Journal of Innovative Solutions for Eco-Environmental Sustainability

Heavy metals, the most potent contaminants of the pond water environment, are transmitted into the food chain through accumulation in aquatic life. Several bacteria harbor these heavy metals, resulting in antibiotic resistance and enhanced biofilm formation. This research aimed at assessing heavy metal accumulation and antibiotic resistance in biofilm-forming bacteria isolated from pond water. Pond water samples were collected, and isolation and identification were carried out using the pour plate method and Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, respectively. Biofilm formation, antibiotic susceptibility, and detection of heavy metals were done on the highly and moderately biofilm-producing bacteria. Molecular identification and detection of resistance genes were done on the isolates with high concentrations of heavy metals. A total of 41 bacteria were isolated, with a high concentration of coliform and heterotrophic bacteria. Bacteria isolated include Citrobacter diversus (41%), Escherichia coli (27%), Klebsiella sp. (15%), Enterobacter (10%), Clostridium sp. (5%), and Enterococcus sp. (2%). Twenty-six bacteria were high biofilm formers, while three (3PWS1, 3PWS3, 3PWS5, and 3PWM5) had the highest MAR index. The heavy metal accumulation includes iron (15.160–23.186 ppm), lead (0.194–1.113 ppm), cadmium (0.0–0.500 ppm), nickel (0.127–0.0331 ppm), and cobalt (0.440–2.946 ppm). The highest concentration was observed in isolates 3PWS3 and 3PWM3, and they were molecularly identified as Escherichia coli ROF 13 and Enterococcus fecalis ROF 11 with the accession numbers PV715894 and PV715893, respectively. The antibiotic resistance genes revealed the presence of TEM in both Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp. and the absence of CTX genes. Strong regulations and enforcement are needed to control pollution, and educating communities and fish farmers is key to sustainable practices.

Microalgae are morphologically diverse microscopic photosynthetic organisms whose isolation and identification present considerable taxonomic challenges. This study investigated microalgal diversity, physicochemical properties, and heavy metal concentrations in the water of an earthen pond in Eriwe Fish Village, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. Microalgal isolates were characterised by colonial morphology and microscopic cellular features. Physicochemical parameters were assessed using standard analytical methods, and heavy metal concentrations were quantified via Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Data were expressed as mean ± SD; one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) was used for statistical comparisons, and heatmap visualisation was generated using Python. Microalgal growth increased from 3.50×10³ (Day 4) to 21.25×10³ CFU/mL (Day 14), leading to an increase in F-values from 12.87 to 32.18. Lead (Pb) was the most critical contaminant, averaging 59.83 ± 2.56 ppm, approximately 5,983× the WHO permissible limit (0.01 ppm), peaking in Pond 2 (64.56 ppm). Eight microalgal species identified as Chlorella, Oscillatoria, Scenedesmus, Cladophora, Anabaena, Phormidium, Microcystis, and Navicula, spanning classes Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Cyanophyceae, were identified. The pond water sustains a taxonomically diverse microalgal community; however, alarmingly elevated lead concentrations represent a significant public health and ecological risk requiring urgent remediation.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of humic acid, fulvic acid and amino acid foliar application on growth of tomato. These substances are a type of bio stimulant used to promote plant growth and health. The experiment contained three active organic acids treatments amino acid and fulvic acid. They were applied twice a week until the stage of flowering and the first application was carried out 20 days after transplanting. This re-search was conducted at crop research center Turari campus in Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture ITM University Gwalior (MP) during the season of 2024–25. The experiment was laid out in RBD and replicated thrice. Results indicated that foliar applications of fulvic acid and amino acid significantly enhanced the plant height (29.70 cm at 30 DAS and 58.23 cm at 45 DAS) and appearance of first flowering (40.93), fruiting (55.33) and number of branches (16.13) compared to the control. And higher chlorophyll contains (53.33) with fulvic acid foliar application. In conclusion, application of fulvic acid and amino acid as foliar application increased the plant growth, number of branches and flower and fruit appearance of tomato.

Integrating sericulture by-products into poultry farming offers a sustainable and innovative solution for modern animal husbandry. As the global poultry industry grapples with rising feed costs, environmental concerns, and resource limitations, identifying alternative, nutrient-rich feed sources have become increasingly vital. Sericulture, primarily focused on silk production, yields significant quantities of by-products such as silkworm pupae. These pupae are rich in high-quality proteins, essential amino acids, and fatty acids, making them a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional protein sources like soybean meal and fishmeal. This study examines the potential of incorporating silkworm pupae meal into poultry feed formulations. Research and feeding trials have shown enhanced growth performance, improved feed conversion ratios, and overall health benefits in poultry without compromising meat or egg quality. The utilization of silkworm pupae also contributes to waste reduction and promotes circular bioeconomy practices by repurposing agricultural residues. The adoption of sericulture by-products in poultry farming supports both environmental sustainability and economic viability. It provides an avenue for reducing the ecological footprint of animal agriculture while offering additional income streams for sericulture farmers. Moreover, this interdisciplinary approach aligns with the broader goals of sustainable agriculture by promoting food security, resource efficiency, and rural development. In conclusion, the integration of silkworm pupae into poultry diets represents a scalable and sustainable feed alternative. Further studies focusing on optimal inclusion rates, processing techniques, and long-term effects are essential to enable widespread application and policy support for this eco-friendly innovation.

Endophytes are the beneficial microorganisms that live inside the host cell or tissue. The major endophytes are fungi and bacteria. These bacterial endophytes are diverse in nature and constitute a major portion of the plant’s microbiome and these are beneficial to plants’ growth and development. The endophytic bacteria transmit in vertical and horizontal manner. Most of the plants in this environment have endophytic bacteria in them. The presence of endophytes in the plants’ bodies can prevent the disease occurrence in them. These bacterial endophytes are found in tropical to sub-tropical and in polar regions also where some plants can’t survive in extreme temperature or climatic conditions. The relationship between the plant and the bacterial endophyte is symbiotic relationship. Bacterial endophytes have a positive impact on plants’ growth and development. These bacteria contain many genes; these genes are responsible for the colonization inside the plant. These endophytes help to plant disease management. These bacteria also form biofilms that protect the plant from the pathogens and provide nutrients to plants.