlotte. 2010a. Armenia Between 1918 And 1921. In: State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, pp. 126-158. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004179011.i-350.68.

    Hille, Charlotte. 2010b. Disputed Territories: Nagorno-Karabakh, Nakhichevan And Zangezur. In: State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, pp. 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004179011.i-350.102.

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    Kemal, Mustafa. 1932. The Path of the New Turkey, Vol. 2: Preparing the Angora Base 1919-1920. Moscow: Litizdat NKID [Kemal', Mustafa. 1932. Put' novoy Turtsii, T. 2: Podgotovka angorskoy bazy 1919-1920. Moskva: Litizdat NKID] (in Russian).

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    Simonyan, Aram. 2004. “The November 1919 battles in the Goris region.” Journal of Yerevan University 2 (113): 19-32 [Simonyan, Aram. 2004. “1919 t’vakani noyemberyan martery Gorisi shrjanum”. Banber Yerevani hamalsarani 2 (113): 19-32]. (in Armenian).

    Simonyan, Aram. 2005. “Anglo-Azerbaijani operations to conquer Artsakh and Zangezur in the spring of 1919.” Journal of Yerevan University 1 (115): 39-48 [Simonyan, Aram. 2005. “Arts’akhn u Zangezury nvachelu anglo-adrbejanakan gortsoghut’yunnery 1919 t’. garnany”. Banber Yerevani hamalsarani 1 (115): 39-48] (in Armenian).

    Simonyan, Hrachik, 1986. The Ideology and Politics of the Turkish National Bourgeoisie. Yerevan, “Hayastan” Publishing House [Simonyan, Hrach’ik, 1986. T’urk’ azgayin burzhuaziayi gaghap’arabanut’yuny yev k’aghak’akanut’yuny: Yerevan, “Hayastan” hratarakch’ut’yun: Simonyan, Hrach’ik, 1991] (in Armenian).

    Simonyan, Hrachik, 1991. From the History of Turkish-Armenian Relations. Yerevan, “Hayastan” Publishing House [Simonyan, Hrach’ik, 1991. T’urk’-haykakan haraberut’yunneri patmut’yunits’: Yerevan, “Hayastan” hratarakch’ut’yun] (in Armenian).

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Regional Policy

Security Policy

Public Policy

Gender Politics

  • Gender Politics

    Gender Dimensions of Verbal Aggression in Modern Media and Political Discourse: Cult of Violence or Playing with Aggressive Content?

    Anna Knyazyan, Hasmik Shapaghatyan, Viktorya Melkonyan
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    Abstract

    The article examines gender stereotypes and speech aggression in political discourse, reflecting generalized judgments about the qualities and properties inherent in men and women, and the differences between them in the modern information society. This study is devoted to gender differences in the manifestation of aggression in political television debates, thereby revealing gender differences in aggressive behavior, stereotypes and features of linguistic manifestations, as well as communicative strategies present in the speeches and television debates of female and male politicians.

    This article analyzes the problems of gender stereotypes in the modern information society, the academic significance of which is associated with the need to study the factors of political culture and discourse. In this sense, the analysis of the nature of political power, its resources and methods of its legitimacy have not been sufficiently studied in terms of the role of political, social and cultural discourse in maintaining gender stereotypes and the gender agenda of the modern information society. In social terms, the relevance of the problem is associated with the need to study those resources of political power that do not involve open violence, but, nevertheless, act as an effective means of social control and a tool actively used, in particular, in political struggle.

    The implementation of a political analysis of the role of gender stereotypes in the modern information society involved studying their properties, content and functions, identifying the conditions and reasons that allow them to act as a factor in political relations and social inequality.

    References

    Akhtar, Parveen, Anne Jenichen, and Hannah Intezar. 2024. “Gender, Religion, and Political Violence: Lessons from Muslim Women’s Experiences in UK Elections.” Politics & Gender 20 (4): 834-857. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X24000175.

    Bennett, Aronté Marie, Rachel A. Connor, Morgan M. Bryant, and Sue McFarland Metzger. 2024. “What is she wearing and how does he lead?: An examination of gendered stereotypes in the public discourse around women political candidates.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 205 (August): 123454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123454.

    Carmines, Edward G., Eric R. Schmidt, and Matthew R. Fowler. 2022. “Clarifying Our Populist Moment(s): Right-Wing and Left-Wing Populism in the 2016 Presidential Election.” In: The Palgrave Handbook of Populism, edited by Michael Oswald, 579-608. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80803-7_36.

    Crosbie, Thomas. 2025. “The Rise of Trump: Candidate Trump’s Use of National Security Advisors, June 2015-November 2016.” Society 62: 346-362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-025-01081-0.

    Gerrits, Bailey, Linda Trimble, Angelia Wagner, Daisy Raphael, and Shannon Sampert. 2017. “Political Battlefield: Aggressive Metaphors, Gender, and Power in News Coverage of Canadian Party Leadership Contests.” Feminist Media Studies 17 (6): 1088-1103. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2017.1315734.

    Greaves, Lorraine. 2025. “How Could a Gender Transformative Lens Foster the Integration of Sex/Gender into More Equitable Policy and Practice?.” In: Sex and Gender: Toward Transforming Scientific Practice, edited by L. Zachary DuBois, Anelis Kaiser Trujillo, and Margaret M. McCarthy, 285-310. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-91371-6_14.

    Håkansson, Sandra, and Michal Grahn. 2025. “The Cost of Debating Harassment Against Politicians: Are Women and Men Affected Equally?.” Political Behavior: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-025-10039-1.

    Hargrave, Lotte, and Jack Blumenau. 2022. “No Longer Conforming to Stereotypes? Gender, Political Style and Parliamentary Debate in the UK.” British Journal of Political Science 52 (4): 1584-1601. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123421000648.

    Hargrave, Lotte. 2023. “A Double Standard? Gender Bias in Voters’ Perceptions of Political Arguments.” British Journal of Political Science 53 (2): 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123422000515.

    Hopkins, Daniel J., and Gall Sigler. 2025. “Not of Primary Concern: Assessing Ideological Voting Over Time in U.S. Primaries, 2008-2024.” Political Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-025-10046-2.

    Jardina, Ashley, and Trent Ollerenshaw. 2025. “White Racial Polarization Before and After the Election of Donald Trump.” In: The Changing Character of the American Right, Volume I: Ideology, Politics and Policy in the Era of Trump, edited by Joel D. Aberbach, Bruce E. Cain, Desmond King, and Gillian Peele, 191-221. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73168-6_8.

    Knyazyan, Anna, and Liza Marabyan. 2023. “Gender differences in verbal and nonverbal aggression.” Armenian Folia Anglistika 19 (1 (27): 57-68. https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/2023.19.1.057.

    Knyazyan, Anna, and Varduhi Hakobyan. 2018. “Language and Gender in Political Discourse”. Armenian Folia Anglistika 14 (1-2 (18): 62-70. https://doi.org/10.46991/AFA/2018.14.1-2.062.

    Leonora, Anna Maria, Augusto Gamuzza, Alessandra Scieri, and Gabriele Caruso. 2025. “Genderising Radicalisation: Forms and Pathways of Radicalisation from a Perspective of Gender.” In: Social Roots of Violent Extremism: Pathways and Trends in Europe, edited by Liana Maria Daher, Francesco Antonelli, and Valeria Rosato, 121-132. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-93421-6_8.

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    Reneses, María, María Riberas-Gutiérrez, and Nereida Bueno-Guerra. 2025. ““It’s just a joke”: gender, sexuality and trivialisation in adolescent online violence such as cyberhate, cyberbullying, and online grooming.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 12 (740): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04928-3.

    Roberts, Damon C., and Stephen Utych. 2022. “A Delicate Hand or Two-Fisted Aggression? How Gendered Language Influences Candidate Perceptions.” American Politics Research 50 (3): 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X211064884.

    Shitrit, Lihi Ben, Julia Elad-Strenger, and Sivan Hirsch-Hoefler. 2017. “Gender Differences in Support for Direct and Indirect Political Aggression in the Context of Protracted Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 54 (6): 733-747. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48590470.

    Van der Pas, Daphne Joanna, and Loes Aaldering. 2020. “Gender Differences in Political Media Coverage: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Communication 70 (1), February: 114-143. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz046.

    Weidhase, Nathalie. 2024. ““I Took a Dump on the Glass Ceiling”: Veep, Incompetence, and Populist Political Culture.” In: Working Women on Screen: Paid Labour and Fourth Wave Feminism, edited by Ellie Tomsett, Nathalie Weidhase, and Poppy Wilde, 215-236. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49576-2_10.

Book Review

  • Book Review

    Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2025. XXXIII, 617 pp.

    Ashot Aleksanyan, Khalid Khayati
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    Abstract

    This book explores one of the central issues in contemporary international relations and, simultaneously, the confrontation between Russia and the West: the eastward expansion of the EU. Globally, the eastward expansion of the EU holds the potential for the EU to emerge as a new pole of global politics, capable of significantly influencing the balance of power in the modern world. Regionally, the latest wave of EU enlargement, which has included post-socialist European states, could be decisive in establishing a new type of interstate relations on the continent and in determining the extent to which Eastern European and Baltic countries adapt to EU standards and norms. In other words, it could have a direct impact on reform processes in post-Soviet and post-communist countries. For Eastern European countries, analyzing this process is important not only for determining prospects for further development within the EU political system or for the Eastern Partnership countries. This book analyzes the dramatic changes in Eastern Europe following the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s ongoing, aggressive, full-scale war against Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022. In this context, the authors of various chapters in this book examine the economic, social, institutional, and political instability in the countries of the eastern part of the EU.

    References

    Crombois, Jean F. 2025. “Resilience and Transformation in the Eastern Neighborhood After the War in Ukraine.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 465-483. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_17.

    Dîrdală, Lucian-Dumitru. 2025. “The Russian Invasion of Ukraine and the EU’s Enhanced Profile in Its New Eastern Neighbourhood.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 357-387. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_13.

    Gerasymchuk, Sergiy. 2025. “The Eastern Partnership and the Idea of Europeanisation Challenged in the Age of Hybrid Challenges.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 423-437. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_15.

    Holovko-Havrysheva, Oksana. 2025. “Legal and Regulatory Approximation as a Resilience-Ensuring Instrument for Stabilization of the Ukrainian Legal System on the Road to Full Membership in the EU.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 485-521. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_18.

    Kruglashov, Anatoliy. 2025. “A Long Way From Ghost of the Failed State to Resistance and Resilience: The Case of Ukraine.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 523-547. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_19.

    Maha, LG., Liviu-George, and Oana-Ramona Socoliuc (Guriță). 2025. “EaP Countries at the Crossroads of Ukrainian War and Refugee Crisis: An Economic Analysis.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 109-133. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_5.

    Muntele, Ionel, and Alexandru Bănică. 2025. “Migration, Resilience, and Territorial Capital at the Eastern EU Borders of Romania.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 219-241. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_9.

    Nitoiu, Cristian. 2025. “The EU’s Approach in the Eastern Neighbourhood in the Context of Growing Instability in the World Order.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 439-463. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_16.

    Onofrei, Mihaela, Florin Oprea, and Elena Cigu. 2025. “Reforming Public Administration and Governance Systems in the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: What Role for European Neighbourhood Policy?.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 243-267. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_10.

    Pascariu, Gabriela Carmen, and Irina Clipca. 2025. “Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Conclusions.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 573-577. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_21.

    Pascariu, Gabriela Carmen. 2025. “Resilience: From Theoretical Thinking to a New Paradigm and Normative Approaches in EU’ Foreign and Security Policy.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 17-46. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_2.

    Pintilescu, Carmen, and Elena-Daniela Viorica. 2025. “A Vulnerability Analysis of the Eastern Partnership’s Countries’ Exposure to Geopolitical Risks.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 135-161. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_6.

    Poz˙arlik, Grzegorz. 2025. “Conceptualising Geopolitical Securitisation of Resilience-Building in the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 197-215. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_8.

    Rouet, Gilles, and Thierry Côme. 2025. “Politics, Environment of EU and Organizations, Which Resilience?” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 47-72. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_3.

    Rouet, Gilles. 2025. “Introduction: Indispensable Resilience.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 1-14. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_1.

    Schäffer, Sebastian. 2025. “Transforming the European Neighbourhood: From the Eastern Partnership to a “Greater European Council”.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 549-572. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_20.

    Socoliuc (Guriță), Oana-Ramona, and Liviu-George Maha. 2025. “An Economic Outlook of the EaP Countries in the Context of Covid Experience.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 73-107. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_4.

    Terem, Peter, and Radovan Gura. 2025. “Participation of the Slovak Republic in Fulfilling Geostrategic Interests of the EU: The Example of Ukraine.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 317-355. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_12.

    Ţigănaşu, Ramona, Ema Corodescu-Roşca, and Anatolie Cărbune. 2025. “Institutional Frameworks in Intricate Times and the Path Toward EU Integration of Eastern Partnership and Western Balkans Countries.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 269-315. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_11.

    van Gils, Eske. 2025. “Whose Resilience? Increased Resilience and Regime Strength in EU-Azerbaijan Relations, from 2009 to 2023.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 389-419. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_14.

    Wojakowski, Dariusz. 2025. “Resilience, At Last! Multiculturalism of the Polish-Ukrainian Borderland in the Face of Pandemic and War.” In: Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries: Crisis, Transformations and Policies, edited by Gilles Rouet, and Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, 163-195. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_7.