| E - ISSN | : | 3045-3100 |
| P - ISSN | : |
Vol. 15 No. 3 (45) (2024)
Published:
29.11.2024
Full Issue
Book Review
-
Book Review
Gevorg Ghukasyan, The Armenian Lobby of Europe: TheEssence and Context of Ethnic Lobbying
AbstractThe purpose of the work is to highlight the transnational political role of ethnic lobbying in modern political processes, assess the structural-operational possibilities of the European Armenian lobby, the characteristics of its activities, identify lobbying entities and understand the scope of their influence and the possibility of role in RA-EU relations. The role of the institution of ethnic lobbying in the process of political modernization was evaluated.
At the same time, the possibilities of ethnic lobbying to act as an operator of "soft power" were considered, the possibilities of lobbying in the conditions of the value system of multiculturalism were revealed, the chain of interaction and interaction of the "homeland-diaspora-host state" triangle was systematically characterized. The lobbying structures of the Armenian diaspora in Europe and the main directions and tools of their activities were identified, and the political behavior of the EU regarding the Karabakh problem was revealed.
The intra-European perception of ethnic lobbying, the institutional and legislative possibilities of lobbying and its variety of ethnic lobbying in the EU have been analyzed.
The monograph is intended for political scientists, historians, Armenologists, the governing body, professors and students of RA higher educational institutions, as well as the general reading public.
ReferencesBrown GW, McLean I., McMillan A., The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics , Oxford University Press, 2018, 1263 pages.
Charrad K., Lobbying the European Union, Munster, 2009 , 24 pages.
Cohen R., Global Diasporas: An Introduction. Second edition, Routledge, 2008 , 240 pages.
Dionigi KM, "Lobbying in the European Parliament: The Battle for Influence", Think Tank Europa, Copenhagen, 2017 , 209 pages.
Fludernik M., (edited by) Diasporas and Multiculturalism, Common Traditions and New Developments, Amsterdam-New York, 2003 , 461 pages.
Fukuyama F., The origins of political order, New York, 2011 , 620 pages.
Huntington S., "Who are we?", 2005 , 448 pages .
Huntington S. , Political Order in Changing Societies, 1968, Yale University, 1986, 488 pages.
Huntington S., The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman 1991 , 24 pages.
Kaarbo J., James RL, Global politics, 9th edition. New York, 2008 , 608 pages.
Kymlicka W., Multicultural Citizenship, a liberal theory of minority rights, Clarendon press, Oxford, 1995 , 296 pages.
Lobbying in the European Union: Current Rules and Practices", EP Directorate-General for Research, Luxembourg, European Parliament, 2003 , 68 pages.
Nye JS, Soft Power, The means of Success in World Politics, New York, 2004 , 191 pages.
Nye JS , The Future of Power , New York 2011, 320 pages.
Shain Y., "Kinship and Diasporas in International affairs", The University of Michigan, 2007 , 232 pages.
Sheffer G. , Diaspora Politics at Home Abroad, 2006 , 308 pages.
Smith T., Foreign attachments, the power of ethnic groups in the making of American foreign policy-Harvard University Press , 2002, 208 pages.
Beck U., "What is globalization?", translated by Patrick Camiller, Polity Press, 2000 , 180 pages
Zetter L., Lobbying, The Art of Political Persuasion, London, 2014 , 634 pages.
International Relations
-
International Relations
Some General Manifestations of Transition Periods of International Relations System
AbstractDuring the period of operation of the international relations system (IRS), the main actors of international relations (superpowers) that formed that system, despite the deep contradictions that exist among themselves, have a common interest in maintaining the current system, because it provides them with a privileged position in world politics. Guided by this common interest, the superpowers restrain each other and, with joint efforts, restrain actions of other actors in international relations that could undermine the existing system.
During the transition period of the IRS, on the one hand, the deterrence mechanism ceases to function, and on the other hand, the superpowers seek to use or provoke processes that will strengthen themselves and weaken the positions of their opponents in the struggle for the new IRS. The expression of the transformation of the interests of the superpowers are the general manifestations of the transition periods of the IRS 1 - an increase in the number of local and regional armed conflicts and their intensity; 2 - increase of genocide and other crimes against humanity; 3 - disregard of international law by actors of international relations and non-state organizations; 4 - discrediting of universal structures of international cooperation and decline in effectiveness of activities; 5 - a world war in which the victorious superpowers establish a new IRS. The listed manifestations, so far with the exception of the world war, are also characteristic of the current transitional period from Yalta-Potsdam to the new IRS.
ReferencesSheehan, Michael. 2000. “The Balance of Power: History and Theory.” London and New York: Routledge.
Brzezinski, Zbigniew. 1997. “The grand chessboard: American primacy and Its geostrategic imperatives.” New York: Basic Books.
Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. “The end of history and the last man”. New York: Free Press.
Hantington, Samuel. 1996. “The clash of civilizations and remarking of world order”. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Karaganov, Sergej. 2024. “An age of wars? Article two. What is to be done.” Russia in Global Affairs 22(2): 5-8.
Kissinger, Henry. 2014. “World order: Reflections on the character of nations and the course of history”. London: Allen Lane.
Mearsheimer, John. 2014. “The tragedy of great power politics. Updated.” New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
Randall, L. Schweller and Xiaoyu, Pu. 2011. “After unipolarity: China’s visions of international order in an era of U.S. decline.” International Security 36(1): 41–72.
Sakwa, Richard. 2024. “The international system and the clash of world orders.” China Int Strategy Rev. 6: 39–57.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2004. “World-systems analysis: An introduction." Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
Mearsheimer, John. 2010. “The gathering storm: China's challenge to US power in Asia.” Chinese Journal of International Relations 3(4): 381–96.
Modelski, George. 1995. “The evolution of global politics.” Journal of World-Systems Research 1(7): 424-467.
UN Charter. 1945. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter
Universal declaration of human rights. 1948. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide. 1948. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf
-
International Relations
Formation and Transformation of National Role Concepts in Contemporary International Relations
AbstractThe purpose of this article is to assess the significance of national role conceptions (NRCs) in the analysis of states' foreign policy by highlighting their internal and external dimensions. The article evaluates the significance of role theory in the context of different schools of international relations. The article compares existing definitions of NRCs and identifies their specific limitations, including the limitation of engagement levels, the assumption of internal consensus, and the neglect of role dynamics. The article proposes a new definition of NRCs that includes a dynamic and collective understanding of a nation's strategic goals, considering both internal cultural and social factors as well as external environmental shifts and influences. As a result, the analysis of NRCs is proposed as an effective tool for addressing theoretical and practical issues in international relations, with the goal of explaining and predicting foreign policy behavior.
ReferencesCantir, C., & Kaarbo, J. (2016). Unpacking Ego in Role Theory: Vertical and Horizontal Role Contestation and Foreign Policy 1. In Domestic role contestation, foreign policy, and international relations (pp. 1-22). Routledge.
Breuning, M. (2011). Role theory research in international relations: state of the art and blind spots. Role theory in international relations, 16-35 (p.19).
Thies, C. G., & Breuning, M. (2012). Integrating foreign policy analysis and international relations through role theory. Foreign Policy Analysis, 8(1), 1-4.
Harnisch, S. (2011). Role theory: operationalization of key concepts. In Role theory in international relations (pp. 7-15). Routledge.
Walker, S. (1987). The relevance of role theory to foreign policy analysis. Role theory and foreign policy analysis, 1-
Thies, C. G. (2010). State socialization and structural realism. Security Studies, 19(4), 689-717.
Checkel, J. T. (1998). The constructive turn in international relations theory. World politics, 50(2), 324-348.
Breuning, M. (2011). Role theory research in international relations: state of the art and blind spots. Role theory in international relations, 16-35 (p.19).
Backman, C. W. (1970). Role theory and international relations: A commentary and extension. International Studies Quarterly, 14(3), 310-319.
Holsti, K. J. (1970). National role conceptions in the study of foreign policy. International studies quarterly, 14(3), 233-309.
Holsti, K. J. (1970). National role conceptions in the study of foreign policy. International studies quarterly, 14(3), 233-309.
Wish, N. B. (1980). Foreign policy makers and their national role conceptions. International Studies Quarterly, 24(4), 532-554, (pp. 533-535).
Cantir, C., & Kaarbo, J. (2016). Unpacking Ego in Role Theory: Vertical and Horizontal Role Contestation and Foreign Policy 1. In Domestic role contestation, foreign policy, and international relations (pp. 1-22). Routledge.
Shih, C. Y. (1988). National role conception as foreign policy motivation: The psychocultural bases of Chinese diplomacy. Political Psychology, 599-631.
Kaarbo, J., & Cantir, C. (2017). Domestic role contestation and foreign policy. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, 1-20
Koenig, N. (2016). Multilevel role contestation: The EU in the Libyan crisis. In Domestic role contestation, foreign policy, and international relations (pp. 157-173). Routledge.
Krotz, U. (2002). National Role Conceptions and Foreign Policies: France and Germany Compared. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 02.4, 2002.
Hymans, J. E. (2006). The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation: Identity, Emotions, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge University Press, pp. 16-20
Harnisch, S. (2011). Role theory: operationalization of key concepts. In Role theory in international relations (pp. 7-15). Routledge.
Breuning, M. (2011). Role theory research in international relations: state of the art and blind spots. Role theory in international relations, 16-35.
Wish, N. B. (1980). Foreign policy makers and their national role conceptions. International Studies Quarterly, 24(4), 532-554
Holsti, K. J. (1970). National role conceptions in the study of foreign policy. International studies quarterly, 14(3), 233-309, (p.243).
Wish, N. B. (1980). Foreign policy makers and their national role conceptions. International Studies Quarterly, 24(4), 532-554.
Akbaba, Y., Özdamar, Ö., & James, P. (2019). Role Theory in the Middle East and North Africa: Politics, Economics and Identity. Routledge.
Harnisch, S., Frank, C., & Maull, H. W. (2011). Conclusion: role theory, role change, and the international social order. In Role Theory in International Relations (pp. 252-261). Routledge.
Galstyan, N. S., Abrahamyan, E., & Davtyan, E. (2021). Armenia’s International Status Aspirations in 2008–2020. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Özdamar, Ö. (2016). Domestic Sources of Changing Turkish Foreign Policy Toward the MENA During the 2010s: A Role Theoretic Approach 1. In Domestic role contestation, foreign policy, and international relations (pp. 89-104). Routledge.
Grossman, M., Schortgen, F., & Friedrichs, G. M. (2022). Introduction: Defining Roles in a Polycentric World. In National Role Conceptions in a New Millennium (pp. 1-22). Routledge.
Harnisch, S., Frank, C., & Maull, H. W. (2011). Conclusion: role theory, role change, and the international social order. In Role Theory in International Relations (pp. 252-261). Routledge.
Holsti, K. J. (1970). National role conceptions in the study of foreign policy. International studies quarterly, 14(3), 233-309.
Adigbuo, R. (2007). Beyond IR theories: The case for national role conceptions. Politikon, 34(1), 83-97.
Breuning, M. (2011). Role theory research in international relations: state of the art and blind spots. Role theory in international relations, 16-35, (p. 16)
Hudson, V. M. (1999). Cultural expectations of one's own and other nations' foreign policy action templates. Political Psychology, 20(4), 767-801.
Shih, C. Y. (1988). National role conception as foreign policy motivation: The psychocultural bases of Chinese diplomacy. Political Psychology, 599-631.
Maull, H. W. (2011). Hegemony reconstructed?: America's role conception and its “leadership” within its core alliances. In Role theory in international relations (pp. 167-193). Routledge.
Political science
-
Political science
Greater Eurasian Partnership: Armenia’s Dichotomous Choice
AbstractThe article discusses the theoretical and conceptual foundations of the formation of the concept of the “Greater Eurasian Partnership” and the prospects for the participation of the Republic of Armenia in this global integration megatrend. The goals and objectives of the study include studying the dynamics of the transformation of the global world order, conceptualizing the idea of the “Greater Eurasian Partnership” and its practical implementation, analyzing the integration and disintegration potential of small states involved in global mega-projects.
In particular, the thesis is substantiated that the creation of the Greater Eurasian Partnership in a broad sense shifts the “center of gravity” of the world economy from the Euro-Atlantic or Anglo-Saxon axis to the east, into the strategic depths of the Eurasian continent. With such a transformation, bifurcation points and buffer zones of the Greater Eurasian space also undergo changes in parallel. The South Caucasus, especially Armenia, is at the center of bifurcation tensions, and Armenian statehood and Armenian society as a whole are faced with a dichotomous choice between the bifurcation point and the buffer zone.
ReferencesЛасло Э. Век бифуркации. Постижение изменяющегося мира. М., 1995.
Фукуяма Ф. Конец истории и последний человек, М., 2007, էջ 84։
Галстян Х. Как вырваться из паутины? Проблема политического диалога в постмодернистском дискурсе современности. // Белоруская Думка, 2015/2, էջ 50։
Пригожин И., Стенгерс И. Порядок из хаоса: Новый диалог человека с природой (Под общ. ред. В. И. Аршинова, Ю. Л. Климонтовича и Ю. В. Сачкова), М., 1986.
Лихачева А. Большое Евразийское партнерство: в поисках новых импульсов, https://roscongress.org/materials/bolshoe-evraziyskoe-partnerstvo-v-poiskakh-novykh-impulsov/, (մուտք՝ 26․ 07․ 2024)
Пакулин В.Процессы сопряжения китайского проекта «Один пояс – один путь» и ЕАЭС в рамках концепции «большого евразийского партнерства» // Вестник Томского государственного университета. История. 2022, N 76, էջ 51։
Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию, 03․12․ 2015․ http://kremlin.ru/events/president/
News/page/409, (մուտք՝ 28․ 07․ 2024)
Пленарное заседание Петербургского международного экономического форума
http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/5217 (մուտք՝ 28․ 07․ 2024)
Концепция внешней политики Российской Федерации (утверждена Президентом Российской Федерации В.В.Путиным 31 марта 2023 г.), https://www.mid.ru/ru/detail-material-page/1860586/, Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 02.07.2021 г. № 400 О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации, http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/47046/page/1
Савицкий П., Географические и геополитические основы евразийства. // Континент Евразия, М., 1997, էջ 40-42.
Тренин Д. Метаморфозы большой Евразии, https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2013/01/revising-the-concept-of-eurasia?lang=ru¢er=russia-eurasia (մուտք՝ 26․07․2024)
Лин Чу. Интеграция инициативы «Один пояс, один путь» и Большого евразийского партнерства: предпосылки, мотивы и приоритеты реализации // Социально-политические науки. 2021. Т. 11. № 1, էջ 97։
Савицкий П. Континент-океан: Россия и мировой рынок, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/SPN/spn08.htm
Маккиндер Х. Географическая ось истории. // Полис, 1995/4, էջ 162-169։
Хантингтон С. Столкновение цивилизаций, М., 1996, էջ 41։
Встреча президента РФ с руководством МИД России, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/74285
Գալստյան Խ․ Հետպատերազմյան Status Quo-ն Արցախում․ հայության նոր ռազմավարական մշակույթի ձևավորման հրամայականը // Գիտական Արցախ, Եր․, 2021/3(10), էջ 149։
Тойнби А. Постижение истории: Сборник, М., 2010.
Нартов Н., Нартова В. Геополитика. М., 2007, էջ 130։
Черепанов А. Развитие через нестабильность: синергетический подход в социальной философии. // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета, Серия 6, 2006/1, էջ 76-82։
Лотман Ю. Культура и взрыв. М., 1992, էջ 192։
«Որո՞նք են ՀՀ բարեկամ և ոչ բարեկամ երկրները ըստ քաղաքացիների», https://www.aysor.am/am/news/2024/04/03/
-
Political science
Decarbonization Policy in the Eurasian Economic Union: Meeting the Challenge of Global Climate Change (comparative analysis)
AbstractThe article examines the issues of decarbonization in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union in the context of global challenges of climate change. The international regime for reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere is analyzed. Its impact on the global political agenda is determined. It is established that one of the main challenges to reducing emissions is the development of "green" types of energy, which should be understood as not only renewable energy sources, but also natural gas and nuclear energy. Through a comparative analysis of both energy systems and national programs for reducing greenhouse gas emissions of the EAEU member states, their potential for implementing the "energy transition" and decarbonization is determined. The challenges of economic development in the EAEU are shown through the prism of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. Recommendations are given for improving cooperation between the EAEU member countries in the field of decarbonization and synchronizing strategic approaches in the field of climate management and sustainable development.
ReferencesApanovich M., Barabanov O. et al. Climate Policy in a Global Risk Society. Report of the Valdai International Discussion Club. 2020. P. 14. (in Russ.)
Paris Agreement. Adopted on 12.12.2015. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf
Simonova M.D., Zakharov V.E. Statistical Analysis of Development Trends in Global Renewable Energy. MGIMO Review of International Relations. 2016; (3(48)). P. 214-220. https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-3-48-214-220 (In Russ.)
Rovinskaya T. Global Climate Agenda: Big Gamble. World Eсonomy and International Relations, 2023, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 15-30. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-9-15-30
World Energy Trilemma Index 2021. In partnership with Oliver Wyman. URL: https://bityl.co/BG2s
World Energy Transitions Outlook 2022. 1.5°C Pathway. IRENA. 2022.
Krozer Y. (2017). Energy markets: changes toward decarbonization and valorization. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. Volume 17. P. 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2017.06.004.
Bardi U. The grand challenge of the energy transition. Front. Energy Res. 2013. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2013.00002
The 17 Goals. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Development. URL: https://sdgs.un.org/goals
The Energy Progress Report 2023: Tracking SDG7. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The World Bank. 2023.
Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union. Adopted May 29, 2014. URL: https://www.arlis.am/documentview.aspx?docID=95276
Yurgens I., Romov R. Enabling Green Integration and Building a Common Sustainable Development Space in the EAEU. Moscow. 2023. P.5.
Strategic Directions for Developing the Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025. Approved by Decision No. 12 of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council dated December 11, 2020.
Saiymova M., Shakharova A., et al. Energy Security, Economics and Environment in the Eurasian Economic Union: Current and Future Scenarios // International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 10(4). 2020. P. 293–299.
The Strategy for long-term development of the Russian Federation with low greenhouse gas emissions to 2050. Approved by Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 29th October 2021 No. 3052-r.
Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 21, 2021 No.1587 on Approval of the Criteria for Sustainable Development Projects and the Verification System Requirements
World Energy Issues Monitor 2022. Russia. URL: https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/World_Energy_Issues_Monitor_2022_Russia_commentary.pdf
Sadovnikova, N. A., Abramov, V. L., Ogryzov, A. A., & Makhova, O. A. (2020). Clean Energy in the EAEU in the Context of Sustainable Development: Compliance and Prospects. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(5), 272–280. Retrieved from https://econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/9512
Concept for Тransition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Green Economy. approved by Presidential Decree No. 557 on 30.05.2013.
On the energy balance of Kazakhstan until 2035 // Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. URL: https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/energo/press/news/details/345485?lang=ru
Third Biennial Update Report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Yerevan. UNDP Armenia. 2021. P. 33-40.
National Security Strategy of the Republic of Armenia. July, 2020.
Concept for ensuring energy security of the Republic of Armenia. Adopted on 23.10.2013
Strategic program for energy development of the Republic of Armenia (until 2040). Decision of the Government of the Republic of Armenia No. 48-L dated January 14, 2021.
World Nuclear Performance Report 2021. COP26 Edition. WNA. 2021.
Nuclear Energy for Climate Change Mitigation to Benefit Several Countries, New Studies Show // IAEA. URL: https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/nuclear-energy-for-climate-change-mitigation-to-benefit-several-countries-new-studies-show
Concept of energy security of the Republic of Belarus. Adopted on 23.12.2015.
Baitasov R.R. Green Energy of Belarus: Achievements and Problems/ Digital Technologies: Education, Science, Business. 2020. P. 76-78. (In Russ.)
Saipidinov I.M., Momosheva G.A. (2023). Prospects for Green Economy Development in Kyrgyzstan. Economy and Business: Theory and Practice, vol. 6-1 (100), 126-128. doi: 10.24412/2411-0450-2023-6-1-126-128
Vinokurov E., Albrecht C. Et al. Global Green Agenda in the Eurasian Region. Eurasian Region on the Global Green Agend. May 11, 2023. Reports and Working Papers 23/2. Almaty: Eurasian Development Bank, 2023, p. 49.
Henderson J, Sen A. The Energy Transition: Key challenges for incumbent and new players in the global energy system // Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. 2021. – https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Energy-Transition-Key-challengesfor-incumbent-players-in-the-global-energy-system-ET01.pdf
Criteria for Green Projects of the Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union / Protocol No. 43-AS dated December 22, 2022. https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/df7/Kriterii-dlya-opublikovaniya-_Modelnaya-taksonomiya_.pdf
-
Political science
Armenian Experience in the Usage of Stratagems (General Overview)
AbstractChinese, Greek, and Roman examples of the use of stratagems are known from the history of the Ancient World. The leaders, especially those experienced in military fields, used various tricks to achieve their goal. There are well-known examples of the use of stratagems in the Armenian military art, the use of which is an opportunity to ensure success in achieving numerical and technical superiority of the enemy. We often encounter actions that distract the enemy's attention, make an unexpected attack and cause panic, blocking.
There are memorable examples of strategies from the history of military operations in 1991- 1994: similar technologies were used during the liberation of Shushi, Karvachar, Sanasar, Akna.
The possession of strategic skills and their proper use in military operations and operations of local importance can be of great importance for achieving your own goals, bending the advantage of another person in your favor and, of course, the successful conduct of military operations. In this sense, a deep and comprehensive study of the field, identification, development, systematization of effective experience with a positive result can be useful for future achievements.
ReferencesՀարությունյան Գ․, Մեր հաղթանակները, Հատոր Ա, Երևան, Նորավանք ԳԿՀ, 2008։
Հարությունյան Գ․, Մեր հաղթանակները, Հատոր Բ, Երևան, Նորավանք ԳԿՀ, 2009։
Հեղինակի անձնական արխիվ, ՊԲ նախկին հրամանատար Սամվել Բաբայանի հետ հարցազրույցից, Երևան, 15,02,2024։
Հեղինակի անձնական արխիվ, Հատուկ նշանակության խմբի հրամանատար Վլադիմիր Վարտանովի հետ հարցազրույցից, Երևան, 20,02,2024։
Հեղինակի անձնական արխիվ, գ-տ Արծրուն Հովհաննիսյանի հետ հարցազրույցից, Երևան, 21,02,2024։
Նժդեհ Գ․, Երկեր, Հատոր Երկրորդ, Երևան-2002։
Սարգսյան Լ., Մելքոնյան Լ., Երեսունվաեց հնարք, Երևան, Ոսկան Երևանցի հրատ., 2019։
Սիմոնյան Հ., Հայոց պատմություն, Երևան, ԵՊՀ հրատ., 2012, էջ 241-242։
Libicki M., What is Information warfare, National Defence University, 1995․
Shepherd R., Polyaenus’s Stratagems of war, translated from original Greek, London, 1793.
Sun Tzu, The Art of War, Translated by Lionel Giles, (1910), Published by Allandale Online Publishing, England 2000․
Овшинов А., Стратагематика-Философия непрямых действии(Новые подходы по ее осмысление), Гуманитарий Юга России, Том 8, №1․
Пухова Р.Н, Буря на Кавказе, М., Центр анализа стратегий и технологий, 2021․
Хачатрян Г., Казарян Г., Маргарян С., Победы – как они были, Позывные 44, Ереван, Армянская энциколпедия, 2009․
Фронтин Ю. Военные хитрости (Стратегемы). — СПб.: Алетейя, 1996.
-
Political science
The Prerequisites for Establishing the Republic of Armenia State Policy in the Field of Biosecurity
AbstractIn the modern era, the biological factor has assumed a crucial role in almost all spheres of activity of the individual, society, state and nation. The 21st century is unique in its scientific and technical progress and virtualization processes, which were initially notable for their negative aspects. One of the most serious threats is the growth of biological terrorism and biological disasters, which pose a serious threat to the stable functioning and normal development of states, societies and individuals. New directions have been added to the military-political and economic spheres of state competition, defining the place and role of the biosecurity system in the context of the country's national security. The main objective of the article is to study the priorities, priority areas and problems of the state policy of the Republic of Armenia in the field of biosafety, as well as control and prevention of biological threats and challenges, which are significantly increasing as a result of scientific and technological progress. To achieve the set goals, it is necessary to present the essence of biosafety and define the concept, to study international experience in ensuring biosafety, investigating the feasibility of their application in the process of ensuring biosafety in the Republic of Armenia, and also to consider issues of biosafety development in the Republic of Armenia. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), every year two billion people worldwide become ill with infectious diseases, of which 17 million die. Half of the world's population lives in areas endemic for infectious diseases or within natural foci. The growth of tourism, labor migration, trade turnover, as well as the evergrowing refugee problem contribute to the spread of infectious diseases and the emergence of epidemics, especially in countries where the level of health infrastructure is low.
ReferencesՀՀ կառավարության 2017 թվականի հունվարի 12-ի N 122-Ն որոշում, // https://www.e-draft.am/en/projects/763/about
ՀՀ վարչապետի 2018 թվականի հոկտեմերի 8-ի N 1320-Ա որոշում, http://www.irtek.am/views/act.aspx?aid=96756&fbclid=IwAR1KSPPprCyCQ5VtrXqrJcneflOQBnSsXX4O9tGYt5x1npnq342fAOfLUis
ՀՀ բնակչության սանիտարահամաճարակային անվտանգության ապահովման մասին օրենք // https://www.arlis.am/documentview.aspx?docID=29774
ՀՀ ազգային անվտանգության ռազմավարություն // https://www.primeminister.am/u_files/file/Different/AA-Razmavarutyun-Final.pdf
Указ Президента РФ от 11 марта 2019 г. № 97 "Об Основах государственной политики Российской Федерации в области обеспечения химической и биологической безопасности на период до 2025 года и дальнейшую перспективу” // https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/72092478/
National Biodefense Strategy of US, White House, 2018 // https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/National-Biodefense-Strategy.pdf
UK Biological Security Strategy, The Home Office, London, July 2018 // https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/730213/2018_UK_Biological_Security_Strategy.pdf
The Canadian Biosafety Guideline, Government of Canada, September 2020 // https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/canadian-biosafety-standards-guidelines.html
National Biosecurity Strategy of Australia, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, August 2022 // https://www.biosecurity.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-08/National%20Biosecurity%20Strategy%28final%29.pdf
Broussard L.A. biological agents: weapons of warfare and bioterrorism // Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy. 2001. 6. № 4. С. 324-333.
Жемчугов В. Биобезопасность - важное направление работы // Гражданская защита. 2008. № 10. С. 34-35
Фуко М. Рождение биополитики // курс лекций, прочитанных в Коллеж де Франс в 1978-1979 учебном году. Санкт-Петербург, 2010.
Burduniuc O.S., Hamza H.A. biological risks and laboratory - acquired infections // Научные горизонты. 2020. № 10 (38). С. 117-139.
Доброхотский О.Н. оценка и управление биологическими рисками при работе с патогенными биологическими агентами// Биозащита и биобезопасность. 2010. Т. 2. № 3. С. 18-22.
Кивачук А.А. Биополитика и власть современных биотехнологий// Вестник Приднестровского университета. Серия: Гуманитарные науки. 2019. № 1-1 (61). С. 172-177.
Hall C.M. Biosecurity, tourism and mobility: institutional arrangements for managing tourism-related biological invasions // Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events. 2011. 3. № 3: 256-280.
Вюрмелинг Г.Б. Основы европейской биополитики // В сборнике: Демократия в России и Европе: философское измерение. Материалы Международной конференции «Философские проблемы демократического общества». Под ред. В.Н. Брюшинкина. 2003. С. 177-192.
