Banber Erevani hamalsarani. Iravagitut'yun.
| E - ISSN | : | 2738-2605 |
| P - ISSN | : | 1829-4561 |
Vol. 16 No. 1(42) (2025)
Published:
2025-07-30
Full Issue
Theory of State and Law
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Theory of State and Law
The Institutional System Development of Law Contrary to the Closed Legislative List
AbstractThe article examines the institutional framework for development that operates contrary to established legislative restrictions formulated as closed lists of appealable judicial acts. The theoretical framework employs Carl Schmitt’s concept of the "normal judge," with a focus on the institutional nature of judicial act contra legem. The author examines the judicial practice of the Republic of Armenia, where criminal courts demonstrate relative flexibility in applying closed lists—unlike civil and administrative courts, which adhere to a strictly formalistic approach. The study analyzes cases in which courts recognize acts not included in closed lists as appealable, as well as the approach of the Constitutional Court of the RA toward legislative gaps. The author criticizes the stance of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Armenia, as articulated in its Decision ՍԴՈ-1476, according to which the Court is only authorized to review the constitutionality of legislative gaps (omissions) resulting from a defect (error) in legal regulation, whereas the legislator’s deliberate silence falls outside the scope of its jurisdiction
ReferencesГамбарян, А. Легитимация развития права contra legem и механизмы его сдержек // Вестник Ереванского университета. Правоведение. 2024. Vol. 15, No. 2 (41). С. 70-93 (на армянском языке). https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU.C/2024.15.2.070 (Gambaryan, A. Legitimatsia razvitiya prava contra legem i mekhanizmy ego sderzhek // Vestnik Erevanskogo universiteta. Pravovedenie. 2024. Vol. 15, No. 2 (41). pp. 70–93 (na armyanskom yazyke))
Лазерсон, М. Я. Рец. на: C. Schmitt. «Gesetz und Urteil». Eine Untersuchung zum Problem der Reshtspraxis, Berlin, 1912 // Право: Еженед. юрид. газ. СПб. 23 сентября, 1912. № 38. С. 2041-2043. (Lazerson, M. Ya. Rets. na: C. Schmitt. “Gesetz und Urteil”. Eine Untersuchung zum Problem der Rechtspraxis, Berlin, 1912 // Pravo: Ezhened. yurid. gaz., SPb., 23 sentyabrya, 1912. No. 38. pp. 2041–2043).
Покровский, И. А. "Прагматизм" и "релятивизм" в правосудии. Петроград. Типография Бр. В. и И. Линник. 1916. 24 с. (Pokrovskiy, I. A. "Pragmatizm" i "relyativizm" v pravosudii. Petrograd: Tipografiya Br. V. i I. Linnik, 1916. 24 p.).
Гузикова, М. О. Решение или право: суверенитет по Карлу Шмитту // Социум и власть. 2015. №3 (53). С. 45-49. (Guzikova, M. O. Reshenie ili pravo: suverenitet po Karlu Shmittu // Sotsium i vlast’. 2015. No. 3 (53). pp. 45–49).
Carl Schmitt’s Early Legal-Theoretical Writings: Statute and Judgment, and The Value of the State and the Significance of the Individual. Edited and translated by Lars Vinx and Samuel Garrett Zeitlin. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 2021. 260 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108658300
Schmitt, C. Statute and Judgement // Weimar: a Jurisprudence of Crisis. Berkley, 2002. Pp. 191-201.
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Theory of State and Law
Methodological Criteria for Limiting General Equality Before the Law
AbstractMethodological criteria for limiting general equality before the law. The aim of this study is to examine the universal methodological criteria for limiting general equality before the law based on the analysis of contemporary theoretical material from the perspective of the current concept of formal equality and its characteristic features developed in legal doctrine. In this regard, the general equality of all was chosen as the object of the study, while the subject was chosen the identification of the legal framework for its limitation in the context of the following questions, which have both theoretical and practical significance; what do we understand by universal equality? what do we understand by "rule" in the context of general equality? in what case can the limitation of general equality before the law be aimed at achieving a goal established by the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia? Through the generalization of the stated objectives and ways of solving them, the methodological criteria for limiting general equality before the law were presented as the final result, beyond which the limitation of universal equality before the law cannot be qualified as proportionate.
References -
Theory of State and Law
Why the French Law Against Food Waste is a Scientific Innovation
AbstractThe objective of this analysis is to highlight the urgency of quickly obtaining a new effective law against food waste.
Indeed, the alarming situation with regard to the social and environmental emergency requires a change in the law.
Indeed, on the one hand an increase in impoverishment in our country and increasingly long queues at the “soup kitchen” and on the other hand the emergence of worrying global warming, citizens expect effective, innovative and adapted legal tools.
Let us recall that the French law of 3rd February 2016 had positive consequences that we will study.
However, we must go further with a new bill against food waste in order to adapt the legal framework to the current situation.
This is the objective of this legal analysis.
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For a European law against food waste Arash Derambarsh – Le Figaro): https://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/politique/2016/06/03/31001-20160603ARTFIG00377-pour-une-loi-europeenne-contre-le-gaspillage-alimentaire.php
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GEREFFI G., HUMPHREY J., STURGEON T., 2005, “The governance of global value chains”, Review of International Political Economy, 12, 1, p. 78 104.
GEREFFI G., KORZENIEWICZ M., 1994, Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism, Praeger (Contributions in economics and economic history), 350 p.
GILLE Z., 2012, “From Risk to Waste: Global Food Waste Regimes”, The Sociological Review, 60, p. 27–46.
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HALL K.D., GUO J., DORE M., CHOW C.C., 2009, “The Progressive Increase of Food Waste in America and Its Environmental Impact”, PLoS ONE, 4, 11, p. e7940 (en ligne).
Law No. 2016-138 of 11th February 2016 relating to the fight against food waste in France
Law of January 2, 2023 relating to the fight against food waste in Spain
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PACKARD V., 1960, The Waste Makers, New York, Pocket Books, 340 p.
Proposed law aimed at combating food waste in France (17th January 2023)
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Report of the debates in the Senate concerning the vote on the law against food waste (3rd February 2016)
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International legal acts
“Investigation of consumer attitudes, practices and food waste for three food items, to use as input in new packaging designs that aim to reduce food waste” (Helén Williams, Fredrik Wikström, Annika Lindström, Kristina Wickholm, Ann Lorentzon, 2017)
Fredrik Wikström, Helén Williams: “Packaging design that reduces food waste and increases recycling” (2023)
GARCIA-GARCIA G., WOOLLEY E., RAHIMIFARD S., 2015, “A Framework for a More Efficient Approach to Food Waste Management”, International Journal of Food
Lisa Mattsson, Helén Williams: “Avoidance of Supermarket Food Waste—Employees’ Perspective on Causes and Measures to Reduce Fruit and Vegetables Waste” (2022)
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The "greening" of empire: the European Green Deal as the EU first agenda - Political geography - ISSN 0962-6298-105 (2023) p. 1-10 (Diana Vela Almeida, Vijay Krishnan Kolinjivadi, Tomaso Ferrando, Brototi Roy, Héctor Herrera, Marcela Vecchione Gonçalves, Gert Van Hecken): https://repository.uantwerpen.be/desktop/irua
TNS SOFRES. Les Français et le gaspillage alimentaire. 2012. Source: http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes-et-points-de-vue/les-francais-et-le-gaspillage-alimentaire
Tomaso Ferrando and Julie Mansuy: « The European Action against Food Loss and Waste: Co-Regulation and Collisions on the Way to the Sustainable Development Goals » (University of Warwick - November 2018): https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/109189/
University of Stuttgart. Too good for the bin. 2012. Source: https://www.zugutfuerdietonne.de/uploads/media/TooGoodForTheBin.pdf
USDA 2014. Source: http://www.usda.gov/oce/foodwaste/
Venkat, K. The Climate Change and Economic Impacts of Food Waste in the United States. Int. J. Food System Dynamics 2 (4), 2011, 431-446. Source: http://www.cleanmetrics.com/pages/ClimateChangeImpactofUSFoodWaste.pdf
WRAP 2012. Household Food and Drink Waste in the United Kingdom. Final report. 2012. Source: www.wrap.org.uk
Other sources
“D(i)ritto al cibo” (Andrea Segré - 2022)․
“Lo spreco alimentare in Italia e nel mondo” (Andrea Segré, E. Risso - 2023).
L'insosténibile pesatezza dello spreco alimentairere: dallo spreco zero alla dieta mediterranea (Andrea Segré - 2022)․
Criminal Law
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Criminal Law
Conditions of Lawfulness for Causing Harm to Interests Protected by Criminal Law in The Course of Conducting an Operational-Search Measure
AbstractIn order to establish the applicability of any circumstance excluding criminal liability, the existence of the conditions of lawfulness for that circumstance must be confirmed. In this article, we examine the conditions of lawfulness for the circumstance excluding criminal liability, which we have proposed under the title “Causing Harm to Interests Protected by Criminal Law in the Course of Conducting an Operational-Search Measure”.
As a result of the study of the proposed content of this circumstance excluding criminal liability, the following conditions of lawfulness have been identified, the essence of which is examined in detail in separate sections of this article:
- harm to interests protected by criminal law must be caused in the course of conducting an operational-search measure,
- the harm must be caused by a person conducting operational-search activity in accordance with the procedure established by law,
- the harm must be caused within the scope of an assignment given for the purpose of preventing or detecting a crime, or obtaining evidence,
- there must be no alternative measures unrelated to causing harm that could achieve the intended purpose,
- the limits of causing lawful harm must be maintained during the conduct of the operational-search measure.
Only in the presence of all the listed conditions simultaneously can the existence of the circumstance excluding criminal liability under consideration be confirmed.
Based on the results of the research conducted, the article presents a number of proposals of scientific and practical value.
ReferencesԴանիելյան, Գ. Իրավունքի չարաշահումը, Բանբեր Երևանի համալսարանի. Իրա¬վա¬գի¬տու-թյուն, թիվ 2, 3-21, 2021, https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:C/2021.12.2.003, (G. Danielyan, Iravunki charashahumy, Banber Yerevani hamalsarani. Iravagitutyun, tiv 2, 3-21, 2021).
Եվրոպական դատարանի Case of Hornsby v Greece, judgment, 27.09.1976 վճիռ:
Եվրոպական դատարանի Zemmour v France (dec), no. 63539/19, 20/12/22,
Եվրոպական դատարանի Zhablyanov v. Bulgaria, no 36658/18, 20/12/22 վճիռներ և այլն։
Եվրոպայի խորհրդի նախարարների կոմիտեի` «Արդարադատության արդյունավետության բարձրացմանն ու կատարելագործմանն ուղղված քաղաքացիական դատավարության սկզբունքների» 28.02.1984 թ. թիվ 84(5) հանձնարարական, (Evropayi khorhrdi nakhararneri komitei ):
Թորոսյան, Գ., Թորոսյան, Ս. Իրավունքի չարաշահում, Եր., «Հայրապետ» հրատ., 2019թ., էջեր 338-339 (G. Torosyan, S. Torosyan, iravunki charashahum, Erevan, Hajrapet, 2019):
Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Սահմանադրություն, ընդունվել է 06.12.2015 թ., ՀՀՊՏ 2015.12.21/Հատուկ թողարկում, հոդ. 1118: (Hayastani Hanrapetutyan Sahmanadrutyun, yndunvel e 06.12.2015 թ., ՀՀՊՏ 2015.12.21/hatuk togharkum, hodvats. 1118),
Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քաղաքացիական դատավարության օրենսգիրք, ընդունվել է 2018 թ․փետրվարի 9-ին, ՀՀՊՏ 2018.03.05/16(1374), հոդված 1, 2․1 մաս: (Hayastani Hanrapetutyan qaghaqaciakan datavarutyan orensgirq, hodvats 1, 2․1 mas).
ՀՀ վճռաբեկ դատարանի 16.12.2020 թվականի թիվ ԵԴ/16359/02/18 որոշում: (HH vchrabek datarani 16.12.2020 tvakani tiv ED/16359/02/18 voroshum).
ՀՀ վճռաբեկ դատարանի թիվ ԵԿԴ/ 1397/02/11 քաղաքացիական գործով 08.10.2020 թ. որոշում, ՍԴ3/0572/02/20 քաղաքացիական (սնանկության) գործով 09 հոկտեմբերի 2024թ. Որոշում: (HH vchrabek datarani tiv EKD/1397/02/11 kaghaktsiakan gortsov 08.10.2020 t. voroshum, SD3/0572/02/20 (snankutyan) gortsov 09 hoktemberi 2024 t. voroshum).
ՀՀ քաղաքացիական դատավարության դասագիրք (Վ. Հովհաննիսյանի, Ս. Մեղրյանի խմբագրությամբ)։ Եր.։ «Հայրապետ» հրատ., 2022, 372-376 էջեր: (HH khaghakaciakan datavarutyan dasagirq (V. Hovhannisyan-i, S. Meghryan-i khmbagrutyamb). Yer.: "Hayrapet" hrat., 2022, ejer 372-376).
«Մարդու իրավունքների և հիմնարար ազատությունների պաշտպանության մասին» եվրոպական կոնվենցիա, ընդունվել է 04.11.1950 թ., ՀՀՊՏ 2002.06.05/17(192), հոդ. 367: (Mardu iravunqneri ev himnarar azatutyunneri pashtpanutyan masin evropakan konvencia, yndunvel e 04.11.1950, ՀՀՊՏ 2002.06.05/17(192), hodvats 367).
Քաղաքացիական գործ թիվ ՍԴ3/0572/02/20 2024թ. 09 հոկտեմբերի 2024 թ.: (Kaghakaciakan gorts tiv SND ՍԴ3/0572/02/20).
Abuse in issuing speculative proceedings https://www.mills-reeve.com/publications/issuing-claim-forms-can-involve-abuse-of-process/ 16.12.2024:
http://wbus.westlaw.co.uk/parts/3pd.shtml15.01.2025:
http://www.parliament.am/draft_docs8/K-902_himnavorum.pdf 15.01.2025:
http://www.parliament.am/draft_docs8/K-902_himnavorum.pdf 16.12.2024:
https://lawinfo.ru/releases/675/arbitraznyi-i-grazdanskii-process-7-2024 16.12.2024։
https://vlex.co.uk/vid/vtb-bank-pjsc-v-878682693։ 08.02.2025:
https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/522022023001/consolide 02.02.2025։
Старицын, А. Ю. О злоупотреблении правом в гражданском процессе, https://lawinfo.ru/releases/675/arbitraznyi-i-grazdanskii-process-7-2024 16.12.2024 (Staritsin, A. Yu. O zloupotreblenii pravom v grazhdanskom protsesse).
Юдин, А.В. Злоупотребление процессуальными правами в гражданском судопроизводстве, Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юридических наук. Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет. СПб.: 2009, 368 էջ: (Yudin, A.V. Zloupotreblenie protsessualnymi pravami v grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve, Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni doktora yuridicheskikh nauk. Sankt-Peterburgskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet. SPb.: 2009, 368 ej).
Civil Procedure
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Civil Procedure
Problems of Abuse of Rights in Civil Proceeding
AbstractIn the framework of this article, the author has comprehensively studied and analyzed the substantive elements and functional features of the institution of abuse of procedural rights in civil proceedings. The basis for the study was the need to identify the scope of bearers of the possibility of abuse of procedural rights and obligations, the content and manifestations of abuse, and the legal mechanisms for eliminating the consequences.
It has been substantiated that the abuse of procedural rights is not identical to a classic offense, since in this case the subject of law acts in accordance with legal orders during its activities, uses its rights, or fulfills the formal obligations imposed on it by law, but violates or causes harm to the rights of other participants in the proceedings and to the public interests of the effective administration of justice. It has been substantiated that abuse of procedural rights is an independent form of unlawful conduct, which results in the participants in the proceedings exercising their procedural rights and obligations in bad faith, that is, with unlawful expectations or inconsistent with their intended purpose. Moreover, abuse of rights can also be committed by a person who is not the actual holder of the relevant procedural right, which is due to the distinction between the concepts of being the real and formal holder of a subjective right. The court may also determine the good faith of a participant in the proceedings in exercising procedural rights and fulfilling procedural obligations by assessing actions taken outside the framework of the proceedings in a given civil case.
As a result of the analysis of the norms prohibiting abuse of rights, the author has concluded that in civil proceedings there is a presumption of good faith of the participants in the proceedings, which conditions the realization of the rights and obligations of the participants in the proceedings, as well as the existence of a positive obligation of the court to ensure their protection.
The selection of judicial sanctions or other proportionate measures of legal influence applied to persons who have abused procedural rights or other opportunities has also been emphasized, which is the discretionary power of the court and is conditioned by the degree of effectiveness in eliminating and counteracting violations of the rights of the participants in the proceedings, as well as private and/or public interests in the administration of justice protected by law.
ReferencesԴանիելյան, Գ. Իրավունքի չարաշահումը, Բանբեր Երևանի համալսարանի. Իրա¬վա¬գի¬տու-թյուն, թիվ 2, 3-21, 2021, https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:C/2021.12.2.003, (G. Danielyan, Iravunki charashahumy, Banber Yerevani hamalsarani. Iravagitutyun, tiv 2, 3-21, 2021).
Եվրոպական դատարանի Case of Hornsby v Greece, judgment, 27.09.1976 վճիռ:
Եվրոպական դատարանի Zemmour v France (dec), no. 63539/19, 20/12/22,
Եվրոպական դատարանի Zhablyanov v. Bulgaria, no 36658/18, 20/12/22 վճիռներ և այլն։
Եվրոպայի խորհրդի նախարարների կոմիտեի` «Արդարադատության արդյունավետության բարձրացմանն ու կատարելագործմանն ուղղված քաղաքացիական դատավարության սկզբունքների» 28.02.1984 թ. թիվ 84(5) հանձնարարական, (Evropayi khorhrdi nakhararneri komitei ):
Թորոսյան, Գ., Թորոսյան, Ս. Իրավունքի չարաշահում, Եր., «Հայրապետ» հրատ., 2019թ., էջեր 338-339 (G. Torosyan, S. Torosyan, iravunki charashahum, Erevan, Hajrapet, 2019):
Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Սահմանադրություն, ընդունվել է 06.12.2015 թ., ՀՀՊՏ 2015.12.21/Հատուկ թողարկում, հոդ. 1118: (Hayastani Hanrapetutyan Sahmanadrutyun, yndunvel e 06.12.2015 թ., ՀՀՊՏ 2015.12.21/hatuk togharkum, hodvats. 1118),
Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քաղաքացիական դատավարության օրենսգիրք, ընդունվել է 2018 թ․փետրվարի 9-ին, ՀՀՊՏ 2018.03.05/16(1374), հոդված 1, 2․1 մաս: (Hayastani Hanrapetutyan qaghaqaciakan datavarutyan orensgirq, hodvats 1, 2․1 mas).
ՀՀ վճռաբեկ դատարանի 16.12.2020 թվականի թիվ ԵԴ/16359/02/18 որոշում: (HH vchrabek datarani 16.12.2020 tvakani tiv ED/16359/02/18 voroshum).
ՀՀ վճռաբեկ դատարանի թիվ ԵԿԴ/ 1397/02/11 քաղաքացիական գործով 08.10.2020 թ. որոշում, ՍԴ3/0572/02/20 քաղաքացիական (սնանկության) գործով 09 հոկտեմբերի 2024թ. Որոշում: (HH vchrabek datarani tiv EKD/1397/02/11 kaghaktsiakan gortsov 08.10.2020 t. voroshum, SD3/0572/02/20 (snankutyan) gortsov 09 hoktemberi 2024 t. voroshum).
ՀՀ քաղաքացիական դատավարության դասագիրք (Վ. Հովհաննիսյանի, Ս. Մեղրյանի խմբագրությամբ)։ Եր.։ «Հայրապետ» հրատ., 2022, 372-376 էջեր: (HH khaghakaciakan datavarutyan dasagirq (V. Hovhannisyan-i, S. Meghryan-i khmbagrutyamb). Yer.: "Hayrapet" hrat., 2022, ejer 372-376).
«Մարդու իրավունքների և հիմնարար ազատությունների պաշտպանության մասին» եվրոպական կոնվենցիա, ընդունվել է 04.11.1950 թ., ՀՀՊՏ 2002.06.05/17(192), հոդ. 367: (Mardu iravunqneri ev himnarar azatutyunneri pashtpanutyan masin evropakan konvencia, yndunvel e 04.11.1950, ՀՀՊՏ 2002.06.05/17(192), hodvats 367).
Քաղաքացիական գործ թիվ ՍԴ3/0572/02/20 2024թ. 09 հոկտեմբերի 2024 թ.: (Kaghakaciakan gorts tiv SND ՍԴ3/0572/02/20).
Abuse in issuing speculative proceedings https://www.mills-reeve.com/publications/issuing-claim-forms-can-involve-abuse-of-process/ 16.12.2024:
http://wbus.westlaw.co.uk/parts/3pd.shtml15.01.2025:
http://www.parliament.am/draft_docs8/K-902_himnavorum.pdf 15.01.2025:
http://www.parliament.am/draft_docs8/K-902_himnavorum.pdf 16.12.2024:
https://lawinfo.ru/releases/675/arbitraznyi-i-grazdanskii-process-7-2024 16.12.2024։
https://vlex.co.uk/vid/vtb-bank-pjsc-v-878682693։ 08.02.2025:
https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/522022023001/consolide 02.02.2025։
Старицын, А. Ю. О злоупотреблении правом в гражданском процессе, https://lawinfo.ru/releases/675/arbitraznyi-i-grazdanskii-process-7-2024 16.12.2024 (Staritsin, A. Yu. O zloupotreblenii pravom v grazhdanskom protsesse).
Юдин, А.В. Злоупотребление процессуальными правами в гражданском судопроизводстве, Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юридических наук. Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет. СПб.: 2009, 368 էջ: (Yudin, A.V. Zloupotreblenie protsessualnymi pravami v grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve, Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni doktora yuridicheskikh nauk. Sankt-Peterburgskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet. SPb.: 2009, 368 ej).
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Civil Procedure
Judicial Practice in Applying Statutes of Limitations in Confiscation Proceedings for Illegally Acquired Property
AbstractThis article examines the judicial practice of applying the statute of limitations in proceedings concerning the confiscation of property of illegal origin. It has become a common practice for the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Republic of Armenia to file lawsuits within the three-year period established by law and subsequently submit petitions to the court seeking to amend the subject and basis of the lawsuit. Notably, such petitions are often filed after the investigation has commenced and beyond the three-year limitation period. Nevertheless, courts consistently reject defendants' petitions to apply the statute of limitations, citing relevant provisions of the RA Civil Procedure Code.
The authors argue that this interpretation of the statute of limitations contradicts specific legal provisions outlined in the RA Law "On the Confiscation of Property of Illegal Origin". Furthermore, the interpretation of Article 8 of the RA Law "On the Confiscation of Property of Illegal Origin", as well as Articles 12, 170, and 340 of the RA Civil Procedure Code, raises concerns regarding their compliance with constitutional principles and merits a thorough review.
ReferencesԳաբուզյան, Ք.Ա. Հայցային վաղեմության քաղաքացիաիրավական կարգավորումը Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունում, իրավաբանական գիտությունների թեկնածուի հայցման ատենախոսություն։ Եր․, 2023 (Gabuzyan, K.A. Haytsayin vaghemutyan kaghakatsiayiravakan kargavorumy Hayastani Hanrapetutyunum, iravabanakan gitutyunneri teknatsui haytsman atenakhosutyun․ Yer. 2023):
Гурвич, М.А. Право на иск. М.; Л., 1949, 216 էջ (Gurvich M.A., Pravo na isk. M.; L., 1949, 216 ej).
Гражданское процессуальное право : учебник : [в 2 т.] / под ред. П. В. Крашенинникова. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – Москва: Статут, 2022, 550 էջ (Grazhdanskoe protsessualnoe pravo: uchebnik: [v 2 t.] / pod red. P.V. Krasheninnikova. – 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. – Moskva: Statut, 2022, 550 ej).
Constitutional law
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Constitutional law
The Essence of the Constitutional Requirement on the Establishment of Taxes, Duties, and other Mandatory Payments in Accordance with the Law
AbstractThis article examines the constitutional and human rights dimensions of tax obligations in the Republic of Armenia, focusing on Article 60(8) of the 2015 Constitution, which integrates the obligation to pay taxes, duties, and other mandatory payments into the provision on the right to property. The analysis reveals a legal transformation: whereas previous constitutions treated taxation as a standalone civic duty, the 2015 Constitution reframes it as a legitimate restriction on property rights.
Through a doctrinal analysis of Constitutional Court jurisprudence—particularly Decisions ՍԴՈ-753 (2008), ՍԴՈ-816 (2009), ՍԴՈ-1142 (2014), and ՍԴՈ-1436 (2018)—the article clarifies the principle of legality as applied to taxation. The Court has consistently ruled that both the types of taxes and their constituent elements (e.g., taxable base, rates, and scope) must be defined exclusively by law, not by sub-legislative acts.
The article further compares Armenian constitutional standards to the European Court of Human Rights’ interpretation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights. It emphasizes that taxation, while an interference with property rights, is permissible when it is lawful, pursues a legitimate public aim, and satisfies the requirement of proportionality.
A practical case study on cadastral valuation illustrates how delegating key components of tax determination (e.g., zoning boundaries) to government decisions violates the principle of legality and may lead to unconstitutional interference with property rights.
Ultimately, the article concludes that to be valid, tax obligations must be clearly and comprehensively grounded in legislation, ensuring legal certainty, predictability, and compliance with constitutional and international human rights standards
ReferencesՀայաստանի Հանրապետության Սահմանադրության մեկնաբանություններ / ընդհանուր խմբագրությամբ՝ Գ. Հարությունյանի, Ա. Վաղարշյանի – Եր.: «Իրավունք», 2010:
Balancing Privacy and the Public Interest: The Application of the “General Measures” Doctrine in L.B. v. Hungary in the Absence of Any Substantive Proportionality Assessment. European Constitutional Law Review, Volume 20, Issue 1, March 2024.
Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (with the amendments of 2015), European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Tax Code of the Republic of Armenia,
Decision No. 1023-N of the Government of the Republic of Armenia dated 4 June 2020, on Defining the Zoning Boundaries, Boundary Coordinates, and Zoning Maps for Location-Based Valuation of Land Plots (Except for Agricultural Land) and Constructions in the Republic of Armenia, on Repealing Government Decisions No. 470-N of 17 April 2003 and No. 462 of 28 September 1994, and on Amending Government Decision No. 1101-N of 25 July 2002,
Decision No. ՍԴՈ-1142 of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Armenia dated 2 April 2014, on the case concerning the application of Members of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia regarding the constitutionality of Articles 5, 7, 8, 37, 38, 45, 49, and 86 of the Law of the Republic of Armenia “On Funded Pensions.
Decision No. ՍԴՈ-1436 of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Armenia dated 27 November 2018, on the case concerning the application of the Human Rights Defender of the Republic of Armenia regarding the compliance with the Constitution of Clause 11 of Part 4 of Article 109 and Subclauses “a” of Clause 2 of Part 1 of Article 123 of the Tax Code of the Republic of Armenia, as well as Subclauses 2 of Points 3 and 15 of the Procedure established by Annex No. 1 to Government Decree No. 1373-N of 5 October 2017.
Decision No. ՍԴՈ-753 of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Armenia dated 13 May 2008, on the case concerning the application of “Radio Hay” LLC regarding the compliance of Part 3 of Article 53 of the Law of the Republic of Armenia “On Television and Radio” with the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia.
Decision No. ՍԴՈ-816 of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Armenia dated 18 July 2009, on the case concerning the applications of “BJNI Mineral Water Plant” CJSC and “Komunnakhagits” CJSC regarding the compliance of Articles 7 and 19 of the Law of the Republic of Armenia “On Environmental and Nature Use Fees” and Part 2 of Article 22 of the Law of the Republic of Armenia “On Taxes” with the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia.
Guide on Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights. Council of Europe/European Court of Human Rights, 2020.
Law of the Republic of Armenia “On Defining the Procedure for Cadastral Valuation of Real Estate Approximating Market Value for the Purpose of Property Taxation,
Taxation at the European Court of Human Rights. Human Rights Law Review, Volume 24 (1):1, 2024
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Constitutional law
Combating Human Trafficking and Exploitation and Protection of Victims’ Rights in the Penitentiary System
AbstractThe article aims to present the manifestations of human trafficking and exploitation in the penitentiary system, the mechanisms for identifying such cases, the scope of victims' rights and the obligations of the state.
Emphasizing the importance of prison work in terms of rehabilitation and resocialization of individuals, it was underlined that the state, in particular, the prison administration, must take all necessary steps to exclude human trafficking and exploitation, considering its manifestation as a failure to fulfil the obligations of the state and a gross violation of human rights.
As a result of the research, recommendations were presented aimed at addressing human trafficking and exploitation in the prison system. These include the introduction of a mechanism for identifying such cases, supporting and protecting victims, referrals and cooperation with other bodies, the inclusion of specific criteria for this issue in the general risk and needs assessment tool, etc.
The importance of combating any manifestation of human trafficking and exploitation by the prison administration or peers deprived of liberty within the prison was emphasized.
References«Ազատությունից զրկված անձանց հետ վարվեցողության նվազագույն ստանդարտ կանոններ» (Նելսոն Մանդելայի կանոններ) (08.01.2006 թ.) (“Azatutyunits zrkvats andznants het varvecoghutyan nvazaguyn standart kanonner” (Nelson Mandelayi kanonner)) https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n15/443/41/pdf/n1544341.pdf
«Հարկադիր աշխատանքի մասին» Աշխատանքի միջազգային կազմակերպության թիվ 29 կոնվենցիա (28.06.1930 թ.) (''Harkadir ashkhatanki masin'' Ashkhatanki mijazgayin kazmakerput’yan tiv 29 konvencia) https://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?docid=24578
ՄԱԿ համընդհանուր պարբերական վերանայման շրջանակներում Ռուսաստանի չորրորդ փուլի վերանայման համար ներկայացված փաստաթուղթը (MAK hamyndhanur parberakan veranayman shrjanaknerum Rusastani chorrord puli veranayman hamar nerkayatsvats pashtatugh) https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=11913&file=EnglishTranslation
«Մարդկանց թրաֆիքինգի դեմ պայքարի մասին» Եվրոպայի խորհրդի կոնվենցիա (16.05.2005թ.) https://rm.coe.int/168008371d (Mardkants trafikingi dem payqari masin” Evropayi khorhrdi konvencia (16.05.2005)).
«Վերանայված եվրոպական բանտային կանոններ» (01.08.2020թ.), (“Veranayvats Evropakan bantanayin kanonner”) https://cdn.penalreform.org/wpcontent/uploads/2022/03/PRICoE_ Short-guide-to-the-European-Prison-Rules.pdf
«(Re)configuring the criminal justice response to human trafficking: a complex-systems perspective» (10.02.2017), Marcel van der Watt, Amanda van der Westhuizen https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15614263.2017.1291560?casa_token=vFqgJkloQD0AAAAA:mruLuIrj_U7xuqQXghAwA68Z6oQTtGLGrC1PTwg9dro6I5j6JJULnRxJNaMPjTxNBTAT00T6vWNkw
Armenia: Visit 2015 CPT/Inf (2016) 31 | Section: 15/37 | Date: 22/11/2016 https://hudoc.cpt.coe.int/?i=p-arm-20151005-en-15
«Correctional Anti-Human Trafficking Initiative (CAHTI)» https://nicic.gov/resources/resources-topics-and-roles/topics/correctional-anti-human-trafficking-initiative-cahti
«Experiencing human rights protections in prisons: The case of prison monitoring in Ireland» (07.10.2020), Sophie van der Valk, Mary Rogan https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1477370820960024
«Failing victims? Challenges of the police response to human trafficking» (31.08.2019), Amy Farrell, Meredith Dank, Ieke de Vries, Matthew Kafafian, Andrea Hughes, Sarah Lockwood https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9133.12456
«Forced Labour in Russia and the Soviet Union. Continuity or Change?» (16.07.1992), Elzbieta Kaczynska https://www.jstor.org/stable/43658105?seq=4
Greece: 2023 visit CPT/Inf(2024)21 | Section: 21/24 | Date: 15/03/2024 https://hudoc.cpt.coe.int/?i=p-grc-20231120-en-21
«Guideline for Identifying Human Trafficking in the Norwegian Correctional Service» https://www.rosanorge.no/rosa-page-wp/wpcontent/uploads/2023/06/Veileder.pdf?fbclid= IwY2xjawIB7ntleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHV6myfhOFibxF26qYAyIpuiiE_WkzyyVH24Nh4hRI4_UV_SPXCM4uBo3g_aem_FXVe4FeQSMirOuUd30j4pA
Human Trafficking and the Emergence of the Non-Punishment Principle» (15.01.2016), Ryszard Wilson Piotrowicz, Liliana Sorrentino https://www.onlinelibrary.iihl.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/2016-P1.pdf
«Human Trafficking in Correctional Institutions: A Survey of Correctional and Anti-Trafficking Leaders» (09.01.2022), Cynthia Fraga Rizo a, Christopher J. Wretmana,b, Jia Luoa, Tonya B. Van Deinsea, Nicole Sullivan, Sarah M. Godoya, Erin A. Meehana, and Rebecca J. Macy https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/23322705.2021.2011660?needAccess=true
Latvia: Visit 2007 CPT/Inf (2009) 35 | Section: 16/38 | Date: 15/12/2009 https://hudoc.cpt.coe.int/eng?i=p-lva-20071127-en-16
Lithuania: Visit 2021 CPT/Inf (2023) 01 | Section: 23/33 | Date: 27/02/2023 https://hudoc.cpt.coe.int/?i=p-ltu-20211210-en-23
«Modern Slavery Guidance» (March 2023) https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/64492940529eda00123b0529/HMPPS_Modern_Slavery_Guidance_March_23_-_external_version.docx?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Moldova: visit 2022 CPT/Inf (2023) 27 | Section: 12/16 | Date: 14/09/2023 https://hudoc.cpt.coe.int/?i=p-mda-20221205-en-12
Montenegro: visit 2022 CPT/Inf (2023) 10 | Section: 14/24 | Date: 23/11/2022 https://hudoc.cpt.coe.int/?i=p-mne-20220607-en-14
«National Monitoring Mechanisms: Strengthening the Action against Trafficking in Human Beings» (27.12.2023), Sergey Ghazinyan https://journals.ysu.am/index.php/state-and-law/article/view/11789/9331
«Preventing Human Rights Violations in Places of Detention: A European Initiative» (03.03.2014), Timothy W. Harding, MD, Dominique Bertrand, MD, LLB https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/dist/f/680/files/2014/03/3-Harding.pdf
Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, application no. 25965/04, 7 January 2010 https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-96549
Russian Federation: Visit 2012 CPT/Inf (2013) 41 | Section: 8/36 | Date: 17/12/2013 https://hudoc.cpt.coe.int/?i=p-rus-20120521-en-8
Slovak Republic: Visit 2018 CPT/Inf (2019) 20 | Section: 20/39 | Date: 19/06/2019 https://hudoc.cpt.coe.int/?i=p-svk-20180319-en-20
«Social Support, Dysfunctional Coping, and Community Reintegration as Predictors of PTSD Among Human Trafficking Survivors» (18.08.2018), David Okech, Nathan Hansen, Waylon Howard, John Kwasi Anarfi, Abigail C. Burns https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326480880_Social_Support_Dysfunctional_Coping_and_Community_Reintegration_as_Predictors_of_PTSD_Among_Human_Trafficking_Survivors
States’ Obligations under Human Rights Law towards Victims of Trafficking in Human Beings: Positive Developments in Positive Obligations» (11.05.2012), Ryszard Piotrowicz https://academic.oup.com/ijrl/article-abstract/24/2/181/1538030
«Successes and Challenges in Implementing a Human Trafficking Screening Tool in a Local Detention Center» (31.12.2023) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19367244231219940
«The role of corrections in the fight against human trafficking» (26.03.2019), Rusty Ringler https://www.corrections1.com/corrections-training/articles/the-role-of-corrections-in-the-fight-against-human-trafficking-2gEqgDhroZlE6uNH/
«The role of corrections in the fight against human trafficking» (26.03.2019), Rusty Ringler https://www.corrections1.com/corrections-training/articles/the-role-of-corrections-in-the-fight-against-human-trafficking-2gEqgDhroZlE6uNH/
«The United Nations Convention against Corruption: Handbook on Anti-Corruption Measures in Prisons» (2017) https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/17-06140_HB_anti-corr_prisons_eBook.pdf
«Trafficked Women in Prison: The Problem of Double Victimisation» (09.04.2014), Carolina Villacampa, Nuria Torres https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271738566_Trafficked_Women_in_Prison_The_Problem_of_Double_Victimisation։
Ukraine: Visit 2020 CPT/Inf (2020) 40 | Section: 7/13 | Date: 30/11/2020 https://hudoc.cpt.coe.int/?i=p-ukr-20200804-en-7
Ukraine: visit 2023 CPT/Inf (2024) 20 | Section: 11/20 | Date: 27/03/2024 https://hudoc.cpt.coe.int/?i=p-ukr-20231016-en-11
CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND CRIMINOLOGY
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CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND CRIMINOLOGY
Practical Issues of Detaching a New Criminal Case in the Criminal Proceedings of RA
AbstractThe article is devoted to a discussion of practical issues of detaching a new criminal case provided for by the new Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Armenia. In the article, the author, relying on the opinions expressed in the legal literature, decisions of the Court of Cassation and the European Court, notes that the institution of combining and detaching criminal proceedings cannot be considered as one of the technical means by which the law enforcement agency is able to change, that is, reduce or increase the subject of research on the case in progress. On the contrary, this institution requires a deep and thoughtful approach in its application, since the complex of legal relations regulated by it is in direct connection with the basic, fundamental provisions of the entire criminal process and the tasks facing it.
A study of the practice of applying Article 10 of the RA Code of Criminal Procedure shows that its application pursues a different goal that does not follow from the essence of the institution of detaching criminal proceedings. The existing legal practice of detaching criminal proceedings is due to the stipulation in the new Code of Criminal Procedure of the terms of criminal prosecution. If there are several defendants, when they are accused of committing crimes of varying gravity, the body conducting the process, in order not to violate the deadlines for the prosecution, in violation of Article 10 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, separates a proceeding and transfers it to the court. This practice contradicts the meaning of the institution of separation of proceedings and violates the constitutional rights of the accused.
ReferencesԱրկադի Պատվականի Պապյանի գործով Վճռաբեկ դատարանի 2010 թվականի նոյեմբերի 5-ի թիվ ՏԴ/0115/01/09 որոշման 19-րդ կետ (Arkadi Patvakhani Papyani gortsov Vchrabek datarani 2010 tv. noyemberi 5-i tiv TD/0115/01/09 voroshman 19-rd ket).
Արմեն Մարտիրոսի Աբրահամյանի գործով ՀՀ վճռաբեկ դատարանի 2014 թվականի հոկտեմբերի 31-ի թիվ ԼԴ/0178/01/12 որոշման 19-20-րդ կետեր (Armen Martirosi Abrahamyan-i gortsov HH Vchrabek datarani 2014 tv. hoktemberi 31-i tiv LD/0178/01/12 voroshman 19-20-rd keter):
Կարամանն (Karaman) ընդդեմ Գերմանիայի գործով վճիռ (Case of Karaman v. Germany).
Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քրեական դատավարության նոր օրենսգրքի համա-կարգային լուծումների, նորարարական մոտեցումների և հիմնական ինստիտուտների մեկնաբանման գործնական ուղեցույց, Եվրոպայի խորհուրդ, 2022 (Hayastani Hanrapetutyan kreakan datavarutyan nor orensgrki hamakargayin lutsumneri, norararakan motetsumneri ev himnakan institutneri meknabman gortsakan ugetsuyts, Yevropayi khoruhrt, 2022).
ՌԴ քրեական դատավարության օրենսգիրք (RD kreakan datavarutyan orensgirk).
Սուրեն Կարոյի Նալբանդյանի գործով Վճռաբեկ դատարանի 2009 թվականի դեկտեմբերի 18-ի թիվ ՀՅՔՐԴ2/0144/01/09 որոշման 24-րդ կետը (Suren Karoyi Nalbandyan-i gortsov Vchrabek datarani 2009 tv. dektemberi 18-i tiv HYKRD2/0144/01/09 voroshman 24-rd ket).
Кадацкий, С.Н. Соединение и выделение уголовных дел в стадии предварительного расследования: Дисс. … канд. юрид. наук. – Караганда, 2009, էջ 148 (Kadatskii, S.N. Soedinenie i vydelenie ugolovnykh del v stadii predvaritelnogo rassledovaniya: Diss. … kand. yurid. nauk. – Karaganda, 2009, ej. 148).
Ретюнских, И. А. Современные проблемы соединения и выделения уголовных дел. Актуальные проблемы борьбы с преступлениями и иными правонарушениями. Материалы пятнадцатой международной научно-практической конференции, часть 1, Барнаул 2017, էջեր 146-147 (Retyunskikh, I.A. Sovremennye problemy soedineniya i vydeleniya ugolovnykh del. Aktual’nye problemy bor’by s prestupleniyami i inymi pravonarusheniyami. Materialy pyatnadtsatoi mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii, chast 1, Barnaul 2017, ej. 146-147).
Рязанцев, В. А. Процессуальный порядок выделения уголовного дела и материалов в стадии предварительного расследования. //Научный портал МВД России, № 3, 2014, էջեր 24-28 (Ryazantsev, V.A. Protsessualnyi poryadok vydeleniya ugolovnogo dela i materialov v stadii predvaritelnogo rassledovaniya. //Nauchnyi portal MVD Rossii, No. 3, 2014, ej. 24-28).
Татьянина, Л.Г. Выделение и соединение уголовных дел на предварительном слушании. // Экономика и право, 2020, Т. 30, вып. 3, էջեր 445-449 (Tatyanina, L.G. Vydelenie i soedinenie ugolovnykh del na predvaritelnom slushanii. //Ekonomika i pravo, 2020, T. 30, vyp. 3, ej. 445-449).
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CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND CRIMINOLOGY
Some Legal Issues Related to the Jurisdiction of the Court in the Framework of an Application for Permission to Conduct an Operational Search Event or a Secret Investigative Action
AbstractThe purpose of the article is to analyze some of the legislative requirements for the consideration of petitions submitted to the court for conducting an operational search event or a secret investigative action. The legal norms are such that often both the investigating authorities and the prosecutor's office, as well as the court interpret them in different ways. This, in particular, refers to the interpretation of the result obtained during an operational search event or a secret investigative action, in accordance with one of the requirements imposed on these requests during requests for an extension of the period of an operational search event or a secret investigative action. In addition, there is still no unified approach in law enforcement practice regarding the obligation of a court considering a request for an operational search measure or a secret investigative action to identify a legislative gap existing in the RA Criminal Code.
In other words, the article aims to present the problems that have arisen in law enforcement practice. In this regard, the article is also relevant, since the presented approaches may be of interest to both students and lawyers, law enforcement officers and judges.
ReferencesՀՀ քրեական դատավարության օրենսգիրք, ընդունված 2021 թվականի հունիսի 30-ին (HH kreakan datavarutyan orensgirk, yndunvats 2021 tvakan hunsisi 30-in.)։
ՀՀ քրեական օրենսգիրք, ընդունված 2021 թվականի մայիսի 5-ին (HH kreakan orensgirk, yndunvats 2021 tvakan mayisi 5-in):
«Օպերատիվ-հետախուզական գործունեության մասին» ՀՀ օրենք («Operativ-hetakhuzakan gortzuneutyan masin» HH orenk).
Վճռաբեկ դատարանի՝ Դավիթ Սիմիդյանի վերաբերյալ 2014 թվականի դեկտեմբերի 16-ի թիվ ԵԷԴ/0122/01/13 գործով որոշում (Vchrabek datarani — Davit Simidyan-i veraberyal 2014 tv. dektemberi 16-i tiv YED/0122/01/13 gortsov voroshum)։
Վճռաբեկ դատարանի 2024 թվականի հուլիսի 26-ի թիվ ՀԿԴ/0054/01/22 որոշում (Vchrabek datarani 2024 tv. hulis 26-i tiv HKD/0054/01/22 voroshum)։
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CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND CRIMINOLOGY
''Compulsory'' Arrest of the Accused and the Impossibility of Arresting a Person on Directly Originated Reasonable Suspicion
AbstractThe article is devoted to the practical issues of the protection of the right to personal liberty in the context of the legal regulations of arresting a person in case of the existence of reasonable suspicion that has arisen directly about having committed a crime and arrest for taking before the Court the accused who is at large.
Referring to arresting a person in case of the existence of reasonable suspicion that has arisen directly about having committed a crime, the author criticizes the absolute prohibition of applying this type of arrest when criminal proceedings are initiated, as it is defined in the law of the Court of Cassation. Substantiating the fact that criminal proceedings have been initiated in itself does not exclude situations of immediate arrest of a person with external signs of a crime, the author considers the criterion of “no criminal proceedings have been initiated” to be unacceptable for considering an existence of reasonable suspicion that has arisen directly about having committed a crime, and instead puts forward the criterion of “the suspicion which is not arising from the evidence”.
Referring to the other type of arrest, the author claims that the Criminal Procedural Code established a requirement to arrest the accused who is at large for taking him before the Court. Such a requirement is a manifestation of the presumption of deprivation of liberty, which contradicts the presumption of personal liberty and the international legal prohibition of arbitrary arrest. The author believes that the legislator considered the arrest of the accused mandatory for formal purposes, such as in order to consider the motion to detain the accused as proper and to initiate the detention proceedings, with the aim of sparing the court that arrested the latter from the burden of being considered a depriver of liberty.
ReferencesԱլբերտ Հովհաննիսյանի վերաբերյալ գործով Վճռաբեկ դատարանի 2024 թվականի հունվարի 18-ի թիվ ՀԿԴ/0188/06/23 որոշում: (Albert Hovhannisyan-i veraberyal gortsov Vchrrabek datarani 2024 tv. hunvari 18-i tiv HKD/0188/06/23 voroshum).
ՀՀ քրեական դատավարության նոր օրենսգրքի հայեցակարգային լուծումների, նորարարական մոտեցումների և հիմնական ինստիտուտների մեկնաբանման գործնական ուղեցույց, էջ 190, https://rm.coe.int/new-criminal-procedure-code-guideline-/1680a72908, վերջին մուտք՝ 01․03․2025թ․(HH kreakan datavarutyan nor orensgirki hayetsakargayin lutsumneri, norararakan motetsumneri yev himnakan institutneri meknabman gortsakan ugetsuyts, ej. 190).
ՀՀ Սահմանադրական դատարանի՝ 2009թ. սեպտեմբերի 12-ի ՍԴՈ–827 որոշում: (HH Sahmanadrakan datarani — 2009 tv. septemberi 12-i SDO–827 voroshum).
Меликян, Р. Некоторые вопросы интеграции института задержания в общую логику судебного контроля над ограничением фундаментального права на личную свободу, Պետություն եւ իրավունք N 2 (90) 2021, էջ 104 (Melikyan, R. Nekotorye voprosy integratsii instituta zaderzhaniya v obshchuyu logiku sudebnogo kontrolya nad ogranicheniem fundamental’nogo prava na lichnuyu svobodu, Petutyun yev iravunk, No. 2 (90), 2021, ej. 104).
